,ay; - 7

,ilr;nrhy;

7.1 Kd;Diu

ehy;tif ,yf;fzr;nrhw;fSs; nray;jd;ik cilajha;

mikAk; nrhy; ,ilr;nrhy;yhFk;. ngah;> tpid Mfpatw;wpd;

Nth;fisj; jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk;> fhyk; Mfpatw;iwf; fhl;Lk;

ngah;r;nrhw;fisAk; tpidr;nrhw;fshfTk; Mf;Fk; fUtpaha;r;

nray;gLtJ ,ilr;nrhw;fs;. cly; ,aq;f capH ,Ug;gJ Nghy nkhop

,aq;ff; fUtpaha;r; nray;gLtJ ,ilr;nrhw;fNs. ngah;> tpidfl;Fg;

nghJtha; cs;s chpr;nrhw;fspdpd;W NtWgl;L> mg;ngaNuhLk;>

tpidNahLk;; $b mtw;wpw;F cWg;gha; epd;W> jk; nghUSzh;j;Jk;

,ay;Giladtha; tUtd ,ilr;nrhw;fshFk;.

,ilr;nrhy;iyg;gw;wp kugpyf;fz Ehy;fs; Rl;bAs;sd.

,ilr;nrhy;ypd; ,ay;G> ghFghL> tUkplk;> ngah;f;fhuzk;> nghUs;

Mfpad gw;wpf; $Wtjpy; kugpyf;fz Ehyhh; kw;Wk; ciuahrphpah;fs;

fUj;J NtWghL nfhs;tijf; fhzyhk;. ,f;fhy nkhopapayhUk;

,ilr;nrhy;iyr; nrhy;tifg;ghl;by; xd;wha;f; nfhz;lhYk; jw;fhyj;

jkpio kdj;jpy; nfhz;L mjd; nghUs;> ghFghL Mfpad gw;wpf;

$Wk;NghJ fUj;J NtWghL nfhs;fpd;wdh;.

255
7.2 ,ilr;nrhy; tiuaiw

ngah;tpidr;nrhw;fspypUe;J NtWgl;L> mr;nrhw;fspd; nghUs;

khw;wj;jpw;Fj; Jizaha;r; rhh;e;J epd;W nghUs; jUtJ> ,ilr;nrhy;.

kuk;> khL> eha; Nghd;w ngah;r;nrhw;fSk;. th> el> XL> NghL

Nghd;w tpidr;nrhw;fSk; jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; jUtd. Mdhy;

kuq;fs;> kuq;fis> kuq;fSf;F Kjypa nrhw;fspy; tUk; „fs;…> „I…> „F…

Mfpa gd;ik tpFjp> Ntw;Wik cUG Nghd;witAk;> te;jhd;> Nghdhd;>

Nghdhs; Nghd;w nrhw;fspy; tUk; „e;j;…> „Md;…> „Ms;… Nghd;w fhy

,ilepiyfs;> ghy;tpFjpfs; Nghd;witAk; jdpj;Jg; nghUs; juhJ.

Mdhy;> ,it ,d;wp nrhw;nwhlHfs; ,aq;fh.

ehd;> jk;gp> tPL> Ngh Mfpa ehd;F nrhw;fis xd;iw mLj;J

xd;iw mLf;fpdhy; ehk; xU nrhw;nwhliug; ngw KbahJ. ,tw;Wld;

,ilr;nrhw;fis ,izj;J ntt;NtW tpjkhd nrhw;nwhlHfisg;

ngwyhk;.

ehd; jk;gpapd; tPl;Lf;Fg; NghNdd;

ehDk; jk;gpAk; tPl;Lf;Fg; NghNdhk;

ehd; jk;gpAld; tPl;Lf;Fg; NghNdd;

ehd;jhd; jk;gpAld; tPl;bypUe;J NghNdd;.

nrhy;Yf;F ,ilapYk;> nrhw;fSf;F ,ilapYk;> nrhw;nwhlh;fSf;F

,ilapYk; cs;s fUj;ij mwpag; gFjpfSk;> gy ,yf;fzf; $WfSk;

256
Njitg;gLfpd;wd. gFjpfs; ngah; kw;Wk; tpidaha; ,Uf;Fk; rkaj;jpy;

gpw ,yf;fzf; $Wfsha; ,ilr;nrhw;fs; nray;gLfpd;wd.

jdf;nfd;W xU Fwpg;Gg;nghUs; ,Ue;Jk; ngah;> tpidfNshL

,lk; ngw;Wj; njspthd xU nghUs; jUk; nrhy; ,ilr;nrhy;yhFk;.

7.3 ,yf;fz kugpy; ,ilr;nrhw;fs;

,ilr;nrhy;gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpak;> tPuNrhopak;> Nekpehjk;> ed;D}y;>

,yf;fz tpsf;fk;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;> Kj;JtPhpak;> ,yf;fzf;

nfhj;J> Rthkpehjk;> gpuNahftpNtfk;> mWtif ,yf;fzk; vdg;

gjpndhU kugpyf;fz E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

7.3.1. njhy;fhg;gpak;

njhy;fhg;gpah; ngahpaypy; ,ilr;nrhw;fSk; chpr;nrhw;fSk;

‘mtw;Wtop kUq;fpy; Njhd;Wk;” (njh.nrhy;.644) vd;Wk;> ,ilapaypy;

,ilr;nrhw;fs;> ‘ngaNuhLk; tpidNahLk; eilngw;W ,aYk;> jkf;F

,ay;G ,y” (njh.nrhy;.734) vd;Wk;> vr;rtpaypy;> ‘,ilr;nrhy; vy;yhk;

Ntw;Wikr; nrhy;Ny” (njh.nrh.938) vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

ngah;> tpidfis xl;b> mtw;Wtop> jkf;fpay;gpytha;g; nghUs;

NtWghL nra;tdtha; toq;Fk; vd vLj;Jiuf;fpd;w tifapy;

mikfpd;wJ. NkYk;> njhy;fhg;gpah; ,ilr;nrhw;fis vOtifg;

gphpTfsha;g; gFj;Jf; $wpAs;shh;.

257
7.3.2. tPuNrhopak;

tPuNrhopaj;jpy; ,ilr;nrhy;gw;wpj; jdp ,ay; ,y;iy. Mdhy;

,ilr;nrhy; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypidg; Gj;jkpj;jpudhh; jhJg;glyj;jpy;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

‘,y;iy cz;L My;,y; ,it Kjyh ,ilr;nrhw;fSf;Nfhh;

vy;iy cz;lhf ,aw;w xz;zh ,irAk; nghUSk;

xy;iy cz;lhf epw;Fk; ,lKk; Njh;e;J ,tw;NwhL xf;fr;

nrhy;iy cz;lhf;Ff vd;gJ E}ypd; JzpnghUNs”

(tPu.Nrh.69)

‘,y;iy> cz;L> My;> ,y; vd;Dk; ,it Kjyha;f; fple;j

,ilr;nrhw;fs; ,d;dnjd;W tiuaWf;fg;glhjjhy;> ,irAk;> nghUSk;

nghUe;jp epw;Fk; ,lKk;> cyfj;NjhL xf;fj; Njh;e;J mwpe;J fhl;bd

nrhy;NyhLk; xf;f ,ilr;nrhw;fis csthf;fp Kbf;f vd;gJ ,yf;fz

E}y;fspd; Jzpghk;” vdg; ngUe;Njtdhh; ciutFj;Js;shh;.

rpy ,ilr;nrhw;fs; filapy; epfOk;ƒ rpy ,ilr;nrhw;fs;

mUfpdpd;W nrhy;ypw;FWg;ghFk;> rpy jhNk nghUs; je;J epw;Fk;.

‘rhh;tpy;iy rhh;Tz;L mwpe;jhy; mwpapy;

Nrhh;tpy;iy Nrhh;Tz;L gphpe;jhy; gphpapy;”

vdr; rhd;Wfisj; je;Js;shh;.

258
 ,y;iy> cz;L> My;> ,y;> m> Md;> ,d;wp> ,d;id> NghYk;> Mk;>

Mf;Fk;> V> XL> thop> Xq;F vdTk; tUk;.

gpw ,yf;fz Mrphpah; $Wk; ,ilr;nrhy;ypd; tiffspy; ,th;

$Wk; ,ilr;nrhw;fSs; rpy ,lk;ngwtpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

nra;jpahk;.

Mdhy;> gpw ,yf;fz E}yhh; Fwpg;gpLk; ,ilr;nrhy; tiffSf;F

,th; ,ilr;nrhy;nyd;W jdpg;ngahpidr; Rl;lhJ tpsf;fpAs;shh;.

rhhpia> fhyq;fhl;Lk; ,ilepiy> tpFjp> Ntw;Wik cUG> ctk

cUG> Mfpaitgw;wp tPuNrhopaj;jpy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

mirepiy> ,irepiw> jj;jk; Fwpg;G Mfpa nghUs;fspy; tUk;

,ilr;nrhw;fs; Rl;lg;gltpy;iy vdyhk;.

