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    Cloud Computing

    Uploaded by

    Vipra Kadu
    This document discusses cloud computing features and popular cloud service providers. It defines cloud computing as providing on-demand services that can be accessed over the internet from anywhere using broad network access. Resources such as storage, processing power and memory are pooled and assigned based on demand. Services can rapidly scale up or down through resource provisioning. Usage is measured and billed on a pay-as-you-go basis. Popular cloud computing models include Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS).

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Cloud Computing

    Uploaded by

    Vipra Kadu
    286 views238 pages
    This document discusses cloud computing features and popular cloud service providers. It defines cloud computing as providing on-demand services that can be accessed over the internet from anywhere using broad network access. Resources such as storage, processing power and memory are pooled and assigned based on demand. Services can rapidly scale up or down through resource provisioning. Usage is measured and billed on a pay-as-you-go basis. Popular cloud computing models include Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS).

    Original Title

    Cloud computing

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    This document discusses cloud computing features and popular cloud service providers. It defines cloud computing as providing on-demand services that can be accessed over the internet from anywhere using broad network access. Resources such as storage, processing power and memory are pooled and assigned based on demand. Services can rapidly scale up or down through resource provisioning. Usage is measured and billed on a pay-as-you-go basis. Popular cloud computing models include Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS).

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    286 views238 pages

    Cloud Computing

    Uploaded by

    Vipra Kadu
    This document discusses cloud computing features and popular cloud service providers. It defines cloud computing as providing on-demand services that can be accessed over the internet from anywhere using broad network access. Resources such as storage, processing power and memory are pooled and assigned based on demand. Services can rapidly scale up or down through resource provisioning. Usage is measured and billed on a pay-as-you-go basis. Popular cloud computing models include Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS).

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 238

    CLOUDCOMPUTI

    NGASSI
    GNMENT
    1.I
    ntr
    oduct
    iont
    oCl
    oudComput
    ing
    Q1.Expl
    aint
    hef
    eat
    uresofcl
    oudcomput
    ing.
    ANS.
    Feat
    uresofcl
    oudcomput
    ingi
    ncl
    ude:
    1.On-
    demandser
    vice
     Aconsumercanset
    upcomputi
    ngcapabi
    li
    ti
    essuchasser
    vert
    imeand
    net
    workst
    orage,
    asneededaut
    omati
    call
    y.
     Thi
    scanbedonedir
    ect
    lywit
    houthav
    inganydi
    rectcommuni
    cat
    ion
    wit
    heachser
    vicepr
    ovi
    der
    .
     Thiscanbeexpl ainedwi ththehelpofanexampl e.SupposeLil
    yowns
    adeliv
    ery
    -onlyrest aurant.Shehasthreefoodvansandhasmany
    customers.Ther ushper iodatherrestaur
    anti
    sonl yduri
    nglunchhours
    butLil
    yhast opayf orthemaintenanceandtherentof24hour sfort
    he
    foodvanswhi chisanov erheadcost.
     Then,
    Lil
    ydecidestoti
    eupwi t
    hav ancompanyandonlypaysfort
    he
    vanswhentheyareinuse.Thi
    s,i
    nturn,showshowshegetson-
    demandservi
    ce.
    2.Br
    oadnet
    wor
    kaccess
     Theusercanaccessthedat
    aoruploadthedatatothecl
    oudf
    rom
    anywher
    ewithjustadevi
    ceandi
    nternetconnect
    ion.
     Thesecapabi
    l
    iti
    esareavai
    l
    abl
    eal
    lov
    ert
    henet
    wor
    kandaccessedwi
    th
    thehel
    poftheint
    ernet
    .
    3.Resour
    cepool
    i
    ng
     Theprovi
    der’
    scomputi
    ngresourcessuchasst
    orage,pr
    ocessi
    ng,
    memor yandnet
    workbandwidt
    har epool
    edtoservemult
    ipl
    e
    consumersbyusi
    ngthemulti
    ple-t
    enantmodel
    .
     Onthebasisofconsumer
    s'demand,var
    iousphysicalandv
    irt
    ual
    r
    esourcesaresyst
    emati
    cal
    lyassi
    gnedandreassigned.
     Thecust
    omergener
    all
    yhasnocontrol
    ori
    nfor
    mat
    ionaboutt
    he
    l
    ocati
    onoft
    heprovi
    dedresour
    ces.
    4.Rapi
    del
    ast
    ici
    ty
     Cloudcomput
    ingcapabil
    i
    tiescanbesy
    stemat
    ical
    l
    ypr
    ovi
    sionedt
    omet
    demandandloadrequi
    rements.
     Rapi
    del
    ast
    ici
    tyf
    oll
    owst
    hepr
    inci
    pleofscal
    abi
    l
    ityv
    erycl
    osel
    y.
     I
    tal
    l
    owsconsumer
    stoacqui
    rer
    esour
    cesv
    eryqui
    ckl
    yinanyquant
    it
    y.
     Toachi
    evet
    hist
    hecl
    oudi
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    uremustbehi
    ghl
    yscal
    abl
    e.
     Cloudassi
    stanceshoul
    dnotonl
    yscal
    e-upbutal
    soscal
    e-downi
    fthe
    resour
    cesarenotusedbytheuser
    .
    5.Measur
    edser
    vice
     Cloudsyst
    emscanaut
    omat
    ical
    l
    ycont
    rol
    andopt
    imi
    zet
    heuseof
    resour
    ces.
     Thiscanbedonebylever
    agi
    ngsmeter
    ingcapabi
    l
    ityatsomel
    evel
    of
    obstr
    ucti
    onappr
    opri
    atefort
    het
    ypeofserv
    ice.

    6.Secur
    it
    y
     I
    tcr
    eat
    esasnapshotoft
    hedat
    ast
    oredsot
    hatt
    hedat
    aisnotl
    osti
    f
    t
    heser
    verf
    ail
    s.
    7.Pay
    -as-
    you-
    go
     I
    ncloudcomputi
    ng,t
    heuserhast
    opayonlyf
    ort
    heser
    vicet
    heyhav
    e
    ut
    il
    ized,
    ther
    eisnoext
    raorhi
    ddenchar
    ge.

    Q2.Li
    stt
    hepopul
    arI
    AAS,
    PAASandSAASpr
    ovi
    der
    s.
    ANS.1.I
    aasPr
    ovi
    der
    s
    a)AmazonEC2.
    b)I
    BM.
    c)Azur
    eVM(
    Micr
    osof
    t).
    d)Googl
    eComput
    eEngi
    ne.
    e)OpenSt
    ack.
    2.PaasPr
    ovi
    der
    s
    a)AmazonWebSer
    vice.
    b)Mi
    crosof
    tAzur
    e.
    c)AmazonEl
    ast
    icBanst
    alk.
    d)Googl
    eAppEngi
    ne.
    e)Or
    acl
    ecl
    oudPaas.
    3.SaasPr
    ovi
    der
    s
    a)Googl
    e.
    b)Adobe.
    c)Sal
    esf
    orce.
    d)Dr
    opbox.
    e)Shopi
    fy.

    Q3.Whatar
    ethedi
    ff
    erentbenef
    it
    sofcl
    oudcomput
    ing?
    ANS.Thebenef
    it
    sofcl
    oudcomput
    ingi
    ncl
    ude:
    i
    . CostSav
    ings:
     I
    tisthebiggestbenefi
    tasithel
    psi
    nsav
    ingsubst
    ant
    ialcost
    s
    i
    nvol
    vinganyphysi
    calhardwar
    e.
     I
    tal
    sodoesnoti
    ncl
    udet
    hecostofanypr
    ofessi
    onalt
    omanage
    t
    hehar
    dware.
    i
    i
    . Hi
    ghestSpeed:
     Cloudcomputi
    ngal
    l
    owsonet
    o depl
    oyaser
    vicequi
    ckl
    ywi
    t
    fewercl
    i
    cks.
     Thisf
    astdepl
    oymentall
    owsonet ogetr
    esour
    cesr
    equi
    redf
    or
    thesy
    stem wi
    thi
    nfewerminut
    es.
    i
    i
    i. Back-
    upandRest
    oreDat
    a:
     Oncedataisstor
    edont
    hecl
    oudi
    tiseasi
    ert
    ogett
    heback-
    up
    andrecov
    erit.
    i
    v. Rel
    i
    abi
    l
    ity
    :
     I
    tisoneoft
    hebi
    ggestadv
    ant
    agesofcl
    oudcomput
    ing.
     Onecaneasi
    l
    ygetupdat
    edaboutt
    hechanges.
    v
    . Mobi
    l
    ity
    :
     Employeesworkingonthepremi
    sesoratr
    emot
    elocat
    ionscan
    accessall
    thecloudser
    v i
    ces.
     Theonl
    yrequi
    rementi
    sint
    ernetconnect
    ivi
    ty.
    v
    i. Unl
    i
    mit
    edSt
    orageCapaci
    ty:
     Cl
    oudof
    fer
    sli
    mit
    lessst
    oragecapaci
    ty.
     Atanyti
    me,
    youcanquickl
    yexpandst
    oragecapaci
    tywi
    th
    nominal
    monthl
    yfees.
    Ot
    herbenef
    it
    sincl
    udeon-demandser
    vice,
    all
    ow-
    pay
    -per
    -use,
    mul
    ti
    -t
    enancyand
    of
    fer
    sadvancedonl
    inesecur
    it
    y.

    Q4.Whent
    oav
    oidpubl
    i
    ccl
    oud?
    ANS.
    Publ
    i
    ccl
    oudhasanumberadv
    ant
    ages,
    butnotal
    luser
    swi
    l
    lwantt
    oput
    sensi
    ti
    veandconfi
    dent
    ial
    dat
    aonthi
    splat
    for
    m.Ther
    ear
    ev ar
    iousr
    isksassoci
    ated
    wit
    hpubli
    ccloudsduetowhi
    choneshoul
    davoi
    dusi
    ngi
    t.Someoftheri
    sksare:
     Lackofi
    nter
    oper
    abi
    l
    ity
    :
     Eachcloudprovi
    derhasasetofpr
    opr
    iet
    ary(
    busi
    nessownedbya
    si
    ngleperson)t
    echnologi
    es.
     Thi
    sisduet
    olackofst
    andar
    dscommonl
    yadopt
    edbyt
    hepr
    ovi
    der
    s.
     Por
    tabi
    l
    itypr
    obl
    ems
     Swi
    tchi
    ngbet
    weenpr
    ovi
    der
    sisoner
    ous,
    compl
    exandexpensi
    ve.
     St
    andar
    dsar
    eyett
    obeest
    abl
    i
    shedandi
    mpl
    ement
    edbyt
    hepr
    ovi
    der
    s.
     I
    ssueswi
    thshar
    edi
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    ure
     Thekeycomponentinpubl
    i
    ccloudishyper
    visor
    -basedv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion
    whi
    chintur
    nissharedbysever
    altenant
    s.
     Ther
    esour
    cesar
    enotphy
    sical
    l
    yisol
    atedbutar
    esepar
    atedbysof
    twar
    e.
     Thisseparat
    ioni
    spr
    onet
    opr
    ogr
    ammi
    ngf
    laws,
    vul
    ner
    abi
    l
    iti
    esand
    cyberthr
    eats.
     Spammer s,malici
    ouscodedeveloper
    sandonl i
    necri
    minal
    sfi
    ndt he
    shared,
    mul ti
    -t
    enantenvi
    ronmentaconv eni
    entpl
    atf
    ormfordenial
    -of
    -
    servi
    ceattacks,passwor
    dcracki
    ng,botnetcommandandcont r
    ol
    vi
    ruses.
     Agraverthr
    eatexi
    stsfr
    om corporateinsi
    ders,
    becauset
    heyhav
    e
    easi
    eraccesstoconfi
    dent
    ialdatainthecloud.
     Geo-
    pol
    i
    tical
    concer
    ns
     Someindustr
    yregul
    ati
    onsrequi
    rethatdat
    ashoul
    dbewi
    thi
    n
    geogr
    aphical
    boundari
    esofthecountr
    y.
     Possi
    bil
    i
    tyofdat
    aloss
     Corrupt
    edmetadat
    aandtheabi
    l
    ityofot
    her
    stogai
    nunaut
    hor
    ized
    accesscancausedat
    aloss.
     Ser
    viceoraccounthi
    j
    acki
    ng
     Thi
    shasgr
    eat
    erpr
    obabi
    l
    ityofoccur
    ri
    ngi
    nthecl
    oud.
     Theatt
    ackerscanusephishing,codevul
    nerabil
    i
    tiest
    ostealuser
    cr
    edenti
    als,
    int
    erceptpasswords,andeavesdroponacti
    vit
    ies.
     Theycanusethestol
    enaccount
    stolaunchat
    tacks,
    changedat
    a,and
    redi
    recti
    ncomi
    ngrequest
    stoothersi
    tes.
    Q5.Li
    stt
    her
    isksordr
    awbacksofpubl
    i
    ccl
    oud.
    ANS.
    Thedr
    awbacksorr
    isksofpubl
    i
    ccl
    oudar
    e:
    1.Lackofi
    nter
    oper
    abi
    l
    ity
    .
    2.Por
    tabi
    l
    itypr
    obl
    ems.
    3.I
    ssueswi
    thshar
    edi
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    ure.
    4.Cost
    5.I
    ssueswi
    thcompl
    i
    ance.
    6.Geo-
    pol
    i
    tical
    concer
    ns.
    7.Unsaf
    eAPI
    ’
    sandi
    nter
    faces.
    8.Cl
    eart
    extmessages.
    9.Possi
    bil
    i
    tyofdat
    aloss.
    10.
    Ser
    viceoraccounthi
    j
    acki
    ng.
    11.
    Lat
    ency
    .

    Q6.Expl
    aint
    heconceptofcl
    oudcomput
    ing.
    ANS.
     Cloudisamodelwhereuser
    shaveaconvenienton-
    demandaccesst
    oa
    sharedpool
    ofresour
    cessuchasser
    ver
    s,storageandappl
    i
    cati
    onsovert
    he
    Int
    ernet
    .
     User
    sdonothav
    econtr
    olovert
    heunderl
    yi
    nghar
    dwar
    einf
    rast
    ruct
    ure,
    whi
    ch
    i
    sownedandmanagedbytheprov
    ider
    .
     Theuser
    saccesst
    heser
    vicesoral
    l
    ocat
    edr
    esour
    cesbyusi
    ngawebbr
    owser
    .
     Cl
    oudcomputi
    ngcanbebr okendownintothr
    eemodelsnamel
    y,
    I
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    ure-
    as-
    a-ser
    vice,
    Plat
    for
    m-as-a-
    serv
    iceandSof
    twar
    e-as-
    a-ser
    vice.
     I
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    ure-
    as-
    a-ser
    vice(
    IaaS)model
    ,onecanei
    theruseser
    ver
    sorst
    orage
    i
    nthecl
    oud.
     Onedoesnothav
    etopur
    chaseandmai
    ntai
    nthei
    rhar
    dwar
    e.
     However
    ,theappl
    i
    cat
    ionneedst
    obei
    nst
    all
    edont
    hecl
    oud-
    basedhar
    dwar
    e
    r
    esour
    ces.
     InPl
    atfor
    m-as-a-
    ser
    vicemodel
    ,thecl
    oudpl
    atf
    orm canbeusedt
    odev
    elopand
    sel
    lappli
    cat
    ions.
     I
    talsoincl
    udessoftwar
    ethatdevel
    oper
    sneedtobui
    ldappl
    icati
    onswhi
    ch
    fur
    theri
    ncludesmiddl
    eware,dat
    abasemanagement
    ,oper
    atingsyst
    em and
    devel
    opmentt ool
    .
     Sof
    twar
    e-as-
    a-ser
    vicei
    sthemodel
    ofdel
    i
    ver
    yofappl
    i
    cat
    ion-
    as-
    a-ser
    vice.
     Thi
    sver
    sionofcl
    oudcomput
    ingi
    susedbymostpeopl
    eonadai
    l
    ybasi
    s.
     Theunder
    lyi
    nghar
    dwar
    eorsof
    twar
    eisi
    rr
    elev
    antoft
    heenduser
    .

    Q7.Li
    stt
    hemy
    thsr
    elat
    edt
    opubl
    i
    ccl
    oudsal
    ongwi
    tht
    her
    eal
    i
    ty.
    ANS.

    PUBLI
    CCLOUDMYTH REALI
    TY
    1.Ifmyorganizat
    ionmov esIT  Therol
    ewil
    lst
    il
    lberequi
    red
    servi
    cestothecloud,myr ol
    eas butt
    hescopewil
    lchange.
    anITmanagerbecomesl ess
     Someser v
    iceswi
    llmovetothe
    techni
    calandredundant.
    publ
    iccl
    oudbutseveralwi
    ll
    remai
    nforcorpor
    ateIT
    managers.
     Theywillst
    il
    lhavetomanage
    securi
    ty,
    useraccount
    s,OSand
    appli
    cati
    ons.
     Therewil
    l besev eralnewt asks,
    suchasint egrati
    ngcor porat
    e
    servi
    ceswi thcloudser vi
    ces,
    keepingabackupofcl oud
    stor
    age,ensur ingsecure
    communi cationsbetween
    cl
    oudandcor porateLAN, etc.
    2.Myorgani
    zat
    ionwi
    ll
    lose  Youwillber esponsi
    blefort
    he
    cont
    rolov
    ert
    heuserdat
    a. i
    ntegri
    ty,securit
    yandback-up
    regar
    dlessofwhet hertheuser
    datai
    sonorof fpremise.
     Themostsuccessf ulcloud
    deploymentisahy br
    idcl oud,
    wherey oucankeepcr i
    tical
    dataon-premiseanduset he
    peak-l
    oadperiodandf orless
    cri
    ti
    calappli
    cati
    ons.
    3.Onlysmallbusi
    nessescan  Compl
    i
    ancei
    sakeyf
    act
    or.
    benefi
    tfr
    om thepubli
    ccloud.
     Largeorgani
    zati
    onsusethe
    publi
    ccloudthatar
    enot
    regul
    atedandrequi
    redbythe
    governmenttobehosted
    wi
    thi
    nani
    nter
    nal
    dat
    acent
    er.
     Backups, Di
    saster
    Recov er
    y(DR),appli
    cati
    ons
    development,comput e-
    i
    ntensiveappli
    cat i
    onswhose
    resourcerequi
    rement svary
    drasti
    call
    yovert i
    mear ethe
    reasonswhycl oudi susedby
    l
    argeor gani
    zations.
    4.Toful
    l
    ytakeadvant
    ageofcloud  Itisrecommendedthatyou
    computi
    ng,
    youwill
    ulti
    mat
    ely keepaf ewappli
    cat
    ions
    havet
    omov eal
    lservi
    cest
    ot he i
    nt er
    nal andmov
    eaf ewtothe
    cl
    oud. cloud.
     Appli
    cat
    ionswi
    thfl
    uctuat
    ing
    l
    oadsaregoodcandidat
    esfor
    thecl
    oud.
     Appswi tsensi
    ti
    ve,fi
    nanci
    alor
    cri
    ti
    caldataareideal
    lyhost
    ed
    on-pr
    emi se.

    Q8.Li
    stt
    hedi
    ff
    erentcl
    oudappl
    i
    cat
    ionsav
    ail
    abl
    eint
    hemar
    ket
    ?
    Br
    iefl
    y
    expl
    aint
    hescenar
    ios/
    sit
    uat
    ionsof“
    whent
    onotusecl
    ouds”
    ?
    ANS.
    1.Scal
    abl
    eUsage:
    Netfl
    ix
    ,forinst
    ance, l
    everagesthi
    spot entialofcl
    oudcomputi
    ngtoi t
    sadv ant
    age.
    Duetoitson-demandst reamingser vi
    ce,itfaceslar
    gesur
    gesinserverloadat
    peaktimes.Themov etomi gr
    atefrom in-housedatacent
    erstocloudallowedthe
    companyt osignif
    icantl
    yexpanditscust omerbasewi t
    houthavi
    ngt oinvesti
    n
    setupandmai ntenanceofcostlyi
    nf r
    astructure.
    2.Chabot
    ’s:
    Sir
    i,Al
    exaandGoogl
    eAssi
    stant–al
    lar
    ecl
    oud-
    basednat
    ural
    -
    l
    anguageint
    ell
    i
    gentbot
    s.TheseChabot
    ’sl
    ever
    aget
    hecomput
    ingcapabi
    l
    iti
    esof
    t
    hecloud
    t
    opr
    ovi
    deper
    sonal
    i
    zedcont
    ext
    -r
    elev
    antcust
    omerexper
    iences.Thenextt
    ime
    y
    ousay
    ,
    “
    HeySi
    ri
    !”r
    emembert
    hatt
    her
    eisacl
    oud-
    basedAIsol
    uti
    onbehi
    ndi
    t.
    3.
    Communi
    cat
    ion:
    Thecl
    oudal
    l
    owsuser
    stoenj
    oynet
    wor
    k-basedaccesst
    ocommuni
    cat
    iont
    ool
    s
    l
    ikeemai
    l
    s
    andcalendar
    s.Mostoft
    hemessagi
    ngandcal
    l
    ingappsl
    i
    keSky
    peandWhat
    sApp
    areal
    so
    basedoncloudinfr
    astr
    uctur
    e.Allyourmessagesandi nformat
    ionarest
    oredon
    theserv
    iceprovi
    der’
    shardwarerat
    herthanony ourdevice.Thi
    sall
    owsyouto
    accessyouri
    nformati
    onfrom anywherevi
    athei nt
    ernet.
    4.
    BackupandRecov
    ery
    :
    Wheny ouchoosecl oudf ordat
    ast or
    aget her esponsibi
    li
    tyofy ourinf ormati
    on
    alsolieswithyourserv i
    ceprovi
    der.Thissav esy oufrom thecapi t
    al outlayfor
    buil
    dinginfrast
    ructureandmai ntenance.Yourcl oudser v
    iceprov i
    deri s
    responsibleforsecuri
    ngdat aandmeet ingl egalandcompl i
    ancer equi r
    ements.
    Thecl oudalsoprov i
    desmor eflexi
    bil
    it
    yint hesenset haty oucanenj oylarge
    storageandon- demandbackups.Recov eryi salsoperformedf asteri nthecloud
    becauset hedataisst oredoveranetwor kofphy si
    calserversrathert hanatone
    on-sit
    edat acenter.Dropbox,GoogleDrive,andAmazonS3ar epopul arexamples
    ofcloudbackupsol ut
    ions.
    5.
    Bigdat
    aanal
    yti
    cs:
    Cloudcomput i
    ngenablesdatascientiststotapintoanyorganizat
    ionaldat
    at o
    analyzeitforpatt
    ernsandinsights,
    findcor r
    elat
    ionsmakepr edict
    ions,
    forecast
    futurecr
    isisandhelpindata-backeddeci si
    onmaki ng.Cl
    oudser vi
    cesmake
    miningmassi veamount sofdatapossi blebyprovidi
    nghigherprocessi
    ngpower
    andsophi sti
    catedtool
    s.Manyopen- sour cebigdatatool
    sarebasedont hecloud,
    forinst
    ance, Hadoop,Cassandra,HPCC, et
    c.
    Wi
    thoutt
    hecl
    oud,
    itwon’
    tbev
    erydi
    ff
    icul
    ttocol
    l
    ectandanal
    yzedat
    ainr
    eal
    -t
    ime,
    especi
    all
    yforsmal
    lcompani
    es.

    SI
    TUATI
    ONSWHENTONOTUSECLOUDS:

    1:
    Connect
    ionI
    ssues
    CloudComput i
    ngrequirestheuseofManagedI Tservi
    ces,whichmeansthaty
    ou
    areatthemercyofy ourManagedI TServi
    cesprovi
    derwhenitcomestoreli
    abi
    li
    ty.
    Ifthecl
    oudservergoesdown, t
    hatshutsy
    oudown.Todat e,ther
    eisst
    il
    la
    reli
    abi
    li
    typr
    oblem withcloudservers,
    soeventhebestonestendtogodown
    from t
    imetotime.Ifyouuset hi
    ssy st
    em,youshoul
    dhav eaback-uppl
    aninmind
    thatwil
    lseeyouthrought heseoccasi
    onalper
    iodsofdowntime.
    2:
    CloudComput
    ingCanRunonPr
    opr
    iet
    aryTechnol
    ogy
    Deali
    ngwi t
    hacl oudsy stem meanst haty ouwill
    betrusti
    ngyourworktoa
    companyusi ngproprietarysoft
    ware–t hatis,
    atechnologyt
    hattheyown.Thi
    sis
    general
    l
    yami norinconv eni
    ence,butitcancausey outogetlockedi
    ntoacert
    ain
    pri
    cestruct
    ure.
    3:
    CloudComput
    ingCanHav
    eSecur
    it
    yIssues
    Ify
    ouar eusingManagedI TSer vi
    ces,thatmeansy ouareputti
    ngallofyour
    i
    nformationonline.Whi l
    ethebestpr ovi
    der swil
    luset heveryl
    atesti
    nencrypti
    on
    andsecur i
    tytechnology,eventhemostmoder nsystemsf ai
    lfr
    om ti
    met oti
    me.
    Smallbusinessescanbenef i
    tfrom t
    hissy stem si
    ncemanagedser v
    iceprovi
    ders
    general
    l
    yhav ebet tersecuri
    tytechnologythanast arti
    ngbusinesscanaffor
    d.

    Q9.Expl
    aint
    hedi
    ff
    erentoper
    ati
    onal
    andeconomi
    cbenef
    it
    sofusi
    ng
    cl
    ouds?
    ANS.Cl
    oudcomput
    ingpr
    ovi
    desbusi
    nesseswi
    tht
    hel
    uxur
    yofgoi
    ngv
    irt
    ual
    ,
    st
    ori
    ngandaccessi
    onthei
    rdataovert
    heinternet
    ,fr
    eei
    ngthem f
    rom phy
    sical
    l
    imit
    ati
    ons.Someofthemajoroper
    ati
    onalbenefi
    tsofcl
    oudcomputi
    nginclude:
    Busi
    nessVer
    sat
    il
    it
    yandAgi
    l
    ity
    :Cl
    oudcomput
    ingof
    fer
    sver
    sat
    il
    it
    y,especi
    all
    yfor
    busi
    nessesthatar
    elookingtoexpand.Companiest
    hatr
    equi
    regreat
    erbandwi
    dth
    tomaint
    ainsuperi
    orfuncti
    oni
    ngcaneasilyachi
    evesobyswi
    tchi
    ngtocloud
    computi
    ng.
    Incr
    easescoll
    abor
    ation&ampPr oduct
    ivi
    ty:Cloudcomputi
    ngall
    owsitsusersthe
    l
    uxuryofusingcol
    laborat
    iveplat
    forms.Maki nguseofcl
    oudapplicat
    ions
    promoteshari
    ngandcol l
    aborati
    on,asitenablesateam t
    oeditf
    il
    esinr eal
    -t
    ime
    andaccess.
    Securi
    ty:
    Cloudcomputi
    ngusestheint
    ernetasit
    sbasenetwork,
    makingit
    i
    ntangi
    bleandfreef
    rom phy
    sical
    thr
    eats.Addi
    ti
    onal
    ly,
    losi
    ngcomputersand
    l
    aptopsalongwitht
    hesensi
    tiv
    edatapresenti
    nthem i
    sawor r
    yforl
    ocalserv
    ers.
    Easi
    erImplement at
    ion:Migrati
    ngfrom alocal ser
    vert
    oacloudserv
    eris
    seemingl
    yadifficul
    ttask.Howev er,i
    tiseasiertoimpl
    ementthanot
    hersyst
    ems
    andprovi
    desal otofadv antagestoit
    suser s.Makingcl
    oudcomputingafr
    uit
    ful
    i
    nvestmentforanybusi ness.
    WasteManagement :Cl
    oudcomput i
    ngeli
    minatestheneedforaphysi
    calser
    ver,
    asaresul
    t,companiescandownsizethei
    rdatacenter
    s.Fewerser
    versrequi
    re
    fewerr
    esourcesandhencereducecarbonfootpr
    int
    .
    Economi
    cBenef
    it
    s:-
    1.LessCapitalOutput
    :-Wit
    htr
    adit
    ional
    ,legacyon-
    premiseERP,ther
    eisalarge
    upfr
    ontcapital
    investmenti
    nhar
    dwar e,
    servers,
    andinf
    rastr
    uct
    ure.CloudERP,on
    theotherhand,i
    smanagedandmai ntai
    nedbysof t
    wareandhardwareexpert
    sin
    l
    arge,securedatacenter
    s.
    2. 
      FasterExpansi
    on:-Oncecl
    oudERPi sacti
    ve;manufactur
    ersmerel
    yneedan
    I
    nter netconnect
    iontoaddnewuser sandlocat
    ions.Becausether
    eisonl
    yone
    i
    nst anceofERPsof t
    war eshar
    edacrosstheenterpr
    ise,
    theycanbothaddand
    ful
    lyi nt
    egrat
    enewpr oducti
    onlocat
    ionsqui
    ckly
    .
    3.I
    mpr
    ovedOppor
    tuni
    tyCost
    s:Sof
    twar
    elosesv
    aluei
    fit
    ’snotr
    out
    inel
    yupgr
    aded.
    Unfort
    unatel
    y ,
    mostmanufacturer
    sdon’
    tupgradewi
    thever
    ynewrelease,
    fall
    i
    ng
    behindbyaf ewrev
    isi
    ons.Theycouldbemissi
    ngoutonnewfeat
    uresunti
    lthat
    nextupgrade,whi
    chcouldbey ear
    sdowntheroad.
    4.
    Qui
    ckerRet
    urnonI
    nvest
    ment
    CloudERPi smuchf ast
    ertodeployt
    hantradi
    ti
    onal,
    on-pr
    emisesystems.Wit
    hno
    upfrontcapi
    tal
    investmentandnosoftwaretoi
    nstal
    l,manuf
    actur
    erscanstar
    t
    benefit
    ti
    ngfrom ERPcapabil
    it
    iesqui
    cker.

