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Eec203-Week 1

This document discusses alternating current (AC) circuits driven by sinusoidal voltages and currents. It defines key characteristics of sinusoidal waveforms including amplitude, peak value, frequency, period, angular velocity, and effective or root-mean-square (RMS) value. Graphs and equations are provided to illustrate a sinusoidal waveform and how it can be generated by the rotation of a vector. Examples are included to help understand these concepts.

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109 views62 pages

Eec203-Week 1

This document discusses alternating current (AC) circuits driven by sinusoidal voltages and currents. It defines key characteristics of sinusoidal waveforms including amplitude, peak value, frequency, period, angular velocity, and effective or root-mean-square (RMS) value. Graphs and equations are provided to illustrate a sinusoidal waveform and how it can be generated by the rotation of a vector. Examples are included to help understand these concepts.

Uploaded by

Nico
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ALTERNATING CURRENT

(AC) CIRCUITS
REFERENCES
BASIC ENGINEERING CIRCUIT ANALYSIS, 10th Ed.
J. David Irwin and R. Mark Nelms

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS, 3rd Ed.


C. K. Alexander and M. N. O. Sadiku

ENGINEERING CIRCUIT ANALYSIS, 8th Ed.


William H. Hayt, Jr. , Jack E. Kemmerly, Steven M.
Durbin
Time-variant Voltage
Time-varying voltage that is commercially
available in large quantities and is commonly
called the ac voltage. (The letters ac are an
abbreviation for alternating current.)
• Alternating waveform available from
commercial supplies.
• The term alternating indicates only that the
waveform alternates between two prescribed
levels in a set time sequence
• A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the
sine or cosine function.
• A sinusoidal current is usually referred to as
alternating current (ac).
• Such a current reverses at regular time
intervals and has alternately positive and
negative values. Circuits driven by sinusoidal
current or voltage sources are called ac
circuits.
• Sinusoidal ac voltages are available from a
variety of sources.
• The most common source is the typical home
outlet, which provides an ac voltage that
originates at a power plant; such a power
plant is most commonly fueled by water
power, oil, gas, or nuclear fusion in each case
an ac generator (also called an alternator).
Sinusoidal Voltage
• A sketch of Vm sin ωt as a function of ωt.
• A sketch of Vm sin ωt as a function of t.
• It is evident that the sinusoid repeats itself every
T seconds; thus, T is called the period of the
sinusoid. Observe that ωT = 2π.

• While ω is in radians per second (rad/s), f is in


Hertz
Periodic Function
• A periodic function is one that satisfies
f (t) = f (t + nT), for all t and for all integers n.
• The period T of the periodic function is the
time of one complete cycle or the number of
seconds per cycle.
• The reciprocal of this quantity is the number
of cycles per second, known as the cyclic
frequency f of the sinusoid. Thus,
Check Your Understanding
Determine the period of a periodic waveform
with a frequency of
a. 60 Hz
b. 1000 Hz
Check Your Understanding
Determine the frequency of the waveform.
Instantaneous value: The magnitude of a
waveform at any instant of time; denoted by
lowercase letters
Peak amplitude: The maximum value of a
waveform as measured denoted by uppercase
letters (such as Em for sources of voltage and Vm for
the voltage drop across a load).
Peak-to-peak value: Denoted by Ep-p or Vp-p, the
full voltage between positive and negative peaks of
the waveform, that is, the sum of the magnitude of
the positive and negative peaks.
Period (T ): The time interval between successive
repetitions of a periodic waveform (the period T1 ,
T2 , and T3 ), as long as successive similar points of
the periodic waveform are used in determining T.
Frequency ( f ): The number of cycles that
occur in 1 s.
General Expression for the Sinusoid

Where (ωt + Ф) is the argument and Ф is the


phase. Both argument and phase can be in
radians or degrees.
UNDERSTANDING SINUSOIDS
THROUGH GRAPHMATICA
THE SINE WAVE
The unit of measurement for the horizontal axis
is the degree.
A second unit of measurement frequently used
is the radian (rad).
The radian is defined by a quadrant of a circle
where the distance subtended on the
circumference equals the radius of the circle.
The velocity with which the radius vector
rotates about the center, called the angular
velocity, can be determined from the
following equation:
Generating a sinusoidal waveform through the
vertical projection of a rotating vector.
Generating a sinusoidal waveform through the
vertical projection of a rotating vector.
Generating a sinusoidal waveform through the
vertical projection of a rotating vector.
Check Your Understanding
Determine the angular velocity of a sine wave
having a frequency of 60 Hz.
Check Your Understanding
Determine the frequency and period of the sine
wave.
Check Your Understanding
Given ω = 200 rad/s, determine how long it will
take the sinusoidal waveform to pass through
an angle of 90°.
Given ω = 200 rad/s, determine how long it will
take the sinusoidal waveform to pass through
an angle of 90°.
Check Your Understanding
Calculate the angle through which a sinusoidal
waveform of 60 Hz will pass in a period of 5
ms.
Calculate the angle through which a sinusoidal
waveform of 60 Hz will pass in a period of 5
ms.
Check Your Understanding
Sketch e = 10 sin 314t V with the abscissa
a. angle (α) in degrees
b. angle (α) in radians
c. time (t) in seconds
Sketch e = 10 sin 314t V with the abscissa
a. angle (α) in degrees
Sketch e = 10 sin 314t V with the abscissa
b. angle (α) in radians
Sketch e = 10 sin 314t V with the abscissa
c. time (t) in seconds
Check Your Understanding
Given i = 6 x 10-3 sin 1000t A, determine i at
t = 2 ms.
Given i = 6 x 10-3 sin 1000t A, determine i at
t = 2 ms.
Check Your Understanding
Determine the amplitude, phase, period, and
frequency of the sinusoid:
Check Your Understanding
Given the sinusoid 5 sin(4πt − 600 ), calculate its
amplitude, phase, angular frequency, period,
and frequency.
Check Your Understanding
Determine the angular velocity of a sine wave
having a frequency of 60 Hz.
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
Effective (rms) value of a sinusoid
• The equivalent dc value is called the effective
value of the sinusoidal quantity.
• Root-mean-square (rms) value is the root-
mean-square or effective value of a
waveform.
Check Your Understanding
Determine the effective or rms values of the
sinusoidal waveform.
Check Your Understanding
Determine the effective or rms values of the
sinusoidal waveform.

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