,ilr;nrhy;iyr; nrhy;tifg;ghl;by; Nrh;f;ftpy;iy vd;whYk;

,ilr;nrhy; vd xU nrhy;tifg;ghL ,Ug;gij tPuNrhopak; Rl;LfpwJ.

7.3.3. Nekpehjk;

‘ngah;r;nrhy; tpidr;nrhy; ,ilr;nrhy; chpr;nrhy;”

(Nekp.nrh. 54)

vdf; FztPugz;bjh; ngah; kuG gw;wpf; $Wk; NghJ>

nrhy;tifg;ghl;by; ngah;> tpid Mfpatw;Wf;F mspj;jJ Nghd;W

,izahd ,lj;ij ,ilr;nrhy;Yf;Ff; nfhLj;Js;shh;. NkYk; „,il

259
kuG… vdj; jdp ,ay; mikj;Jr; nry;tJ ,ilr;nrhy;Yf;F mth;jUk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fhl;LfpwJ.

‘rhhpiaaha; xd;wy; cUghjy; jq;Fwpg;gpy;

NeUk; nghUshjy; epd;wiraha;g; - Nghjy;

tpidr;nrhw;fP whjy; ,irepiwj;J Nkty;

,idj;Nj ,ilr;nrhy; msT”

(Nekp. nrh. 75)

Nekpehjk; ,ilr;nrhy;ypd; ,ay;G gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. Mdhy;>

,ilr;nrhy; tUkplk;> ghFghL Mfpad gw;wpf; $Wtijf; fhzyhk;.

7.3.4. ed;D}y;

‘ ............... jdpj;jpaypd;wp

ngahpDk; tpidapDk; gpd;Kd; xhplj;J

xd;Wk; gyTk; te;njhd;WtJ ,ilr;nrhy;”

(ed;.nrh. 420)

vd ed;D}yhh; ,ilr;nrhy;Yf;fhd ngah;f;fhuzk;gw;wpf; $WtJ>

njhy;fhg;gpah; fUj;ij mbnahw;wpNa mike;Js;sJ. ,ilr;nrhy; tUk;

,lk; kw;Wk; ghFghLgw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

7.3.5. gpuNahf tpNtfk;

‘Kd;nkhopg; Ngh;r;nrhy; ,ilr;nrhy;

,uz;Lk; Kuzp epw;Fk;

jd;nkhop mt;tpaaP ghtk;;” (gpu.tp. 23)

260
 ‘Ngh; nfhz;l Rl;Lg; ngahpy;

gpse;J epy;yh ,lDk;

Neh;nfhz;;l vz; Rl;L vfhuq;fs;

VnohL epd;wit

Vh;nfhz;l Vod; ,lg;nghUs;

fhl;Lk; ,ilr;nrhw;fshk;.”

(gpu.tp.38)

7.3.6. ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;

,yf;fz tpsf;fj;jpy; „nrhy;… tpsf;fk; ed;D}iyg; nghpJk;

jOtpaJ. ,ilr;nrhy;gw;wpa nra;jpAk; ed;D}iyj; jOtpNa

mike;Js;sJ.

7.3.7. ,yf;fzf;nfhj;J

Rthkpehj Njrpfh; ,yf;fzf;nfhj;jpy; ,ilr;nrhy;Yf;Fj; jdp

,aiy mikf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy;> tpidapaypy;>

‘ngah; tpid apilchp ehd;fb ahDk;

gpwf;Fk; tpidnadg; NgRth; Gyth;

gz;Gmb Kjyhg; gyTk; gfh;th;

mitapit As;Ns alq;F nkd;f.” (,y.nfh. 68)

vd;Dk; E}w;ghtpy; „,il… vd;Dk; nrhy; Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.

rhj;jh! Gyp Nghy;>

nea; NghYjy;> Nghd;wy;> Nghwy; - ePh;f;F ,y;iyƒ

261
 Gyp Nghd;whd;ƒ

Gyp Nghd;w rhj;jd;ƒ

Gyp Nghd;W gha;e;jhd;:

,it Ie;J ,il mbaha;g; gpwe;j tpid ,iaGfsha; tpidf;F

rhd;Wfsha; ctk cUG tUk; nrhw;fisf; $wpAs;sdh;.

NkYk;> xopgpaypy; vitnay;yhk; ,ilr;nrhy;ypd; tif vd;W

Mrphpah; Rl;bAs;shh;.

‘gFgjj;J ,yf;fzk;; gfUq; fhiy>

gfhg;gjk; njhlh;nkhop ,uz;bDs; glhky;

xUnkhop <w;wpDk;> njhlh; nkhop <w;wpDk;

gpd;nkhop nfl;l Kd;nkhop <w;wpDk;

mstpiy ahfp tUk; tpF jpfspy;

nghUe;Jk; tpFjpfs; nghUe;jy; md;wpAk;

Ntw;Wik ctk cUGfs; ,ilepiy

rhhpia ehd;Fk; jdpj;Jk; nghUe;jpAk;

Ntw;Wik nghUs;fis Vw;W epd;Wk;

xt;nthU Ntw;Wik ntt;NtW MfpAk;

,jid cilaJ ,Jvd epd;Wk;

,jdJ cilik ,Jvd czh;;e;J epd;Wk;

,lg;;nghUs; czh;j;Jk; tpdhr;Rl;L vz;ngw

,ilr;nrhy; MfpNa vOe;J epd;Wk;” (,y.nfh.117)

262
vd;Dk; E}w;ghtpy; fhzyhk;. mjd; thapyha; tpFjpfs;> Ntw;Wik

cUGfs;> ctk cUGfs;> ,ilepiy> rhhpia vd;Dk; Ie;Jk;

,ilr;nrhy;ypd; tifAs; mlq;Fnkdf; $wpAs;shh;.

7.3.8. njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;

‘vr;nrhy;Yk; ngah;tpid ,ilchp vd ehd;F”

(njh.tp.nrh. 42.)

vd tPukhKdpth; nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; $Wk; NghJ>

nrhy;tifg;ghl;by; ,ilr;nrhy;gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

7.3.9. Kj;JtPhpak;

‘ngah;tpid ,ilAhp nadr;nrhd; dhd;Nf” (K.tP.nrh.46)

vdg; ngahpaypy; nrhy;tifg;ghLgw;wpf; $Wk; NghJ> ,ilr;nrhy; gw;wpf;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;> Kj;JtPu cghj;jpahah;.

Mdhy; xopgpaypy;>

‘ngah;tpid aplj;J gpwg;g jpilr;nrhy;”

(K. tP.nrh. 643)

‘Ntw;Wik tpidrh hpiag;nag; GUGfs;

,irepiw airepiy apU%d;W jpwj;jd”

(K. tP. .nrh. 644)

vd ,ilr;nrhy;ypd; ,ay;G kw;Wk; mjd; tifg;ghLgw;wpf;

Fwpg;gl;Ls;shh;.

263
7.3.10. Rthkpehjk;

‘mg;ngah;r; nrhy; tpidr;nrhy; ,yhk; ,ilAhpahq; fLf;Fk;”

(R.eh.nrh.37)

vdg; ngah; kugpy; nrhy;tifg;ghLgw;wpf; $Wk; NghJ ,ilr;nrhy; ,lk;

ngWfpwJ.

‘cUGrhhp iatpFjp ,ilepiyNa ,irnfhs;

xg;girjj; jk;nghUs;Nfhs; vOj;jzty; xd;ghd;

fUjpaTe; jdpj;jpayh jg;ngahpd; tpidapd;

fil,ilKd; ndhd;Wgy tUjy;,ilr; nrhy;yhk;

tUk;nghOJ rpy<W jphpe;Jk;tUk; mtw;Ws;

kiwj;Njw;wk; gphpT vz; tpdh <w;iwir MWVahk;

njhpTkiw ahf;fk; vr;rk; Iak;Kw;W vz;ZlNd

rpwg;nghL ck; iknal;lhk; NtWmirepiy khw;whNk”

(R.eh.nrh.54)

,ilr;nrhy;Yf;F jdp,ay; mikf;ftpy;iy Mdhy; vr;rkugpy;

,ilr;nrhy;ypd; ,ay;G> tUkplk;> mjd; ghFghL Mfpad gw;wpf;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

264
7.3.11. mWtif ,yf;fzk;

mWtif ,yf;fzj;jpy; ngah;> tpid> chpr;nrhy; Mfpad gw;wpa

E}w;ghf;fs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. „,il… vd;Dk; nrhy; ,lk; ngwtpy;iyƒ

Mdhy;> gy;tifr; nrhw;fs; vd;gjpy;>

‘Xk; vdy; Mk; vdy; Mjpa xg;Gr;

nrhw;fs; Mk;vdj; Jzpthh; GyNthh;”