    Q10.Li
    stt
    hepr
    eval
    entcompani
    esandt
    hei
    rof
    fer
    ingst
    owar
    dssof
    twar
    e
    pl
    us,
    ser
    vicesv
    iaCl
    oudComput
    ing?
    ANS.
    Companyname:
    AMAZON
    Cloudof
    fer
    ing:AmazonWebSer vi
    ces,ahal
    f-
    dozenser
    vicesincl
    udi
    ngtheElast
    ic
    ComputeCloud,f
    orcomput i
    ngcapaci
    ty,
    andtheSi
    mpleSt or
    ageServi
    ce,
    foron-
    demandstoragecapaci
    ty.
    HowAmazongoti ntocloudcomput i
    ng:Oneofthelar
    gestWebpr oper t
    iesi n
    exi
    stence,Amazonalwaysexcel l
    edatdeli
    ver
    ingcomputingcapacit
    yatal ar
    ge
    scaletoit
    semployeesandconsumer svi
    atheAmazonshoppi ngsite.Of feri
    ng
    rawcomput i
    ngcapacit
    yov ertheInt
    ernetwasperhapsanaturalst
    epf orAmazon,
    whichhadonlytolever
    agei t
    sexperti
    seandmassi vedat
    acent eri
    nfrastructuret
    o
    becomeoneoft heearl
    iestmaj orcl
    oudprovi
    ders.
    Companyname:
    GOOGLE
    Cloudof f
    ering: GoogleApps,asetofonli
    neoffi
    ceproduct
    ivi
    tyt
    oolsincludi
    nge-
    mai l
    ,cal
    endar ing,wordprocessi
    ngandasi mpleWebsitecreat
    iontool;Posti
    ni,
    a
    setofe-mai landWebsecur i
    tyserv
    ices;
    andtheGoogleAppEngi ne,aplatf
    orm-
    as-a-ser
    viceof feri
    ngthatl
    etsdevel
    opersbuil
    dappli
    cati
    onsandhostt hem on
    Googl e’
    sinfrastructur
    e.
    HowGoogl egotintocl
    oudcomput ing:GoogleAppswast hecompanyat temptt
    o
    branchoutbey ondtheconsumersear chmar ketandbecomeapl ayeri
    nthe
    enterpr
    ise.Googleunvei
    ledtheenterpri
    seversionofAppsinFebruary2007ina
    compet i
    ti
    vestrikeagai
    nstri
    valMicrosoftandfoll
    owedupbyr el
    easingApp
    EngineinApril2008.
    Companyname:
    MICROSOFT
    Cloudoffer
    ing:Azure,aWi ndows-as-
    a-ser
    v i
    cepl at
    for
    m consi
    sti
    ngofthe
    operat
    ingsystem anddev eloperserv
    icesthatcanbeusedt obuil
    dandenhance
    Web-hostedapplicat
    ions.Azureisinbetaunt i
    lthesecondhal
    fof2009.
    HowMi crosof
    tgotint
    ocloudcomputi
    ng:
    Micr
    osoftmadeitsnamebydev el
    oping
    theoperat
    ingsyst
    em forhomeandworkcomput
    ers.Butwithal
    lformsof
    appl
    icat
    ionsmov i
    ngtotheWeb-host
    edmodel
    ,i
    t’
    snosur pr
    iseMicrosof
    twould
    makeWindowsav ai
    l
    ableovert
    hecloud.Micr
    osoftal
    sopr
    ovi
    desasetof
    busi
    nessser
    vicesovert
    heWeb, i
    ncl
    udingExchange,
    Shar
    ePoi
    nt,
    Off
    ice
    Communicat
    ionsServer
    ,CRM,andLiveMeeting.
    Companyname:
    SALESFORCE
    Cloudofferi
    ng:Salesfor
    ce.
    com’ sflagshipisasetofCRM t oolsincl
    udi
    ng
    salesfor
    ceautomat i
    on,analyti
    cs,mar ket
    ing,andsocialnetworki
    ngtool
    s.A
    secondmaj oroff
    er i
    ngisForce.com, aplatformforbuil
    dingWebappl i
    cat
    ionsand
    hostingthem ontheSalesforceinf
    r astr
    ucture.
    HowSal esforce.
    com gotitsstart
    :Beni
    offfoundedSal
    esf orce.
    com int
    endingto
    createaninformati
    onmanagementser vi
    cethatcoul
    dr eplacetradi
    ti
    onal
    businesssoftwaretechnology
    , t
    hecompanysay s.I
    nit
    ialfundingwaspr ov
    idedby
    i
    nv est
    orsincludi
    ngOr acl
    eCEOLar r
    yEl
    li
    son.
    Whousest heser
    vice:
    55,400cust
    omersinmanyindustr
    iesi
    ncludi
    ngf
    inanci
    al
    ser
    vices,
    communicationsandmedia,
    energy
    ,heal
    thcar
    e,andretai
    l
    .

    Q11.Howdoescl
    oudcomput
    ingpr
    ovi
    deson-
    demandi
    ng
    f
    unct
    ional
    i
    ty?
    ANS.Acl
    oudconsi
    stsofani
    ntegr
    atedar
    rangementofhar
    dwar
    e,net
    wor
    king
    i
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    ure,
    stor
    agedev
    ices,
    int
    erf
    aces,
    andser
    vices.
    On-demandf uncti
    onali
    tyofcloudcomputi
    ngisensuredvi
    athei
    nter
    netand
    bydeli
    ver
    ingconf i
    gurablecomputi
    ngresour
    cesfrom ashar
    edpoolofser
    ver
    s,
    st
    oragedevices,networks,andsoft
    wareappl
    icat
    ions.
    Thi
    sutil
    i
    ty-basedprovi
    sioni
    ngofcomputi
    ngr
    esour
    cesi
    shighl
    yusef
    ul f
    or
    special
    tempor arypr
    oject
    s,asuddenbur
    stofr
    esour
    ceneedsorwor
    kloads,
    routi
    netasks.
    Ther
    ecanbel
    ongt
    ermr
    equi
    rement
    sfort
    echnol
    ogi
    cal
    andcomput
    ing
    r
    esour
    ces.
    On-DemandComputing(ODC)isal sor
    efer
    redtoasweb-basedser
    vicesthat
    areprocur
    edonpayandusebasi s.Computi
    ngresour
    cesthatarepr
    ov i
    dedto
    userscanbemadeavail
    ableattheuser’
    spremisesorcanbeprovi
    dedasa
    serv
    icebythi
    rd-
    par
    tyvendors.
    On-demandfunct
    ional
    it
    yofcl
    oudcomput i
    ngwasdevelopedtocaterto
    var
    yingdemandsofcomputi
    ngresourcesbyuser
    s.I
    tisnotfeasi
    bleto
    maintai
    nopt
    imum resour
    cesbecausether
    ecanbehugef l
    uctuat
    ionsin
    demands.
    Duetoon-
    demandcomput
    ingfunctional
    it
    y,busi
    nessesandi
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    sneed
    notwor
    ryaboutt
    heav
    ail
    abi
    l
    ityofresourcesatanygivent
    ime.
    On-demandfuncti
    onal
    it
    yofcloudcomput
    ingi
    sthefoundat
    ionofut
    il
    it
    y-
    basedser
    vicesprov
    idedtocl
    oudcomputi
    ngusers.
    Intheabsenceofon-
    demandfunctional
    i
    ty,
    organi
    zat
    ionswi
    l
    lfi
    nditdi
    ff
    icul
    t
    tomaintai
    nhugecomputi
    ngresourcestocatert
    oalar
    genumberofcomputer
    syst
    ems.
    Ithashel
    pedsmal
    laswel
    lasl
    argeor
    gani
    zat
    ionsr
    eapt
    hebenef
    it
    sofcl
    oud
    computi
    ng.

    Q12.Whati
    sthedi
    ff
    erencebet
    weent
    radi
    ti
    onal
    dat
    acent
    ersandcl
    oud?
    ANS.

    Q13.Whatar
    etheadv
    ant
    agesofusi
    ngcl
    oudcomput
    ing?
    ANS.
    Ther
    ear
    esev
    eral
    adv
    ant
    agesofcl
    oudcomput
    ing.Thesei
    ncl
    ude
    Cost-
    eff
    ect
    ive:I
    tall
    owsuser seasyaccessibil
    it
    yt otheirdataf
    rom anywhere
    andsavesont i
    meandr esources.Theusersarebi l
    ledont hepay-
    as-
    you-use
    modelwhichgivesthem thef l
    exibil
    i
    tytobuyr esourcesthatareneededby
    them.Ther
    eisnoinvest
    mentr equiredoninf
    rast
    ructure.

    Securi
    ty:CloudhostingProvider
    sr epl
    icat
    et hedataandstorethem across
    multi
    pleservers.Thedat
    ai sencryptedwhilebeingtr
    ansmi
    ttedtomakesur e
    i
    tisnotmi susedevenifi
    ntercept
    ed.Dat ai
    sav ai
    l
    ableeveni
    fadisast
    erstr
    ikes
    thepremises.

    BetterCollabor
    ati
    on:Cloudimprovest eamwork.Theempl oyeescanbei n
    touchwi t
    honeanot herandupdat
    et helatesti
    nfor
    mat i
    onevenift
    heyarenot
    ont hei
    rbusinesspremisesandcontinuetoworkwi t
    houtphysi
    cal
    lyr
    eport
    ing
    totheirof
    fice.

    Reli
    abil
    it
    y:Cloudensuresbusi
    nessconti
    nuitywi
    thoutanyint
    err
    upt
    ions.Even
    i
    foneoft heserver
    sfacesanissue,ser
    vicesar
    edeliv
    eredtowebsit
    esf r
    om
    theotherserver
    sinthecl
    uster
    .

    Updat
    es:Cl
    oudisaut
    omatedandallsof
    twar
    eupdat
    esar
    edoneaut
    omat
    ical
    l
    y
    wit
    houtt
    heneedofanyhumanhands. 

    Q14.Ment
    ionpl
    atf
    ormswhi
    char
    eusedf
    orl
    argescal
    ecl
    oudcomput
    ing.
    ANS.Cl
    oudcomput
    ingi
    sint
    ernet
    -basedcomput
    ingt
    hat
    ,onademandbasi
    s,
    faci
    li
    tatesshar edprocessingr esourcesanddat atocomput ersandot her
    devi
    ces.I ni
    ti
    all
    ysmall,witht imeand enhanced r equirements,large-scale
    comput ingpowerwaswor kedupon.I tisnow usedbybi gor ganizati
    ons
    worldwide.Themodel scur rent
    lyinusef orof f
    eringthesesolutionsareSaaS
    (SoftwareasaSer vi
    ce),PaaS( Plat
    form asaSer v i
    ce),andIaaS( I
    nfr
    astructure
    as a Ser vi
    ce)
    .Many l eading organizati
    ons like Google,IBM,and some
    univ
    er si
    tieshaveembarkedonl argescal ecloudcomput i
    ngresearchprojects.
    Compani
    es:
    -
    CloudOYEandComput eHostf acili
    tatelargescal ecloudcomput i
    nghosting.
    CloudOYEhaspar tneredwi thOnApp,whi chi sar eputedpr ov i
    derofCDNs
    (Cloud Del iv
    ery Net works)t o ensur e accelerated websi t
    e per formance,
    appl icati
    on,andv ideodel ivery
    .Al ongwi thCl oudCDN,t heyal soof f
    erPubl i
    c
    Cloud, Pri
    vateCloud, andHy bri
    dCl oudser vices.
    Comput eHosti sanot herhost ingsol ut
    ionscompanyt hatof f
    er slargescale
    comput i
    nghost ingser vi
    ces.Theyhav eanexcel l
    entsuppor tt eam avai
    lable
    24/ 7t ohel pt heirclientsout .Wi thmanydi fferent,customizabl epackages,
    theycan easi l
    yt ackl ealll arge-scalecomput ing hosti
    ng issues.Ser vices
    i
    ncl udeno- costupdat es,robustsecur i
    ty,streamlinedpr ocesses,scalabili
    ty,
    pay -as-you-usefaci l
    it
    ies,andmanyot hers.
    ApacheHadoop–ApacheHadoopi sknownt obeanopensour cesof t
    ware
    plat
    for
    mf ordi
    spersedst or
    ageanddistr
    ibut
    eddispensati
    onofhugedatasets
    on computerbundl esbuiltf
    rom the producthar dwar
    e.Hadoop servi
    ces
    supplyfordata storage,dat
    a access,data processi
    ng,dat
    a governance,
    operat
    ions,
    andsecur i
    ty.

    MapReduce– Googl ehasdef i


    nit
    elyrevol
    uti
    onizedanaly
    sisofl ar
    ge-scale
    dataset
    s withthis gr
    eatplatf
    orm.I tenabl
    es the pr
    ocessing ofmassi ve
    dataset
    susingcloudsourcesandot hercommodi t
    yhardware.I
    tprovi
    desf or
    faul
    tforbear
    anceandclearsoci
    abil
    it
    yatthesoftwarel
    evel
    .

    Q 15.Whati
    sthedi
    ff
    erencei
    ncl
    oudcomput
    ingandcomput
    ingf
    or
    mobil
    es?

    ANS.
    Cl
    oudcomput
    ing
    -Cl
    oudcomput ingall
    owsdat
    aorinfor
    mationviawir
    elessconnect
    ionsov
    er
    di
    str
    ibut
    ednetworkstoaremotel
    ocati
    on,whichismaintai
    nedandmanaged
    byacloudser
    viceprovi
    der
    .
    -Cl
    oudcomput
    inghast
    hepot
    ent
    ial
    toser
    vemul
    ti
    pleuser
    satat
    ime.
    -Serv
    ice pr
    ovi
    der
    s ar
    range access bet
    ween t
    he cl
    ient
    ’sl
    ocalorcl
    osed
    net
    works,
    andthei
    rowndatastor
    ageanddatabackupsyst
    ems.
    -Cloud comput
    ing i
    s somet
    hing t
    hati
    s used bymanybusi
    nesses and
    compani
    es.
    -Cloudserv
    icesareusedt
    odayt
    ost
    ore,manage,andpr
    ocessawi
    dev
    ari
    ety
    ofdataappl
    icat
    ions.
    -Cloudcomputi
    nghastakentheindust
    rybyst
    orm becauseitenabl
    esgr
    eat
    er
    accessi
    bil
    i
    ty,mobi
    l
    ity
    ,subscript
    ionbasedprici
    ng,andr eal
    -t
    imeaccessto
    i
    nformati
    on—all
    wit
    houtrequi
    ri
    ngi nv
    est
    mentininf
    rast
    ructur
    e.
    Mobi
    l
    ecomput
    ing
    -Mobi
    l
    ecomput
    ingi
    srel
    atedt
    othenewdev
    icesandi
    nter
    faces.
    -User
    saccessdat
    athr
    oughbr
    owse.
    -Itsuppor
    tsvariousappli
    cati
    onswit
    hcoreOS,pr
    ovi
    dingi
    ntui
    ti
    vei
    cons,easy
    tousesearchtechnol
    ogies,andt
    ouchscr
    eencommands.
    -Mobi
    l
    ecomput
    ingi
    slar
    gel
    yaconsumer
    -f
    aci
    ngser
    vice.
    -Themobil
    ecloudal
    lowsdev
    eloper
    stoof
    feranar
    rayofser
    vicesf
    rom mobi
    l
    e
    net
    workoperat
    ors(
    MNO) .
    -Themobil
    ecloudblendsthefeat
    uresoflocat
    ion,messagi
    ng,subscr
    iber
    i
    nfor
    mat
    ion,et
    c.fr
    om eachoper
    ator
    .Thebenefi
    ttodevel
    opersisenormous.
    Notonlyaret
    heyabl
    etomaint
    aint
    hattr
    ust
    edr el
    ati
    onshi
    pwitht
    heirMNO,but
    theyarealsoabl
    etoaccessmulti
    pleser
    vicesandoper at
    orsthroughone
    provi
    der.

    Q16.Whatusercangai
    nfr
    om ut
    il
    it
    ycomput
    ing?
    ANS.
    Inut
    il
    it
    ycomput
    ingt
    hepr
    ovi
    dermakesav
    ail
    abl
    ecomput
    ingr
    esour
    cesand
    i
    nfrast
    ruct
    uremanagementt
    ocl
    i
    ent
    sonapay
    -as-
    usebasi
    sthanchar
    gingt
    hem a
    f
    latrat
    e.
    -Uti
    l
    itycomput
    ati
    onmeansy
    ouonl
    ypayf
    ort
    hoseser
    viceswhi
    chy
    ouwantt
    o
    use.
    -Thismodelai
    msatr
    educi
    ngcostwhi
    l
    emaxi
    mizi
    ngt
    heef
    fi
    cientut
    il
    izat
    ionof
    resour
    ces.
    -Thisr
    epackagi
    ngofcomput ingser
    vicesbecamethefoundati
    onoftheshi
    ft
    to“ondemand”computing,soft
    wareasaser vi
    ceandcloudcomputi
    ng
    modelsthatf
    urt
    herpropagatedthei
    deaofcomput i
    ng,appli
    cat
    ionand
    networ
    kasaser vi
    ce.
    -Therewassomeini
    ti
    alscepti
    cism aboutsuchasignif
    icantshi
    ft
    .Howev er
    ,
    thenewmodelofcomputingcaughtonandev ent
    uallybecamemai nst
    ream.
    -I
    tisnowbei ngusedi ncr
    easi
    ngl
    yinent
    erpr
    isecomputi
    ngandisgaini
    ng
    populari
    tyi
    nt heconsumermarkett
    ooforfi
    l
    esharing,
    websi
    teaccess,
    i
    nternetser
    vice,et
    c.
    -I
    tal
    lowsusert
    othi
    nkandi
    mpl
    ementonl
    ythoseser
    vicest
    heyt
    hinkt
    hey
    woul
    duse.
    -Mostor
    gani
    zat
    ionspr
    eferhy
    bri
    dst
    rat
    egy
    .
    -Util
    it
    ycomputi
    ngcansupportgri
    dcomputi
    ngwhi
    chhasthechar
    acter
    ist
    icof
    verylar
    gecomputat
    ionsorsuddenpeaksi
    ndemandwhi
    charesupport
    edv i
    a
    alargenumberofcomputers.
    -I
    BM, HPandMi crosoftwereearl
    yleadersint henewf i
    eldofut i
    l
    itycomputi
    ng,
    wit
    htheirbusi
    nessuni t
    sandresearcherswor kingonthear chi
    tecture,
    paymentanddev el
    opmentchallengesoft henewcomput ingmodel .Googl
    e,
    Amazonandot hersstartedt
    otakethel eadin2008,ast heyestablishedt
    hei
    r
    ownutil
    i
    tyservi
    cesf orcomputi
    ng,storageandappl i
    cations.

    Q17.Whatar
    ethesecur
    it
    yaspect
    spr
    ovi
    dedwi
    thcl
    oud?
    ANS.
    -I
    dent
    it
    ymanagement
    :itaut
    hori
    zestheappl
    i
    cat
    ionser
    viceorhar
    dwar
    e
    componentt
    obeusedbyauthor
    izeduser
    s.
    -Accesscontr
    ol:per
    missionshast
    obeprov
    idedtotheuserssothatt
    heycan
    contr
    oltheaccessofotheruser
    swhoar
    eenteri
    ngtheinthecloud
    envi
    ronment.
    -Authori
    zat
    ionandauthent
    icat
    ion:
    provi
    sionshouldbemadet oall
    owt
    he
    author
    izedandauthent
    icat
    edpeopleonl
    yt oaccessandchangethe
    appli
    cati
    onsanddata.
    -Archi
    tect
    ure:Whil
    ecloudt ypical
    lymeansoutsourcingsomeorallofan
    organi
    zati
    on’sI
    Tinfr
    astructure,ul
    timat
    elyt
    heor ganizat
    ionisr
    esponsiblef
    or
    i
    nfrast
    ruct
    uresecuri
    ty.Thisstartswit
    hunderstandingcloudar
    chit
    ecture.
    -Practi
    cingDueDi l
    igence:Ent
    erpri
    sesshoul dconstantl
    yanalyseandr evi
    ew
    thei
    rcompl i
    ance.Aswel l,
    theyshouldev aluatethesecuritymeasures
    curr
    entlyinplaceandbeawar eofthel atestsecur i
    tybreaches.Hackers
    constantl
    ydiscovernewpoi nt
    sofent r
    y .I
    t’supt oenterpri
    sestoremain
    educatedont hesenewbr eachestoconf rontpot ent
    ial
    at t
    ackshead-on.
    -Monitori
    ngandVi sibi
    li
    ty:I
    nvestingin per
    formancemanagement  t
    ool si
    s
    anothercri
    ti
    cal st
    ept omoni tor
    ingt hehealthoft hecloudnet wor
    k.A  net
    work
    perfor
    mancemanagement( NPM)  
    toolspotsissuesaf fecti
    ngthenetwor k,
    suchast r
    affi
    cbot tlenecksandsuspi ciousactivit
    y,andal ert
    sITprofessi
    onals
    oftheissues.IncorporatinganNPM pr oducthelpsent erpri
    sesstayinfor
    med
    onitsnetworkact i
    v i
    ty.I
    talsoall
    owsI Tprofessionalstor esol
    veanyissues
    thatnegati
    velyaffectthenetwor k’scomput i
    ngast heissuesoccur.

    Q18.Li
    stoutdi
    ff
    erentl
    ayer
    swhi
    chdef
    inecl
    oudar
    chi
    tect
    ure.
    ANS.
    -
    Cloudcomput
    ingwor
    kingont
    hev
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionanddy
    nami
    cal
    l
    ocat
    ionof
    r
    esources.
    -Ar
    chi
    tect
    ural
    l
    y,Cl
    oudcanbedi
    vi
    dedas4l
    ayer
    s:
    -Physical l
    ayer :
    Cont ainsphysical servers,networket c.Thephy sicall
    ayer
    compr i
    sescomput e, storage,andnet workr esources,whichar ethe
    fundament al physi
    cal comput ingr esourcest hatmakeupacl oud
    i
    nfrastructure.Asdi scussedi nt he‘I
    ntroduct i
    ontoCl oudComput ing’module,
    thephy si
    cal resour
    cesar etypically pool edt oservemul ti
    pleconsumer s.
    Physicalcomput esy stemshostt heappl icati
    onst hataproviderof f
    ersas
    servi
    cest oconsumer sandal soexecut et hesof t
    war eusedbyt heproviderto
    managet hecl oudinfrastruct
    ur eanddel iverservi
    ces.
    -Infr
    astr
    ucturelayer
    :Vi
    rtual
    izedserver
    s,networkingandstorageresour
    ces.
    Infr
    astr
    uctureasaSer v
    iceisthehosteddeli
    v er
    yofi nf
    rast
    ructur
    eservi
    ces
    suchasser ver
    s, net
    worksandotherhardwaret oconsumer s.I
    aaSprovi
    des
    consumer saccesstoon-demand, scal
    ablestorageandcomput epower.
    -Plat
    for
    ml ayer
    :whichcontainscomponent
    sorservi
    cesl
    ikeWindowsAzur
    e,
    GoogleAppEngine.Aplatf
    or mfordevel
    opment
    ,depl
    oyment.Pl
    atfor
    m asa
    Servi
    ceoffer
    sacompl et
    epl atf
    orm andt
    hetool
    stodevel
    opanddeploy
    appli
    cat
    ionsontheplatf
    orm.
    -Appl
    i
    cat
    ionLay
    er:
    Thi
    sist
    hel
    ayerenduser
    sint
    eractwi
    th.Thi
    scont
    ains
    soft
    warewhichar edeliveredasser v i
    celikeGmail
    ,Salesforce,dr
    opboxet c.
    Soft
    wareasaSer viceisthehost eddel i
    veryofSof
    twaret hatconsumer scan
    accessovertheinternet.Twof eaturesofaSaaSappl icationarescalabi
    li
    ty
    andconfi
    gurabil
    ity.SaaSappl i
    cat i
    onsshoul dbeabletoqui ckl
    yscalewith
    demand.Inmat ureSaaSappl i
    cations,thecustomershoul dbeableto
    customi
    zetheirinstanceoft hesof twareusingmeta-data.

    Q19.Bef
    oregoi
    ngf
    orcl
    oudcomput
    ingpl
    atf
    orm whatar
    etheessent
    ial
    t
    hingst
    obet
    akeni
    nconcer
    nbyuser
    s?
    ANS.
    Ther
    ear
    esomet
    hingst
    oconsi
    derbef
    oregoi
    ngf
    oranycl
    oudcomput
    ing
    pl
    atf
    orm,
    theyar
    easf
    oll
    ows:
    -Adapt abili
    ty:Heterogeneoususagecont extsdemandacer tai
    namountof
    adapt abil
    ityfrom acl oudsol uti
    on.Thewayofaccessi ngasol ution,the
    platformt hatisused, andthewayuser saredeal i
    ngwi ththesy stem ar e
    diverseandar econst ant l
    ychanging.Thel atesttr
    endi nusagecont extsisthe
    transiti
    ont omobi l
    ecomput i
    ng.Peopl ebecomef ocusedonmobi l
    e
    technol ogi
    esandhav eadopt editsconcept s(forexampl e.appst ores,always-
    on, l
    ocat i
    on-basedser vi
    ces,andsoon)i ntheirpri
    vat eli
    fe.Theyhav ethe
    sameexpect ati
    onsf ort hei
    rbusinesslife.AsanI Tdepar tment, i
    tbecomes
    i
    mpor tanttosat i
    sfythedemandf ormobi letechnologies.Thenextgener ati
    on
    ofbusi nessl eadersisusedt oaccessingev eryservicewi t
    hthei rsmar t
    phone
    andi sawar eofthecompet i
    tiv
    eadv antagesofmobi l
    ecomput ing.
    -Secur it
    y:securit
    yisal way sanaspectt oconsiderwhent al
    kingaboutcl oud
    comput i
    ng.Ser v
    icepr ovider spromiset hattheycanbemor esecur ethan
    physical datacentres.Pr otectionofexper ti
    seandasset sisakeyr equir
    ement.
    Cloudappl i
    cati
    onsneedt opr otectdatabeingt r
    ansf er
    redov erthenet .Thi
    s
    i
    ncludesnotonl yencr yptionoft r
    ansmi ssi
    ondat a,butalsoencr yptionof
    storeddat a.Certi
    fi
    cat es,suchasSAS70orI SO27001, canbegood
    i
    ndicat orsforgoodsecur itymeasur es.Customer sshoul dbeawar eoft he
    physical l
    ocationoft heirdat aandt heav ail
    ablesecur i
    tyfeatures.This
    awar enessf acil
    i
    tatesahol isti
    csecur it
    yv i
    ewofy ourcloudser vi
    cepr ovi
    der.
    -Integration:Typicalappl
    icati
    onsrelyondat afrom otherapplicati
    ons.The
    wor stcasewoul dbet ohavesepar at
    edatapool swi t
    hunsy nchronized
    cont ent,whichcanl eadtoredundancyandi nconsistencyacrossappl icat
    ions.
    Dat af r
    om otherappl i
    cati
    onscanenr ichcl
    oudser v
    icesandpr ov i
    de
    compr ehensiveinsight
    .Ingeneral,mostservicesofferwebser v
    ices
    i
    nt erfaces.Somedoal soprov i
    deaRESTi nterface.Compl exinterf
    aces
    requireat ooltohandl econnectiv
    ityandtransformation,andmanagef uture
    challenges.TheuseofXMLasadat aformatof fer
    sthebestpossi bi
    li
    ti
    esto
    makedat ahandl ingcomf ort
    able.
    -Migrati
    on:Theaspectofi
    ntegr
    ati
    onleadsustothenextpoi
    nt:migr
    ati
    on.
    Whatdoy oudo,
    ifyourcl
    oudprovi
    dergoesoutofbusi
    ness?Areyouableto
    migrateyourval
    uablebusi
    nessdat
    atoanotherpl
    atfor
    m orhaveyoulocked-
    in
    aparti
    cularvendor ?Thesequesti
    onsshoul dbeaskedbef or
    ethedecisi
    onf or
    aparti
    cularproviderismade.Thel ongeracloudser vi
    ceisbeingused,the
    moreimpor tantandv al
    uablearetheassetst hathavebeendev el
    oped.
    Commonst andar dscanhelptomakey ourresourcesreusabl
    e.A(potenti
    al)
    migrat
    ionstrategysustainsyourpossibil
    it
    iestoreactonmar ketchangesand
    fut
    ureinnovations.
    -Scalabi
    lit
    y:Itisnotv erycommont hatprovi
    dersofferi
    nformati
    onaboutt he
    scalabi
    li
    tyoft heirsoluti
    on.SaaSandPaaSof fer
    ingspromisetoscale
    automaticall
    y.IaaSof feri
    ngsmi ghtprovi
    deadditi
    onal t
    oolstocont
    rol
    scalabi
    li
    ty.Inhy bri
    dcl oudenvi
    ronment s,
    scalabil
    it
    ybecomesv eryimportant
    becauset hedeci si
    ont oprovi
    sionnewi nstancesmustbebasedonr el
    iable
    data.Multi-
    tenancyi sessenti
    alformostcl oudapplicat
    ionstoprov
    ide
    reasonablescalabili
    ty.

