Communication Systems

Mobile Communication
Lecture (1-2) :- Introduction
After the wide successfulness of the telephony system of connecting the world
by a huge network , the communication engineers was dream to provide
telephone service for each person, that’s can not be possible with wired
communication system. After the radio (wireless) communication was came out,
this dream approached to achievement. and this increased the hope of the
communication engineers to make the call successful with movement of the
subscriber, this leaded to appearance of the Mobile Communication.
Note :- Mobile communication is the communication system that carry call
successfully with the movement in car speed, while the portable communication
is the communication system that carry call successfully with the movement in
human speed.
Historical review for the mobile communication systems.

A) - The first approach of the Pre-Prevailing Stage of

mobile communication systems
- The first approach of the Pre-Prevailing Stage of mobile communication
systems appeared after the second world war ( 1950 and beyond). The
specifications of this system are :-
1 - only car telephone service
2 - Heavy, bulky and expensive equipment
3 - No handover capability
4 - Poor grade of service
5 - Low speech quality
6 - Low capacity
7 - High market saturation
8 - No frequency reuse
9 - Power level is not safe (very high)
10 - Power hungry transceivers
B– The first generation of mobile system ( 1G)
The firs generation of mobile system started to spreading at the end of 70s and
start of 80s from the past century.
 -The main good spots of this system are :-
1 - Cellular system
2 - Frequency reuse
3 - Adaptive power control
4 - (Cell Sectorization)
5 - Cell splitting
6 - Handover
1 - Cellular system :- This mean that the land that must be serviced by the mobile
communication system are divided into sub band each sub band are served with
specified sub communication system, these land cells can take different size and
different form.

2 - Frequency reuse :- The frequency band which dedicated for the mobile
communication system are divided into number of frequency sub band , each
sub band contain number of channels called (frequency Group), each
frequency group serve the subscribers within one cell, the number of cells that
consume the all frequency band called cluster, this cluster can be repeated in
some way to increase the subscribers capacity.

3 - Adaptive power control :- The near subscriber from the base station tower
transmit with low power radiation and the far subscriber from the base station
tower transmit with high power radiation . and this applying for the down link
also. This to increase the S/N ratio and increase the battery life.
4 - (Cell Sectorization) :- Each Cell are divided into multi sector, each sector
served by group of antennas , to increase the S/N ratio.
5 - Cell splitting Each sector within the cell can be converted to new cell
and rearrange the frequency groups according the new plan of clusters
and cells.
6 – Handover :- :- when the subscriber travel from one cell to other
during the call process they need to change the channel link because
the old cell cannot serve him, this change of channel without
disconnect the link and continue the call called (handover).
 -The main bad spots of the first generation of mobile system are :-
1-- Depending on analog technique
2 - Different operating frequency ranges
3 – Incompatible (no standardization)
4 - Suffer from capacity saturation
5 - Limited to voice service
6 - Insufficient transmission quality
7 - No encryption
8 - Frequency modulation (FM)
9 - FDMA transmission technology only

Table (1-1) Illustrate the no standardization and the different operation

frequency for the First Generation mobile communication systems.

 - Construction of the first generation mobile communication system.

The construction of the First generation of mobile system are shown in figure
(3) below
 We can see that this system consist from the three main parts :-
1 – Mobile Station
2 - Local Service Provider (LS)
3 - Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)

One example of the first generation is the Advanced Mobile Telephone System
(AMPS) which is
1 - Use the frequency range (824MHz to 894MHz)
2 – The channel bandwidth for the speech signal is (30KHz)
3 - Each call need two channel one for the up link and the second for
down link.
4 – There is a space guard equal (45MHz ) between the up link and the
down link
5 – Each local server provider consist of (395) mobile channel and (21)
for PSTN with the mobile
6 – Each Local service provider consist of two BTS
C – The Second generation of mobile systems (2G).
After high development of the digital technique and increasing the request for
the mobile system, the second generation of mobile system appeared in used at
the end of the 80s and the first of the 90s from the past century, this system
specified by the high quality services with the low cost of service because using
the digital technique.
 - Objectives of the second generation mobile system.
1 – common standard.
The second mobile generation have (5) standard which are :-
a- The Pan-European digital cellular standard (Group Special Mobile)
(GSM):
b- Electronic Association interim standard (IS-54) ( American standard)
c -Interim Standard (IS-95) ( American standard) (using CDMA)
d – JDC (japans standard) and personal handy phone system(PHS)
e – European wireless telephone service DECT,CT-2
2 – International Rooming
3 - Huge capacity
4 - Digital encryption techniques
5 - Noise and interference robust
6 - Enhanced range of services
7 - Low cost equipment
8 - Low power consumption
9 - Lightweight, compact, pocket size terminals
10 - TDMA – FDMA digital transmission
11 - Integrated services digital network compatibility
 - Historical Review for the GSM systems
1982 Committee of European Post & Telecoms (CEPT) recommended
2×25MHz in 900 MHz
. 1982 Group special mobile (GSM) was established by the CPET
1987 Essential elements of wireless transmission are specified
1989 European Telecommunication Standards Institute took over the