(mW.,. 220)

‘Vndy; Mjpa tpspr;nrhy; MNk”

(mW.,. 221)

‘INah vd;wply; Mjpa rpw;rpy

,uf;fr; nrhy;cs vd;gJ KiwNa”

(mW.,;. 222)

‘MX vd;wply; tpad; nrhy; MNk”

(mW.,. 223)

xg;Gr;nrhw;fs;> tpspr;nrhy;> ,uf;fr;nrhy;> tpad;nrhy; vdf;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sit ,ilr;nrhw;fs; vd;gijNa fhl;Lfpd;wd. jkpo;

,yf;fz E}y;fs; ,ilr;nrhy;ypd; ,ay;G> ngah;f;fhuzk;> tUkplk;>

mjd; ghFghLgw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sd.

rpy ,yf;fz E}y;fs; ,ilr;nrhw;fSf;nfdj; jdp ,ay;

tFf;ftpy;iyƒ njhy;fhg;gpak;> Nekpehjk;> ed;D}y;> ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;>

njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; Nghd;w E}y;fs; jdp ,ay; mikj;Js;sd. Mdhy;

265
,ilr;nrhy; vd;Dk; nrhy;tifg;ghL ,Ug;gij midtUk;

Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sdh;.

7.4 ,ilr;nrhy; jdpj;jpaq;Fkh

ngaUk; tpidAk; KOj;jd;ik ngw;w nrhw;fs;ƒ jdpj;J

toq;fg;gLtdƒ mtw;Wf;nfd;W rpy ,ay;Gfs;. Mdhy;>

,ilr;nrhw;fSf;nfd;W rpy ,ay;Gs. m‡jhtJ mit jdpj;J

toq;Ftd my;y.

‘,ilnadg; gLg nganuhLk; tpidnahLk;

eilngw;W ,aYk; jkf;F ,ay; gpyNt”

(njh.nrh.734)

‘......................................... jdpj;jpaypd;wpg;

ngahpDk; tpidapDk; ...............................

............................. te;njhd;Wt jpilr;nrhy;”

(ed;.nrh.420)

‘,ilr;nrhy; jdpepiy ,d;wp Kd;gpd;

ngah; tpid Nrh;e;J… (njh.tp.nrh.130)

ngah;tpidaplj;Jg; gpwg;g jpilr;nrhy;”

(K.tP nrh.643)

‘.......................................jdpj;jpayh jg;ngahpd; tpidapd;

fil,ilKd; ndhd;Wgy tUjd; ,ilr;nrhy;yhk;”

(R.eh.nrh.54)

266
 njhy;fhg;gpak;> ed;D}y;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;> Kj;JtPhpak;>

Rthkpehjk; Nghd;w kuG ,yf;fz E}y;fs; ,ilr;nrhy; jdpj;jpaq;fhJ

rhh;e;J jhd; ,aq;Fk; vd;w fUj;ij typAWj;jpr; nry;fpd;wd.

7.4.1. ciuahrphpah; $w;W

‘,ilr;nrhy; vd;W nrhy;ygLtd nganuhLk;> tpidnahLk;

tof;Fg; ngw;wpaYk;ƒ jhkhf elf;Fkpay;gpy” vdr; NrdhtiuaUk;

(1986:8). ‘ngaNuhL $bAk; tpidNahL $bAk; tof;F ngw;wpaYky;yJ

jkf;nfd tof;fpy” vd nja;tr;rpiyahUk; (1986:9).

‘jkf;nfd NtNwhh; nghUis czh;j;Jk; ,yf;fzk; cilad

my;y” vd er;rpdhh;f;fpdpaUk; (1986:10).

‘,ilr;nrhy; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLtd ngah;r;nrhy;yhLk;>

tpidr;nrhy;NyhLk; tof;Fg; ngw;W elf;Fk;. mt;thW mtw;NwhL

elf;fty;yJ. jhkhf elf;Fk; ,ay;gpy” vd fy;yhlUk; (1986:11).

‘,ilr;nrhy;yhtJ jhd; Nrh;e;j ,lj;jhy; nghUs;

typAWQ;nrhy;” vd Mjpj;jUk; (1986:12).

‘jkf;F xU Fwpg;Gg;nghUs; ,Ue;Jk; ngah;> tpidfNshL ,lk;

ngw;w njspnghUs; jUQ;nrhy; ,ilr;nrhy;” vdr; rptypq;fdhUk; ciu

tFj;Js;sdh; (1986:17).

njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F ciu vOjpa ciuahrphpah;fs; ,ilr;nrhy;

jdpj;J toq;Ftd my;y vd;Dk; fUj;ij typAWj;jpr; nry;fpd;wdh;.

267
 ,ilr;nrhw;fs; jdpj;J ,aq;Ftd my;yƒ Mdhy;> ngah;>

tpidabr; nrhw;fNshL Nrh;e;J mtw;iw KOr;nrhw;fsha; ,aq;f

itf;Fk; rf;jp ,ilr;nrhw;fSf;Nf cz;L.

7.5 ,ilr;nrhy; tUkplk;

njhy;fhg;gpak;> ed;D}y;> ,yf;fz tpsf;fk;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;>

Rthkpehjk; Mfpa Ie;J E}w;fspy; kl;Le;jhd; nkhopapy; ,ilr;nrhy;

mikAk; ,lk;gw;wpf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

7.5.1. njhy;fhg;gpak;

‘mit jhk;

Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; nkhopaLj;J tUjYk;

jk;<W jphpjYk; gpwpjtz; epiyaYk;

md;dit nay;yhk; chpa vd;g”

(njh.nrh.736)

1. Kd; tUjy;  mJkd;

2. gpd; tUjy;  nfhd;D}h;

3. jk;kPW jphpjy;  clDaph; NghFfjpy;y

4. gpwpjtd; epiyapy;  tUfjpy; mk;k vQ;NrhpNru

vd ,ilr;nrhy; ehd;F tiffspy; tUk; vd;fpwhh; njhy;fhg;gpah;.

268
7.5.2. ed;D}y;

‘ngahpDk; tpidapDk; gpd;Kd; xhplj;J

xd;Wk; gyTk; te;njhd;Wt jpilr;nrhy;”

(ed;.nrh.420)

1. gpd; tUjy;  Fioad;

2. Kd; tUjy;  xrhj;jhd;

3. ,ize;J tUjy;  mJkw;wk;

vd ,uz;L tiffspy; mikAk; vd;fpwhh; ed;D}yhH.

ed;D}y; $Wk; E}w;ghitNa ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; vLj;jhz;Ls;sJ.

vdNt> mJTk; ,ilr;nrhy; tUkplk; %d;W tiffspy; mikAk;

vd;fpwJ.

7.5.3. njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;

‘,ilr;nrhy; jdpepiy ,d;wp Kd;gpd;

tpid ngah; Nrh;e;J” (njh.nrh.130)

1. Kd;tUjy;  mk;k Nfl;gpf;Fk;

2. gpd;tUjy;  ePNa je;jha;

vDk; ,U ,lq;fisNa ,ilr;nrhy; tUkplq;fsha; njhd;D}y;

tpsf;fk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.

269
7.5.4. Rthkpehjk;

‘..................................jdpj;jpayh jk;ngahpd; tpidapd;

fil,il Kd; ndhd;Wgy tUjy; ,ilr;nrhy;yhk;”

(R.eh.nrh. 54)

1. Kd; tUjy;  ah gpd;dpUth; khzhf;fh; mfj;jpaUf;F

2. ,iltUjy;  gyFiuj; Jd;gq;fs; (Fws; 10.75)

3. filtUjy;  neQ;rk; gpse;jpl;L

vd %d;W tiffsha; ,ilr;nrhy; tUkplq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Nkw;$wpa kugpyf;fz E}y;fs; ,ilr;nrhy; nrhy;Yf;F Kd;Dk;>

gpd;Dk; tUjy;gw;wpf; $wpdhh;fNs jtpu> ,ilapy; tUtJgw;wpf;

Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. Rthkpehjk; kl;LNk ,il tUtJ gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

kugpyf;fzq;fs; $wpa ,ilr;nrhy;ypd; tifg;ghLfs; rpy

nrhy;Yf;F Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; tUk;. fhy ,ilepiy> rhhpia> tpFjp>

Ntw;Wik cUG Nghd;w $Wfs; ngah;> tpid mbr;nrhy;Yf;Fg;

gpd;Ndjhd; tUk;.

7.5.5. ciuahrphpah;fs; $w;W

nkhopf;F Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; tUkhapDk;> ngUk;ghd;ik ,il

tUjypd; ,ilr;nrhy;yhapw;W vdr; NrdhtiuaUk; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpaUk;

xj;j fUj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sdh; (1986:1).