    Q20.Ment
    ionsomeopensour
    cecl
    oudcomput
    ingpl
    atf
    orm dat
    abases.
    ANS.
    Someopensour
    cecl
    oudcomput
    ingpl
    atf
    ormsar
    easf
    oll
    ows:
    -AmazonWebServ
    ices:
    Amazonof
    fer
    sawidearrayofcl
    ouddatabase
    ser
    vices,
    whi
    chi
    ncl
    udesNoSQLaswel
    lasr
    elat
    ionaldat
    abases.
     Amazon
    RDS – Relational 
    Database Servicerunsonei therOracle,SQLorMy SQL
    serveri
    nstanceswher easAmazonSi mpl eDBi spr i
    marilyaschema- less
    databaset hatismeantt ohandl esmal l
    erwor kloads. 
    AmazonDy namoDB  fal
    ls
    ontheNoSQLdat abases,whi chisa  Soli
    d-State Dri
    ve–SSD-t hatiscapable
    ofautomat icall
    yrepli
    cati
    ngwor kloadsacr osst hreedif
    ferentavai
    labili
    tyzones.
    Accordingt oAWSCTOWer nerVogel ’
    s,DynamoDBi sthef ast
    estgrowi ng
    databaseser viceinthehistoryofAWS.Fur t
    her more,Amazonof f
    ers
    supplement arydata-managementser vi
    cessuchasRedshi ft–adat a
    warehouseandDat aPipeli
    ne–adat aintegratingservi
    cef oreasi
    erdat a
    management .
    -SAP: SAP,thegi
    antinof
    fer
    ingenterpr
    isesoft
    ware,nowoffersacloud
    databaseplatf
    orm cal
    l
    ed 
    HANA  f
    orcompl ementi
    ngtheon-premisedatabase-
    rel
    atedtool
    sofanor gani
    zat
    ion.Oneoft hemajordat
    abasetools
    complement edbySAPHANAi ncludeSybase,andthi
    stoolisavail
    abl
    ein
    the 
    AWS  cl
    oud.
    -Enterpri
    seDB:Although Ent er
    pri
    seDB  wasdesi gnedtofocusonopen-
    sourcePost gr
    eSQLdat abases,i
    tstrueclai
    m-to-
    f amewasi tscapabili
    tyt
    o
    workonOr acl
    edat abaseappl i
    cat
    ions.ThePost gresPlus,AdvancedServerof
    Enterpri
    seDB,enabl esbusinessestouseappl i
    cat i
    onsthataredesignedfor
    Oracleon-premisedat abases,whichrunincloudf rom HPandAWS.I t
    compr i
    sesofschedul edbackupsaswel lasbinar yrepl
    i
    cati
    ons.
    -Garanti
    aData:Garant
    iaDatahasbeenoffer
    inggatewayser
    vicef
    or
    customerswhopr ef
    errunni
    ngMemcached( i
    n-memor yNoSQL)databasesas
    wellasopen-
    sourceRedisinthepubl
    iccl
    oudofAWS.Thesof twareof
    Garanti
    aenableseasyconfi
    gurat
    ionofopen-
    sourcedatapl
    atf
    ormswi ththe
    hel
    pofcl
    ust
    ers.
    -CloudSQLbyGoogle:
    Thisdatabaseservi
    cecompr i
    sesoftwomain
    products–Cl
    oudSQLthatdescri
    besarelat
    ionaldat
    abaseandBigQuer
    y
    analysi
    stool
    ,whi
    chcanrunqueri
    esonv astsetsofdatast
    oredi
    nthecloud.
    -AzurebyMicrosoft:
    Azur ecl
    oud-computingplatf
    orm of
    fer
    edbyMi cr
    osoft
    off
    ersarel
    ati
    onal databasethatenablesuser
    st oaccessSQLdatabases
    ei
    theronMicrosoftcloudoronhost edserver
    sonv ir
    tualmachi
    nes.
    -Rackspace:Databasesoffer
    edbyRackspacecomei nmanagedorhosted
    cl
    ouddat abases.Rackspaceprovi
    deshighperf
    ormanceandi
    ncorpor
    atesa
    SANst or
    agenet workbasedont heOpenStackpl
    atf
    orm.

    Q21.Whati
    stheuseofAPI
    ’
    sincl
    oudser
    vice?
    ANS.
    The Appl
    icati
    onProgrammingI nt
    erf
    ace(API
    ) i
    soneoft hemai nelements of
    cl
    oudser vi
    ces.Theseelementsarehighl
    yef
    fici
    entforprojectmanagement ,
    stor
    ageandot hersimil
    arcl
    oudneeds.Thefuturesuccessesoft hecloudwill
    bethepeople orcompanieswhodi r
    ectanef
    fici
    entAPIst r
    ategy.Inshort
    ,APIs
    arekindofli
    keoxy genf
    orcloudservi
    ces;wi
    thoutcorr
    ectAPI sthecloudwi l
    l
    notworkasi ti
    ssupposedt o.
    -AcloudAPIisthecorecomponentbehi
    ndanypubli
    ccl
    oudsolut
    ionandi
    s
    general
    l
    ybasedpr i
    maril
    yontheRESTandSOAPf r
    ameworks,
    aswel l
    ascr
    oss
    -pl
    atf
    orm andvendorspeci
    fi
    cAPIs.
    -APIsPl ayaCr i
    ti
    calRoleinCloud Comput i
    ng:APIsmaketheplatf
    orm
    extensiblewhichcanleadt oarichfeat
    ur eset
    .Theyalsospeedupthe
    platf
    orm accessanddi rectamor eeffi
    cientmanagementofplatf
    orm securi
    ty.
    Theyal sohelpco-optwithotherservi
    cepr ovi
    der
    s.APIsensurecompliance
    andhel pwithsuccessfulint
    egrati
    onandi nter
    operabi
    l
    ity
    .Theymakehandl i
    ng
    analyti
    csaneasyt ask.
    -Cl
    oudAPI
    svar
    yaccor
    dingt
    othepr
    ovi
    dedser
    viceorsol
    uti
    on,
    asf
    oll
    ows:
    -I
    nfr
    astr
    uct
    ureasaServi
    ce(IaaS):
    Infrast
    ruct
    ureAPI
    sprov
    isi
    onraw
    computi
    ngandstor
    age.I
    nfr
    astruct
    ureAPI sar
    ealsousedi
    nworkl
    oad
    managementandnetwor
    kconf i
    gurat
    ions.
    -Soft
    war easaSer vi
    ce(SaaS)
    :Sof
    twareorappl
    icati
    onAPIsprovi
    sion
    connecti
    vityandint
    eract
    ionwi
    thasoftwaresui
    te.Appli
    cat
    ionAPI
    sar e
    ext
    ensivelyusedinERPorCRM appli
    cati
    onsforcreat
    ingcl
    oudapplicat
    ion
    ext
    ensionf orspeci
    fi
    cenvir
    onment
    .
    -Platform asaServi
    ce(PaaS)
    :Plat
    for
    m APIsprovideback-
    endar chit
    ectur
    e
    forbuildi
    ngi nt
    ensi
    veandfeat
    ureri
    chappli
    cat
    ions.Themul ti
    pleusecases
    canbel i
    stedasint
    egrat
    ionwi
    thmessagingsystems,port
    als,databasesand
    storagecomponent s.
    -Whi leusinganAPImodel offeredbyacl oudhost i
    ngpr ovider ,oneneedst o
    conf i
    rm scalabil
    ityandgeogr aphicredundancyofoper ations.TheAPI
    platform needst obecompat iblewit
    ht hepr ovidercloudmodel accordingto
    theenv ironment .I
    deall
    y,oneshoul dsel ectpr ov i
    dersthatpr ov i
    deunified
    networ kinfr
    ast r
    ucturebyallowi ngseaml essf uncti
    oningofbot hAPI sand
    wor kloadsacrosst heWi deAr eaNet wor k.Integrati
    onofAPIi nto
    i
    nf r
    ast r
    ucturecanbeper for
    medi nmanyway sandi tisnotal way seasyt o
    under standcloudAPImodel sinceeverymet hodologyr equir esitsown
    component s.Itcanbeachi evedbybr eaki ngdownt heconv er sati
    onathi gher
    l
    ev el.

    Q22.Whatar
    ethebusi
    nesspr
    ofi
    tsi
    nvol
    vedi
    ncl
    oudar
    chi
    tect
    ure?
    ANS.
    Thebusi
    nesspr
    ofi
    tsi
    nvol
    vedi
    ncl
    oudar
    chi
    tect
    urear
    efol
    l
    owi
    ng:
    1.Zer
    oinf
    rast
    ruct
    urei
    nvest
    ment
    :
    Cloudarchi
    tect
    urepr ovi
    deusert
    obuildl
    argescalesyst
    em wi t
    hfullhar
    dware,
    machines,r
    outers,backupandothercomponents.So,i
    treducesthestart
    -up
    costofthebusiness.
    2.Just
    -i
    n-t
    imeI
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    ure:
    Itisver
    yimportantt
    oscaletheinfr
    ast
    ruct
    ureasthedemandrises.Thi
    scan
    bedonebyt akingcl
    oudarchit
    ectur
    eanddevelopi
    ngtheappl
    i
    cat i
    oninthe
    cloudwithdynamiccapaci
    tymanagement.
    3.Mor
    eef
    fi
    ci
    entr
    esour
    ceut
    il
    izat
    ion:
    Cloudarchit
    ect
    ureprovi
    desuserstousethei
    rhar
    dwareandresour
    cemor e
    effi
    cient
    lyanduti
    li
    zeiti
    nabetterway.Thi
    scanbedoneonlybyappli
    cat
    ions
    requestandrel
    inqui
    shresour
    cesonlywheniti
    sneeded(on-
    demand).

    Q23.Ment
    iont
    heser
    vicespr
    ovi
    dedbyWi
    ndowsAzur
    eoper
    ati
    ngsy
    stem.
    ANS.Theser
    vicespr
    ovi
    dedbyWi
    ndowsAzur
    eoper
    ati
    ngsy
    stem ar
    ePaaSandI
    aaS.
    1.Azur
    easPaaS(
    Plat
    for
    m asaSer
    vice)
    Asthenamesuggest s,aplat
    for
    mi sprovi
    dedtoclientst odevel
    opanddeploy
    sof
    tware.Theclientscanfocusont heappl
    icat
    iondev elopmentrat
    herthan
    hav
    ingtowor ryabouthardwareandi nf
    rast
    ruct
    ure.Italsotakescareofmost
    oft
    heoper at
    ingsy st
    ems, ser
    versandnetworki
    ngissues.
    Pr
    os:
    Theover
    all
    costi
    slowastheresour
    cesar
    eal
    l
    ocat
    edondemandand
    ser
    ver
    sareautomat
    ical
    l
    yupdat
    ed.
    I
    tislessvul
    nerabl
    easserversar
    eautomat i
    cal
    lyupdat
    edandbeingchecked
    forallknownsecuri
    tyi
    ssues.Thewholeprocessisnotvi
    sibl
    etodevel
    oper
    andt husdoesnotposeariskofdatabreach.
    Sincenewv er
    sionsofdevelopmenttool
    saret
    estedbyt heAzur
    eteam,i
    t
    becomeseasyf ordevel
    operstomov eontonewtools.Thisal
    sohel
    psthe
    developer
    stomeett hecust
    omer ’
    sdemandbyquicklyadapti
    ngtonew
    ver
    sions.
    Cons
    Therearepor
    tabi
    li
    tyi
    ssueswi
    thusingPaaS.Ther
    ecanbeadif
    ferent
    envi
    ronmentatAzur
    e,t
    hustheappl
    icat
    ionmighthavet
    obeadapted
    accordi
    ngl
    y.
    2.Azur
    easI
    aaS(
    Inf
    rast
    ruct
    ureasaSer
    vice)
    Iti
    samanagedcomput eser
    vicethatgi
    vescomplet
    econtroloft
    heoperat
    ing
    syst
    emsandt heappl
    i
    cati
    onplatf
    orm st
    acktotheappli
    cat
    iondevel
    oper
    s.It
    l
    etstheusert
    oaccess,manageandmoni t
    orthedatacent
    resbythemselv
    es.
    Pr
    os
    Thisisi
    dealf
    ortheappl
    icat
    ionwher
    ecompletecontr
    oli
    srequi
    red.The
    vi
    rt
    ualmachinecanbecompletel
    yadapt
    edt
    ot herequi
    rement
    soft he
    or
    ganizat
    ionorbusi
    ness.
    IaaSfaci
    li
    tat
    esver
    yeffi
    cientdesi
    gnti
    mepor t
    abil
    it
    y.Thi
    smeansapplicat
    ion
    canbemi gr
    atedtoWindowsAzur ewi
    thoutr
    ework.Allt
    heappl
    icat
    ion
    dependenci
    essuchasdatabasecanalsobemi gr
    atedtoAzur
    e.
    I
    aaSallowsquickt
    ransit
    ionofser
    vicestoclouds,
    whichhel
    psthevendors
    t
    oofferserv
    icestot
    heircli
    ent
    seasil
    y.Thisal
    sohelpsthevendor
    stoexpand
    t
    hei
    rbusinessbysel
    li
    ngt heexi
    sti
    ngsoftwareorservi
    cesi
    nnewmar kets.
    Cons
    Si
    nceuser saregi
    vencomplet
    econtrol
    theyaretemptedtosticktoa
    par
    ticul
    arversi
    onfort
    hedependenci
    esofappli
    cati
    ons.Itmightbecome
    di
    ff
    icultf
    orthem t
    omi gr
    atet
    heappli
    cati
    ontofuturev
    ersions.
    Ther
    earemanyf actor
    swhichincr
    easesthecostofi
    tsoper
    ati
    on.For
    exampl
    e,hi
    gherservermai
    ntenanceforpat
    chi
    ngandupgradi
    ngsoftwar
    e.
    Therear elot
    sofsecur i
    tyr
    isksfrom unpatchedserv
    ers.Somecompanies
    havewel l
    def i
    nedprocessesfortest
    ingandupdat i
    ngon-premi
    seser
    versfor
    securi
    tyvulnerabi
    l
    iti
    es.Theseprocessesneedt obeextendedt
    othecloud-
    hostedIaaSVMst omiti
    gatehackingrisks.
    Theunpat chedser
    versposeagr eatsecuri
    tyr
    isk.Unl
    i
    kePaaS,thereisno
    provi
    sionofautomati
    cserverpatchi
    nginIaaS.Anunpatchedser
    v erwit
    h
    sensi
    ti
    v einf
    ormati
    oncanbev eryvulner
    ableaff
    ectingt
    heenti
    rebusinessof
    anorganizati
    on.
    Itisdi
    ff
    icul
    ttomaintai
    nlegacyappsinIaas.I
    tcanbestuckwit
    ht heolder
    versi
    onoftheoperat
    ingsystemsandappl i
    cati
    onst
    acks.Thus,
    result
    ingin
    appli
    cat
    ionsthatar
    ediff
    icul
    ttomaintai
    nandaddnewf uncti
    onali
    tyoverthe
    per
    iodoft
    ime.
    Itbecomesnecessaryt ounderst
    andt hepr
    osandconsofbot hservi
    cesin
    ordertochoosetherightoneaccor di
    ngyourr
    equir
    ements.I
    nconclusionit
    canbesaidthat,PaaShasdef ini
    teeconomicadvant
    agesforoperati
    onsover
    IaaSforcommodi t
    yappl i
    cati
    ons.InPaaS,t
    hecostofoperat
    ionsbreaksthe
    businessmodel.Wher eas,I
    aaSgivescomplet
    econtrol
    oftheOSand
    appli
    cati
    onplat
    form stack.

    Q24.I
    ncl
    oudar
    chi
    tect
    urewhatar
    ethedi
    ff
    erentcomponent
    sthatar
    e
    r
    equi
    red?
    ANS.Thedi
    ff
    erentcomponent
    sthatar
    erequi
    redi
    ncl
    oudar
    chi
    tect
    urear
    efol
    l
    owi
    ng:
    1.Cl
    oudIngr
    ess:
     
    Itpr
    ovi
    desameant ocommuni
    catewit
    htheoutsi
    de
    worl
    d.Thi
    scanbedonewit
    hthehel
    pofcommunicat
    ionmethodssuchas:
    -Queuebasedcommuni
    cat
    ions
    -HTTPcommuni
    cat
    ions
    -REST/
    SOAP
    -Ser
    viceBus
    2.ProcessorSpeed: 
    Processorspeedisthemaj
    orsect
    iononwhichthewhol
    e
    cl
    oudar chi
    tecturei
    sbased.Itprovi
    desondemandresourcest
    hatcanbe
    dynamicall
    yallocat
    edtotheuser .I
    tsav
    eslot
    sofcostandhasmanybenefi
    ts
    ofvir
    tuali
    zati
    on.
    3.Cloudst
    orageservi
    ces:
     Cl
    oudserv
    icesprovi
    demeanstostoredat
    ato
    user’
    sappl
    icat
    ions.I
    tisusedtopr
    ovideser
    v i
    cesf
    ordi
    ff
    erentty
    pesof
    stor
    agesli
    ke:tabl
    edata,f
    il
    es.
    4.Cloudprovi
    dedser
    vices:
    Addit
    ional
    servi
    cesar
    eprovi
    dedbyt
    hecloud,l
    ike
    dataserv
    ices,pay
    mentprocessi
    ngservi
    ces,
    andsear
    chorwebfunct
    ional
    i
    t y
    ser
    v i
    ces.
    5.Intra-
    Cloudcommunicat
    ions: 
    Itprov
    idesawaytocommunicatewithot
    her
    systemst hatar
    eusingcl
    oudar chi
    tect
    ure.Pr
    ovi
    der
    susuall
    yprovi
    deservi
    ces
    sot hatoneusercancommuni cateeasil
    ywit
    hanot
    heruserbybeingoncl
    oud.

    Q25.Ment
    ioni
    nwhatway
    scl
    oudar
    chi
    tect
    urepr
    ovi
    deaut
    omat
    ionand
    per
    for
    mancet
    ranspar
    ency
    .
    ANS.Topr
    ovi
    det
    heper
    for
    mancet
    ranspar
    encyandaut
    omat
    iont
    her
    ear
    emany
    toolsusedbycl oudarchit
    ecture.Ital
    lowstomanaget hecloudar
    chit
    ectureand
    moni t
    orreports.Ital
    soall
    owst hem tosharetheappli
    cati
    onusingthecloud
    archit
    ecture.Automationi
    st hekeycomponentofcl oudarchit
    ect
    urewhichhelpst
    o
    i
    mpr ovet hedegreeofqualit
    y . 
    Itbri
    ngsthecapaci
    tyondemandandal lowsthe
    requir
    ement soft heusert
    obemet .
    Q26.Expl
    aint
    heconceptofany
    thi
    ng-
    as-
    a-ser
    vice.
    ANS.Anyt
    hingasaser
    vice(
    XaaS)i
    sat
    ermt
    hatdescr
    ibesabr
    oadcat
    egor
    yof
    servi
    cesrelat
    edt ocloudcomput i
    ngandr emoteaccess.Wit
    hcloudcomput i
    ng
    technol
    ogies,vendorsoffercompaniesdiff
    erentki
    ndsofserv
    icesovert
    hewebor
    simil
    arnetworks.Thisideastar
    tedwi t
    hthebasicsoftwar
    easaser v
    ice(SaaS)wi
    th
    cloudprovi
    dersof f
    eringi
    ndivi
    dualsoftwareappli
    cat
    ions.
    Othertermslikei
    nfr
    astr
    uct ur
    easaservi
    ce( I
    aaS)andcommunicati
    onsasaser
    vice
    (CaaS)wer eaddedascloudservi
    cesevolv
    ed.Withsomanydiff
    erentki
    ndsofI
    T
    resourcesnowdeliv
    eredthisway,XaaSisasomewhatironi
    cter
    mf orthe
    proli
    ferat
    ionofcl
    oudservices.
    Anythingasaser vi
    cei salsoknownasXasaser vi
    ceoreverythi
    ngasaser v
    ice.The
    coreideabehi ndXaaSandot hercloudser vi
    cesisthatbusinessescancutcost sand
    getspeci f
    icki
    ndsofper sonal r
    esour cesbypur chasi
    ngservicesfrom provi
    dersona
    subscripti
    onbasi s.Beforet heemer genceofXaaSandcl oudservices,busi
    nesses
    oft
    enhadt obuyt hel i
    censedsof twar eproductsandinst
    allthem onsite.Theyhadto
    buyhar dwareandl inkittogethertocr eateexpandednetwor ks.Theyhadt odoall
    securi
    tywor konsi te,andt heyhadt opr ovi
    deexpensiveserversetupsandot her
    i
    nfrastructur
    ef oralloftheirbusinesspr ocesses.
    Bycont
    rast
    ,wi
    thXaaS,
    busi
    nessessi
    mpl
    ybuywhatt
    heyneed,
    andpayf
    ori
    tast
    hey
    needi
    t.
    Thisallowsbusinessestodrasti
    call
    ychangeser vicemodel
    sov erti
    me.Usingmul t
    i-
    tenantapproaches,cl
    oudser vi
    cescanprovideal otoffl
    exi
    bil
    ity
    .Conceptsli
    ke
    resourcepooli
    ngandr apidelast
    ici
    tysupporttheseservi
    ceswher ebusi
    nessleader
    s
    cansimpl yaddorsubtractservi
    cesasnecessar y.XaaSserv
    icesaretypi
    call
    y
    governedbysomet hingcall
    edaser vi
    celevelagreement(SLA),wherecli
    entand
    vendorwor kclosel
    ytogethertounderst
    andhowser vi
    ceswillbeprovi
    ded.

    Q27.Whati
    sther
    oleofCl
    oudAudi
    tor
    ?
    ANS.Acl
    oudaudi
    tori
    sapar
    tyt
    hatcanper
    for
    m ani
    ndependentexami
    nat
    ionof
    cl
    oudser
    vice
    control
    switht
    hei ntenttoexpressanopini
    onthereon.Audi
    tsareperfor
    medtov er
    if
    y
    conformancetost andar
    dsthroughrevi
    ewofobj ect
    iveevi
    dence.Acloudaudi
    torcan
    eval
    uatetheservicesprovi
    dedbyacl oudprov
    iderintermsofsecuri
    tycont
    rol
    s,
    pri
    vacyimpact,performance,etc.
    Rol
    eofcl
    oudaudi
    tori
    s:
    Auditorhavetover
    if
    ythatonl
    yauthor
    izedindi
    vi
    dualshaveaccesst ocloud
    comput i
    ngresour
    cesbasedonthei
    rrol
    esandr esponsi
    bil
    i
    ties.Accessisremov
    ed
    ontimelymannerwhenanyempl oy
    eeisterminat
    edor /
    andwhent heirr
    olesget
    change.
    Audi
    torhavet
    ocheckaboutthety
    peandsensi
    ti
    vi
    tyofdat
    astor
    edinthecl
    oud.As
    l
    oss,l
    eakageorunav
    ail
    abi
    l
    ityofdat
    acancausel
    osstobusi
    nessreput
    ati
    onand
    r
    evenueormayal
    sor
    esul
    tinnon-
    compl
    i
    anceofr
    egul
    ati
    ons.
    Audi
    torhav
    etover
    if
    ythesuf
    fi
    ciencyandappr
    opr
    iatenessofpol
    i
    cies,
    pract
    icesand
    pr
    oceduresf
    ort
    heprot
    ecti
    onofdatastor
    edint
    hecloud.
    Audit
    orhavetochecktheri
    skassoci
    atedwit
    hthechangeoftechnol
    ogy.Howthe
    newtechnol
    ogyisadoptedandwhatarethebenef
    it
    susersar
    eget t
    ingagai
    nstt
    he
    cost
    stheyhaveincur
    red.
    Audi t
    orhavetorevi
    ewtheter
    msofServi
    celevelAgr
    eement(SLA)fort
    he
    protect
    ionofdatastor
    edonthecl
    oudandclausesfort
    heter
    mi nat
    ionofcont
    ract
    betweenorganizat
    ionandcl
    oudser
    vicepr
    ovider
    .
    Audit
    orhavetochecktheprocedur
    esthatar
    erelat
    edtoi
    ncidentmanagement
    ,
    pr
    oblem management,changemanagementinthecont
    extofcloudcomputi
    ng.
    Audi
    toral
    sohav
    etocheckthel
    egalandregul
    ator
    yrequi
    rementthatan
    or
    gani
    zati
    onarer
    equi
    redtocompl
    yfortheprot
    ecti
    onofdatawhichisstor
    edi
    nthe
    cl
    oud.
    Audi
    torhav
    etoassur
    ethatconf
    ident
    ial
    andsensi
    ti
    vedat
    ashoul
    dbeencr
    ypt
    edi
    n
    t
    hecloud.
    Audi
    torhav
    et ogothr
    oughtheaccesslogsassuret
    hepr
    otect
    ionofaccessl
    ogs
    f
    rom i
    nadver
    tentdel
    eti
    onorunaut
    horizedaccess.
    Audit
    orhav
    etounder
    standt
    helev
    elofaccessthatvendor
    ’spersonnel
    ofCl
    oud
    Ser
    vicePr
    ovi
    der(
    CSP)haveonthedat
    aparti
    cular
    lyforconf
    ident
    iali
    nfor
    mati
    on.
    Audit
    oral
    sohav
    etoconsi
    derSegregati
    onofDut
    ies(
    SoD)sot
    hatoneper
    sondo
    nothavet
    woormoremingl
    edresponsibi
    li
    ti
    es.
    ChecktheI
    ntr
    usi
    ondet
    ect
    ionandpr
    otect
    ionpr
    act
    icesatt
    heCl
    oudSer
    vice
    Pr
    ovider
    .
    Audit
    orhavetoassur
    ethati
    fther
    eisanylackofpol
    icyandpr
    ocedur
    esf
    or
    appr
    opriat
    ehandl
    ingofsecur
    it
    yandpri
    vacyinci
    dent
    s.
    Audi
    torhavetoassurethatpasswor
    dset
    ti
    ngsar
    est
    rongatcl
    oudandaccor
    dingt
    o
    t
    heorganizat
    ional
    poli
    cies.
    Audit
    orhavet
    oensur
    eaboutt
    hepr
    operdi
    sposal
    ofdat
    atopr
    eventf
    rom
    unaut
    hori
    zeddi
    scl
    osur
    e.

    Q28.Whyar
    ecl
    oudcommuni
    cat
    ionssoi
    mpor
    tant
    ?
    ANS.
    Cloudcommuni
    cat
    ionsar
    eimpor
    tantbecauset
    heymar
    kachange.The
    telecomsmar kethasalway srel
    iedont hetradit
    ionalonsitePBX.Typi
    cal
    ly
    , a
    businesswouldinvestinaboxont hewal lphonesy stem t
    orunthei
    r
    communi cat
    ions.Butnow, thewhol etelephonyenv i
    ronmentischangi
    ngast he
    cloudcomesi ntofull
    force.Onsi t
    epremi seshav ebeenaroundforyear
    s.Butasthe
    cloudperpet
    ratesintothetelecomsmar ket,i
    tmar ksabigchangeforhow
    communi cat
    ionsar edeli
    vered.Thischanget ocloudbasedcommsi sfor
    cing
    i
    nnov
    ati
    onandbr
    ingswi
    thi
    tawav
    eofbenef
    it
    s.
    CostBenef it
    s: Cl
    oudcommuni cati
    onsarei mpor t
    antbecausetheycanhelp
    reducey ourbusinessesrunningcosts.Tradi
    t i
    onalonsitehardwar
    ecanbecost l
    y,
    especial
    lyforbusinesseswi t
    hunder10user s;whereascloudcommuni cati
    onsoffer
    alowmont hlycostperuser.Hav i
    ngasi ngl
    emont hl
    ycostperusermeanst hata
    business’stel
    ephonycost scanber educed.Italsodemonst r
    ateshowi mportantt
    he
    mov efrom onsitehar dwareisforsmallerbusinessesacrosstheUK, showi
    ngus
    howi mpor t
    antcloudcommuni cati
    onsar ebecomi ng.
    Producti
    vityBenefi
    ts:Al
    ongsi
    dethecostsav
    ingbenefi
    tsofcl
    oudt el
    ephony
    comest heproducti
    vit
    ybenefit
    s.Cl
    oudcommuni cat
    ionsarei
    mportantbecausethey
    off
    erbusinessesfantasti
    cfeat
    uresetsatal
    owmont hl
    ycost
    .Thesefeatur
    esetsare
    hel
    pingsmal lbusi
    nessessavetime.
    Featuresinclude:Amobileapp,anonli
    neportal
    ,cal
    lhandl
    ing,
    mult
    i-
    sit
    eand
    more.Smal lbusinessescanusethesefeatur
    estocreat
    easmoot handproduct
    ive
    workfl
    ow.Thi sfurtherdemonst
    ratesthei
    mpor t
    anceofcloudbased
    communi cati
    ons.
    Fl
    exibil
    it
    yBenefits:Cloudcommuni cationsarev er
    yflexibl
    e.Wi t
    hapl ugandpl ay
    i
    nstal
    landt heabil
    it
    yt oaddnewuser sasy ourbusinessgrows, theimpor t
    ancefor
    cl
    oudcommuni cati
    onsbecomeappar ent,especial
    lyforsmal lorstart
    -upbusinesses.
    Natur
    all
    y,nothav i
    ngboxont hewall
    allowseasypr ovi
    sioningandchangest oyour
    communi cati
    onsv i
    at heintui
    tivewebpor tal.Theimportanceofcl oud
    communi cati
    onsishi ghl
    i
    ght edbythisflexibil
    it
    y.
    ‍I nsummar y,
    cloudcommuni cati
    onsar eimport
    antbecauset heyshowachangein
    thetel
    ecommuni cat
    ionsmar ketaswel lasacost,product
    ivit
    yandf l
    exi
    bil
    i
    tybenefi
    ts
    forsmallbusi
    nesses.Cloudcommuni cationsar
    ehelpingshapeandengineerthe
    futur
    eofbusinesscommuni cat i
    onsandcanbeagr eatinvestmenttohel
    pf ut
    ure
    proofyourbusi
    nesstelephony.