responsibility for GSM specifications

1990 The phase 1 GSM900 specifications are frozen

Adaptation to DCS 1800 commences

1991 First GSM networks lunched
1992 GSM has changed its name to the Global System for Mobile
communications for marketing reasons
Most European GSM networks turn commercial
Some 13 networks in 7 countries are "on air" by the end of the
year
 1993 First roaming agreements in effect
By the end 1993, networks in 18 countries are operational
 - Construction of the GSM system
The construction of the GSM system are shown in figure (4) below

From figure (4) above we can see that the GSM system consist of the
following :-
1 – Mobile station which consist of mobile equipment (ME) and
Subscriber Identity Model card (SIM card)
2 – Base station system (BSS) consist of Base Transceiver system (BTS),
Base station Control (BSC), antennas, Power supply and other
component.
3 – Network sub system (NSS) consist of
* - Mobile switching system (MSC)
* - Home Location Register (HLR)
* - Visitor Location Register (VLR)
*- Equipment Identity register (EIR)
 *- Authentication Center (AUC)
*- Operation and maintenance center (OMC)
*- Echo canceller unit (ECU)
* - Antennas and power supplies and other.

D) - the third generation of mobile system (3G).

The third generation of mobile appeared in Japan in mid 0f 2001, the 3G
produce a high quality service toward the internet and data communication
and give the transition toward the packet switch communication system
and multimedia services.
 - Objectives of the third generation system.
1 - Global standard
3G produce two standard system which are :-
a- Universal Mobile Telecommunication system (UMTS)
b- International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000)
Conform to International Telecommunication Union. (ITU)
2 - Global roaming
3 - Multimedia services
4 - Unique universal handset
5 - Multiple environment (indoor, outdoor, and vehicular scenarios)
6 - Circuit and packet switching mode of services
 - Third Generation Specifications :-
1 – Voice and High speed data services (up to 14.4 Mbit/sec)
2 - Use (Code and Wideband Code) Division Multiple Access ( CDMA
and WCDMA)
3 - Multimedia Cell Smart Phone
4 - Easy internet access
5 – Many components of the GSM core network were reused with a
simple software Upgrade
 6 – Video call ability and Mobile TV receiver ability
7 – High Security System and more safety with respect to G2
8 - 60 MHz divided to 12 block s of 5MHz channel Bandwidth
9 - Frequency Range - in Europe and Asia 1920 MHz to 1980
MHz for Up Link and 2110 MHz to 2170 MHz for Down Link

E- Fourth generation Mobile system (4G).

The fourth generation mobile system are commercially deployed in 2010
in South Korea and Scandinavia (LTE) , the main specification of this
version are the high capacity of data rate and the compatibility with the
internet network, the fourth generation are completely transferred to the
packet switch system,
The specifications of the fourth generation mobile system can be
summarized by :-
1 - Integrated System which include Multi Systems that depending on IP
protocol
2 - Conjoined Network for multi converging and development networks
(WAFI, WIMAX, WLAN)
3 - 100MHz to 1GHz Data Transfer Rate
4 - HD TV Mobile Receiving include
5 - Use Variable Spreading Factor Orthogonal Frequency and Code
Division Multiplexing ( VSF – OFCDM)
6 - Two 4G standard systems are commercially deployed
a- The Mobile WiMAX standard
b- Long term evolution (LTE) standard
7 - WiMAX smart phones have been available since 2010.

F- Fifth Generation Mobile system (5G) :-

The world looking forward get out the Fifth Generation mobile system (5G)
commercially in 2020, the main specifications for this version are the high data
rate transmission (up to 10 Gbit/sec) ,the wide compatibility with the internet
applications, and high trustworthy ( very low probability of error ) because of
using high efficient channel coding technique.