270
 ngaUk; tpidAk; ,lkha; epd;W nghUs; czh;j;Jjypd;

,ilr;nrhy;yhapw;W vdj; nja;tr;rpiyahh; ciu $wpAs;shh; (1986:1).

‘ngaNuhLk; tpidNahLk; mt;tpilr;nrhw;fs; tUk;topr;

nrhw;Gwj;J top tUjYk;> mr;nrhy;top tUjYk; vd ,Utifj;J”>

vd;fpwhh;> fy;yhldhh; (1984:29).

er;rpdhh;f;fpdpaUk; NrdhtiuaUk; ,ilr;nrhy; ngUk;ghd;ikAk;

nkhopf;F ,ilapy; tUk; vd ciu tFj;Js;sdh;. jkpo; ,yf;fz

E}yhh; ,ilr;nrhw;fsha;f; $wpa Ntw;Wik cUG> fhy ,ilepiy>

rhhpia> tpFjp> ctk cUG Nghd;wit ngah;> tpid mbr;nrhw;fSf;F

gpd;NdNujhd; tUNk md;wpr; nrhy;Yf;F Kd;Ndh> ,ilapNyh

tUtjpy;iy.

kugpyf;fzj;jhh;> nrhy;Yf;F Kd;Nd tUk; vd;W $wpa

,ilr;nrhw;fs; gy;NtW ,yf;fzg; gz;Gfisg; ngw;W te;Js;sijf;

fhzyhk;.

„nfhd;… vd;gJ V> ck; Mfpa ,U ,ilr;nrhw;fis Vw;W>

nrhy;ypd;Kd; tpidailahfTk;> ve;j ,ilr;nrhw;fisAk; Vw;fhky;

ngauilahfTk; tpidailahfTk; tUtijr; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;

fhzyhk;.

271
 tpidail

nfhd;myh; J}w;Wk; - (FWe; 33 : 8)

(tPzhf myh; J}w;Wk;)

nfhd; xd;W $Wty; - (ew; 320 : 8)

(tPzhf xd;W nrhy;Ntd;)

ngauil

nfhd;Kid ,uT+H - (FWe;. 91 : 7)

(NghHf;fsj;jpd;fz; cs;s

,utpidAila CH)

Vv ,‡njhj;jhd; - (fyp. 62)

Xx ctik cwo;T ,d;wp xj;jNj - (fstop - 36)

kugpyf;fzj;jhH nrhy;Yf;F Kd; tUk; vdf; $wpa „nfhd;…

vd;gJ> nrhy;Yf;F Kd; ngauilahfTk; tpidailahfTk; tUfpwJ.

Vv> Xx vd;gd kpFjpg;nghUisAk;> czHT> Fwpg;G Mfpa nghUisAk;

je;J epw;fpwJ. ,d;iwa nkhopapayhH ,t;tpilr;nrhw;fisj; jdpg;gl;l

Kiwapy; Ma;T nra;J tUfpd;wdH.

vdNt> ,ilr;nrhw;fs; ngaiuAk; tpidiaAk; ,lkha;f;

nfhz;L tUk; vdf; $wpa nja;tr;rpiyahH fUj;Jk;> fy;yhldhH

fUj;JNk Vw;Gilj;j xd;wha;f; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

,ilr;nrhw;fs; mbr;nrhw;fSf;F gpd;Dk;> nrhw;fSf;F

,ilapYk;> nrhw;nwhlH ,ilapYk; tUtdthFk;.

272
7.6 ,ilr;nrhy; nghUs;

‘vy;yhr; nrhy;Yk; nghUs; Fwpj;jdNt” vd;Dk; E}w;gh thapyha;j;

njhy;fhg;gpah; ,ilr;nrhy;ypw;Fk; nghUs; cz;L vd;W $Wfpwhh;.

‘,ilr;nrhy; vy;yhk; Ntw;Wik nrhy;Ny” vd;Dk; E}w;ghTk;

,ilr;nrhy; nghUs; NtWghL czh;j;Jk; vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ.

,ilr;nrhw;fs; nrhy;epiyapYk; njhlh;epiyapYk; nghUs;

NtWghL nra;Ak; nrhw;fsha;r; nrayhw;Wfpd;wd.

Ntw;Wik cUG> rhhpia> fhy ,ilepiyfs;> tpFjpfs; Kjypad

nrhy;epiyapy; mike;J> nghUs; NtWghL czh;j;Jfpd;wd.

mirepiy> ,irepiw> jj;jk;nghUs;> ctkcUGfs; Mfpad

njhlh;epiyapy; mike;J nghUs; NtWghL nra;fpd;wd.

‘mt;tr; nrhy;ypw;F mitmit nghUnsd

nka;ngwf; fpse;j ,ay thapDk;

tpidnahLk; nganuhLk; epidaj; Njhd;wpj;

jphpe;JNtW gbDk; njhpe;jdh; nfhsNy”

(njh.nrh.780)

‘fpse;j my;y NtWgpw Njhd;wpDk;

fpse;jtw;wp ayhd; czh;e;jdh; nfhsNy”

(njh.nrh)

273
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd; ,t;tpU E}w;ghf;fSk; ,ilr;nrhw;fnsy;yhk; nghUs;

jUtd vd;Dk; fUj;ij typAWj;jpr; nry;fpd;wd.

7.6.1. ciuahrphpah; $w;W

‘<z;L ngaUk; tpidAk; czHj;Jk; nghUisr; rhHe;J epd;W

mtw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jtjy;yJ jkf;nfd nghUSilad my;y

vd;wthwhk;.... jkf;nfd nghUspd;ik ,ilr;nrhw; rpwg;gpyf;fzkhk;”

vdr; NrdhtiuaUk; (1986:8).

nghUs; czHj;Jk;top ngaHg;nghUz;ik czHj;jpAk; tpidg;

nghUz;ik czHj;jpAk; tUtjy;yJ NtW nghUs; ,yJ” vdj; nja;tr;

rpiyahUk; (1986:10).

‘jkf;nfd NtNwhh; nghUis czh;j;Jk; ,yf;fz cilad

my;y” vd er;rpdhh;f;fpdpaUk; ciu tFj;Js;sdh; (1986:10).

‘vy;yhr; nrhy;Yk; nghUs; Fwpj;jdNt” vd;Dk; nghJr;

#j;jpuj;jpd;gbAk;> ‘,ilr;nrhy; vy;yhk; Ntw;Wikr; nrhy;Ny” vd;Dk;

rpwg;G #j;jpuj;jpd;gbAk;> jpiz> ghy;> fhy ,ilepiy> tpFjp> Ntw;Wik

cUG Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fr; Rl;Lg;nghUs; ,y;iyNa xopa ,yf;fzg;

nghUs; cz;L. nfhs;> me;jpy;> jQ;rk; Nghd;w ,ilr;nrhw;fSf;Fj;

jdpNa nghUs; cz;L. vdNt> ,ilr;nrhw;fs; ngaH> tpidfisr;

rhHe;j top #oiy xl;b ,yf;fzg;nghUisNah nrhw;nghUisNah

jUk; vd;gijf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

274
 ,ilr;nrhy;Yf;Fj; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; nghUs; ,y;iyNa jtpu

,ilr;nrhy;Yf;Fg; nghUspy;iy vd;W $wKbahJ. ,ilr;nrhw;fs;

midj;Jk; jdpg;gl;l ,yf;fzg;nghUSiladthFk;. mit jhk; NrUk;

nrhw;fspd; nghUis NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; jd;ikAilad.

,Uth; fUj;Jg; ghpkhw;wk; nra;Ak; NghJ> xUth; fUj;ij kw;wth;

xj;Jf;nfhs;tjha; ,Ue;jhy; „ck;… „X… vd;W $Wthh;fs;.

Mgj;J tUk;NghJk;> Mr;rhpag;gLk; NghJk; „INah… vd;W

$WfpNwhk;. ,t;thwha;r; rpy ,ilr;nrhw;fs; ngaNuhLk; tpidNahLk;

NruhkNy jdpj;J epd;W nghUs; jUfpd;wd.

7.7 ,ilr;nrhy; ghFghL

ngaHtpidr;nrhw;fs; NtHr;nrhy; epiyapypUe;J KOr;nrhw;fshf

Ntz;Lk; vd;why; gFjp> ,ilepiy> tpFjp Mfpaitad;wpg; gpwTk;

Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iw kugpyf;fzq;fs; ,ilr;nrhy; ghFghlha;

tFj;Js;sd.

1. ‘Gzhpay; epiyapil nghUs; epiyf;F cjTe” vd;gJ> rhhpiag;

gw;wpf; $WfpwJ.

2. ‘tpidnray; kUq;fpd; fhynkhL tUe” vd;gJ> fhy,ilepiy

gw;wpAk;> tpidtpFjpgw;wpAk; $WfpwJ.