    Q29.Whatar
    ethedi
    ff
    erentcomponent
    srequi
    redbycl
    oudar
    chi
    tect
    ure?
    ANS.Cl
    oudcomput
    ingcompr
    isesav
    irt
    ual
    i
    zedpool
    ofi
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    urer
    esour
    cewi
    th
    appl
    icat
    ionandservi
    cest
    hatcanbeuseddir
    ect
    lythr
    oughasel
    f-
    ser
    vicepor
    tal
    .For
    theenduser,
    cloudcomputi
    ngconsi
    stsoft
    hefol
    lowing:
    1.Cl
    i
    ent
    2.Cl
    oudnet
    wor
    k
    3.Cl
    oudAppl
    i
    cat
    ionpr
    ogr
    ammi
    ngi
    nter
    face(
    API
    s)
    1.Client
    -Acli
    entisanaccessdevi
    ceorsof t
    warei
    nter
    facethatausercanuseto
    accesscloudservi
    ces.Ther
    eisdi
    fferentt
    ypeofcl
    ient
    sinterm ofhar
    dwareand
    appli
    cati
    onsoftware.However
    ,al
    ltypeofcloudcl
    i
    entsaredivi
    dedint
    othreebr
    oad
    categori
    esas
    Mobi
    l
    ecl
    i
    ent
    Thi
    ncl
    i
    ent
    Thi
    ckcl
    i
    ent
    Cl
    ientt
    ypescanincl
    udecomputer
    s,mobil
    e,smartphones,
    tabl
    etsandser
    ver
    .The
    cl
    i
    entdevicecommunicat
    eswit
    hcloudservi
    cesbyusingcl
    oudAPIsandbrowser
    s.
    2.Cloudnetwork-Anetworki
    stheconnecti
    ngl i
    nksbetweentheuser sandcloud
    serv
    ices.Theinter
    neti
    sthemoststr
    aightf
    orwar dandcommonchoi ceforaccessi
    ng
    thecloud.Employi
    ngadvancenet
    workservices,suchasencrypti
    onand
    compr essi
    on,
    dur i
    ngtr
    ansmitwi
    ll
    benefi
    tbot htheservi
    ceproviderandtheuser.
    3.CloudAppl i
    cati
    onProgrammi ngInt
    erface(APIs)-AcloudAPIsisasetof
    programmi nginst
    ructi
    onandt oolt
    hatprovidesabstracti
    onoveraspecifi
    cprovi
    der
    cl
    oud.Itindicat
    esacust om oruni
    quepr ovi
    dercallthatcanbeusedt oenhancethe
    amountoft hecontroloveracloudimplement at
    ion.Thesecall
    scanbeusedt obuil
    d
    appli
    cati
    onf oraccessi
    ngandcommuni cati
    ngwi ththecloudserv
    ice.APIshel
    p
    programmert ohav eacommonmechani sm f
    orconnect i
    ngtoaparticul
    arcl
    oud
    servi
    ce.

    Q30.Whyshoul
    donepr
    eferpubl
    i
    ccl
    oudov
    erpr
    ivat
    ecl
    oud?
    ANS.Toseemanyoft
    headv
    ant
    agesofcl
    oudcomput
    ingwi
    thouti
    tsr
    isks,
    many
    enterpri
    sesareturningtopr
    ivateclouds,
    whichareservicel
    ayer
    scont
    ainedwi
    thi
    n
    thei
    rf i
    rewal
    l
    st hatlookandfeelli
    kepubli
    cclouds.Butthesepri
    vat
    ecl
    oudsmay
    actuall
    ybelesssecur eandreli
    abl
    et hanthepubl
    icserv
    ices
    Bel
    owar
    eadv
    ant
    ageofusi
    ngpubl
    i
    ccl
    oudov
    erpr
    ivat
    ecl
    oud:
    1.Priv
    atecl
    oudst endt ouseoldert
    echnol
    ogythanpubl
    i
    cclouds:
     
    Youmayhav e
    spenthundredsoft housandsofdol
    lar
    sonnewhar dwar
    eandsoftwar
    e,butt
    ry
    gett
    ingyourorganizati
    ontoagreetothatev
    eryyear
    .
    2.Publ
    iccl
    oudsshi
    ftcapi
    tal
    expensestooper
    ati
    onalexpenses:
     I
    t'
    spayasy
    ou
    go,ver
    susbui
    ldi
    nganenti
    redatacent
    er,
    nomatterhowv i
    rt
    uali
    zeditmaybe.
    3.Publ
    iccloudshavebetteruti
    li
    zat
    ionr
    ates:
     
    Wi t
    hpri
    vatecl
    oud,
    yourorgani
    zat
    ion
    sti
    l
    lhastobui l
    dandmai ntai
    nallki
    ndsofser
    verstomeetspi
    kesindemandacross
    vari
    ousdivi
    sionsorfuncti
    ons.Publ
    iccl
    oudoffer
    sthesamesparedemandonapay -
    as-
    you-need-
    itbasi
    s.
    4.Publ
    iccl
    oudskeepinf
    rast
    ruct
    urecost
    slowfornewproj
    ect
    s: 
    Withpr
    ivat
    eclouds,
    yousti
    l
    lneedtoscar
    eupsomet i
    messcarceon-si
    ter
    esour
    cesforunpl
    anned
    proj
    ect
    sthatmaypopup.
    5.Publ
    iccloudsoffergr
    eaterel
    asti
    cit
    yYouneverconsumeallt
    hecapaci
    tyofa
    publ
    iccloud,buty
    ourprivat
    ecloudisanot
    hermatterent
    ir
    ely
    .
    6.Publi
    ccloudsgetent
    erpr
    isesoutoft
    hedat
    acentr
    ebusiness 
    est
    abli
    shingpri
    vat
    e
    cl
    oudpr obabl
    ygetsyouindeeperi
    ntot
    heDCbusinesst
    hanwi t
    htradi
    ti
    onalon-
    premisesserver
    s.
    7.Publ
    i
    ccl
    oudshav
    egr
    eat
    ereconomi
    esofscal
    e: 
    Nopr
    ivat
    ecl
    oudcancompet
    ewi
    th
    thel
    ikesofGoogl
    eandAmazononpr i
    ce.Andthepubl
    i
    cpr
    ovi
    der
    sar
    econst
    ant
    ly
    buyi
    ngboatl
    oadsofthel
    atestsecur
    it
    ytechnol
    ogy.
    8.Publi
    ccloudsarehar
    denedthroughconti
    nual
    hacki
    ngattempt
    s: 
    Thousandsof
    hackershavebeenpoundi
    ngGoogl eandAmazonforyear
    snow.Thepubliccl
    oud
    provi
    dersarereadyf
    oranyt
    hingatthi
    spoint.
    9.Publi
    ccloudsattr
    actthebestsecur
    itypeopleav ail
    able:
     
    Theyseekoutthetop
    securi
    tyexpert
    s,wil
    lpaythem t
    opdollar,andtreatthem asthemostimportantpar
    t
    ofthei
    rbusinesses,
    whichtheyare.Dotradit
    ionalenterpri
    sestr
    eatsecur
    it
    yteams
    thi
    sway ?
    10.Pr
    ivat
    ecloudssuff
    erfr
    om per
    imet
    ercompl
    acencyI
    fitont
    hei
    nter
    nal
    net
    wor
    k,i
    t
    mustbesecure!nuf
    fsaid.
    ..
    11.Pr i
    vatecl
    oudstaf
    fcompet encei
    sanunknown:Yourorgani
    zat
    ionmayhaveal
    ot
    oftalentedandknowledgeabl
    epeople,
    buti
    sdatasecuri
    tythemai
    nlineofy
    our
    business?
    12.Pr
    ivat
    ecloudpenetr
    ati
    ontest
    ingi
    sinsuf
    fi
    cient
    : 
    Evenifyout
    estyourappl
    icat
    ions
    andnetworksonaregul
    arbasis(
    whichmanorganizat
    ionsdon’
    t,
    theseonlyt
    elly
    ouif
    thi
    ngsaresecur
    eatthatexactmoment.

    Q31.Expl
    aint
    hei
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    ureofGr
    idcomput
    ingi
    ndet
    ail
    ?
    ANS:
    Thegr
    idi
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    uref
    ormst
    hecor
    efoundat
    ionf
    ort
    hesuccessofgr
    id
    appl
    i
    cations,theinf
    rastr
    uct
    urei
    scomplexcombi
    nationofanumberofcapabi
    li
    ti
    es
    andresourcesident
    ifi
    edfort
    hespeci
    fi
    cprobl
    em andenvi
    ronmentbei
    ngaddressed.
    I
    ngener al
    ,gri
    dcomputi
    nginf
    rast
    ruct
    urecomponentmustaddr
    essseveral
    potent
    iall
    ycompli
    cat
    edareasinmanystagesoft
    heimpl
    ementati
    on.Thesear
    eas
    are:
    Secur
    it
    y
    Resour
    cemanagement
    I
    nfor
    mat
    ionser
    vices
    Dat
    amanagement
    1.Secur i
    ty:thehet erogeneousnat ureofresourcesandt heirdif
    ferentsecurit
    y
    polici
    esar ecompl icatedandcompl exinsecurityschemesofaGr i
    dcomput i
    ng
    env i
    ronment .Thesecomput i
    ngr esourcesarehost edi ndif
    feri
    ngsecur i
    tydomai ns
    andhet erogeneouspl atfor
    ms, itmeanst hemi ddlewar esolut
    ionmustaddr essl
    ocal
    secur i
    tyintegration,secureident i
    tymapping,secur eaccess,securefederationand
    trustmanagement .Theot hersecur i
    tyrequir
    ementar eoft
    encent eredont hetopics
    ofdat aintegr i
    ty,confident
    ial
    ity
    , andformatpr i
    vacy.Thegr idcomput i
    ngdat a
    exchangemustpr otectedusingsecur ecommuni cati
    onchannel s.Themostnot able
    secur i
    tyinfrastructureusedisGr i
    dSecurityI
    nfrastructur
    e.InmostcasesGI Sprov i
    de
    capabi l
    it
    iesf orsinglesign-on,heterogeneouspl atf
    ormi nt
    egrati
    onandsecur e
    resourceaccess.
    2.Resour cemanagement :
    Thet remendousl ar genumberandt heheterogeneous
    potential
    ofgr idcomput i
    ngr esour cescausest her esour cesmanagementchal l
    enge
    tobeasi gni f
    icantefforttopi cingr idcomput ingenv i
    ronment .Theser esour ces
    managementscenar iosof teni ncluder esour cedi scov er
    y,resour ceinventor ies,fault
    i
    solation,resourcemoni tor
    ing, av arietyofaut omat icactivates.Themosti nteresting
    aspectoft her esourcemanagementar eaissel ectionoft hecor r
    ectresour cesf rom
    thegr i
    dresour cepool ,basedont heappl icationr equi rement ,andt hent oef fici
    ently
    provisi
    ont hem tof aci
    liti
    esuser sneeds.Thev aluabl eandv erycr i
    ti
    calfeatur eacr oss
    theGr i
    dcomput inginfrastructur eisf oundi nt hear eaofpr ov i
    sioning;thatist o
    provideaut omat i
    ccapabi li
    tiesf orsel fmanagement ,sel
    fdi agnosis,selfheal ingand
    selfconfi
    gur i
    ng.Themostnot abl eresour cemanagementmi ddlewaresol utioni sthe
    GridResour ceAl l
    ocationManager .Thispr ovidesar obustj obmanagementser vi
    ces
    totheuser .
    3.I
    nfor mat ionServices: I
    nformat ionser vi
    cesar ef undament allyconcent ratedon
    providingv aluableinfor mationrespect ivetot heGr i
    dComput inginf rastructure
    resour ces.Theseser vicesleveragesandent i
    relydependont hepr ovidersof
    i
    nf or
    mat ionsuchasr esour ceav ail
    abili
    ty,capacityandut i
    lizat ion.Thi sinformat i
    oni s
    valuabl eandmandat oryfeedbackr espect i
    vet other esour cemanager s.This
    i
    nf or
    mat ionserviceenabl esser vicepr oviderstomostef f
    icient lyal l
    ocater esources
    forthev ari
    etyofv eryspeci fi
    ctaskr elatedt othegr idcomput inginf rastructure
    solution.Forexampl e, aresourcemaypr ov i
    deoper at ingsy stem i nformat ionwhi l
    e
    yetanot herresourcemi ghtprovidei nformat i
    ononhar dwar econf igurati
    onandwe
    cant hengr oupresour ceinformat ion.Thiscombi nationappr oacht oreasoni ngis
    veryst raightfor
    war dinagr i
    dcomput i
    ngi nfr
    ast r
    uctur e, si
    mpl yduet ot hef actthatall
    keyr esour cesareshar edasi sthei nformat i
    oncor r
    elat edr espect i
    v etot her esources,
    4.Dat amanagement :Dataformssi nglemosti mpor t
    antasseti nagr idcomput i
    ng
    system.Thi sdatamaybei nputintoresourceandt her esultsfrom ther esourceon
    theexecut i
    onofspeci fi
    ctask.Iftheinfrastr
    uctureisnotdesi gnedpr oper l
    ythedata
    mov ementi nageogr aphicaldistr
    ibutedsystem canqui cklycausescal abili
    ty
    problems.Thecur rentadv ancessur r
    oundingdat amanagementar etightlyfocusi
    ng
    onv i
    rtual
    izeddatast oragemechani sm, suchasst oragear eanetwor k,networ kfi
    le
    system anddat abase.Thesev ir
    tualmechani sm i
    ndat ast oragesolutionand,
    commonaccessmechani sm helpsdev eloperandpr ovidertodesigndat a
    managementconcept sintogridcomput inginfr
    astructurewi thmuchmor efl
    exibi
    li
    ty
    thant r
    adi
    tionalapproaches.

    Q32.Whati
    sthedi
    ff
    erencei
    ncl
    oudcomput
    ingandgr
    idcomput
    ing?
    ANS.
    Cl
    oudComput
    ing Gr
    idComput
    ing

    1.Cl
    oudComput
    ingfol
    lowscl
    i
    ent
    -ser
    ver 1.Gr
    idcomputi
    ngfoll
    owsadi
    str
    ibut
    ed
    computi
    ngar
    chi
    tect
    ure. comput
    ingar
    chi
    tect
    ure.
    2.Scal
    abi
    l
    ityi
    shi
    gh. 2.Scal
    abi
    l
    ityi
    snor
    mal
    .

    3.Cloud Computi
    ng i
    s mor
    efl
    exi
    ble 3.Gr
    idComputingi
    slessf
    lexi
    blet
    han
    thangr
    idcomput
    ing. cl
    oudcomput
    ing.

    4.Cl
    oudoperat
    esasacent
    ral
    i
    zed 4.
    Gri
    d operates as a decent
    ral
    i
    zed
    managementsyst
    em. managementsyst
    em.

    5.I
    ncloudcomputi
    ng,cl
    oudserver
    sar
    e 5.InGri
    dcomputi
    ng,gri
    dsareowned
    ownedbyinf
    rast
    ruct
    ureprov
    ider
    s. andmanagedbyt
    heorgani
    zat
    ion.

    6.Cl
    oudcomputi
    ngusesser
    vicesl
    i
    ke 6.Grid computi
    ng uses syst
    ems l i
    ke
    I
    aas,PaaS,
    andSaaS. di
    str
    ibut
    ed comput i
    ng, distr
    ibuted
    i
    nfor
    mat i
    on,anddist
    ri
    butedper
    vasive.

    7.Cl
    oudComput
    ingi
    sSer
    vice-
    ori
    ent
    ed. 7.Gri
    dComput
    ingi
    sAppl
    i
    cat
    ion-
    ori
    ent
    ed.
    8.Itisaccessi
    blet
    hroughst
    andar
    dweb 8.I
    tisaccessi
    blet
    hroughgr
    id
    protocol
    s. middl
    eware.

    Q33.Whati
    sthedi
    ff
    erencei
    ncl
    oudcomput
    ingandv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion?
    ANS.Vi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion 
    i
    stechnol
    ogyt
    hatal
    l
    ows y
    ou t
    o cr
    eat
    e mul
    ti
    ple si
    mul
    ated
    envir
    onment sordedicated resourcesf r
    om asi ngle,physi
    calhardwaresy
    stem.
    Softwarecal l
    edahy perv
    isorconnect sdirectl
    yt othathardwareandallowsyouto
    spli
    t1sy stem i
    ntosepar ate,dist
    inct,andsecur eenv ir
    onmentsknownas vir
    tual
    machines( VMs).TheseVMsr el
    yont hehyper v
    isor’
    sabili
    tytosepar
    atet
    hemachine’
    s
    resourcesfrom t
    hehardwar eanddi str
    ibut
    et hem appropri
    atel
    y.

    Cloudcomput i
    ngisasetofpr i
    ncipl
    esandappr oachest odeliv
    ercomput e,network,
    andst or
    ageinfr
    astruct
    ureresources,ser
    vices,pl
    atforms,andappl i
    cati
    onst ousers
    on-demand across any network.These i nfr
    astr
    ucturer esources,servi
    ces,and
    appli
    cati
    ons are sourced from clouds,whi ch ar e pools ofv ir
    tualresources
    orchestr
    atedbymanagementandaut omationsoft
    war esot heycanbeaccessedby
    userson-demandt hroughself-
    servi
    ceportalssuppor t
    edbyaut omaticscali
    ngand
    dy
    nami
    cresour
    ceal
    l
    ocat
    ion.

    VI
    RTUALI
    ZATI
    ON CLOUD

    Def
    ini
    ti
    on Technol
    ogy Met
    hodol
    ogy

    Pur
    pose Create multi
    ple si
    mulat
    ed Poolandaut
    omat
    evi
    rt
    ualr
    esour
    cesf
    oron-
    envir
    onments fr
    om 1 demanduse
    physical
    har
    dwaresyst
    em

    Use Deli
    verpackaged r
    esour
    ces Deli
    vervar
    iabl
    er esour
    ces t
    o gr
    oups of
    to speci
    fi
    c users f or a usersf
    oravari
    etyofpur
    poses
    speci
    fi
    cpurpose

    Conf
    igur
    ati
    on I
    mage-
    based Templ
    ate-
    based

    Li
    fespan Year
    s(l
    ong-
    ter
    m) Hour
    stomont
    hs(
    shor
    t-
    ter
    m)

    Cost High capit


    al expendi
    tur
    es Pri
    vatecloud:Hi
    ghCAPEX,l
    owOPEX
    (CAPEX), low oper ati
    ng Publi
    ccloud:LowCAPEX,hi
    ghOPEX
    expenses(
    OPEX)

    Scal
    abi
    l
    ity Scal
    eup Scal
    eout

    Wor
    kload St
    atef
    ul St
    atel
    ess

    Tenancy Si
    ngl
    etenant Mul
    ti
    plet
    enant
    s

    Q34.Di
    ffer
    entiat
    ecloudcomput i
    ngandser vervi
    rtuali
    zat
    ion.Alsogive
    i
    mpactofcloudcomputingonbusi ness.
    ANS.Vi
    rt
    ual
    izat
    ioni
    stheprocessofcr
    eati
    ngVi
    rt
    ualMachine(
    VMs)orrepl
    i
    casof
    comput ingresour ces.Theser veradmi ni
    stratorusesasof t
    war eapplicationcal l
    edas
    hypervisort odi v
    ideaphy sicalserverintosev eral,isolat
    edv ir
    tualenv ironment s
    call
    edVMs, i
    nstances, oremul ati
    onswi thdifferentoper ati
    ngsy stems.Vi r
    tuali
    zation
    suppor t
    sr unningofmul ti
    plev i
    rt
    ualmachi nesonasi nglephysicalmachi ne.Itisone
    oft hef undament alel ement s,orbui l
    dingbl ockofcl oudcomput i
    ng.I tenabl esan
    effi
    cientuseofr esour cesandappl i
    cationandpr otectsser vicesf rom har dwar e
    fai
    lure.Thismeanst hatser vercanst i
    llf
    unct i
    oni ndependentoft hehar dwar efail
    ur e.
    Ifanunder lyi
    ngphy sicalhar dwarefail
    s, t
    hev irt
    ualmachi neist r
    ansferredt oanot her
    physicalser ver.Ifav irt
    ualmachi neneedst her esourcet o meetuserl oads,i t
    dynami call
    yschedul esmor eresourcesfort heVM.Howev er
    ,itdoesnotpr ov i
    deload
    balancingacr ossVMsnordoesi ti mpr ov escommuni cationbet weenVMs.The
    hyper vi
    sori mpr ov essecur it
    yoft heVMsbutdoesnot hingt oenf orcesecur itywi thin
    thecomponent s.
    Clod comput ing t akes v irtual i
    zat ion t ot he nextl ev elby pr ov iding l oad- based
    provisioni ngandde- pr ovisioni ngofcomput ingr esour ces, self-serv i
    cepor tal, andpay
    -per-
    use bi ll
    ing. Cl oud comput i
    ng t i
    ght ens t he secur i
    ty by r egul at i
    ng user
    authent icat i
    onsanduseofcl oudr esour cesandmoni tor ingusert rafficandact iv i
    ties.
    Impactofcl oudcomput ingonbusi nessi shuge.Ther ear emanyi mpact sofcl oud
    comput ingonbusi nesssuchasgi venbel ow.
    1.I mpr ove oper ations:cl oud t echnol ogyenabl es compani es t o scal et hei r
    comput ingsol ut i
    onsast heygr ow.Compani escansi mpl yal tert hei rusage
    wi tht hecl oudpr ov iderl ikeAmazonwebser vices.Thecl oudpr ov ideral locat e
    mor espaceandchar gemor emoneyandcompanycanal sor educet hei r
    usage.Forl ar gebusi nesscl oud t echnol ogyi sopeni ng up a whol enew
    appl icat i
    on.Thecarcompanyusesazur et ohostappst hatconnect st hecar
    tof acebook,andr ewar decopoi nt sf orusi nganel ect ricv ehi cle.Thi shas
    beenpossi blesuet ocl oudcomput i
    ng.
    2.Suppor tcost umermor eef f ectivel y:notonl ydoescl oudal l
    ow compani est o
    creat emor ev al uabl eappsf orcost umer s,i tenabl esmor ecust omersuppor t.
    Ear li
    erasi nglepr sonusedt pmai nt aint hecust omert elephone f r
    om many
    per sons.Cust omerwantanswer sandabi l
    ityt opur chasepr oduct satal lt i
    me
    ofday .Thecl oudmakest hispossi bl e.Empl oy eesandcust omercanaccess
    samei nformat i
    on andser vicest ocust omersuppor tsatanyt imeofday .The
    cloudpr ov i
    desf lexibl esy stem t hatconnect scust omer sandempl oy eev i
    a
    mobi lephones,l apt ops,comput er .Thecl oudal somakesi teasi ert oshar e
    infor mat ionwi thcust omer
    3.Enabl eaf l
    exi bl ewor kplace;empl oy eesbenef itsf rom companyadopt i
    ngt he
    cloud.Al lthei nfor mat ioni sst or edi nt hecl oud,sot heempl oy eecanwor k
    from home.
    4.Sav eoni nf r
    ast r
    uct ur ecost s:wi thempl oy eesconnect i
    ngf r om t hehouse
    usi ngdev i
    cescompani escanbenef itf rom decr easei ni nfrast ruct ur ecost .
    Lessdeskneedt opur chasedi fempl oy eecanr ot atebet weent heof ficeand
    home.
    5.St oredat asaf el y
    :Ascompani esl ar geandsmal l,bei ngt oadoptt hesecl oud
    basedser vices,secur i
    tybecomespar amount .Cl oudser vicesar est artingt o
    impr ovei nt hesecur ityr ecor d.
    6.Thecl oudi ncr easi ngpr oduct i
    vity:i nv estingi nt hecl oudal lowsbusi nesst o
    pr ovideacent ralr eposi toryf oral lt hei rdat a,communi cationandpr ocessi ng.
    Wi tht hiscent ralhub,empl oyeecanwor kf rom any wher ef rom t hewor ld,
    usi ngi nternet .Empl oy eeandcust omercanconnectt hrought hecl oud24* 7
    forbet terser v ice.Acl oudaccount ingsof twar ecaneasi lyl i
    nkt oacust omer
    relat i
    onshi p managementsof t
    war e.I tal lwor ks t oget her .Many st artup
    companyar et akingadv ant ageoft heseser vices,whi chcanscal ewi tht he
    companygr owt h.upgr adesar esi mpl easadj ust inghecl oudser vi
    cesf ees.
    Al though cl oud ser vices ar er el ativ ely new t echnol ogy ,t hey ar e al ready
    changi ngt hewaybusi nessuset odo.
    Inthiswaycl oudcomput inghav emanymor ei mpact sont hebusi nessandi twi ll
    keepi ncr easi ngast het echnol ogyget supgr ade.

    Q35.Gi
    vekeydr
    iver
    sofCl
    oudComput
    ing.(
    atl
    east
    3).
    ANS:1.Busi
    nessgr
    owt
    h:Busi
    nessgr
    owt
    hisoneoft
    het
    opbenef
    it
    sor
    gani
    zat
    ion
    reali
    zeasar esultofcloudadopt i
    on,wi t
    h52% ofent erprisesr eporti
    ngincreased
    growt hsi
    ncegoingcloud.Ifyouidentifybusi
    nessgrowthf ory ourcloudorganization
    youal soneedtodecidehowy ouwilldefi
    negrowth.Forexampl e,wil
    litbei
    ncr easing
    salesorgai ni
    ngmar ketshares?Theanswershoul ddependony ourmat uri
    tyof
    business.Basedont hatanswery out henneedtoout l
    i
    ney ourpl anstoachiev ethat
    goal anddeter
    mi nehowcloudt echnologywil
    lhel
    pinthatpur sui t
    .
    2.Eff i
    ciency:Ef
    fi
    ciencyisanex t
    remelycommoncl ouddr i
    ve.Effi
    ciencyisabout
    remov ing unnecessary steps to str
    eamli
    ne processes in order toi ncrease
    product i
    vit
    yordeliveronthecost umerrequi
    rementfaster
    .Asar esulti
    ncreasing
    effi
    ciencyalsosupportsbusinessgrowt
    handexperi
    enceinit
    iat
    ives.
    3.Experience:Nextamong t hebusinessdr i
    veisimproving t
    hequali
    tyoft he
    costumerexperi
    ence.Twooft hemostcommonway soforgani
    zati
    onareachi
    eving
    thi
    sgoalwi thcl
    oudtechnologyarebyintr
    oducingnewchannelofengagementand
    i
    mpr ovi
    ngwor kpl
    acepr oducti
    vi
    ty.Howevertheexperi
    encedr i
    ver cancomei nto
    dir
    ectconfli
    ctwi
    thgoalsaroundcostandeffi
    ciency
    .
    4.Cost:Thecostdr iver
    shast wosites,reduci
    ngITexpensesandr est
    ri
    cti
    ngt hese
    expensestospreadthem overtime.While39%ofor gani
    zat
    iondoconsi
    derreducing
    ITexpensesakeycl ouddriver
    ,costgenerall
    ytakesabackseattoothercl
    ouddr i
    ver
    asorganizat
    iontypi
    call
    ychoosetoreinvestanysavingstoachiev
    eanygoalssuchas
    i
    ncreasinganyotherexperi
    ence.