3. ‘Ntw;Wikg; nghUs;tapd; cUG MFe” vd;gJ> Ntw;Wik cUG

gw;wpf; $WfpwJ.

275
 4. ‘xg;gpy; topahd; nghUs; nra;Fe” vd;gJ> ctk cUGgw;wpf;

$Wfpd;wJ.

5. ‘mirepiyf; fpstp”

6. ‘,irepiwf; fpstp”

7. ‘jj;jk; Fwpg;gpy; nghUs; nra;Fe”

8. ‘Fwpg;G” Nghd;wit> rpy ,lq;fspy; nghUSiladthfTk;>

nra;Aspy; Xir nfhLf;f nghUs; mw;wdthfTk; tUfpd;wd.

nrhy;> ,lk;ngWfpd;w #oiyg; nghWj;Jg; nghUs; jUfpd;wd.

,ilr;nrhy; ghFghLgw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpaH> Nekpehjk;> ,yf;fz

tpsf;fk;> ed;D}y;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;> Kj;JtPhpak;> Rthkpehjk; Mfpa

VO E}y;fspy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,ilr;nrhw;fisg; ghFgLj;Jtjpy;

kugpyf;fzq;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgLfpd;wd.

t. njhy; ,yf;fz njhd;D}y; Kj;J Rthkp

,ilr;nrhy; Nekpehjk; ed;D}y;
vz; fhg;gpak; tpsf;fk; tpsf;fk; tPhpak; ehjk;

1. rhhpia       
2. 1. fhy       
,ilepiy 
2. tpidtpFjp
3. Ntw;Wik cUG       
4. mirepiy       
5. ,irepiw       
6. jj;jk;       
Fwpg;gpw;nghUs;
nra;td
7. xg;G cUGfs;       
8. Fwpg;G       

276
 kugpyf;fzq;fs; $wpa ,ilr;nrhw;fs; ,d;W gy tof;nfhope;J

tpl;ld. ,yf;fpa tof;fpy; gad;gLj;jpa kd;> jpy;> nfhd;> kw;W> vw;W>

kd;w Nghd;w ,ilr;nrhw;fs; ,d;W ,yf;fpa tof;fpYk; ,y;iy.

tpid tpFjp> ,ilepiy> rhhpia> ctk cUG> Ntw;Wik cUG

Nghd;w ,ilr;nrhy; ghFghL kl;LNk tof;fpy; cs;sd.

7.8 ,ilr;nrhy; x gpw ,ay;fs;

ehd;F tifr; nrhw;fSs; ,ilr;nrhw;fs;gw;wpa E}w;ghf;fs;

kl;Lk; vOj;J> nrhy;> nghUs; vd %d;W mjpfhuq;fspYk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

njhy;fhg;gpaH rhhpiafs; Fwpj;J vOj;jjpfhu cUgpaypYk;> fhyk;

fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfs;gw;wpr; nrhy;yjpfhu tpidapaypYk;> Ntw;Wik

cUGfs; Fwpj;Jr; nrhy;yjpfhu Ntw;Wikapay;> Ntw;Wik kaq;fpay;>

tpspkuG Mfpa %d;wpYk;> mirr;nrhw;fs;> ,irepiwf;fpstpfs;>

Fwpg;ghy; nghUs; nra;Ftd Mfpait Fwpj;Jr; nrhy;yjpfhu

,ilapaypYk;> ctk cUGfs; Fwpj;Jg; nghUsjpfhu ctkapaypYk;

tpsf;fpAs;shh;.

njhy;fhg;gpah; XhpaypNyNa xU nghUs;gw;wpaf; fUj;Jfis

tpsf;FtNjhL> gy;NtW ,ay;fspYk;> xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l

mjpfhuq;fspYk; vLj;Jiuf;Fk; ,ay;Gilath;. me;newpNa

,ilr;nrhw;fs;gw;wpa fUj;jpaypYk; MSik ngw;Ws;sij mwpayhk;.

277
 njhy;fhg;gpak; kl;Lky;yhJ gpw ,yf;fz E}y;fspYk; ,t;thNw

mike;Js;sd.

7.9 ,ilr;nrhy;- ngah;f;fhuzk;

‘nkhopf;F Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; tUkhapDk; ngUk;ghd;ik

,iltUjypd; ,ilr;nrhy;yhapw;W” vdr; NrdhtiuaUk;> (1986:1).

‘ngUk;ghYk; nrhy;Yf;F ,ilNa tUjypd; ,ilr;nrhy;yhapw;W”

vd er;rpdhHfpdpaUk; (1986:10).

‘ngaUk; tpidAk; ,lkha; epd;W nghUs; czHj;jypd;

,ilr;nrhy;yhapw;W” vdj; nja;tr;rpiyahUk; (1986:1).

‘ngaH tpidfs; czHj;Jk; nghUSf;Fj; jhd; ,lkha; epw;wyhd;”

ngaUk; tpidAk; nghUs; czHj;j> ,ilr;nrhy;Ny ,lkha; ,Uf;fpwJ

vd;Dk; fUj;jpy; fy;yhlUk; ciu tFj;Js;sdH (1986:2).

‘nghUisAk;> nghUsJ Gilg;ngaHr;rpiaAk; jk;khdd;wpj; jj;jk;

Fwpg;ghd czHj;Jk; nrhw;fs;> ngaHr;nrhy; tpidr;nrhw;fSk; MfhJ>

mtw;wpd; NtWkhfhJ ,ilepfudtha; epw;wypd; ,ilr;nrhy;

vdg;gl;ld” vdr; rptQhdKdptUk; $WtH. (njhy;fhg;gpar; #j;jpu

tpUj;jp> g.48)

‘nrhy;nydg;gl;l ngaH> tpid xU gf;fk;ƒ Fiwr;nrhy; vdg;gl;l

chpr;nrhy; kw;nwhU gf;fk; ,e;j ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l vy;yhr;

278
nrhw;fSk; cs;slf;fpaJjhd; ,ilr;nrhw;fs;” vd;whH

(nr.it.rz;Kfk;> 1992 : 283).

ngaH> tpidfs; ,lkha; elf;Fk; nrhy;iy ,lr;nrhy; vd;W

$whky; ,ilr;nrhy; vdf; $wpajw;fhd fhuzj;ijr; rptQhdKdptH

tpsf;fpAs;shH. „,lk;… vd ,aw;nrhy;yhy; $wpdhy; jd;ik> Kd;dpiy

vd ,lj;ijf; Fwpg;gjha; mike;JtpLk;. vdNt> „,il… vdr;

jphpnrhy;yhy; njhy;fhg;gpaH Ntw;Wikg;gLj;jpAs;shH vd;gJ rptQhd

KdptH fUj;J.

‘vOj;Jfspy; ty;nyOj;Jf;Fk; nky;nyOj;Jf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l

tUnlhyp> kUq;nfhyp> cunrhyp Mfpaitfis ,ilapdk; vd

mlf;fpaJ Nghyg; ngaH> tpidfis ,lkhff;nfhz;L tUk; nrhw;fis

,ilr;nrhw;fs; vd tiuaWj;jpUf;fyhk;” vd;gJ nr.it.rz;Kfk;

fUj;J. (1992 : 284).

nja;tr;rpiyahh;> Nrdhtiuah;> rptQhd Kdpth; MfpNahuJ

fUj;Jf;fis xg;GNehf;fpg; ghHf;Fk;NghJ> nja;tr;rpiyahh; fUj;Nj

nghUj;jKilajhfTk; nghUz;ikAilajhfTk; mike;Js;sJ.

7.9.1. nraypfs;

,ilr;nrhw;fs; ntw;W cUgd;fs; MFk;. me;j ntw;W

cUgd;fSk; VNjh xU nghUz;ikiar; Rl;lNt gad;gLfpd;wd.

fhl;lha;f; fhyk; fhl;Lk; ,ilepiyfs; nray;fs; epfo;e;j fhyq;fisr;

Rl;lg; gad;gLfpd;wd. mt;thNw Vida ,ilr;nrhw;fSk; xU

279
gad;ghl;ilf; fUjpNa nkhopapy; mike;Js;sd. mg;gad;ghL kw;Wk;

nray;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; ,ilr;nrhw;fisg; gad;nrhw;fs; my;yJ

nraypfs; vd;W toq;fyhk; vd;gJ tp. NuZfhNjtp fUj;J (2010;:

166-169).

7.9.2. ,izg;Gr; nrhw;fs;

Qh.NjtNeag;ghthzh; „jkpo; tuyhW… vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,izg;Gr;

nrhw;fis ehd;F epiyfspy; ghFgLj;Jfpwhh;.

1. mLf;fpizg;Gr; nrhw;fs; (vd> vd;W....)

mwKk; nghUSk; ,d;gKk; tPLk; vd cWjpg;nghUs;

ehd;F

2. kWepiyapizg;Gr; nrhw;fs; (vdpDk;> vd;whYk;)

tPlhfpYk; kidahfpYk; clNd thq;fpahf Ntz;Lk;

3. kWg;gpizg;Gr; nrhw;fs; (Mdhy; -Mapd;)

mtd; trjpaha; ,Uf;fpwhd;ƒ MdhYk;> kfpo;r;rpaha;

,y;iy.

4. ca;j;Jzh; ,izg;Gr; nrhw;fs; (Mifahy;> MfNt)

Ntiy tha;g;igg; ngUf;FtJ murpd; flik. Mifahy;>

ehl;by; njhopw;fy;tpia tsh;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,t;tpizg;Gr;nrhw;fs; ngUk;ghYk; nrhw;fSf;F ,ilNa>

nrhw;nwhlHfSf;F ,ilNa tUk;;. ,tw;iw ,f;fhy nkhopapayhh;

,ilr;nrhw;fsha;f; $Wth;.

280
 ‘ngah;r;nrhy; xU nghUshf epw;f mjd; nray;fis tpid vdf;

$wpa top ,uz;ilAk; ,izj;j nkhop eilapid cUthf;Fk;

,izg;Gr;nrhw;fshf ,ilr;nrhw;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd” vd;fpwhh;

(NjtNeag;ghthzhh;> 1990 : 218).

vdNt> nrhy;ypd; nghUisAk;> nghUspd; ,af;fj;ijAk;

,izf;Fk; ,izg;Gr;nrhw;fshfTk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd

vd;Dk; fUj;ijg; ngw KbfpwJ.

7.10 K.tujuhrdhH

,ilr;nrhy;Yf;Fj; jkpo; ,yf;fz E}yhH $Wk; tiuaiwiaNa

je;Js;shH.

‘vd> vd;W> kd;w Kjypa ,ilr;nrhw;fs; tpidiailfs; Mtd

Nghd;w> kw;w Kjyhd ,ilr;nrhw;fs; ngauilfs; Mtd”.

(K.tujuhrdhh;> 1974 : 242).

kugpyf;fzj;jhH ,ilr;nrhy; tifg;ghl;by; $wpatw;iwg;

ngauil> tpidail tifg;ghl;by; mlf;fpf; fhl;LfpwhH.

7.11 Rg;gpukzpa rh];jphpahh;

‘ngahplj;Jk; tpidaplj;J mfj;NjDk;> Gwj;NjDk; Njhd;WtJ

,ilr;nrhy;” vd tiuaiw nra;fpwhh; (P.S.Rg;gpukzpa rh];jphpahh;>

1930 : 152).

281
7.11.1. ,ilr;nrhy; tUkplk;

vy;yh ,ilr;nrhw;fSk; tUkplj;ij Muha;e;J> ‘,ilr;nrhw;fs;

ahTk; nkhopf;F ,ilapy; thuh” vd;W tpsf;fpAs;shh; Rg;gpukzpa

rh];jphpahH.

tpFjpfs;

nkhopKjy; nkhopapil nkhopapWjp

rhhpia tpidtpFjp

Ntw;Wik cUG

jdpnkhop

nkhopKjy; nkhopapil nkhopapWjp

mirepiyf; fpstp jj;jk; Fwpg;gpy; nghUs; mirepiyf; fpstp

,irepiwf; fpstp nra;Ak; fpstp ,irepiwf; fpstp

xg;gpy; topahd; nghUs;
nra;Ak; fpstp

,ilr;nrhw;fis tpFjpaha;r; nray;gLtd> jdpnkhopNghyr;

nray;gLtd vd ,uz;lha;g; gFj;Jf; $Wfpwhh;;. ,ilr;nrhw;fs;

tUkplk;gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ> rhhpia xd;W kl;LNk nkhopapil tUk;

vd;fpwhh;. rhhpiafspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; FiwT vd;gjhy; ,ilr;nrhy;

ngUk;ghYk; nkhopapil tUjy; FiwT vd;gJ rh];jphpahh; fUj;jha;

282
mike;Js;sJ. kugpyf;fzq;fs; $Wk; ,ilr;nrhw;ghFghLgw;wpf;

Fwpg;gpLfpwhNu jtpu> Gjpa ,ilr;nrhw;ghFghLgw;wpf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.

7.12 nj.ngh.kPdhl;rpRe;judhH

‘,ilr;nrhy; fl;Lz;l tpFjpahf tUk;. rpy ,lq;fspy; fl;Lz;l

mbr;nrhy;yhfTk; tUk;” vd;fpwhH. ,il> chpiaf; Fiwr;nrhy;

vd;fpwhH.

nrhy;ypd; fUtha; mikAk; mbr;nrhy;iyNa chpr;nrhy;

Fwpf;fpwJ. ,jw;F khwhdit mbr;nrhy; my;yhj gpw cUgd;fs;. ,it

jkpo; Nghd;w xl;Lnkhopfspy; njsptha;g; gphpj;jwpaj; jf;f tifapy;

gFjpapd; gpd;DWg;Gfshfpa tpFjp Kjypadtha; tUk;. nrhy;ypd;

fUtpidNa ek;gp mtw;iwr; rhHe;J tUtjhy; ,tw;wpw;Fj; jdpj;J

epw;Fk; chpikapy;iy. ,itNa chpr;nrhy;Yf;Fhpa nrhy;ypid ,lkha;f;

nfhz;L mjd; mfj;JWg;ghfTk;> Gwj;JWg;ghfTk; tUk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs;

vd;fpwhH.

‘chpr;nrhy;yhfpa mbr;nrhy;Yk;> tpFjpahfpa ,ilr;nrhy;Yk;

Nrh;e;Jjhd; ngah;> tpid vd;w KOr;nrhw;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd” vd;gJ

fUj;J. xU nrhy;ypy; ,ilr;nrhy;ypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,f;$w;W

fhl;LfpwJ (nj. ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhH;> 1974 :131 - 134).

283
7.13. Nkh.,ruNay;

‘,ilr;nrhw;fSf;Fj; jkf;nfdj; jdpg; nghUs; ,y;iy. ,it

nrhy;epiyapYk;> ngah;> tpidfisr; rhh;e;J epd;W mike;J nghUs;

Ntw;Wik nra;gitfNsahFk;” vd;fpwhh; (Nkh.,ruNay;> 1977 : 15- 16).

7.13.1. ,ilr;nrhy; ghFghL

Nkh.,ruNay; nkhopapay; Nehf;fpy; ,ilr;nrhw;fis xl;Lfs;>

xUepiyr;nrhw;fs; vd;Dk; gphptpd;fPo; ghFgLj;jpAs;shh;.

7.13.1.1. xl;Lfs;

1. rhhpiafs;

2. jpiz-ghy; tpFjpfs;

3. fhy ,ilepiyfs;

4. Ntw;Wik cUGfs;

7.13.1.2. xUepiyr;nrhw;fs;

1. mirepiyf; fpstp

2. ,irepiyf; fpstp

3. jj;jq; Fwpg;ghy; nghUs; nra;Fe

4. xg;gpy; topahy; nghUs; nra;Fe.

Kd;dh;f; $wg;gl;l VOtif ,ilr;nrhw;fspy; rhhpia>

fhy,ilepiy> jpiz-ghy; tpFjpfs; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; vd> Kjy;

284
%d;W tifahdit mbr;nrhw;fsha; mikjw;Fhpa Nth;fis cilad

my;y. mit xl;LfNs MFk;.

xl;Lfs; Fwpg;gpl;l xU nrhy;tiff;F chpadtha; mike;J.

mr;nrhy;tifapy; ,ay;ig NtWgLj;jp epw;gd. rhhpiaAk; Ntw;Wik

cUG ngaUf;Fk;> fhy ,ilepiyAk;> ghy;fhl;Lk; tpFjpAk; rpwg;gha;

tpidf;Fk; chpadtha; mikAk;. gpd;ida ehd;F tiffis xUepiyr;

nrhw;fs; vdg; ghFghL nra;ayhk;.

,it nrhy; NtWghl;L cUgd;fis Vw;fhj mbfs; MFk;. ,it

njhlh;fspy; epd;W nghUs; NtWghL nra;td.

kugpyf;fz E}yhh; ,yf;fz NtWghL nra;Ak; xl;LfisAk;>

jdpr; nrhw;nwhlHfshf ,ayhj Fiwepiy va;jpa rhh;Gr; nrhw;fisAk;

,ilr;nrhw;fsha;f; nfhz;ldh;.

kugpyf;fz E}yhh; VO> vl;Lg; ghFghlha;g; gphpj;j

,ilr;nrhw;fis Nkh.,ruNay; xl;L> xUepiyr;nrhw;fs; vd ,U

tifaha;g; ghFghL nra;fpwhh;.