    Q36.Expl
    ain'
    El
    ast
    ic'
    behav
    iourofcl
    oud.
    ANS.
     Theelast
    icbehavi
    ourofcloudmaybedef inedasquant i
    fi
    abl
    eabil
    it
    yto
    manage,measure,pr
    edictandadaptresponsivenessofanappl
    icat
    ionbased
    onrealti
    medemandspl acedonani nf
    rastruct
    ureusingacombinat
    ionof
    l
    ocalandr emot
    ecomput i
    ngsources.
     Elasti
    cityr
    eferstocl
    oudcomputi
    ng’sabil
    i
    tytoaddorremoveresour
    cesata
    fi
    negr ain(oneserv
    eratati
    mewi t
    hE(2)andwithaleadti
    meofmi nutes
    ratherthanweeksallowsmatchi
    ngresourcest
    oworkloadmuchmor eclosel
    y.
     Twof
    undament
    alel
    ement
    sofel
    ast
    ici
    tyar
    e:
    TI
    ME:
    resour
    cesar
    eav
    ail
    abl
    eassoonasr
    equesti
    smade
    COST:
    Pay
    -as-
    you-
    gochar
    ging
     Exampl
    e:
    Assumeaser
    vicehaspredi
    ctabledai
    l
    ywher epeakrequi
    res500ser
    ver
    satnoon,
    100ser
    ver
    satnight
    .Theref
    ore,onaverage300serv
    ersperday.
    Act
    ual
    uti
    l
    izat
    ionov
    erday=300*24ser
    ver
    -hour
    s.
    Butsi
    ncewemustprovisi
    ontothepeakof500ser
    ver
    s,wepayf
    or=500*24
    =12000serv
    er-
    hour
    s,afactor1.
    7morethanwhatweneeded.
    Ther
    efore,
    aspay-
    as-y
    ou-
    gocosti
    slesst
    han1.
    7ti
    mescostofbuy
    ingt
    he
    ser
    vers.Wecansavemoney
    .
    Thus,el
    asti
    cbehavi
    ourcanr
    emov
    eri
    skf
    rom ast
    art
    -upent
    erpr
    isebyal
    l
    owi
    ngpay
    -as
    -
    you-goinf
    rast
    ruct
    ure.

    Q37.Whatar
    ethef
    undament
    alcomponent
    sint
    roducedi
    ntheCl
    oud
    Computi
    ng?
    ANS.
    Component
    sofcl
    oudcomput
    ing:

    TheCl
    i
    ent–TheEndUser
    Ever
    ythi
    ngendswiththecl
    i
    ent.Thehar
    dwarecomponents,
    theappl
    icat
    ionand
    ev
    erythi
    ngelsedevel
    opedf
    orcloudcomput
    ingwil
    lbeusedinthecl
    i
    ent.Withoutt
    he
    cl
    i
    ent,nothi
    ngwil
    lbepossi
    ble.

    Theclientcoul
    dcomei ntwoforms:thehardwar ecomponentorthecombinati
    onof
    softwareandhar dwarecomponents.Alt
    houghi t’
    sacommonconcept i
    onthatcl
    oud
    comput i
    ngsolelyrel
    iesonthecloud(int
    ernet)
    ,therear
    ecertai
    nsy st
    emsthat
    requir
    espre-i
    nstall
    edappli
    cat
    ionstoensur esmoot htr
    ansi
    ti
    on.Thehardwareont he
    otherhandwi l
    lbetheplatf
    orm whereeverythi
    nghast obelaunched.

    Opti
    mizationisbasedontwofr
    onts:
    thel
    ocal
    har
    dwarecapaci
    tyandt
    hesoftwar
    e
    secur
    ity.Throughopt
    imi
    zedhardwar
    ewit
    hsecur
    it
    y,t
    heappli
    cat
    ionwi
    lll
    aunch
    seamlessly.

    TheSer
    vice–t
    heFunct
    ionsi
    nCl
    oudComput
    ing
    Cloudcomput i
    ngalway shasapurpose.Oneofthemainreasonscloudcomputing
    becomepopul arisduetotheadopti
    onofbusinessesastheeasierwayto
    i
    mpl ementbusinessprocesses.Cl
    oudcomputingisal
    laboutprocessesandthe
    servi
    ceslaunchedthroughcloudcomputi
    ngalwayshastodeal wit
    hprocesseswit
    h
    anexpectedoutput.

    Theopti
    mi zat
    iononservi
    cesisbasedont wothings:t
    heproperdev
    elopmentofthe
    appl
    i
    cationandt heenduser
    .Somet i
    mes,theservicecoul
    dbeusedbyt heuser
    wherei
    nt hei
    rexperi
    encei
    sgreatl
    yaffect
    edbyt hei
    rgadget.

    TheAppl
    i
    cat
    ion–BackboneofSer
    vice
    Theser vi
    ceisoft
    enthoughast heappl
    icat
    ion.Althoughit’
    spar
    tl
    ycorrectgi
    venthe
    factthati
    tprovi
    desthefunct
    ions,t
    heappli
    cationi senti
    rel
    ydi
    ff
    erentbecausei
    tis
    throughtheappli
    cat
    ionthatt
    heser v
    iceisr
    ealized.Thisiswher
    esoftware
    dev el
    opershavetof
    ocusintermsofensuringt heappli
    cati
    onwill
    workasexpected.

    Opti
    mizati
    onoftheappl
    i
    cati
    onisbasedtheactualcodi
    ngofdevel
    opers.Thr
    ough
    ext
    ensiv
    etesti
    ngonloadhandl
    i
    ng,secur
    ityandfuncti
    onal
    i
    ty,
    theappli
    cati
    oncoul
    d
    workasexpected.
    Q38.Compar
    eGr
    idComput
    ing,
    CloudComput
    ing.

    Q39.Expl
    aini
    nbr
    ief
    ,howcl
    oudhel
    psr
    educi
    ngcapi
    tal
    expendi
    tur
    e?

    ANS.
    Bypr ovidi
    ngr esourcesasaser vice,cloudcomput ingaddr essesfundament aldata
    centrechal l
    engeswhi chhav egrownt hroughy ear sofdat acentregrowthandI T
    evoluti
    on, businessesar eleftl
    ivi
    ngwi t
    hcompl ex,overgrowncomput i
    ngpl atf
    orms
    thatarechr onicall
    yunder uti
    li
    zed.Thesesy stemst akeupv aluabl
    edatacent refl
    oor
    space, depreciatequickly,consumel argeamount sofpowerandcool i
    ngr esources.
    Plus,thisrigi
    dar chi
    tecturemakesi thardf oranI Torganizationtoquickl
    yadaptor
    respondt ochangi ngbusi nessdemands, anditmakesi tdiff
    icul
    ttosharer esources
    throughoutanent erpri
    se,inordert oincreaseut i
    li
    zationandi mproveef f
    ici
    ency .
    Someexampl esofcloudcomput i
    ngappli
    cati
    onsincl
    udesoft
    wareasaser vi
    ce
    (SaaS)
    ,Cust omerRelati
    onshipManagement,fi
    lestor
    age,f
    il
    esynchroni
    zati
    onand
    fi
    leback-up.It
    'snowpossibleforbusi
    nessestohavethei
    rownprivatecl
    oud,whi
    ch
    i
    ncorporatesspecif
    icservi
    cesandi sonl
    yaccessi
    bletospeci
    fi
    cpeople.

    Therear elotsofadv antageswhenusi ngcloudcomput ingforcompani es,andoneof


    themaj oronesi stheflexibi
    l
    ityt
    hati toffer
    s.Cloudcomput i
    ngmeanst hatst affcan
    accesst hefil
    esandneededdat aev enwhent hey'r
    ewor kingremotelyand/ orout si
    de
    offi
    cehour s.Asl ongast heycangetont heInternet,
    staffcanaccessi nformat ion
    from home, ont heroad, f
    rom cl
    ients'offi
    cesorev enfrom asmar t
    phone.St affcan
    alsowor kcollaborat
    ivelyonfil
    esanddocument s,evenwhent hey'
    renotphy sicall
    y
    together.Document scansi multaneouslybev iewedandedi t
    edf r
    om mul ti
    ple
    l
    ocations.

    Cloudcomputingisoft
    encheaperandl esslabour-i
    ntensi
    veforcompaniest
    oo.
    Therei
    snoneedt obuyandinstall
    expensivesoftwarebecauseit'
    salr
    eadyi
    nstal
    l
    ed
    onli
    neremotel
    yandy ourunitfrom there,
    nottoment ionthefactt
    hatmanycloud
    computingappli
    cati
    onsareofferedfreeofcharge.

    Withcloudsol ut
    ions,t
    hereisnoneedt ot akeonspeci ali
    stI
    Tst aff
    ,andbusi nesses
    don'
    thav etowor ryaboutmai nt
    aini
    ngandupgr adi
    ngsof twareorfixingbugs, asall
    maintenanceisdonebyt heprovi
    ders.Remot emai nt
    enancemeansi t'
    seasyf or
    businessestoalway shavethelatestandmostpower f
    ulversi
    onofanypar t
    icular
    soft
    war e.Automat i
    csoftwareupdatescanbeespeci all
    yusefulforlegalorfinanci
    al
    compl i
    ancereasons.Forexampl e,consideraccounti
    ngandbookkeepi ngsoftware.
    Whent axrateschanget hesystem will
    beaut omaticallyandcentrall
    yupdated.

    Q40.Whati
    ssel
    fser
    vicepr
    ovi
    sioni
    ng?
    ANS.
    TopofFor
    m
    Self-
    provisi
    oni
    ng, commonlyknownast hecloudself-
    servi
    ce,isafeatur
    eamong
    manycl oudserviceprovi
    derswhichal
    lowstheirenduserstopr ovi
    sionresour
    cesby
    themsel v
    es,andsetuporl aunchaservi
    ceorapplicat
    ionwithouttheint
    erventi
    onof
    dedicatedITpersonnelortheservi
    ceprovi
    dersthemselves.Thisgiv
    esuser sgreat
    er
    freedom inusi
    ngser vi
    ceswithint
    heboundssetbyt heprovider.
    Publ
    iccl
    oudprov
    iderscanoffersel
    f-
    provi
    sioni
    ngthr
    oughtheInt
    ernetusingWeb
    appl
    i
    cati
    onsandotherthi
    rd-
    partypar
    tnersthatt
    heprovi
    dermayhav e,al
    thoughmost
    cl
    oudprovi
    der
    shavein-houseprovi
    sioni
    ngtoolswor
    kingatt
    heback- endtoprov
    ide
    thisser vi
    ce.Inenterpr
    isesituations, acompanymayoptt ocr eateitsown
    proprietaryportali
    nconjunct i
    onwi ththeprovider,orsimplypr ovidespecif
    icati
    ons
    forthepr ovidertofoll
    owt hatot herbusinessuni t
    scanaccessanduset oprovi
    sion
    resourcesl i
    kest or
    ageandv i
    rtual machinesf ortheirownuse.
    Self-
    pr ovi
    sioningisgreattoapoi nt.Ital
    lowsuser sacrosst heor gani
    zationtobesel f
    -suff
    icientandi tsavesti
    mecompar edtotheol drequisit
    ionmet hod,whichcould
    takehour sdependi ngonwhet herITper sonnel arebusywi thmor eurgenttasksor
    queuedupwi thsimil
    arrequest s.Howev er,userswhosel f
    -provisionmustal solear
    n
    todepr ovisi
    ont ofreeupresour ceswhent hey '
    renol ongerinuse

    Q41.Howdoyourel
    ateCl
    oudComput
    ingwi
    thUt
    il
    it
    yComput
    ingand
    El
    asti
    cComputi
    ng?
    ANS:

    Whi l
    eut i
    li
    tycomput i
    ngof tenrequiresacl oud-l
    ikeinfrastructure,
    itsfocusi sont he
    businessmodel onwhi chpr ovi
    dingt hecomput ingser vi
    cesar ebased.Si mpl yput,a
    util
    it
    ycomput i
    ngser v i
    cei sonei nwhi chcustomer sreceivecomput i
    ngr esour ces
    from aser vicepr ovider( hardwar eand/ orsoftware)and“ paybyt hedrink,”muchas
    youdof ory ourelectricser viceathome–ananal ogyt hat Nichol
    asCar r discusses
    extensivelyin “TheBi gSwi tch.
    ”
    AmazonWebSer vices( AWS) ,despitea r
    ecentout age, i
    st hecurrentpost erchildfor
    thismodel asitpr ovidesav ar
    ietyofser v
    ices,amongt hem t heElast
    icComput e
    Cloud( EC2) ,i
    nwhi chcust omer spayf orcomput er esourcesbyt hehour , andSi mple
    StorageSer v i
    ce( S3),f orwhi chcust omerspaybasedonst oragecapaci t
    y .Other
    util
    it
    yser vi
    cesi ncludeSun’ sNet work.com,EMC’ srecent l
    yl aunchedstor agecl oud
    service,andt hoseof feredbyst art
    -upssuchas  Joy ent 
    and  Mosso.

    Themai nbenef itofut i


    li
    tycomputi
    ngisbettereconomi cs.Cor poratedatacentres
    arenot ori
    ousl yunderut i
    l
    ized,wi
    thresour
    cessuchasser versof tenidl
    e85per centof
    thetime.Thi si sduet oov er
    prov
    isi
    oning—buy ingmor ehar dwar ethanisneededon
    averagei nor dertohandl epeaks(suchastheopeni ngoft heWal lSt
    reettr
    adingday
    orthehol idayshoppi ngseason),tohandleexpectedfuturel oadsandt opreparefor
    unanticipatedsur gesi ndemand.Util
    it
    ycomput ingall
    owscompani estoonlypayf or
    thecomput ingr esourcestheyneed,whentheyneedt hem.

    Cloudcomput i
    ngisabr oaderconceptthanut i
    l
    itycomputingandrelat
    est othe
    underlyi
    ngarchitect
    ureinwhi chtheservi
    cesar edesi
    gned.Itmaybeappl iedequall
    y
    toutil
    i
    tyservicesandinternalcorpor
    atedatacent r
    es,asGeorgeGilderreportedina
    storyforWiredMagazi netit
    led 
    TheInformationFactori
    es.WallSt
    reetfi
    rmshav e
    beenimpl ementingint
    ernalcloudsforyears.Theycalli
    t“gri
    dcomput i
    ng,”butthe
    conceptsaret hesame.

    Althoughitisdiff
    icultt
    ocomeupwi t
    hapr eciseandcompr ehensivedef
    ini
    ti
    onof
    cloudcomput ing,attheheartofi
    tistheideathatappli
    cat
    ionsrunsomewher eonthe
    “cloud”(whetherani nt
    ernal
    corpor
    atenet workorthepubl
    icInternet)–wedon’t
    knoworcar ewher e.Butasendusers,t
    hat’snotbignews:We’ v
    ebeenusi ngweb
    applicat
    ionsforyear swit
    houtanyconcernast owheretheapplicati
    onsactuall
    yrun.
    Thebignewsi sf
    orapplicat
    iondevelopersandIToperations.Doneright,
    cloud
    computingal l
    owsthem todevelop,deployandrunapplicati
    onsthatcaneasi l
    ygrow
    capaci
    ty(scalabi
    li
    ty),
    wor kf
    ast(performance)
    ,andnev er—oratl eastrarel
    y—f ai
    l
    (r
    eli
    abi
    lit
    y),allwi
    thoutanyconcernast othenatur
    eandl ocat
    ionoftheunder l
    yi
    ng
    i
    nfrast
    ructure.

    Q42.Def
    ineany
    thi
    ng-
    as-
    a-ser
    vice?Gi
    veexampl
    esofdi
    ff
    erentser
    vices.
    ANS.
    Anextensivenumberofmoder ndigi
    tal ser
    vices,productsandtoolsareorder
    edov
    er
    theInt
    ernetanddeliver
    edtousers 
    ondemand, ratherthanprovi
    dedv i
    alocal
    channelswithi
    n ent
    erpri
    ses 
    orspeci
    alizedorganizati
    ons.Todescribethi
    s
    phenomenon, aspecialt
    erm wasinvented:
     Everythi
    ng-as-a-
    Ser
    vice(XaaS).
    I
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    ureasaSer
    vice(
    IaaS)
    :
    IaaSi sacloudcomput i
    ngmodel wherevir
    tuali
    zedinfr
    astruct
    ureisofferedto,and
    managedf or,businessesbyext er
    nalcl
    oudpr ovi
    ders.WithIaaS,compani escan
    out sour
    cef orstorages, ser
    vers,datacentr
    espaceandcl oudnetworking
    component sconnect edt hr
    ought heint
    ernet,of
    feri
    ngsimi l
    arfunct
    ionali
    tyasthatof
    anon- premisesinf r
    astructure.Someexampl esofthewi deusageofI aaSar e
    aut omated,poli
    cy -
    drivenoper ati
    onssuchasbackup, recovery,monit
    or i
    ng,cl
    uster
    ing,
    i
    nt ernal
    networ king,websi t
    ehost i
    ng,etc.
    Theservi
    ceproviderisresponsi
    bleforbuil
    dingtheser
    versandstor
    age,networ
    king
    fi
    rewal
    ls/secur
    it
    y ,andthephysical
    datacent r
    e.Somekeyplayer
    sof f
    eri
    ngIaaSare
    AmazonEC2,  
    MicrosoftAzure,GoogleCloudPlatf
    orm,GoGri
    d,Rackspace,
    Digi
    tal
    Oceanamongot hers.
    Pl
    atf
    orm asaSer
    vice(
    PaaS)
    :
    PaaSbui l
    dsonI aaS.Her e,cl oudvendorsdeli
    vercomput i
    ngresources,bothcloud
    softwareandhar dwar einf
    r astruct
    urecomponent sli
    kemi ddl
    ewareandoper at
    ing
    systems, r
    equiredt odev el
    opandt estappl
    i
    cations.ThePaaSenv i
    ronmentenabl es
    cl
    ouduser s( accessingt hem v i
    aawebpage)t oi nst
    allandhostdataset s,
    developmentt oolsandbusi nessanalyti
    csapplicati
    ons,apartfr
    om buildingand
    maintaini
    ngnecessar yhar dwar e.Somekeypl ay er
    sof f
    eri
    ngPaaSar eBluemix,
    CloudBees, Salesforce.com, GoogleAppEngine, Heroku,AWS, MicrosoftAzure,
    OpenShi f
    t,
     OracleCloud, SAPandOpenShi ft
    .
    Sof
    twar
    easaSer
    vice(
    SaaS)
    :
    SaaSisspecial
    int hati
    tincorpor at
    esbot hIaaSandPaas.Her e,t
    hecl oudservice
    provi
    derdeli
    ver
    st heenti
    resof twaresui t
    easapay -
    per-
    usemodel .SaaSl et
    susers
    easil
    yaccesssoftwareapplications--suchasemai l
    s--overthei
    nternet.Most
    commonexampl esofSaaSar eMi crosoftOffi
    ce360,AppDy namics,AdobeCr eati
    ve
    Cloud,Googl
    eGSui t
    e,Zoho, Salesforce,Marketo,
    OracleCRM, PardotMar ket
    ing
    Automation,
    andSAPBusi nessBy Design.

    Q43.Li
    stt
    hedesi
    gnobj
    ect
    ivesofcl
    oudcomput
    ing?
    ANS.
    1)On-
    demandself
    -serv
    ices:TheCloudcomputingser
    vicesdoesnotr
    equireany
    humanadmini
    str
    ators,userthemsel
    vesareabl
    etopr ov
    isi
    on,moni
    torand
    managecomputi
    ngr esourcesasneeded.
    2)Br
    oadnetwor
    kaccess:
    TheComput i
    ngser
    vicesar
    egener
    all
    ypr
    ovi
    dedov
    er
    st
    andar
    dnetwor
    ksandhet
    erogeneousdev
    ices.
    3)Rapidelast
    icity
    :TheComput i
    ngserv
    icesshoul
    dhaveITresour
    cest
    hatar
    e
    abletoscal
    eoutandi nquickl
    yandonasneededbasis.Whenevert
    heuser
    requi
    reservicesiti
    sprov
    idedtohim andi
    tisscal
    eoutassoonasit
    s
    requi
    rementget sover
    .
    4)Resourcepooli
    ng:TheITresource(e.g.
    ,networks,ser
    ver
    s,stor
    age,
    appli
    cati
    ons,andserv
    ices)presentaresharedacrossmulti
    pleappl
    i
    cati
    ons
    andoccupantinanuncommi ttedmanner .Mult
    iplecli
    ent
    sareprovi
    ded
    serv
    icefrom asamephy si
    calresource.
    5)Measuredservi
    ce:Theresour
    ceutil
    izat
    ionistrackedforeachappl
    icat
    ionand
    occupant,
    itwil
    lpr
    ovideboththeuserandther esour
    cepr ovi
    derwi
    than
    accountofwhathasbeenused.Thisisdonef orvari
    ousreasonsli
    ke
    monitor
    ingbil
    l
    ingandeffect
    iveuseofresource.

    Q44.Whati
    sthewor
    kofenduser
    sinCl
    oudComput
    ing?
    ANS.
    End-
    usercomput
    ing(
    EUC)r
    efer
    stosy
    stemsi
    nwhi
    chnon-
    progr
    ammer
    scan
    createworkingappli
    cati
    ons.EUCi sagr
    oupofapproachestocomput i
    ngthataimto
    betteri
    ntegrateendusersi
    ntothecomputi
    ngenvir
    onment .Theseapproaches
    attempttor eal
    izet
    hepotenti
    alforhi
    gh-
    endcomputingtoperform pr
    oblem-sol
    vi
    ngin
    atrustworthymanner.
    End-usercomputingcanrangei
    ncomplexi
    tyfr
    om user
    ssimplycl
    i
    cki
    ngaser
    iesof
    butt
    ons, t
    owr i
    ti
    ngscript
    sinacont
    rol
    l
    edscript
    ingl
    anguage,
    tobei
    ngabl
    etomodif
    y
    andexecut ecodedir
    ectl
    y.

    Q45.Whogetbenef
    it
    sfr
    om Cl
    oudComput
    ing?
    ANS.
    Dev
    elopi
    ngi
    nthecl
    oudenabl
    esuser
    stogett
    hei
    rappl
    i
    cat
    ionst
    omar
    ket
    quickl
    y .Har
    dwar ef
    ailur
    esdonotr esultindatalossbecauseofnet wor kedbackups.
    Cloudcomput ingusesremot eresources,savi
    ngor ganizat
    ionsthecostofser v
    ers
    andot herequipment.Cloudcomput i
    ngoper atesonasi milarpr
    inci
    pleasweb- based
    emai l
    cl i
    ent
    s,all
    owinguserstoaccessal lofthefeaturesandf i
    l
    esoft hesystem
    withouthavingtokeept hebulkofthatsystem ontheirowncomput er
    s.
    Dellreportsthatcompaniesthatinvestinbigdat a,cl
    oud,mobili
    ty,andsecuri
    tyenj
    oy
    upto53%f asterrev
    enuegr owththant heircompet i
    tor
    s.Ast hi
    sdat ashows,an
    i
    ncreasingnumberoft ech-
    savvybusinessesandi ndustr
    yleadersarerecognizi
    ng
    themanybenef it
    softhecloud-comput ingtrend.Butmor ethanthat,t
    heyareusing
    thi
    st echnologytomoreef f
    ici
    entlyr
    unt heirorganizati
    ons,bett
    erservethei
    r
    customer s,anddramat i
    cal
    l
    yincreaset heiroveral
    lprofi
    tmar gi
    ns.
    Q46.Li
    stt
    headv
    ant
    agesanddi
    sadv
    ant
    agesofcl
    oudser
    vice
    depl
    oyment.
    ANS.
    Adv
    ant
    ages:
    1.Easyi mplementat
    ion:Cl oud host
    ing all
    ows business t
    or et
    ainthe same
    appli
    cati
    onsandbusi nessprocesseswi t
    houthav i
    ngtodealwitht
    hebackend
    techni
    cal
    iti
    es.Readil
    ymanageabl ebyt heI nt
    ernet
    ,acloudinfr
    ast
    ruct
    urecan
    beaccessedbyent erpr
    iseseasil
    yandqui ckly
    .
    2.Accessibi
    l
    ity
    :Access your data anywher
    e,anyti
    me.An I nt
    ernet cl
    oud
    i
    nfrast
    ructur
    emaximizesenter
    pri
    seproducti
    vit
    yandeffi
    ciencybyensur i
    ng
    yourappli
    cati
    oni
    salwaysaccessibl
    e.Thisal
    lowsf
    oreasycol l
    aborat
    ionand
    shari
    ngamongusersinmulti
    plel
    ocati
    ons.
    3.Nohardwarerequi
    red:Si
    nceeverythi
    ngwil
    lbehost edi
    nthecl
    oud,aphysi
    cal
    st
    oragecent
    erisnolongerneeded.However,abackupcoul
    dbeworthl
    ooking
    i
    ntointheeventofadi sast
    erthatcouldleaveyourcompany'
    sproducti
    vit
    y
    st
    agnant.
    4.Costperhead:Over
    headtechnologycost
    sarekeptatamini
    mum wit
    hcloud
    host
    ingservi
    ces,
    enabl
    ingbusinessestouset
    heextr
    atimeandr
    esourcesf
    or
    i
    mprovingthecompanyinf
    rast
    ructure.
    5.Fl
    exibi
    li
    tyforgrowth:Thecl
    oudiseasi
    lyscal
    abl
    esocompani
    escanaddor
    subt
    ractresourcesbasedonthei
    rneeds.Ascompani
    esgr
    ow,thei
    rsy
    stem
    wil
    lgrowwi t
    hthem.
    6.Effi
    cientrecov
    ery:Cloud comput
    ing del
    i
    ver
    sf asterand mor
    e accurate
    retr
    ieval
    sofappli
    cat
    ionsanddat
    a.Wit
    hlessdownti
    me, i
    tist
    hemostef
    fi
    cient
    recoverypl
    an.
    Di
    sadv
    ant
    ages:
    1.Nolongeri
    ncontr
    ol:Whenmov ingservi
    cest
    othecloud,youar ehandingover
    yourdat
    aandinf
    ormation.Forcompanieswhohaveani n-houseITstaff
    ,they
    wil
    lbeunabl
    etohandleissuesonthei
    rown.Howev er
    ,Stratospher
    eNet works
    hasa24/7li
    vehel
    pdeskt hatcanrect
    if
    yanyprobl
    emsi mmedi atel
    y.
    2.Maynotgetallt
    hefeatures:Notallcloudservi
    cesarethesame.Somecloud
    provi
    der
    stendtoof
    ferlimitedver
    sionsandenabl ethemostpopularf
    eatures
    only
    ,soyoumaynotr eceiveever
    yf eatureorcust
    omizati
    onyouwant.Before
    si
    gningup,
    makesurey ouknowwhaty ourcl
    oudservi
    ceprov
    iderof
    fer
    s.
    3.Doesn'tmeany oushoul
    ddoawaywi thserv er
    s:Youmayhav efewerser
    ver
    s
    tohandlewhi chmeansl essf
    oryourI
    Tst afftohandl
    e,butt
    hatdoesn'
    tmean
    youcanl etgoofal ly
    ourserver
    sandstaff.Whileitmayseem cost
    lytohav
    e
    datacent er
    sandacl oudinf
    rastr
    uct
    ure,redundancyiskeyforbackupand
    recov
    ery.
    4.NoRedundancy
    :A cl
    oudser
    veri
    snotr
    edundantnori
    sitbackedup.As
    t
    echnol
    ogymayf ai
    lhereandther
    e,avoi
    dgett
    ingbur
    nedbypur
    chasi
    nga
    r
    edundancypl
    an.Al
    thoughi
    tisanextr
    acost,i
    nmostcasesi
    twil
    lbewel
    l
    wort
    hit
    .
    5.Bandwidt
    hissues:Fori
    dealper
    formance,
    clientshav
    et opl
    anaccor
    dinglyand
    notpacklargeamountsofser ver
    sandst oragedevicesi
    ntoasmal lsetof
    dat
    acenters.