7.14 r.mfj;jpaypq;fk;

‘ngaNuh my;yJ tpidNah> ngauilNah my;yJ tpidailNah

Mfhky; cs;s nrhw;fs; ,ilr;nrhw;fs; vdg;gLk;’ vd

,ilr;nrhy;Yf;F tiuaiw nra;fpwhH (r.mfj;jpaypq;fdhH> 2002:

270 - 274).

285
7.14.1. ,ilr;nrhy; ghFghL

,ilr;nrhy;ypd; tbtepiyia mbg;gilaha;f;nfhz;L mjid

xl;Lfs; vd;Wk;> nrhw;fs; vd;Wk; ,U tifaha;g; gphpf;fpwhh;.

1. xU nrhy;Yld; ,ize;J tUtJ> xl;L tif

kl;Lk;> khj;jpuk;.

2. jdpahf epw;fty;yJ nrhy;tif

kuk;

7.14.2 ,ilr;nrhy;ypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

ngah;fSk; gpwTk; nkhopahf;fj;jpy; Kf;fpak; tha;e;jdtha;f;

fUjg;gLtJ Nghd;Nw ,ilr;nrhw;fSk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jdNt

vd;fpwhh;.

jkpo;ehl;by; mofpfNs ,y;iyah?

jkpo;> ehL> mofp> ,y;iy vd;Dk; ehd;F ngah;fisj; jtpu „,y;…>

„fs;…> „V…> „M… Mfpait ntspg;gilaha;j; njhpAk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs;.

„mofp… vd;Dk; nrhy;ypy; fhzg;gLk; „,… vd;gJ ngz;ghy; tpFjpiaf;

Fwpf;Fk; ,ilr;nrhy;yhFk;. ,t;tpilr;nrhw;fs; ,y;iynad;why;

nrhw;nwhlH ,y;iy. nrhw;fspYk;> nrhw;nwhlhpYk; ,ilr;nrhy; ngUk;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fhl;LfpwhH.

286
7.14.3. ,ilr;nrhw;fs;

I. ngah;fSld;

1. gd;ikg;ngah;fs; (- Mh;fs;>- Mh;> - fs;) Foe;ijfs;

2. Ntw;Wikj;njhlh;fs; (I-My;) fz;zid

3. gpd;DUGj; njhlh;fs; (Ig;gw;wp....) mtidg;gw;wp

4. rhhpia (mj;J> mw;W) kuj;ij

5. tpidail tpFjp ( -Mf) Ntfkhf

6. ngauil tpFjp (-M> Md) Ntfkhd

7. tiuaiwapy;yh gjpypL ngahpy; (-X) ahNuh

8. gphpepiyapy;yh tiuaiwg; gjpypL (- MtJ) vq;fhtJ.

9. KOikg; gjpypL ngahpy; (- ck;) vy;NyhUk;.

II. tpidfSld;

1. gpwtpid cUGfsha; - elj;J > elj;Jtp

2. fhy ,ilepiyfsha; - -j;> ,d;(nra;jhd;>Mbdhd;)

3. vjph;kiw cUGfsha; - (-Mj; - M) nra;ahJ > nra;ahky;

ngah;> tpid> ngauil> tpidail Nghd;w nrhy;tifg;ghL

cUthfj; JizGhpAk; xl;LfNs ,ilr;nrhw;fs; vd;fpwhh;. ,ilr;nrhy;

tifg;ghLgw;wpf; $Wk; NghJ ,yf;fzg; nghUs; cs;s xl;LfisAk;>

nrhw;nwhlHfis ,izf;Fk; nrhw;fisAk; $wpAs;shh;. ,f;fhyj;

287
jkpiof; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L ,ilr;nrhw;fis tifg;ghL nra;Js;shh;

r.mfj;jpaypq;fk;.

7.15 nr.it. rz;Kfk;

‘ngah;r;nrhy;NyhLk;> tpidr;nrhy;NyhLk; eilngw;wpaYk;

vd;gij fl;Lz;L tUk; cUgd;” vd;fpwhh; (nr.it. rz;Kfk;>1992 :

222-227).

,ilr;nrhw;fs; nrhy;ypay; epiyapYk; njhlhpay; epiyapYk;

fl;Lz;L tUk;.

njhy;fhg;gpah;> ,ilr;nrhw;fspd; tiffsha;f; $wpatw;iw

,ilr;nrhy;ypd; gz;Gfs; vd;fpwhh;.

,ilr;nrhw;fis nkhopapay; Nehf;fpy; mbr;nrhw;fs;> tpFjpfs;

vd ,U tifaha;g; gphpf;fpwhh;. nrhy;tifg;ghL vd;gJ mbr;nrhy;ypd;

ghFghL vd;gjdhy; ,ilapaypy; NtW rpy tpFjpfis Vw;W

tpidailaha; tUtdTk;> NtW ve;j tpFjpiaAk; Vw;fhky; njhlhpay;

Nehf;fpy; tUtdTk; jdp nrhy;tif vd;fpwhh;.

‘muNrh jQ;rk;” (muR <tJ vspJ) (Gwk;. 733)

‘jQ;rNkh Njhop> jiytd; tuf;fhNzd;” (rpyk;G.)

,q;F jQ;rk; gadpiyNghy te;jpUe;jhYk; mij tpidailaha;f;

nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhH. mLj;jJ> Ntw;Wik> fhy tpFjpfis

288
Vw;fhky; ,d;NdhH ,ilr;nrhy;iy Vw;gjhy; jdpr;nrhy;tifg;ghl;ilr;

rhHe;j mbr;nrhy;yha;f; fUJfpwhH.

njhy;fhg;gpah; $wpa ,ilr;nrhw;fspy; Ntw;Wik> fhy tpFjp

Mfpatw;iw Vw;fhj mbr;nrhw;fs; NtW rpy tpFjpfis Vw;Wk;

Vw;fhkYk; milaha;g; gad;gLk; nrhw;fSk; cz;L vd;gijf; fhzyhk;.

„kw;w… vd;Dk; mbr;nrhy; mJ vd;Dk; xd;wd;ghy; tpFjpia Vw;W

te;Js;sJ.

‘kw;iw ahkk;” (kJiuf;. 653)

(,d;ndhU ahkk;)

‘kw;iwath;” (Fws;. 348)

(kw;iw + mtH)

‘kw;Wk;....$Lk” (ew;. 360)

(ck;ikg;nghUs;)

kw;W> kw;iw vd;Dk; mbr;nrhw;fs; Ntw;Wik> fhy tpFjp Mfpatw;iw

Vw;fhky; gpw tpFjpfis Vw;ff; $badthifahy; ,it jdpr;

nrhy;tifg;ghl;ilr; rhh;e;jJ vd;fpwhh;.

‘kliy kd;w thop KUNf” - (ew;. 34)

(cWjpahf klik cilats;)

‘me;jpw; fhzpa tUNk” - (mfk;. 706)

(mq;Nf fhz;gjw;F tUk;)

289
,it nrhy;ypay; epiyapy; fl;byh cUgdha; ,Ue;jhYk; njhlhpay;

epiyapy; tpidailahfTk; nrhw;nwhliur; rhh;e;Jk; tUgitahfTk;

cs;sd. nfhd;> kw;W> vw;W> jQ;rk;> me;jpy;> vy;> mk;k Nghd;wit

nrhy;ypay; epiyapy; jdpj;Jg; nghUs; ciladhtha; tUk; vd;gJ mtH

fUj;J.

nkhopapay; fUj;Jg;gb ,ilr;nrhw;fspy; xU gFjp mbr;

nrhy;yha; Ntw;Wik cUigNah> fhytpFjpiaNah Vw;fhJ. ,d;ndhU

gFjp NtW xU fl;Lz;l ,ilr;nrhy;iy Vw;W tUtJk;> gFgjkha;

,Ue;J gfhg;gjk; Nghy; milaha; tUtJ jdpr;nrhy; tifiar; rhHe;jJ

vd;fpwhH.

,ilr;nrhy;iyf; fl;Lz;l cUgd; vd;Wk;> NkYk;> ,ilr;nrhy;

ghFghl;il ,ilr;nrhy;Yf;fhd ,ay;Gfs; vd;Wk; $Wfpwhh;;. NkYk;>

rpy ,ilr;nrhw;fisj; jdpr;nrhy; tifg;ghlha;f; nfhz;l mth;>

mjw;fhd nrhy;tifg;ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.

7.16 nghw;Nfh

‘jkf;nfd;W mfuhjpg;nghUs; ,y;yhjdtha; nkhopapy;

gad;gLfpw nrhw;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs;”; vd;fpwhh;

(nghd;. Nfhjz;luhkd;> 2002 :115).

1. kpfr;rpwpa mstpdjha; tpFjp Nghyg; gad;gLfpw nrhw;fs;.

290
 2. tpFjpf;Fk; nrhy;Yf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l epiyapy; gad;gLfpw

nrhw;fs;.

vd ,ilr;nrhw;fis ,U epiyapy; gphpf;fpwhH.

7.16.1. ,ilr;nrhw;fs;

1. tpFjpfs; (md;> Md;> ms;)

2. Ntw;W cUGfs; (I> My;> F> ,d;> mJ> fz;)

3. fhy ,ilepiyfs; (j;> ,d;> g;)

4. vr;r tpFjp (m> Md> Mf)

5. gpd;DUGfs; (gw;wp> ,Ue;J)
6. xl;Lfs; (ck;> MtJ> X> jhd;> kl;Lk;> V> M)
7. rhhpiafs; (md;> ,d;> mj;J)
8. mirepiy (My;> MNyh> X)
9. ciuahly; Fwpg;gd;fs;
1. tpsprhh; xl;L (mlh> mb> cq;f)

2. tpspg;Gf; fpstp (Nla;> mNla;> Vy)

3. czh;r;rp ntbg;Gf; fpstpfs; (INah> mk;kh)

4. tpidrhh; xl;Lfs; (gpd;> Kd;> cld;)

5. ,izg;gpilr; nrhw;fs; (Mdhy;> ,Ue;jhYk;)

6. epug;gpfs; (te;J> mg;Gwk;) jkf;nfd mfuhjp nghUs;

,y;yhjit.

rpyH ciuahlypy; „te;J…> „mg;Gwk;… Kjyhd fpstpfs;; mbf;fb

nghUsw;w epiyapy; gad;glf; fhz;fpNwhk;. ,it xUthpd; ciuahlypy;

291
jaf;f ,ilntspia epug;Gfpw fpstpfsha; gad;gLtjdhy; ,tw;iw

epug;gpfs; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;fs;. ,j;jifa epug;gpfSk; xU tif

,ilr;nrhw;fs; vd;gJ nghw;Nfhtpd; fUj;J (2002 : 121).

kugpyf;fzq;fs; $wpa ,ilr;nrhw;fNshL ,f;fhyj; jkpopy;

tof;fpy; cs;s ,ilr;nrhw;fisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L tifg;ghL

nra;Js;shh; nghd; Nfhjz;luhkd;.

nghw;Nfh ,ilr;nrhw;fsha; $Wk; „INah…> „M`h…> „Nla;…

Nghd;wtw;iw ,f;fhy nkhopapayhsH mr;rg;nghUshfTk;> Mr;rphpag;

nghUshfTk;> tpspg; nghUshhfTk; Fwpg;gijf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;.

7.17 jh.v.Qhd %h;j;jp

‘xU nrhy;ypd; Nth;r;nrhy; chpr;nrhy; vdyhk;. mr;nrhy;ypd; kw;w

cWg;Gfs; ,ilr;nrhw;fshFk;” vd;fpwhh;. nj.ngh.kPdhl;rp Re;judhhpd;

fUj;ij mbnahw;wp mike;Js;sJ (jh.v.Qhd%Hj;jp> 1974 :195-197).

,irj;jhd;

„,ir… vd;gJ NtHr;nrhy; my;yJ chpr;nrhy;

„j;…> „Md;… Mfpait ,ilr;nrhw;fs;

‘jdpj;jpaq;Fk; Mw;wyw;wdthfp fl;Lepiy cUgd;fnsdf;

fUjj;jFk; ,ilr;nrhw;fSs; rpy NtHr;nrhy;yhe; jd;ik ngWfpd;wd”

vd;gH jh.v.Qhd%Hj;jp.

292
 kw;iwahd; vd;Dk; ngahpd; NtH „kw;W…

gpwHf;F vd;Dk; ngahpd; NtH „gpw…

vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.

7.18 M\h;

M\h; “Operational difinitions for word class” vd;Dk; jiyg;gpd; fPo;

nrhw;fis tifg;gLj;jpAs;shh; (M\h;> 1982 :102). mth; tifg;ghl;by;

,ilr;nrhw;fsha; mth; $Wtd>

1. gpd;DUG (Nky;> gpd;> ,y;> jtpu> Nghy> tpl)

2. ,ilr;nrw;fs; (Njw;wf;Fwp> tpdhf;Fwp) ,izg;ghd; (v.L. Mdhy;>

my;yJ)

vd;gdthFk;.

7.19 Nykd;

cUgdpapy; kw;Wk; njhlhpay; ,yf;fz ,ay;Gfs; mbg;gilapy;

nrhw;fis vl;L tifaha; gFf;fpwhh;. (Nykd;> 1989 : 9). mth;

tifg;ghl;by; ,ilr;nrhw;fsha;f; $Wtd

1. gpd;;DUG

,y;> cs;> Kd;> gpd;

2. ,izg;Gf; fpstpfs;;

,y;iynad;why;

vd ,uz;Nl MFk;.

293
 M\H> Nykd;> Nfhjz;luhkd; Nghd;NwhH ,f;fhyj; jkpio

fUj;jpy;nfhz;Lk;> Mq;fpy nrhy;tifg;ghl;il xl;bAk;

,ilr;nrhw;fisg; ghFgLj;jpAs;sdH.

7.20 ,f;fhyj; jkpopy; ,ilr;nrhw;fs;

ck; - g];]py; Nghfyhk;.

my;yJ - uhzp my;yJ Rjh tuyhk;.

,y;iynad;why; - mtd; ,y;iy vd;why; xU NtiyAk; elf;fhJ.

,y;yhtpl;lhy; - gzk; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; Nghfkhl;lhd;.

Mdhy; - gbg;Ngd;> Mdhy;> Njh;T vOj khl;Nld;.

X - gzkhfNth nghUshfNth juyhk;.

MfNt - ehis vdf;F Neh;Kfj;Njh;Tƒ MfNt>

nrd;idf;F tutpy;iy.

MapDk; - kio nga;jJ MapDk;> jz;zPh;g; gQ;rk;

vdpDk; - tpsf;Ffs; mizf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld vdpDk; epyh

xsp ,Ue;jJ

,Ue;jNghjpYk; - Njh;T eilngwtpy;iyƒ ,Ue;jNghjpYk;>

khzth;fs; te;jdh;.

294
nrhy;YUGfs;

%yk; - njhiyNgrp %yk;

nfhz;L - Ngdhitf; nfhz;L

,Ue;J - kuj;jpy; ,Ue;J

gw;wp - gpur;ridiag;gw;wp

tiu - VO kzptiu

jj;jk; nghUs; czHj;Jk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs;

caHT rpwg;G - kio nga;Jk; GOf;fk; Fiwatpy;iy

- ftpQH Nghw;Wk; ftpQH

- murHfSk; thohj Mlk;gu tho;T

,opTr; rpwg;G - nfhiyfhuidtplf; nfhbatd;

Iak; - kio nga;jhYk; nga;Ak;

vr;rk; - fz;zZk; te;jhd;

Kw;W - vy;NyhUk; te;jdH

vz; - ehDk; mtDk;

njhpepiy - ,jpy; Muha;r;rpAk; ,y;iy

- tpkHr;rdKk; ,y;iy

cldbj; jd;ik - kio tpl;lJk; Nghfyhk;

295
khw;Wtop - ePq;fs; gzkhfTk; juyhk;

cWjpg;ghL kWg;G - ahH Nfl;lhYk; nfhLf;f khl;Nld;

ehisf;F ahH - tpLfpwhNuh Iak;

jplf; Fwpg;gpd;ik - $l;lj;Jf;F vj;jidNah NgH te;jdH

jhd; - ehd; New;Wjhd; CUf;Fg; NghNdd;

kl;Lk; - ehd; kl;Lk; tUNtd;

MtJ - ehd; ehis khiyahtJ nry;Nyd; mtshtJ

vd;Dld; NgRths;

$l - tpohtpy; nfhQ;rk; $l $l;lk; ,y;iy.

M - uh[hth New;Wg; Ngrpdhd;

Mk; - ePq;fs; ehisf;Fg; Nghfyhk;.

jw;fhyj; jkpOf;F Vw;gr; rpy ,izg;gpilr;nrhw;fSk; nrhy;YUGfSk;

,ilr;nrhw;fsha; te;J nray;gLfpd;wd.

7.21 njhFg;Giu

,ilr;nrhy;ypw;Fr; rpy ,yf;fz E}yhh; ngah;> tpidf;Ff;

nfhLj;jJ Nghd;W ,izahd ,lj;ijf; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy;>

,ilr;nrhy; vd;Dk; nrhy;tifg;ghL ,Ug;gij midtUk;

Rl;bAs;sdh;. ,yf;fz E}yhh; ,ilr;nrhw;fisr; „nrhy;… vd;Dk;

ngauhy; toq;FtJk; ngah;> tpid> ,il> chp vd;w Kiwapy;

296
nrhy;tiffisf; $wpapUg;gJk;> ,ilr;nrhw;fSf;Fr; rpy ,yf;fz

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298