    Q47.Def
    inet
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ngt
    erms
    1.
    Uti
    l
    ityComput
    ing
    2.
    OnDemandcomput
    ing
    ANS.
    1.Ut
    il
    it
    yComput
    ing:
    Util
    i
    tycomput ingi saserviceprovi
    sioni
    ngmodelinwhi cha
    servi
    cepr ovi
    dermakescomput ingr
    esourcesandi
    nfrast
    ruct
    ure
    managementav ai
    labl
    etothecustomerasneeded,andcharges
    them forspeci
    ficusager
    atherthanafl
    atrate.
    2.OnDemandcomput
    ing:
    On-demandcomput i
    ngi sadel iv
    er ymodeli nwhi chcomput ing
    resources ar e made av ai
    labletot he useras needed.The
    resourcesmaybemai ntai
    nedwi thint heuser '
    sent erpr
    ise,or
    madeav ai
    labl
    ebyacl oud servicepr ovider
    .Theon- demand
    modelwasdev elopedtoov ercomet hecommonchal lenget oan
    enterpri
    seofbei ngabl etomeetf l
    uct uatingdemandsef fi
    ciently
    .
    Becauseanent erpri
    se'
    sdemandoncomput i
    ngr esourcescan
    varydrast i
    call
    yfrom onet i
    met oanot her,maintai
    ningsuf fici
    ent
    resourcest omeetpeakr equirement scanbecost l
    y.Conv ersely,
    i
    fanent erpri
    set ri
    edt ocutcost sbyonl ymaintaini
    ngmi nimal
    comput ing resources,iti sl i
    kel
    yt here wi l
    lnotbe suf fici
    ent
    resourcest omeetpeakr equirement s.
    Q48.Howdoescl
    oudcomput
    ingpr
    ovi
    desondemandf
    unct
    ional
    i
    ty?
    ANS.A cl
    oud consi
    stsofan i
    ntegr
    ated ar
    rangementofhar
    dwar
    e,net
    wor
    king
    i
    nf r
    astructur
    e,stor
    agedev i
    ces,inter
    faces,andser vi
    ces.On-demandf uncti
    onali
    tyof
    cloudcomput i
    ngisensur edv iainternetandbydel i
    veri
    ngconf i
    gurablecomput ing
    resourcesf r
    om ashar edpoolofser v er
    s,st oragedev i
    ces,networks,andsof tware
    applicati
    ons.Thisuti
    li
    tybasedpr ovi
    sioningofcomput ingresourcesishi ghl
    yusef ul
    forspecialtemporaryprojects,
    suddenbur stofr esour
    ceneedsorwor kloads,rout
    ine
    tasks,orlongtermrequirement softechnol ogicalandcomput i
    ngr esources.
    OnDemandComput ing( ODC)isal so r
    efer
    redaswebbasedser v
    icesthatare
    procuredonpayandusebasis.Comput i
    ngresour
    cesthatar
    epr
    ovidedtouserscan
    bemadeav ai
    l
    abl
    eatuser’spremisesorcanbepr ovi
    dedasaserv
    icebyt hi
    rdpart
    y
    vendors.Ondemandf uncti
    onal
    it
    yofcl oudcomput i
    ngwasdevel
    opedt ocaterto
    varyi
    ngdemandsofcomput i
    ngresourcesbyuser s.I
    tisnotf
    easibl
    et omaintai
    n
    opt
    imum r
    esour
    cesbecauset
    her
    ecanbehugef
    luct
    uat
    ionsi
    ndemands.
    Duet oondemandcomput i
    ngf unct
    ional
    i
    ty,businessesandi ndi
    vidualsneednot
    worryaboutav ai
    labi
    li
    tyofresourcesatanygi venti
    me.Ondemandf uncti
    onal
    it
    yof
    cl
    oud comput i
    ng i sthe foundati
    on ofutil
    itybased servi
    ces provided t
    o cloud
    computingusers.Intheabsenceofondemandf uncti
    onali
    ty,
    organi
    zationswil
    lfi
    ndit
    di
    ffi
    cul
    tt omaintainhugecomput i
    ngresourcestocatertolargenumberofcomput er
    syst
    ems.I thashel pedsmal laswellasl argeorganizat
    ionsreapt hebenefit
    sof
    cl
    oudcomput i
    ng.
    Q49.Whati
    sthedi
    ff
    erencebet
    weenscal
    abi
    l
    ityandel
    ast
    ici
    ty?
    ANS.

    El
    ast
    ici
    ty Scal
    abi
    l
    ity

    1.Cloud El ast
    ici
    ty is a t acti
    cal 1.Cloud Scal
    abili
    ty is a st r
    ategic
    resour ce all
    ocat
    ion oper
    ation. Itr esource all
    ocation operat
    ion.
    provides the necessaryresour
    ces Scal abil
    it
    yhandlest heincr
    easeand
    required for t
    he curr
    enttask and decr easeofr esourcesaccordingto
    handles v aryi
    ng loads f
    or shor tt hesy st
    em'sworkl
    oaddemands.
    peri
    od.
    2.
    El asti
    cit
    yi n cl
    oud i nf
    rastr
    ucture 2.Scal
    abili
    tyoft
    enisdi scussedatthe
    i
    nv olves enabli
    ng the hyperv
    isort o appli
    cation l
    ayer, hi ghli
    ghti
    ng
    createv i
    rtualmachi
    nesorcont ainers capabili
    ty ofa sy st
    em,net work or
    witht heresourcest omeett her eal
    - processt ohandleagr owingamount
    ti
    medemand. ofwor k,orit
    spotenti
    altobeenl ar
    ged
    i
    nor dertoaccommodat ethatgrowth.
    3.Cloud Elastici
    ty uti
    li
    zes horizontal 3.Scalabi
    lit
    ywor ksonei therv erti
    cal
    scalingal l
    owingi ttoaddorr emov e scal i
    ngorhor i
    zontalscal
    ing.Al l
    owing
    resourcesasnecessar y.Thismet hod t hef r
    amewor ktoscal eei therupor
    i
    s much mor e popularwi th publi
    c out ,toprev entperf
    ormancedemands
    cloudser vi
    ces, t
    hroughpay -
    per-useor f rom af fecti
    ng it.I n some cases
    pay -
    as-you-grow.Thisway ,usersof whenev ertheal l
    ocatedresour cesar e
    thisservicepayonl yfortheresources consi deredunnecessar y,t
    hemanager
    theyconsume.I nt he digi
    talwor ld, can scal e down t he fr amewor k’s
    elasticscalingwor ksbydy namically capacitytoasmal lerinf
    rast r
    ucture.
    depl
    oyi
    ngext
    ravir
    tualmachi
    nesorby
    shut
    ti
    ngdowninacti
    veones.

    4.El
    asti
    cit
    yisashor
    tter
    m abi
    l
    ityt
    o 4.Scalabi
    l
    ityi
    sal
    ong t
    erm desi
    gn
    handlel
    oad. choice.

    5.Forexampl e:Streaming Servi


    ces- 5.Forexampl e:Scal abili
    tyinact
    ionis
    Net fl
    ixi sdr oppi
    nganew seasonof Nat ur allanguage pr ocessing model
    Mi ndhunt er.Thenot i
    fi
    cationtr
    iggers tr
    aining and opt i
    mi zati
    on forchat-
    asi gnif i
    cantnumberofuser stoget bot s.The sy stem st art
    s offon a
    ont heser viceandwat chorupl oad certainscal eandr equiresroom for
    theepi sodes.Resource-wise,i
    tisan gr aduali mpr ov ementasi tisbeing
    act i
    vit
    y spi ke t hat requir
    es swi f
    t used.Thedat abaseexpandsandt he
    resour ceallocati
    on. oper ating inventory becomes much
    mor ei ntr
    icate.

    Q50.Whatar
    etheadv
    ant
    agesanddi
    sadv
    ant
    agesofCl
    oudComput
    ing?
    ANS.
    Adv
    ant
    ages:
    1.CostSavi
    ngs:Costsav i
    ngisthebiggestbenef
    itofcloudcomputi
    ng.Ithelps
    youtosavesubstant
    ialcapi
    talcostasi
    tdoesnotneedanyphy si
    calhardware
    i
    nvestment
    s.Al so,you do notneed t rai
    ned personnelto maint
    aint he
    har
    dware.Thebuy i
    ng and managing ofequipmenti sdonebyt hecl oud
    ser
    vicepr
    ovi
    der.
    2.Str
    ategi
    c edge:Cloud comput
    ing of
    fer
    s a competit
    ive edge ov
    eryour
    competi
    tor
    s.Ithel
    psy out oaccessthelat
    estandappl i
    cati
    onsanyt
    ime
    wit
    houtspendi
    ngyourti
    meandmoneyoni nst
    all
    ati
    ons.
    3.Hi
    ghSpeed:Cl oudcomput i
    ngall
    owsy out
    odeployy
    ourservi
    cequickl
    yin
    f
    ewercli
    cks.Thisf
    asterdeploy
    mental
    lowsyout
    ogetther
    esourcesr
    equir
    ed
    f
    oryoursyst
    em withi
    nfewerminut
    es.
    4.Back-upandrest
    oredata:Oncet
    hedatai
    sst
    oredi
    naCloud,i
    tiseasi
    ertoget
    theback-
    upandr ecov
    eryofthat
    ,whi
    chisot
    herwi
    sev
    eryti
    met aki
    ngprocess
    on-pr
    emise.
    5.Automatic Sof
    twar
    eI nt
    egr
    ati
    on:Int he cl
    oud,sof t
    warei nt
    egr
    ati
    on is
    somet hi
    ng t
    hatoccur
    s aut
    omati
    cal
    l
    y .Therefore,you don'
    tneed totake
    addit
    ionalef
    for
    tstocust
    omizeandintegrat
    ey ourappl
    icati
    onsasperyour
    pref
    erences.
    6.Rel
    i
    abi
    l
    ity
    :Rel
    i
    abi
    l
    ityi
    soneoft
    hebi
    ggestpl
    usesofcl
    oudcomput
    ing.Youcan
    al
    way
    sgeti
    nst
    ant
    lyupdat
    edaboutt
    hechanges.
    7.Mobili
    ty: Empl
    oyeeswhoar ewor ki
    ngont hepr emisesorattheremote
    l
    ocati
    onscaneasilyaccessal
    lthecoul
    dser
    vices.Allt
    heyneedi
    sanInter
    net
    connecti
    vi
    ty.
    8.Unl
    imit
    edstor
    agecapaci
    ty:
    Thecloudoff
    ersal
    mostli
    mitl
    essst
    oragecapacit
    y.
    Atanytimeyoucanquickl
    yexpandyourstor
    agecapaci
    tywit
    hv er
    ynomi nal
    monthl
    yfees.
    9.Coll
    aborati
    on:The cl
    oud comput
    ing pl
    atform hel
    ps empl
    oyees who are
    l
    ocatedi ndif
    fer
    entgeogr
    aphi
    estocol l
    aborateinahighl
    yconvenientand
    securemanner.
    10.
    Quick Deployment:Lastbutnotl east
    ,cl oud comput
    ing giv
    es y ou the
    advantageofrapiddeploy
    ment.So,wheny oudecidetouset hecloud,your
    enti
    resy st
    em can bef ul
    lyfunct
    ionalinv eryfew minutes.Alt
    hough,t he
    amountoft imetakendependsonwhatki ndoftechnol
    ogiesareusedi nyour
    business
    Di
    sadv
    ant
    ages:
    1.Perf
    ormanceCanVar y:Wheny ouarewor ki
    nginacl oudenvironment,your
    appli
    cati
    onisrunni
    ngont heserverwhichsimul
    taneouslypr
    ovidesresources
    tootherbusi
    nesses.Anygreedybehav
    iororDDOSat tackonyourtenantcould
    aff
    ecttheperf
    ormanceofy ourshar
    edresource.
    2.TechnicalIssues:Cl
    oudtechnol
    ogyisalwayspr onetoanoutageandother
    techni
    calissues.Even,t
    hebestcloudservi
    cepr ovi
    dercompaniesmayface
    thisty
    peoft roubl
    edespi
    temaint
    aini
    nghi
    ghst andardsofmai
    ntenance.
    3.Secur
    it
    yThr eatint heCloud:Anot herdrawbackwhil
    ewor kingwithcloud
    computingservi
    cesi ssecuri
    tyrisk.Befor
    eadoptingcl
    oudt echnol
    ogy,you
    shoul
    dbewel lawar eofthefactt hatyouwil
    lbeshari
    ngallyourcompany '
    s
    sensi
    ti
    vei nf
    ormation toat hi
    rd-part
    y cl
    oud computi
    ng servi
    ce prov
    ider
    .
    Hackersmightaccessthi
    sinformat i
    on.
    4.Downti
    me:Downt i
    meshoul dalsobeconsideredwhi
    l
    eworkingwi
    thcloud
    computi
    ng.That'
    sbecausey ourcloudprovi
    dermayfacepowerl
    oss,low
    i
    nter
    netconnect
    ivi
    ty,
    ser
    vicemaint
    enance,
    etc.
    5.I
    nternetConnect
    ivi
    ty:
    GoodInter
    netconnectiv
    ityi
    samusti ncloudcomput
    ing.
    Youcan'taccesscloudwithoutaninternetconnect
    ion.Moreover
    ,youdon't
    haveanyotherwaytogatherdataf
    rom thecloud.
    6.LowerBandwidth:Manycl oud st
    orage servi
    ce provider
    sl i
    mitbandwi
    dth
    usageoftheiruser
    s.So,incasei fyouror ganizat
    ionsurpassest
    hegiven
    al
    lowance,
    theaddit
    ional
    chargescoul
    dbesi gnif
    icantl
    ycostl
    y
    7.LacksofSupport
    :Cl
    oudComput ingcompani esfailt
    oprovi
    depr
    opersuppor
    t
    tothecust
    omers.Moreover,
    theywanttheirusertodependonFAQsoronli
    ne
    hel
    p,whichcanbeatediousjobfornon-
    technical
    persons.

    2.Vi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion
    51.Li
    stt
    hekeyf
    eat
    uresofXenhy
    per
    visor
    .
    Ans.

     Xeni sanopensour cehy per visorpr ogr am dev el opedbyCambr idgeUni versity.
     Xen i s a mi croker nelhy per visor ,whi ch separ ates t he pol icy f rom t he
    mechani sm.
     TheXenhy per visori mpl ement sal lt hemechani sms,l eav ingt hepol icyt obe
    handl edbyDomai n0,asshowni nf igur edoesnoti ncl udeanydev icedr ivers
    nati
    v ely.Itj ustpr ov idesamechani sm bywhi chaguestOScanhav edi rect
    accesst ot hephy sicaldev i
    ces.Asar esul t,thesi zeoft heXenhy per vi
    sori s
    keptrat hersmal l.
     Xenpr ov idesav i
    rtual env i
    ronmentl ocat edbet weent hehar dwar eandt heOS.
     A numberofv endor sar ei nt hepr ocessofdev el oping commer cialXen
    hyper visor s, amongt hemar eCi trixXenSer verandOr acleVM.
     The cor e component s ofa Xen sy st em ar et he hy per vi
    sor ,ker nel ,and
    applicat ions.
     Theor gani zat ionoft het hr eecomponent sisi mpor tant .
     Likeot herv irtual i
    zat ionsy st ems,manyguestOSescanr unont opoft he
    hyper visor .
     TheguestOS, whi chhascont rolabi l
    ity, iscal ledDomai n0, andt heot her sar e
    call
    edDomai nU.Domai n0i sapr ivi
    legedguestOSofXen.
     Itisf i
    r stl oaded when Xen boot swi thoutanyf ile sy stem dr i
    v er sbei ng
    available.Domai n0i sdesi gnedt oaccesshar dwar edi rect lyandmanage
    devices.Ther ef ore,oneoft her esponsi bili
    ti
    esofDomai n0i st oal locat eand
    maphar dwar er esour cesf ort heguestdomai ns( theDomai nUdomai ns) .
     Forexampl e,Xen i s based on Li nux and i ts secur ityl ev eli s C2.I ts
    managementVM i snamedDomai n0, whi chhast hepr ivi
    leget omanageot her
    VMsi mpl ement edont hesamehost .
     IfDomai n0i scompr omi sed,t hehackercancont rolt heent i
    resy stem.So,i n
    the VM sy st em,secur i
    typol iciesar e needed t oi mpr ov et he secur ityof
    Domai n0.
     Domai n0,behav i
    ngasaVMM,al l
    owsuser st ocr eate,copy ,sav e,r ead,
    modi fy,shar e,mi grat e,andr ol lbackVMsaseasi lyasmani pulat ingaf ile,
    whichf lexibl ypr ov idest remendousbenef it
    sf oruser s.
     Italsobr ingsaser iesofsecur itypr obl emsdur ingt hesof twar el ifecy cl
    eand
    datal i
    fet ime.
     Traditional ly,amachi ne’
    sl ifet i
    mecanbeenv isionedasast rai ghtl inewher e
    thecur rentst at eoft hemachi nei sapoi ntthatpr ogr essesmonot oni callyas
    thesof t war eexecut es.
     Duringt hist ime,conf igurat i
    onchangesar emade,sof twar ei si nst alled,and
    patchesar eappl i
    ed.I nsuchanenv ironment ,t heVM st at eisi nt oat r
    ee:At
    any poi nt ,execut i
    on can go i nto N di ffer entbr anches wher e mul t
    iple
    i
    nstancesofaVM canexi statanypoi nti nt hist r
    eeatanygi vent ime.VMsar e
    all
    owed t or ol lback t o pr ev ious st at es int hei rexecut ion ( e.g. ,t of i
    x
    conf i
    gur at i
    oner rors)orr er unf rom t hesamepoi ntmanyt i
    mes( e. g.,asa
    meansofdi stribut ingdy nami ccont entorci rcul atinga“ l
    ive”sy stem i mage) .
    52.Expl
    aint
    hedi
    ff
    erentl
    evel
    sofv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ioni
    mpl
    ement
    ati
    on?

    Ans.

    Fi
    gur
    e:Vi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionr
    angi
    ngf
    rom har
    dwar
    eappl
    i
    cat
    ionsi
    nfi
    veabst
    ract
    ionl
    evel
    s
     I
    nst
    ruct
    ionSetAr
    chi
    tect
    ureLev
    el:
    AttheI
    SAlevel
    ,vi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ioni
    sper
    for
    medbyemul
    ati
    ngagi
    venI
    SAbyt
    heI
    SAoft
    he
    hostmachi
    ne.
    Forexample,MIPSbinar
    ycodecanr unonanx86-basedhostmachi
    newitht
    hehelp
    ofISAemul at
    ion.Wit
    hthisappr
    oach,iti
    spossi
    bletorunalargeamountofl
    egacy
    bi
    narycodewr it
    tenf
    orvar
    iouspr
    ocessorsonanygivennewhardwar
    ehostmachi
    ne.
    I
    nst
    ruct
    ionsetemul
    ati
    onl
    eadst
    ovi
    rt
    ual
    ISAscr
    eat
    edonanyhar
    dwar
    emachi
    ne.The
    basi
    cemul
    ati
    onmet
    hodi
    sthr
    oughcodei
    nter
    pret
    ati
    on.
    Aninter
    preterprogram i
    nter
    pretsthesour ceinstruct
    ionstotargetinst
    ructi
    onsone
    byone.One sour ce i
    nst
    ructi
    on mayr equir
    et ensorhundr edsofnat i
    vet arget
    i
    nstruct
    ionstoper for
    mi t
    sf uncti
    on.Obv i
    ously,thisprocessisrelati
    vel
    ysl ow.For
    bett
    erperformance,dynamicbinarytranslati
    oni sdesi r
    ed.Thisapproachtranslates
    basi
    cblocksofdy namicsourceinstr
    uctionst otargetinstr
    uct
    ions.
    Thebasicblockscan also beextended t
    o pr
    ogr
    am tr
    acesorsuperblockst o
    i
    ncreasetr
    anslat
    ionef
    fi
    ciency.I
    nst
    ruct
    ionsetemul
    ati
    onr
    equi
    resbi
    nar
    ytranslat
    ion
    andopti
    mizat
    ion.
    Av ir
    tualinstr
    uct
    ion setarchi
    tect
    ure(V-I
    SA)thus r
    equi
    res addi
    ng a pr
    ocessor
    -
    speci
    ficsoft
    waretransl
    ati
    onlay
    ertothecompi
    ler
    .
     Har
    dwar
    eAbst
    ract
    ionLev
    el:
    Har
    dwar
    e-l
    evel
    vir
    tual
    i
    zat
    ioni
    sper
    for
    medr
    ightont
    opoft
    hebar
    ehar
    dwar
    e.
    Ononehand,t hi
    sappr oachgener atesav irt
    ualhardwareenv ir
    onmentf oraVM.On
    theotherhand, t
    hepr ocessmanagest heunder l
    yi
    nghar dwaret hroughvir
    tuali
    zati
    on.
    Hardwar e-
    levelvirt
    ualizationisper formedr ightontopoft hebar ehar dware.Ont he
    onehand,t hisappr oachgener at esav irt
    ualhardwareenv ironmentf oraVM.The
    processmanagest heunder l
    yinghar dwaret hr
    oughv i
    rt
    ualizati
    on.Thei deai st o
    vir
    tual
    izeacomput er’
    sr esources,suchasi t
    sprocessors,memor y,andI/Odev i
    ces.
    The intention ist o upgr ade t he har dware uti
    li
    zati
    on r ate by mul t
    iple users
    concurrentl
    y .Thei deawasi mpl ement edi ntheIBM VM/ 370i nt he1960s.Mor e
    recentl
    y,theXenhy pervisorhasbeenappl i
    edtov ir
    tuali
    zex86- basedmachi nest o
    runLinuxorot herguestOSappl icati
    ons.
    .
     Oper
    ati
    ngSy
    stem Lev
    el:
    Thi
    sref
    erst
    oanabst
    ract
    ionl
    ayerbet
    weent
    radi
    ti
    onal
    OSanduserappl
    i
    cat
    ions.
    OS-lev
    elvi
    rt
    uali
    zati
    oncreat
    esi
    sol
    atedcont
    ainer
    sonasi
    nglephy
    sicalser
    verandthe
    Oi nst
    ancestout i
    l
    izethehar
    dwar
    eandsof twarei
    ndat
    acenters.Thecontai
    ners
    behaveli
    kerealser
    vers.
    OS-l
    evelv
    irt
    ual
    izat
    ioniscommonlyusedincreat
    ingvi
    rt
    ualhosti
    ngenv
    ironment
    sto
    al
    locat
    ehardwareresour
    cesamongalargenumberofmutual
    lydi
    str
    ust
    inguser
    s.
    Iti
    sal so used,t
    o alesserext
    ent
    ,i nconsol
    i
    dat
    ingser
    verhar
    dwar
    ebymov
    ing
    ser
    vicesonseparat
    ehostsint
    ocont
    ainer
    sorVMsononeserv
    er.
     Li
    brar
    ySuppor
    tLev
    el:
    Mostappli
    cati
    onsuseAPIsexportedbyuser-
    levell
    ibr
    ari
    esrathert
    hanusi
    nglengt
    hy
    sy
    stem cal
    lsbytheOS.Sincemostsystemspr ovi
    dewell-
    documentedAPI
    s,suchan
    i
    nter
    facebecomesanothercandi
    dateforv
    irt
    ualiz
    ati
    on.
    Vir
    tual
    izat
    ionwit
    hlibr
    aryi
    nter
    facesispossibl
    ebycontr
    oll
    i
    ngthecommuni
    cat
    ionl
    i
    nk
    betweenappli
    cat
    ionsandtherestofasystem thr
    oughAPIhooks.
     User
    -Appl
    i
    cat
    ionLev
    el:
    Vi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionatt
    heappl
    i
    cat
    ionl
    evel
    vir
    tual
    i
    zesanappl
    i
    cat
    ionasaVM.Ona
    tr
    adit
    ionalOS, anappl
    icati
    onof tenHopef ull
    yyouwon'tencounterissueswit
    hy our
    newlydeployedv i
    rt
    ualinf
    rastructure.Butifyoudo,youshoul
    dhav edocumentati
    on
    anddiagramsofy ourenvironment .Youshoul dalsohav
    esuppor tinfor
    mati
    onanda
    supportcont
    r actf
    oryourser v
    er s,SAN,network,stor
    ageandv i
    rtuali
    zati
    onsoft
    ware

    53.Explai
    ntheOSl
    evel
    vir
    tual
    i
    zat
    ion?Li
    stpr
    osandconsofOSl
    evel
    vi
    rtual
    i
    zation?

    Ans.
     OSLev
    elVi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zati
    onisat
    ypeofser
    verv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    iont
    echnol
    ogywhi
    ch
    wor
    ksatt
    heOSlay
    er.
     Thephy
    sicalser
    verandsi
    ngleinstanceoft
    heoperat
    ingsyst
    em i
    svir
    tual
    ized
    i
    ntomult
    ipl
    eisol
    atedpart
    it
    ions,whereeachpar
    ti
    ti
    onrepl
    icat
    esarealser
    v er
    .
     TheOSkernelwi
    ll
    runasingl
    eoper
    ati
    ngsy st
    em andpr
    ovi
    det
    hatoper
    ati
    ng
    syst
    em f
    uncti
    onal
    it
    ytoeachoft
    heparti
    ti
    ons.
     Operati
    ng-sy
    stem- l
    evelvir
    tual
    izati
    onisnotasf
    lexi
    bleasothervi
    rtual
    i
    zat
    ion
    approachessinceitcannothostaguestoperat
    ingsystem di
    ffer
    entfr
    om the
    hostone,oradi f
    ferentguestkernel
    .
     Forexampl
    e,wi
    thLi
    nux,
    dif
    fer
    entdist
    ri
    but
    ionsar
    efi
    ne,
    butot
    heroper
    ati
    ng
    syst
    emssuchasWindowscannotbehost
    ed.
     Oper
    ati
    ngsy stem v
    irt
    uali
    zati
    on( OSvi
    rt
    uali
    zati
    on)isaservervir
    tual
    izat
    ion
    t
    echnol
    ogyt hati
    nvolvestai
    l
    oringastandardoperati
    ngsy
    st em sothati
    tcan
    r
    undiff
    erentappli
    cati
    onshandl edbymulti
    pleusersonasinglecomputerata
    t
    ime.
     Theoperat
    ingsy
    stemsdonoti
    nter
    fer
    ewi
    theachot
    herev
    ent
    hought
    heyar
    e
    onthesamecomputer
    .
     InOSv i
    rt
    uali
    zat
    ion,t
    heoperat
    ingsyst
    em i
    sal
    ter
    edsot
    hati
    toper
    atesl
    i
    ke
    sever
    aldif
    fer
    ent,i
    ndiv
    idual
    systems.
     Thevir
    tual
    izedenvi
    ronmentacceptscommandsfrom di
    ff
    erentusersrunni
    ng
    di
    ffer
    entappli
    cati
    onsonthesamemachi ne.Theuser
    sandt hei
    rrequestsar
    e
    handl
    edseparatel
    ybythevir
    tual
    izedoper
    ati
    ngsystem.
     pr
    os
    o al
    lowusingoneoper at
    ingsystem fr
    om theinsi
    deoft heother
    o packagedwithpre-i
    nstal
    ledsoftwar
    eandconf i
    gurati
    on
    o port
    able(justcopytheVM imagef i
    letotheothermachine,runandi
    t
    shouldworkinthesameway )
    o possibl
    etorunmul t
    ipl
    eoperatingsyst
    emsonasi nglemachine
     c ons
    o usuall
    y,t
    akelotsofsystem r
    esources(RAM, CPU,diskspace)
    o havelowerperfor
    mance

    54.Li
    stt
    hegui
    del
    i
    nest
    obef
    oll
    owedwhi
    l
    evi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zingmul
    ti
    cor
    e
    pr
    ocessorsy
    stems.
    Ans.
     Mul ticorepr ocessi ng( MCP)  
    iscomput erpr ocessi ngper for medusi ng
    mul ticorepr ocessor s.A  mul ti
    cor epr ocessor  isasi ngl eintegr atedcircui t
    (a.k.a.,chi pmul tiprocessororCMP)t hatenabl essof twar eappl i
    cati
    onst or un
    onmul ti
    pl ereal cor epr ocessi nguni ts, mor ecommonl yknownas  cores.
     Virtual i
    zat ion isacol lect ionofsof twar etechnol ogi est hatenabl esof t
    war e
    appl i
    cat ionst or unon  v i
    rtual hardwar e (virtualizationv i
    av irtual machinesand
    hyper v i
    sor )or  virtual  oper atingsy stems  (v i
    rtual i
    zat i
    onv i
    acont ai
    ners).
     A virtual machi ne( VM) ,alsocal ledaguestmachi ne, isasof t
    war esimul ation
    ofahar dwar epl atformt hatpr ovidesav irtual oper at i
    ngenv i
    ronmentf orguest
    oper at i
    ngsy st ems.
     A  hyper v i
    sor ,al socal l
    edav i
    rtual machi nemoni tor( VMM) , i
    sasof t
    war e
    progr am t hatr unsonanact ual hosthar dwar epl atfor m andsuper vi
    sest he
    execut i
    onoft heguestoper atingsy st emsont hev i
    rtual machi nes.
     A  cont ainer  
    isav i
    rtual runti
    meenv ironmentt hatr unsat opasi ngleOSker nel
    withoutemul at ingt heunder l
    y i
    nghar dwar e.
     Int hisfigur e, SW1t hr oughSW4r epr esentf ourdi ffer entsof twareappl icat i
    ons.
    Thest andar dacr ony msOSandVM st andf oroper at i
    ngsy stem andv irtual
    machi ne, respect iv
    el y.Theboxesl abel edC1t hr oughC4ont heleftrepr esent
    cor esi namul ti-cor epr ocessor ,wher easont her ightt heyr epresent
    cont ainer s.
     Thef igur ealsoi mpl iest hemul t
    i-cor epr ocessi ngi spr imar ilyahar dwar e
    technol ogy ,wher easv irtuali
    zat i
    on, whet herbyv irt
    ual machi nesorcont ai ner s,
    i
    sasof twar et echnol ogy .
     Thef oll
    owi ngf i
    gur epr ov i
    desanot herwayofl ookingatt het hreet echnol ogi es:
    byconsi der i
    ngt hel ay eratwhi cht het echnol ogyexi sts.Mul ti
    corepr ocessi ng
    prov ides  mul tipler eal har dwar epl at for ms.
     Virtual i
    zat ionbyVMssi tsont opofmul t
    icor epr ocessi ngand
    prov ides  mul tiplev i
    rtual hardwar epl atforms.
     Virtual i
    zat ionbycont ainer scansi tont opofv irt
    ual machi neswher eitcan
    prov ide mul t
    ipl ev i
    rtual operat i
    ngsy stems.  
    55.Gi
    vecompar
    isonbet
    weenKVM andXenhy
    per
    visor
    .
    Ans.
    KVM Xen
    KVM isavir
    tuali
    zat
    ionmoduleint
    he Xenisat y
    pe1hy pervi
    sorthatpr
    ovides
    Linuxker
    nelthatal
    l
    owst heker
    nelt
    o ser
    vicestoall
    owmul ti
    plecomputer
    functi
    onasahy per
    visor
    . oper
    atingsyst
    emst oexecuteonthe
    samecomput erhardwareconcurr
    ently
    .
    OpenVirt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionAl
    l
    iance(
    OVA) Li
    nuxFoundat
    ionandI
    ntel
    dev
    eloped
    devel
    opedKVM. Xen.
    KVM i
    spartofLi
    nuxandusest
    her
    egul
    ar Xenisanext er
    nal
    hyperv
    isor
    ;itassumes
    Li
    nuxschedul
    erandmemory controloft
    hemachineanddivi
    des
    management. resourcesamongguest
    s.
    Xeni
    smor
    ecompl
    ex.
    KVM i
    smuchsmal
    l
    erandsi
    mpl
    ert
    ouse.

     
    Xenal soallowsrunni
    ngmodifi
    ed
    KVM onlyrunsonpr ocessorsthat operati
    ngsy stemsonnon-hv
    m x86
    supportx86hardwar evi
    rtualmachi
    nes processorsusingatechni
    quecal
    led
    (hvm),I
    ntelVi
    rtual
    izati
    onTechnology paravi
    rtual
    izati
    on.
    (VT),
    andAMDSVM ( SecureVirt
    ual
    Machine)inst
    ructi
    onset s,knownas
    vt/
    svm.

    Xensuppor
    tspar
    avi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion.
    KVM doesnotsupportparav
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion
    forCPUsbutmaysuppor t
    paravi
    rt
    uali
    zat
    ionfordevi
    cedri
    ver
    sto
    i
    mpr oveI/
    Oper f
    ormance.

    56.Whati
    sther
    equi
    rementofv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionpl
    atf
    ormi
    nimpl
    ement
    ing
    cl
    oud?

    Ans.
     Vir
    tuali
    zati
    onisthefoundat
    ionofcloudcomput i
    ng.I
    tenabl
    escreat
    ionofan
    i
    ntell
    igentl
    ayerofabstr
    acti
    ontohidetheintr
    icaci
    esofthesof
    twareor
    hardwarethati
    sunderlyi
    ngbeneaththelayer
    .

     Wecanli
    staplet
    hor
    aofpl
    atf
    ormssuchas 
    VMWar
    e t
    hatar
    eassoci
    atedwit
    h
    at
    echnol
    ogytoprov
    isi
    onapr
    ivat
    ecl
    oudandal
    sot
    oactasaunionbetween
    pr
    ivat
    ecl
    oudandext
    ernal
    cloud.

     Weneedtoappreciatethreevit
    alat
    tri
    butesforcreat
    ingapriv
    atecloudsuch
    asmanagementofser v
    icelevelpol
    ici
    es,cloudoperati
    ngsystem and
    vi
    rt
    ual
    izat
    ion.Vi
    rt
    uali
    zationseparat
    estheback- endlev
    elanduserlevel
    for
    cr
    eati
    onofaseaml essenv i
    ronmentbetweent hetwo.

     Vir
    tuali
    zati
    oni susedfordeploy
    mentofmodelsof 
    cloudhost
    ing
    servi
    ces i
    ncludingSof
    twareasaSer vi
    ce(
    SaaS),Pl
    atfor
    m asaServ
    ice(
    PaaS)
    ,
    andInfrast
    ructureasaService(I
    aaS)amongother
    s.
    Foll
    owingar
    ethet
    hreeI
    mpor
    tantAt
    tri
    but
    esofVi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    iont
    hatSi
    gni
    fyi
    tsRol
    ein
    CloudComputi
    ng:

     Par ti
    ti
    oningcanbeusedf orsupportingamul t
    it
    udeofoper atingsy
    stemsand
    appl i
    cationswi thi
    nasi nglephy si
    calsy st em suchasaser v
    er .
     Isolationimpar tsprotecti
    ont ov i
    rt
    ual machi nesf r
    om anyev entssuchasvirus
    attacksorcr ashesinot hermachi nes. Addi t
    ional
    ly,
    encapsul ati
    oni
    salsoused
    forpr otecti
    onofev er
    yappl icat
    iontopr ev entitfr
    om inter
    feringwit
    hother
    appl i
    cations.
     Virtual machi nescanuseencapsul ationf orbeingrepresentedaswellas
    storedassi nglefil
    esinor dertofacil
    itat et heir
     i
    denti
    fi
    cationandpresentat
    ion
    toot herappl icat
    ions

    Q.
    57)Ment
    ionwhati
    sHy
    per
    visori
    ncl
    oudcomput
    ingandt
    hei
    rty
    pes.

     Ans: Hyperv i
    sor sar ev i
    rtual machi nemoni tor s(VMM)t hatenabl enumer ous
    vir
    tualoper atingsy st emst osi mul taneousl yr unonacomput ersy stem.These
    vir
    tualmachi nesar eal sor eferredasguestmachi nesandt heyal lshar et he
    hardwar eoft hephy si cal machi nel ikememor y, pr ocessor ,storageandot her
    rel
    atedr esour ces.Thi simpr ovesandenhancest heut i
    lizationoft he
    under l
    yi
    ngr esour ces.
     Thehy perv i
    sori solatest heoper atingsy stemsf rom t hepr i
    mar yhostmachi ne.
    Thej obofahy pervisori st ocat ert ot heneedsofaguestoper ati
    ngsy st em
    andt omanagei tef fi
    ci ent l
    y.Eachv irtual machi nei sindependentanddoesnot
    i
    nterferewi theachot heral t
    hought heyr unont hesamehostmachi ne.They
    arenowayconnect edt ooneanot her .Thehy per visorisakeyt oenabl e
    vir
    tuali
    zation.I nitssi mpl erform, thehy per visori sspeci alizedf i
    rmwar eor
    software,orbot h,inst all
    edonsi nglehar dwar et hatwoul dal l
    owy out ohost
    severalvirt
    ual machi nes.I tall
    owsphy sicalhar dwar etobeshar edacr oss
    severalvirt
    ual machi nes.Acomput eronwhi chhy per vi
    sorr unsoneormor e
    vir
    tualmachi nesi scal l
    edahostmachi ne.Thev irtual machi nei scal l
    eda
    guestmachi ne.Basi cal l
    y ,t
    hehy perv i
    soral lowst hephy sical hostmachi net o
    runv ari
    ousguestmachi nes.Thi shel psi nachi ev ingmaxi mum benef it
    sf rom
    comput ingr esour cessuchasmemor y ,networ kbandwi dth, andCPUcy cles.
     Therear etwomai nt y pesofhy per v i
    sori ncl oudcomput ing.
     a)TypeIHy per vi
    sor: At y peIhy per visoroper atesdi r
    ect l
    yont hehost 's
    hardwar etomoni t
    orhar dwar eandguestv i
    rtual machi nes, andi t
    'sreferredt o
    asthebar emet al
    .Usual l
    y ,t
    heydon' tr equiret hei nstallationofsof t
    war e
    aheadoft i
    me.I nstead, youcani nst allrightont ot hehar dwar e.Thi stypeof
    hyperv i
    sortendst obepower f
    ulandrequiresagreatdealofexperti
    seto
    functionitwell.Inaddit
    ion,
    TypeIhypervisorsar
    emor ecompl exandhave
    certai
    nhar dwar erequir
    ementstorunadequat el
    y.Duetothis,iti
    smostly
    chosenbyI Toper ati
    onsanddatacentercomput i
    ng.Exampl esofty
    peI
    hyperv i
    sorsincludeXen, Or
    acl
    eVM Ser verforSPARC,OracleVM Serverfor
    x86, MicrosoftHy per
    -VandVMwar e’
    sESX/ ESXi
    .

     b)Ty peI IHypervisor:It


    'sal socal l
    edahost edhy perv i
    sorbecausei ti
    susual l
    y
    i
    nst alledont oanexi st
    ingoper at i
    ngsy st
    em.Theyar enotmuchcapabl eof
    runni ngmor ecompl exvirtual tasks.Peopl eusei tf
    orbasi cdev el
    opment ,
    testing, andemul ati
    on.Ift her eisanysecur i
    tyfl
    awf oundi nsidethehostOS, it
    canpot enti
    allycompr omi seal l ofv i
    rt
    ualmachi nesr unning.Thisiswhyt ypeII
    hyper v i
    sorscannotbeusedf ordat acentercomput ing.Theyar edesignedfor
    end- usersy stemswher esecur it
    yi salesserconcer n.Forinstance,developers
    coulduset ypeI IHypervisort ol aunchv i
    rtualmachi nesinor dertotest
    softwar epr oductsbefor et heirrelease.
     Af ewexampl esareVi r
    tual box, VMwar ewor kstati
    on, f
    usion.

    Q.58)Whati
    stheneedofv i
    rt
    ual
    izat
    ion?Defi
    neSer v
    erv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion,
    Appli
    cat
    ionvi
    rt
    ual
    izat
    ion,
    Presentat
    ionv
    irt
    ual
    izat
    ion.

    Ans:NeedofVi rt
    uali
    zati
    on-
     1.ENHANCEDPERFORMANCE: Cur rently,t
    heendusersy stem i
    .e.PCi s
    suffi
    cientl
    ypower fultof ul
    fi
    llal
    lthebasi ccomput ati
    onrequirementsoft he
    user,withvari
    ousaddi t
    ionalcapabil
    itieswhi char erarel
    yusedbyt heuser .
    Mostoft heirsystemshav esuffi
    cientr esourceswhi chcanhostav i
    rtual
    machinemanagerandcanper f
    orm av i
    rtualmachi newithacceptable
    perfor
    mancesof ar .
     2.LIMITEDUSEOFHARDWAREANDSOFTWARERESOURCES: Thelimi t
    ed
    useoft heresourcesl eadstounder -util
    izati
    onofhar dwareandsof t
    war e
    resources.AsallthePCsoft heuserar esuf fi
    cientl
    ycapablet of
    ulfi
    llthei
    r
    regul arcomput ati
    onal needst hat ’
    swhymanyoft hei rcomput er sar eused
    oftenwhi chcanbeused24/ 7cont inuousl ywi thoutanyi nterr upt i
    on.The
    effici encyofI Ti nfrast ruct ur ecoul dbei ncr easebyusi ngt heser esour cesaf ter
    hour sf orot herpur poses.Thi senv ir
    onmenti spossi blet oat tainwi tht hehel p
    ofVi rtual izat i
    on.
     3.SHORTAGEOFSPACE: Ther egul arr equi rementf oraddi ti
    onal capaci t
    y ,
    whet hermemor yst or ageorcomput epower ,leadsdat acent ersr ai ser api dly.
    Compani esl i
    keGoogl e, Mi crosof tandAmazondev elopt hei rinf rast ruct ur eby
    buildi ngdat acent er saspert heirneeds.Most ly,ent er pr isesunabl et opayt o
    buildanyot herdat acent ert oaccommodat eaddi ti
    onal resour cecapaci ty.
    Thi sheadst ot hedi f f
    usi onofat echni quewhi chi sknownasser ver
    consol idat ion.
     4.ECO- FRI ENDLYI NI TI ATI VES: Att hi st ime, cor por at i
    onsar eact iv elyseeki ng
    forv ar i
    ousmet hodst omi nimi zet hei rexpendi tur esonpowerwhi chi s
    consumedbyt heirsy st ems.Dat acent er sar emai npowerconsumer sand
    mai nt aini ngadat acent eroper ationneedsacont inuouspowersuppl yaswel l
    asagoodamountofener gyi sneededt okeept hem cool forwel l
    -funct ioni ng.
    Ther ef or e,ser verconsol i
    dat i
    ondr opst hepowerconsumedandcool ing
    i
    mpactbyhav ingaf all innumberofser ver s.Vi rtual izat ioncanpr ov i
    dea
    sophi st icat edmet hodofser verconsol i
    dat i
    on.
     5.ADMI NI STRATI VECOSTS: Fur ther mor e, ther isei ndemandf orcapaci ty
    sur pl us, t hatconv er tsi nt omor eser v er sinadat acent er ,account abl ef ora
    signi ficanti ncr easei nadmi nist r
    at ivecost s.Har dwar emoni tor ing, ser v er
    setupandupdat es, def ect ivehar dwar er epl acement ,ser v err esour ces
    moni toring, andbackupsar eincl udedi ncommonsy st em admi nist ration
    tasks.Thesear eper sonnel -intensi veoper ations.Theadmi nist rativ ecost sar e
    i
    ncr easedaspert henumberofser v er s.Vi r tualizat i
    ondecr easest henumber
    ofr equi redser versf oragi v enwor kl oad, hencer educest hecostof
    admi nist rativeempl oy ees.
     Ser v erVi rtualizat i
    on: Ser verv ir
    tual izat ioncanbedef inedast heconv er sionof
    onephy si cal ser veri nt osev er alindi v i
    dual &i solat edv irt ual spacest hatcan
    bet akenupbymul tipleuser saspert hei rr espect i
    ver equi r
    ement s.Thi s
    virtual izat i
    oni sat tai nedt hr oughasof t war eappl icat ion, ther ebyscr eeni ngt he
    act ual number sandi dent ityofphy sical ser v ers.Theage- oldconcepthas
    foundar ev ival i
    nt her ecentt i
    mesduet oaneedf orspaceconsol idat ion,
    effici encyi nusageofser vercapabi li
    t i
    es, andi nt roduct i
    onofassoci ated
    not ionsl ikecl oudcomput i
    ng, andSof twar easaSer vice( SaaS) .
     Appl icat ionv ir
    tual izat ion: Appl icat ionv irtual izat ioni sat echnol ogyt hat
    encapsul at esanappl icat i
    onf rom t heunder ly i
    ngoper at ingsy stem onwhi chi t
    i
    sexecut ed.I tenabl esaccesst oanappl icat ionwi t
    houtneedi ngt oi nst all iton
    thet ar getdev i
    ce.Fr om t heuser ’sper spect iv e,theappl icat ionwor ksand
    i
    nt er act sl i
    kei t’snat iveont hedev ice.Theusercanr esi ze, mov eormi ni mi ze
    theappl icat i
    onwi ndow, aswel lasusi ngf ami l
    iarkey boar dandmouse
    oper at i
    ons.Ther emi ghtbesubt ledi ffer encesatt imes, butf ort hemostpar t,
    theuserhasaseaml essexper i
    ence.
     Present at ionv irtual izat ion: At echnol ogyt hatMi crosof tl ikest ol umpi ntoi t
    s
    virtual izat i
    ondef i
    nitionsi sPr esent at i
    onVi rtual izat i
    on, orasi t’smor e
    commonl yknown, Ter mi nal Ser vices( ori tsnewername, Remot eDeskt op
    Ser v i
    ces—RDS) .Alt houghi t’
    spr obabl ygoodmar ket ingt oat temptt oi ncl ude
    theol derTer mi nal Ser v icest echnol ogyundert hev irtual izat ionumbr ella,
    call
    ingitavir
    tual
    izati
    ontechnologyissomet hi
    ngofami snomer.
     WithRDS, aremot econsolewindowcanbedi spl
    ayedonanet work-
    att
    ached
    system.That’saboutasv ir
    tualasi
    tgets.Ther emotedesktopsessionis
    actual
    lyint
    eracti
    ngwi t
    hanunder ly
    ingphysicalsyst
    em, andyou’reconnect
    ed
    totheremotesy stem exactl
    yasifyouwer eusingthelocaldispl
    ayand
    keyboard.

    Q.
    59)Whati
    smeantbyVi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionMi
    ddl
    ewar
    e?

     Ans: Middl
    ewareSupportforVir
    tual
    izat
    ion.Libr
    ary-
    levelv
    irt
    ualizationisal
    so
    knownasuser -l
    evelAppli
    cati
    onBinaryI
    nterface(ABI)orAPIemul ati
    on.This
    typeofv i
    rt
    ual
    izati
    oncancreateexecuti
    onenv ir
    onment sforrunningalien
    programsonapl atfor
    mr at
    herthancreati
    ngaVM t or untheent i
    reoper at
    ing
    system.
     Mi ddl
    ewarevi
    rtual
    izat
    ionhasthreekeytrendsthatwear eobser vi
    ngwi thour
    customerbase:

     1)Consol i
    dati
    on: Manyofourcust omersfindt hattheirmi ddleware
    deploymentshav epr ol
    i
    feratedandar ebecomi nganadmi nistr
    ati
    v echal l
    enge
    associatedwithhi ghercosts.Weseeat r
    endacr osscust omer swhol ookt o
    vir
    tual
    izati
    onasawayofr educingt henumberofser v
    eri nstances.Att he
    samet ime,customer saretakingt heconsolidationoppor tunitytor ati
    onalize
    thenumberofmi ddlewarecomponent sneededt oser viceapar ti
    cul arload.
    Middlewarecomponent smostcommonl yrunwi thi
    naJav aVi rt
    ual Machi ne
    (JVM)wi thanobser vedscaleof100t o1000sofJVM i nst ancesandpr ovide
    manyoppor t
    uniti
    esf orJVM i nstanceconsol i
    dat i
    on.Hence, middlewar e
    vir
    tual
    izati
    onpr ov i
    desanoppor tunitytoconsolidatetwi ce–oncet o
    consolidat
    eserv erinstances,and, secondly,toconsol i
    dat eJVM i nstances.

     2)Elasti
    cit
    yandFlexi
    bil
    ity:I
    tisincreasi
    nglycommont ofindappl
    icationswit
    h
    seasonaldemands.Forexampl e,manyofourcust omersrunvari
    ous
    marketingcampaignsthatdri
    veseasonal traff
    ictowardsthei
    rapplicati
    on.
    WithVMwar e,
    youcanhandlethiskindoft r
    af f
    icburst
    ,byautomaticall
    y
    provi
    sioni
    ngnewv ir
    tualmachinesandmi ddlewarecomponentswhenneeded,
    andthenaut omati
    cal
    lyteardownt heseVMswhent heloadsubsi
    des.

     3)Performance:Customer sof t
    enrepor
    timpr ovedmiddl
    ewarepl
    atf
    orm
    perfor
    mancewhenv ir
    tuali
    zing.Per
    formanceimpr ov
    ementsarepar
    tl
    ydueto
    theupdatedhardwaret hatcustomerswil
    lty
    picallyr
    efr
    eshduri
    nga
    vir
    tual
    izat
    ionproj
    ect.Therei sal
    sosomeper formanceimprov
    ementdueto
    therobustVMwar ehyper v
    isor.

    Q.
    60)Whati
    svi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion?Ment
    iont
    hel
    evel
    sofv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion.

    Ans:
     Virt
    uali
    zationi
    sanappr oachtopoolingandshari
    ngtechnologyr esourcesto
    simpli
    fymanagementandi ncr
    easeassetusesot hatITresourcescanmor e
    readi
    lymeetbusi nessdemand.Wi t
    hserver
    sornet works,vi
    rtual
    izati
    onis
    usedtot akeasinglephysi
    calassetandmakei toperat
    easi fitweremul t
    ipl
    e
    asset s.
     Followi ngar et heLev el sofVi rtual izat ion:
     1.Inst ruct ionSetAr chitect ureLev el -Att heI SAl ev el, virtual izat ioni s
    perfor medbyemul at ingagi v enI SAbyt heI SAoft hehostmachi ne.For
    exampl e, MI PSbi nar ycodecanr unonanx86- basedhostmachi newi tht he
    helpofI SAemul ation.Wi tht hisappr oach, i
    ti spossi bl et or unal ar geamount
    oflegacybi nar ycodewr it-tenf orv ar iouspr ocessor sonanygi v ennew
    hardwar ehostmachi ne.I nst ruct ionsetemul at i
    onl eadst ov irtual ISAs
    creat edonanyhar dwar emachi ne.Thebasi cemul at ionmet hodi st hrough
    codei nt erpr etat i
    on.Ani nt erpr eterpr ogr am i nt erpr et st hesour cei nst r
    uct ions
    totar geti nst ructionsonebyone.Onesour cei nst ruct ionmayr equi retensor
    hundr edsofnat ivet argeti nst ruct ionst oper for mi tsf unct ion.Obv iousl y,this
    processi sr el ativ
    el ysl ow.
     2.Har dwar eAbst ract ionLev el -Har dwar e-lev el v ir
    tual izat i
    oni sper formed
    ri
    ghtont opoft hebar ehar dwar e.Ont heonehand, thisappr oachgener at esa
    virt
    ual har dwar eenv ironmentf oraVM.Ont heot herhand, thepr ocess
    managest heunder lyinghar dwar et hr oughv i
    r tual i
    zat ion.Thei deai st o
    virt
    ual izeacomput er ’sr esour ces, suchasi tspr ocessor s, memor y ,andI /O
    dev i
    ces.Thei ntent ioni st oupgr adet hehar dwar eut ilizat ionr atebymul tipl e
    user sconcur rently .Thei deawasi mpl ement edi nt heI BM VM/ 370i nthe
    1960s.Mor er ecent ly, t
    heXenhy per v i
    sorhasbeenappl iedt ov i
    r tual i
    zex86-
    basedmachi nest or unLi nuxorot herguestOSappl icat i
    ons.
     3.Oper atingSy st em Lev el -Thi sr ef erst oanabst ract ionl ay erbet ween
    traditional OSanduserappl icat i
    ons.OS- l
    ev el virtual iza- tioncr eat esi solated
    cont ainer sonasi ngl ephy sical ser v erandt heOSi nst ancest out ilizet hehar d-
    war eandsof twar ei ndat acent er s.Thecont ainer sbehav el iker eal servers.
    OS- l
    ev el vir
    tual izat i
    oni scommonl yusedi ncr eat i
    ngv irtual host i
    ng
    env i
    ronment st oal locat ehar dwar er esour cesamongal argenumberof
    mut ual lydi st rustinguser s.I tisal soused, toal esserext ent , inconsol idat i
    ng
    serverhar dwar ebymov i
    ngser vicesonsepar at ehost si ntocont ainer sorVMs
    ononeser ver .
     4.Libr ar ySuppor tLev el -Mostappl icat ionsuseAPI sexpor tedbyuser -l
    ev el
    l
    ibrar i
    esr at hert hanusi ngl engt hysy stem cal lsbyt heOS.Si ncemostsy st ems
    prov i
    dewel l-
    document edAPI s, suchani nt erfacebecomesanot hercandi dat e
    forv i
    r tual i
    zat ion.Vi rtual i
    zat i
    onwi t hl ibrar yi nt erfacesi spossi blebycont rol l
    ing
    thecommuni cat i
    onl i
    nkbet weenappl icat i
    onsandt her estofasy st em
    throughAPIhooks.Thesof t
    war et ool WI NEhasi mpl ement edt hi sappr oach
    tosuppor tWi ndowsappl icat ionsont opofUNI Xhost s.Anot herexampl ei s
    thev CUDAwhi chal lowsappl i
    cat ionsexecut ingwi thinVMst ol ev er ageGPU
    hardwar eaccel er at i
    on.
     5.User -Appl icationLev el -Vi rtual izat ionatt heappl icat ionl ev el virtualizesan
    appl i
    cat i
    onasaVM.Onat radi ti
    onal OS, anappl icat ionof tenr unsasa
    process.Ther efor e, appl icat ion- lev el v i
    r t
    ual izat ioni sal soknownaspr ocess-
    l
    ev el virtual i
    zat ion.Themostpopul arappr oachi st odepl oyhi ghl ev el
    l
    anguage( HLL)VMs.I nt hi sscenar io, thev irtual izat ionl ay ersi tsasan
    appl i
    cat i
    onpr ogram ont opoft heoper atingsy st em, andt hel ay erexpor t
    san
    abst ract ionofaVM t hatcanr unpr ogr amswr ittenandcompi ledt oa
    particul arabst r
    actmachi nedef i
    ni tion.Anypr ogr am wr itteni nt heHLLand
    compi ledf ort hisVM wi l
    l beabl et or unoni t.TheMi cr osof t. NETCLRand
    Jav aVi rtual Machi ne( JVM)ar et wogoodexampl esoft hiscl assofVM.
     6.Rel at
    iveMer i
    tsofDi fferentAppr oaches-Thecol umnheadi ngscor respond
    tofourt echnical merit
    s.“ Hi gherPerformance”and“ Appl i
    cationFlexibil
    ity”ar
    e
    self
    -explanat ory.“I
    mpl ement ationCompl exi
    t y”impl i
    est hecostt oimpl ement
    thatpar t
    icul
    arv i
    r-
    tuali
    zat i
    onl evel
    .“Appli
    cationI solation”r ef
    er stotheef fort
    requiredtoisol ateresour cescommi t
    tedt odifferentVMs.Eachr ow
    correspondst oapar ti
    cul arl evelofvi
    rtuali
    zation.ThenumberofX’ sint he
    tabl
    ecel lsreflectstheadv ant agepointsofeachi mpl ement ationlevel.Five
    X’simpl i
    est hebestcaseandoneXi mpl i
    est hewor stcase.Ov er
    all
    ,hardwar e
    andOSsuppor twil
    lyieldt hehi ghestperformance.Howev er
    , thehardwar eand
    applicati
    onl evelsareal sot hemostexpensi v et oimpl ement .Userisolationis
    themostdi ffi
    culttoachi ev e.ISAi mplement ationof fer sthebestappl ication
    fl
    exibili
    ty.

    Q.
    61)Def
    ineVi
    rt
    ual
    Machi
    neMoni
    tor
    ?

     Ans: AVi rt
    ualMachi neMoni t
    or(VMM)i sasof twar eprogram thatenabl es
    thecreation,managementandgov ernanceofv ir
    tual machines( VM)and
    managest heoperationofav i
    rtualizedenv ir
    onmentont opofaphy sical host
    machine.VMM i sal soknownasVi rtualMachineManagerandHy per visor.
    Howev er,theprovi
    dedar chit
    ectural implement ati
    onandser vicesdi fferby
    vendorpr oduct.
     VMM i sthepr i
    marysof t
    war ebehi ndv ir
    tuali
    zati
    onenv i
    ronment sand
    i
    mpl ement ati
    ons.Wheni nstal
    ledov erahostmachi ne,VMM f aci
    litatest he
    creati
    onofVMs, eachwi t
    hsepar at eoper ati
    ngsy stems( OS)andappl icat i
    ons.
    VMM managest hebackendoper ationoft heseVMsbyal l
    ocat i
    ngt he
    necessarycomput ing,memor y,st orageandot heri nput/output(I/O)
    resources.VMM al soprovidesacent r
    ali
    zedinterfaceformanagi ngt heent ir
    e
    operati
    on, st
    atusandav ail
    abil
    ityofVMst hatareinst al
    l
    edov erasi ngl ehost
    orspreadacr ossdiffer
    entandi nterconnect edhost s.

    Q.
    62)Def
    ineHar
    dwar
    eabst
    ract
    ionl
    evel
    ofv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion.
    Ans:
    Ahar dwar eabst ractionl ayer(HAL)i sal ogicaldivisi
    onofcodet hatser vesas
    anabst ractionlay erbet weenacomput er'
    sphy sicalhardwar eandi tssof tware.
    Itprovi
    desadev icedr i
    v erinterfaceal lowingapr ogram tocommuni catewi th
    thehardwar e.Themai npur poseofaHALi stoconceal di
    fferenthar dwar e
    archit
    ectur esf r
    om t heOSbypr ovidingauni for
    mi nterfacetot hesy stem
    peri
    pher als.Ahar dwar eabst ractionl ayerisincludedi nmanyOSst oav oid
    modi f
    yingt heOSker nel torunt hepr ogr am oncomput erswithv arying
    hardwar ear chit
    ect ure.APCmayi ncludetheHALi ntheOSker nel orint he
    form ofdev i
    cedr iversthatpr ov i
    deaconsi stentinterf
    acef orappl i
    cat i
    onst o
    i
    nteractwi tht hehar dwar eper ipher als.

    Q.63)Whatdoyoumeanbyoper
    ati
    ngsy
    stem l
    evel
    andl
    i
    brar
    ysuppor
    t
    l
    evelofv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zati
    on?
    Ans:
    Vi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion:

    I
    ncomput i
    ng,vi
    rt
    uali
    zati
    onref
    erstotheactofcr
    eati
    ngavi
    rt
    ual
    (r
    athert
    hanactual
    )
    ver
    sionofsomethi
    ng,thi
    sincl
    udesvi
    rtual
    computerhar
    dwar
    e,v
    irt
    ualst
    orage
    devi
    cesandvir
    tualnet
    workresour
    ces.

    Asimpleexampleofvi
    rt
    uali
    zati
    oniswheny oucreat
    epar
    ti
    ti
    onsinyourhar
    ddisk.
    Hereyouarenotact
    ual
    lybreaki
    ngy ourhar
    ddiskint
    opi
    ecesbutvi
    rt
    uall
    yyouare
    cr
    eati
    ngthatmanyparti
    ti
    onsofit.

    Vi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionatOper
    ati
    ngSy
    stem(
    O.S.
    )lev
    el

     Inv irtualizationatHALl ev el eachv irt


    ual machi nei sbui l
    tf rom scr atchi.e.
    byi nst alli
    ngO. S.,appl icat ionsui tes, networkingsy stems, etc.
     Thisr eferst oanabst r
    act ionl ayerbet weent raditional OSanduser
    appl icat i
    ons.
     OS- lev elv i
    rtualizationcr eat esi solatedcont ainersonasi ngl ephy sical
    serv erandt heOi nst ancest out il
    izet hehardwar eandsof twar eindat a
    cent er s.Thecont ainer sbehav eli
    ker eal serv
    ers.
     OS- lev elv i
    rtualizationi scommonl yusedi ncreat i
    ngv i
    rtual host i
    ng
    env ironment st oal l
    ocat ehar dwar eresour cesamongal ar genumberof
    mut ual l
    ydi strustinguser s.
     Itisal soused, t
    oal esserext ent, i
    nconsol i
    datingser verhar dwar eby
    mov ingser vicesonsepar atehost sint ocontainer sorVMsononeser ver.
     Incl oudsomet i
    mesweneedt oi nit
    ialize100Vi rtual machi nesatasi ngle
    time, I
    fweusev i
    rtual i
    zat ionatHar dwar eabst ractionlay er(HAL)l evelthis
    cant aket oomucht ime.
     Sot oov ercomet hisinVi rtual i
    zat i
    onatOper atingsy stem l ev elweshar e
    oper at ingsy st em bet weenVi rtual machi nesalongwi t
    ht hehar dwar e.
     Sowekeept hebaseO. S.sameandi nst al
    lonlythedi f
    fer encesi neach
    singl eVi rtual machi ne.
     Forexampl ei fwewantt oi nst al
    ldifferentversionsofwi ndowsonv ir
    tual
    machi nes( VM) ,youkeepbaseO. S.ofwi ndowssameandonl yinstallt
    he
    differencesamongeachVM.
     Adr awbackoft hist ypei st haty oucani nstallonlyt hoseO. S.i nVMswhose
    parentO. S.f ami l
    yi ssamel ikef orexampl eyoucan' tinstal lubunt uonaVM
    whosebaseO. S.i swi ndows.

    Vi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionatLi
    brar
    yLev
    elorPr
    ogr
    ammi
    ngl
    anguagel
    evel

     Whendev elopersdev el
    opcer t
    ainappli
    cati
    ons, t
    heysav etheuserfrom al
    l
    thecodingdet ail
    sbypr ov
    idi
    ngt hem Appli
    cati
    onUserI nterface(
    API).
     Mo stapplicati
    onsuseAPI sexpor t
    edbyuser -
    level
    li
    brariesrathert
    han
    usinglengthysy stem call
    sbyt heOS.Sincemostsy st
    emspr ovi
    dewell-
    document edAPI s, suchaninterfacebecomesanot hercandi dat
    efor
    vir
    tual
    izati
    on.
     Virt
    uali
    zationwi thlibr
    aryint
    erfacesispossibl
    ebycont roll
    ingthe
    communi cati
    onl inkbet weenappl icati
    onsandt herestofasy st
    em through
    APIhooks.
     Thishasgivenanewoppor t
    uni t
    yf orvir
    tuali
    zati
    on.
     Inthi
    stype,weuseLi br
    aryInterfacest oprovi
    deadi f
    ferentVir
    tual
    Envir
    onment (VE)f orthatapplicati
    on.
     Inshortwepr ovideuserwi thanemul at
    orwi t
    hwhichusercanr un
    appli
    cati
    onsofdi ff
    erentO.S.s.
     Exampleoft hisist heWI NEtool whi chwasusedmost l
    ybymacuser st o
    playCounterSt r
    ike1. 6gamewhi chwasonl yavail
    ableforwindowsint he
    start
    .

    Q.64)Expl
    ainuserappl
    i
    cat
    ionl
    evel
    ofv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion?
    Ans:

     Appl
    i
    cat
    ionv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ioni
    ncl
    oudcomput
    ing:

     Appl
    i
    cati
    onvir
    tual
    i
    zati
    onisthesepar
    ati
    onofani
    nst
    all
    ati
    onofanappl
    i
    cat
    ion
    fr
    om t
    hecli
    entcomputeraccessi
    ngi
    t.

     From theuser'
    sperspecti
    ve,t
    heappl
    icat
    ionworksjustl
    ikeitwouldifi
    tli
    ved
    ontheuser '
    sdevi
    ce.Theusercanmov eorresi
    zetheapplicati
    onwindow, as
    wellascar r
    youtkeyboardandmouseoperati
    ons.Theremi ghtbesubt
    le
    dif
    ferencesatti
    mes, butf
    orthemostpart,
    theusershouldhav easeamless
    experience.

     Howappl
    i
    cat
    ionv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionwor
    ks:

     Althought her
    earemul t
    iplewaystovirt
    ualizeapplicati
    ons,ITteamsof t
    en
    takeaser ver-
    basedapproach,del
    iveri
    ngt heapplicati
    onswi thouthavi
    ngto
    i
    nst allt
    hem onindi
    vi
    dual deskt
    ops.Instead,admini st
    rator
    simpl ementremot
    e
    applicati
    onsonaser v
    eri nthecompany '
    sdat acent erorwithahost i
    ng
    service,andthendel
    iverthem t
    otheuser s'desktops.

     Tomaket hi
    spossible,ITmustuseanappl i
    cationv ir
    tuali
    zati
    onproduct
    .
    Appli
    cati
    onv ir
    tuali
    zati
    onv endor
    sandtheirproduct sinclude 
    Micr
    osoftApp-
    V,
     Citr
    ixXenApp, Paral
    lel
    sRemot eAppli
    cati
    onSer ver
    , and VMware
    ThinApp or 
    AppVol umes -
    -bothofwhicharei ncludedwi thVMwar eHori
    zon
    View.VMwar ealsoof f
    ersHor i
    zonAppstofurt hersuppor tappvi
    rt
    uali
    zat
    ion.

     Thev i
    rt
    uali
    zationsof t
    wareessent ial
    lytransmitstheappli
    cati
    onasi ndivi
    dual
    pixelsfrom thehost i
    ngser v
    ert othedeskt opsusingaremot edi
    splaypr ot
    ocol
    suchasMi crosof tRemoteFX, Citr
    ixHDX, orVMwar eViewPCoI PorBl ast
    Extreme.Theusercant henaccessanduset heappast houghitwer e
    i
    nst all
    edlocall
    y .Anyuseract i
    onsar etransmi t
    tedbacktotheserver,which
    carriesthem out .
     Virt
    ual i
    zati
    onatt heappl i
    cati
    onl evelvi
    rtuali
    zesanappli
    cationasaVM.Ona
    tr
    adi ti
    onalOS,anappl icati
    onof tenHopef ull
    yyouwon'tencounterissueswith
    yournewl ydepl oyedvirt
    ualinfrastr
    ucture.Butifyoudo,youshouldhav e
    documentati
    onanddiagramsofy
    ourenvi
    ronment.Youshouldal
    sohave
    suppor
    tinfor
    mationandasuppor
    tcont
    ractfory
    ourserver
    s,SAN,net
    work,
    stor
    ageandv i
    rt
    uali
    zat
    ionsoft
    war
    e.

    Q.65)Wr
    it
    ether
    elat
    ivemer
    it
    sofv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionatv
    ari
    ousl
    evel
    s?
    Ans:

     Usi
    ngVi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionf
    orEf
    fi
    cientHar
    dwar
    eUt
    il
    izat
    ion

    Vir
    tual
    izat
    iondecreasescost sbyreducingtheneedforphysi
    calhar
    dwar esyst
    ems.
    Vir
    tualmachinesuseef f
    ici
    enthardware,whichlowersthequanti
    ti
    esofhar dware,
    associ
    ated maintenance costsand r educesthe poweralong with cool
    i
    ng the
    demand.Youcanal locatememor y,spaceandCPUi njustasecond,makingy ou
    moreself-
    independentfrom hardwarevendors.

     Usi
    ngVi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    iont
    oIncr
    easeAv
    ail
    abi
    l
    ity

    Virt
    ualizat
    ionpl
    atfor
    msof feranumberofadv ancedf eat
    urest hatarenotf oundon
    physicalserver
    s,whi ch i
    ncr ease uptime and av ai
    labi
    li
    ty.Al t
    hough t he vendor
    feature names may be di fferent,they usually offercapabi l
    it
    ies such as live
    migration,stor
    age mi gr
    ation,f aulttolerance,hi gh avai
    labili
    ty and distri
    buted
    resourcescheduli
    ng.Theset echnologi
    eskeepv ir
    tualmachi neschuggi ngalongor
    givethem theabil
    i
    tytorecov erfrom unplannedout ages.
    Theabi l
    itytomov eav i
    rtualmachinefr
    om oneser v
    ertoanotherisperhapsoneof
    the greatestsingle benefi
    ts ofv i
    rt
    uali
    zati
    on withfarreaching uses.As t he
    technology conti
    nues to mat ur
    et ot he pointwhereitcan do l ong-di
    stance
    migrati
    ons,suchasbei ngabl etomov eav i
    rtualmachi
    nefrom onedat acenterto
    anothernomat terthenetworklat
    encyinvol
    ved.

     Di
    sast
    erRecov
    ery

    Disast
    err ecov eryisv eryeasywheny ourser ver
    sar ev i
    rtual
    ized.Withup-to-date
    snapshotsofy ourvir
    tualmachines,youcanqui ckl
    ygetbackupandr unning.An
    organi
    zati
    oncanmor eeasil
    ycr eateanaf f
    ordablereplicati
    onsite.Ifadi saster
    stri
    kesint hedat acenterorser
    v erroom itsel
    f,youcanal waysmov ethosev irt
    ual
    machinesel sewher eintoacloudpr ovi
    der.Havingthatlevelofflexi
    bil
    i
    tymeansy our
    disast
    errecov er ypl
    anwi l
    lbeeasiertoenactandwi llhavea99%successr ate.

     Sav
    eEner
    gy

    Mov i
    ngphy sicalser
    verstovir
    tualmachinesandconsol
    idat
    ingthem ont
    ofarfewer
    physicalservers’meanslower i
    ngmont hlypowerandcool i
    ngcostsinthedat a
    center.Itreducescar bon f
    ootpri
    ntand helpsto cl
    ean up theairwebr eathe.
    Consumer swantt oseecompani esreducingt
    hei
    routputofpol l
    uti
    onandt aki
    ng
    responsibi
    l
    ity
    .

     Depl
    oyi
    ngSer
    ver
    stoof
    ast
    Youcanquickl
    ycloneani mage,mast ertempl at
    eorexisti
    ngv i
    rt
    ualmachinetoget
    aserv
    erupandr unningwi thi
    nmi nutes.Youdonothav etofil
    loutpur
    chaseorders,
    wai
    tforshippi
    ngandr ecei vi
    ngandt henr ack,st
    ack,andcableaphy si
    calmachine
    onl
    ytospendadditi
    onalhour swait
    ingf ortheoperati
    ngsystem andappl
    icat
    ionsto
    complet
    et hei
    rinstall
    ations.Withv i
    rt
    ualbackup t ool
    sl i
    ke Veeam,redeploy
    ing
    i
    mageswi l
    lbesofastt hatyourenduser swi l
    lhardl
    ynoti
    cetherewasanissue.

     Sav
    eSpacei
    nyourSer
    verRoom orDat
    acent
    er

    Imagi
    neasi mpleexample:y ouhav et wor ackswith30phy si
    calser
    versand4
    swit
    ches.Byvi
    rt
    ual
    izi
    ngy ourservers,itwi
    l
    lhel pyoutoreducehal
    fthespaceused
    bythephysi
    calser
    vers.Ther esul
    tcanbet wophy si
    calserv
    ersinarackwithone
    swit
    ch,wher
    eeachphy si
    calserverholds15v i
    rtual
    i
    zedserver
    s.

     Test
    ingandset
    ti
    ngupLabEnv
    ironment

    Whil
    ey ouaretesti
    ngorinstal
    li
    ngsomet hingony ourser
    versanditcrashes,donot
    pani
    c,asthereisnodataloss.Justrever
    ttoapr evi
    oussnapshotandy oucanmov e
    for
    wardasi fthemi st
    akedidnotev enhappen.Youcanal soisolat
    et hesetest
    ing
    envi
    ronmentsf r
    om end user swhilest i
    llkeeping t
    hem onli
    ne.When y ou have
    completel
    ydoney ourwork,
    deployitinli
    ve.

     Shi
    ft
    ingal
    lyourLocal
    Inf
    rast
    ruct
    uret
    oCl
    oudi
    naday

    Ify
    oudeci
    detoshi
    ftyourent
    ir
    ev i
    rt
    ual
    i
    zedinf
    rast
    ruct
    ureint
    oacl oudpr
    ovi
    der
    ,you
    candoi
    tinaday
    .Al
    l t
    hehypervi
    sor
    soff
    eryoutool
    stoexportyourvi
    rt
    ual
    ser
    ver
    s.

     Possi
    bil
    i
    tyt
    oDi
    vi
    deSer
    vices

    Ifyouhav easi ngleserv


    er,holdi
    ngdi f
    fer
    entappl i
    cati
    onst hiscanincreaset
    he
    possibil
    i
    tyoftheservi
    cestocrashwitheachotherandincreasingthef
    ailr
    ateoft
    he
    server.Ifyou v i
    rt
    uali
    ze thi
    s server,you can putappl i
    cati
    ons i
    n separat
    ed
    envi
    r onment
    sf r
    om eachotheraswehav ediscussedprevi
    ously.
    Q.66)Li
    stt
    her
    equi
    rement
    sofVMM?
    Ans:
     Thehar dware-
    lev elvi
    rtual
    izati
    oninsertsalay erbetweenr ealhardwareand
    tr
    aditi
    onaloper ating systems.Thi sl ay
    eri s commonl y call
    ed the Vir
    tual
    Machi ne Monitor( VMM)  
    and itmanages t he har dwar er esources ofa
    comput i
    ng system.Each t ime programs access t he har dwaret he VMM
    capturestheprocess.I nt hi
    ssense,theVMM act sasat radit
    ionalOS.One
    hardwarecomponent ,suchast heCPU,canbev i
    rtuali
    zedassev eralvir
    tual
    copies.Theref
    or e,severaltr
    aditi
    onaloperat
    ingsy stemswhi char ethesame
    ordiff
    erentcansi tonthesamesetofhar dwaresimul taneously.
     
     Therear et hr
    eer equirementsf oraVMM.Fi r
    st,aVMM shoul dprovidean
    envir
    onmentf orpr ograms whi ch is essential
    lyidenti
    caltot he origi
    nal
    machi ne.Second,pr ogramsr uni nthisenv ir
    onmentshoul dshow,atwor st,
    onlymi nordecreasesi nspeed.Third,aVMM shoul dbeincompl et
    econt r
    ol of
    the system resour ces.Anypr ogr am run undera VMM shoul d exhibi
    ta
    functi
    oni dent
    icalt ot hatwhichi trunsont heorigi
    nalmachinedirectl
    y.Two
    possible except ions i nt er
    ms of di ff
    erences ar e permit
    ted witht his
    requir
    ement :differencescausedbyt heav ail
    abil
    i
    tyofsy st
    em resourcesand
    diff
    erencescausedbyt i
    mingdependenci es.Thef or
    merar i
    seswhenmor e
    thanoneVM i sr unni ngont hesamemachi ne.

    Q.67)
    Dif
    fer
    ent
    iat
    ebet
    weenf
    ull
    andpar
    a-v
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion?
    Ans:

     The 
    maindif
    ference betweenf ul
    lvi
    rtuali
    zationandparavi
    rtual i
    zati
    oninCloud
    i
    sthat 
    ful
    lvi
    rt
    ualizati
    onal l
    owsmul ti
    ple guestoperati
    ngsyst ems toexecute
    onahostoperati
    ngsy stem independent l
    ywhi l
    eparavi
    rt
    ualizationall
    ows
    mult
    ipl
    eguestoper ati
    ngsy stemstor unonhostoper ati
    ngsy st
    emswhi le
    communicat
    ingwi ththe hypervi
    sor
     t
    oi mpr oveperfor
    mance.
     Ful
    lVi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ioni
    nCl
    oud:
    A hostoper ati
    ngsy stem runsdi rectl
    yont hehar dwarewhi l
    eaguestoper ati
    ng
    system runsonthev i
    rtualmachine.I nful
    lvi
    rtual
    ization,t
    heguestoper at
    ingsystems
    donotconcer naboutt hepr esenceofahy pervi
    sor .Therefor
    e,eachv i
    rt
    ualmachine
    andi tsguestoperati
    ngsy stem oper at
    easi ndependentcomput ers.Inotherwords,
    multipleguestoperati
    ngsy stemsexecut eonasi nglehostoper ati
    ngsystem i
    nan
    i
    solatedmannerusi ngdirectexecutionandbi nar
    yt ransl
    ation.
    Mor eover ,
    onemaj ordr
    awbackoff ul
    lvi
    rt
    ualizati
    oni sthatitaf
    fect
    stheper
    for
    mance
    ofthesy stem.Hypervi
    sordependsonthehar dwareemul ator
    .Thus,t
    hecont
    inuous
    tr
    anslations between the physi
    caland v i
    rtualr esour
    ces such as memoryand
    processorcani mpacttheperformanceofthesy stem.

     Par
    avi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ioni
    nCl
    oud:
    Parav i
    rt
    ualiz
    at i
    onwasi nit
    iall
    ydev elopedbyIBM.I nPar avi
    r t
    ualizat
    ion,t
    hehy pervi
    sor
    i
    si nstall
    edont hedev i
    ce.Then,t heguestoper at
    ingsy stemsar einst
    alledintothe
    environment .Here,t
    hev ir
    tuali
    zat i
    onmet hodmodi fiestheguestoper at
    ingsy st
    em to
    communi catewi ththehyper v
    isor.Thus,itreducest het i
    met akenbyt heoper ati
    ng
    system toper f
    orm operationst hatarediff
    icultandt akeal ongert i
    mei nav i
    rtual
    environment .Also,i
    thelpst oincreasetheper f
    ormanceoft hesy stem.Mor eover,
    the
    guestoper atingsystemscommuni catewit
    ht hehyper v
    isorusingAPIcal ls.

     Di
    ff
    erenceBet
    weenFul
    lVi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionandPar
    avi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ioni
    nCl
    oud
    Fullvi
    rt
    uali
    zat
    ionisacommonandcost -
    effecti
    vetypeofv i
    rt
    ualizati
    oninwhich
    computerserv
    icerequest
    sareseparat
    edf r
    om t hephysi
    calhardwaret hatf
    aci
    li
    tat
    es
    them whi
    leparav
    irt
    uali
    zat
    ionisanenhancementofv i
    rt
    ualizat
    iontechnologyi
    nwhich
    aguestOSi sr
    ecompiledpri
    ortoi
    nstal
    lat
    ioninsideavi
    rtualmachine.

     Funct
    ional
    i
    ty
    Thus,themai ndif
    fer
    encebetweenfullvi
    rt
    ual
    izati
    onandpar av
    irt
    ual
    izat
    ionisthatf
    ull
    vi
    rtual
    izati
    on all
    ows guestoperating syst
    ems t o executeindependentl
    y whil
    e
    paravi
    rtual
    izat
    ion al
    lows guest operat
    ing systems to communi cate withthe
    hyperv
    isor.

     Accessi
    nghar
    dwar
    e
    Inful
    lv i
    rtuali
    zation,guestoperat i
    ng system issues har
    dware callsto access
    har
    dware, wher eas, i
    n parav i
    rtual
    izat
    ion, guest operati
    ng sy stem directl
    y
    communicat eswi ththehyper
    visorusi ngdr i
    ver
    s.Hence,thisisalsoadi ff
    erence
    bet
    weenf ullvi
    rtuali
    zati
    onandpar avir
    tual
    izati
    on.
     Perf
    ormanceisanot herdi
    ff
    erence
    bet
    ween ful
    lv i
    rt
    ual
    izat
    ion and par
    avi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion. Per
    for
    mance i
    s hi
    gher i
    n
    par
    avi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zati
    onthaninful
    lvi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zati
    on.

     Concl
    usi
    on
    Inbrief
    ,ful
    landparavi
    rt
    uali
    zati
    onaret wotypesofv i
    rt
    uali
    zati
    onmet hods.Themai n
    dif
    ference bet
    ween ful
    lv i
    rt
    uali
    zati
    on and paravi
    rt
    uali
    zation i
    n cl
    oud isthatf ul
    l
    vir
    tuali
    zati
    onall
    owsmultipl
    eguestoperat
    ingsystemst oexecuteonahostoperating
    system independent
    ly whil
    e paravi
    rt
    uali
    zati
    on all
    ows mul t
    ipl
    e guestoperating
    systemst orunonhostoperati
    ngsystemswhi l
    ecommuni cat
    ingwit
    ht hehyper
    visor
    toimproveperfor
    mance.

    Q.68)Expl
    ainHostOSandGuestOS?
    Ans:

     Thereareseveral
    popularvi
    rtual
    izat
    ionstrat
    egies.Whi
    chyoudecideonwil
    l
    dependony oursoft
    wareinterf
    ace,howitbuilds,i
    mpor
    ts,
    andaltersvi
    rt
    ual
    machines,andseveral
    othercharacter
    ist
    ics.

     Themostsi mpl
    eishost edvi
    rtualization,whi
    chinv
    olvesahostOSandguest
    OS.Thistypeofvi
    rtual
    izat
    ionusest heexisti
    ngoperat
    ingsystem (host
    operat
    ingsyst
    em) ,
    thir
    d-part
    yv i
    rtualizati
    onsoft
    ware,andav ari
    etyofguest
    operat
    ingsyst
    ems.I nthi
    sstrategy ,eachguestOSoper at
    esusingshared
    resour
    ceswithit
    shost.

     Putmoresi
    mply,
    hostoper
    ati
    ngsyst
    emsrunonhar
    dwar
    eandguest
    oper
    ati
    ngsyst
    emsrunonav i
    rt
    ual
    machine.

     Hos
    tOpe
    rat
    i
    ngSy
    ste
    m:
     Thehostoperat
    ingsystem i
    ssoft
    war eonacomputert
    hatworkswit
    hthe
    underl
    yi
    nghardware.Thetermistypi
    call
    yusedwhendi
    ffer
    ent
    iati
    ngfr
    om t
    he
    guestoper
    ati
    ngsystem usedinavirt
    uali
    zedser
    ver
    .

     With v
    irt
    uali
    zat i
    on,
    asinglephy si
    cal
    servercanbecomemul ti
    plevi
    rt
    ual
    machines,whi chareessenti
    all
    yisol
    atedpiecesofhardwarewi t
    hplentyof
    processi
    ng,memor y,
    storage,andnetworkcapaci
    ty.Vir
    tuali
    zati
    onisless
    expensiveandmor eef f
    ici
    entwhenitcomest osharingresourcesbetweenthe
    hostOSandt heguestOS.

     HostOSalsousecontainer-
    basedvir
    tual
    izat
    ion,
    whichhel
    pstoparti
    ti
    onthe
    appl
    icat
    ioninaser
    ver.Thisall
    owstheuseofcont ai
    ner
    sforeachappli
    cat
    ion
    anddoesn’tr
    equi
    retheuseoft heent
    ireOS.
     Gue
    stOpe
    rat
    i
    ngSy
    ste
    m:
     Wher east
    hehostoperat
    ingsystem i
    ssof
    twarei
    nst
    all
    edonacomput ert
    o
    i
    nteractwi
    ththehardwar
    e,theguestoper
    ati
    ngsyst
    em issof
    twar
    einstal
    l
    ed
    ontoandrunningonthevir
    tualmachi
    ne.

     TheguestOScanbediffer
    entfrom t
    hehostOSinv
    irtual
    i
    zat
    ionandisei
    ther
    partofapar
    ti
    ti
    onedsystem orpar
    tofavir
    tual
    machine.I
    tmainl
    yprovi
    des
    anotherOSf
    orappl
    icat
    ions.

     Whil
    etheguestOSsharesresourceswiththehostOS,thet
    wooperat
    e
    i
    ndependentl
    yofoneanother
    .Thesev ari
    ousoperat
    ingsyst
    emscanrunatt
    he
    sametime,butt
    hehostoperati
    ngsy st
    em mustbest ar
    tedi
    nit
    ial
    l
    y.

     Oneofthemajorbenef
    it
    sofusingaguestOSi
    stheabi
    l
    ityt
    orunpr
    ogr
    ams
    andappli
    cat
    ionst
    hatdon’twor
    kwit
    hthehostOS.

     GuestOScanal
    so:

     Runmorethanoneappli
    cati
    onrequi
    ringdi
    ff
    erentOSonthesamehardware.
     Beusedfort
    esti
    ngpurposes.
     Andwhil
    etherei
    sonlyonehostoperati
    ngsystem,t
    her
    ecanbemulti
    pleguest
    oper
    ati
    ngsyst
    ems,dependingonyourneedsforvi
    rt
    ual
    izat
    ion.

    Q69)
    .Whatar
    ethedi
    sadv
    ant
    agesofOSext
    ensi
    on?

    Ans:
    Di sadv antagesofOSext ension:
    OSVi rtuali
    zat ionisno“ wonderoft hewor ld”,sot her ear ealsoconst ot his
    technique.
     Nowo rkof f-l
    inecapabi l
    it
    y
    Att hemomentOSVi r
    tuali
    zat i
    onpr oduct smustbeconnect edwiththeOS
    Virtualizationser vertouset heoper atingsy stem ont hev i
    rtualdi
    sk.Whenno
    networ kconnect i
    oni savail
    ablet hesy stem cannotbeused.
     Hi gh- speedLANr ecommended( >100Mb)
    Becauset hev irtualdiskisconnect edf rom t heOSVi rtuali
    zationserverv i
    athe
    networ kinterfacecar daLANi sr ecommended.Ov eraWANconnect ionthereis
    probabl ynotenoughbandwi dt havai l
    ableand/ ornotr eliabl
    eenought ouset he
    syst em smoot hly.
     No tal loper ati
    ngsy stemsar esuppor ted
    Althoughmanyoper ati
    ngsy stemsar esuppor t
    edt her ear esomeLi nux
    distributionswhi chcannotr unv iatheOSVi r
    tualizationt echnique.
     Mu ltiplePXE/ Boot Psol ut
    ionsi nsamenet wor ksegmentwi llcauseissues
    Whenusi ngOSVi rtuali
    zati
    onasanaddi t i
    onal techni quewi thinyourcurrent
    i
    nf r
    ast ructur ey oushoul dconsi dert hePXE/ BootPConnect ionoption.Mul ti
    ple
    PXEser versinonesubnetwi llnotfunct ionasdesi red.
     I magi ngdi sadv antagesappl yt othist echni que
    Asdescr i
    bedearli
    eranimage-basedtechniqueisusedtocreatethevir
    tualdi
    sk.
    Al
    ldisadvantagesthatapplyt
    oimagingt echniquesar
    ealsovali
    df ort
    heOS
    Vi
    rt
    ualizati
    oncomponent .Thi
    nkofanappl icati
    onwhichaddsthecomput ername
    i
    nther egi
    stry/
    fi
    lesoranappli
    cationwhichcr eatesaGUI
    D/uniquenumberdur i
    ng
    i
    nstal
    lati
    on.

    Q70)
    .Whati
    sthedi
    ff
    erencebet
    weenphy
    sical
    clust
    erandv
    irt
    ual
    clust
    er?

    Ans.
    Asyoucansee, bothphysicalser
    versandv i
    rt
    ualmachinesprovi
    deuserswith
    multi
    plebenefit
    s.Therefore,whenchoosingbetweenthetwo, i
    tisi
    mportantt
    o
    considerthei
    rdist
    inct
    ivecharacter
    ist
    ics.Themaindif
    ferencesbetweenphysi
    cal
    serv
    er sandVMsar eoutl
    inedinthetablebel
    ow.

    Phy
    sical
    Clust
    er Vi
    rt
    ual
    Machi
    nesCl
    ust
    er

    Lar
    geupf
    rontcost
    s Smal
    lupf
    rontcost
    s

    Noneedf
    orl
    i
    censi
    ngpur
    chase VM sof
    twar
    eli
    censes

    Physi
    calserver
    sandaddi
    ti
    onal
    equi
    pment Asi
    nglephy
    sicalser
    vercanhostmul
    ti
    ple
    takealotofspace VMs,t
    hussavingspace

    Hasashor
    tli
    fe-
    cycl
    e Suppor
    tsl
    egacyappl
    i
    cat
    ions

    Noon-
    demandscal
    abi
    l
    ity On-
    demandscal
    abi
    l
    ity

    Hardwareupgradesareeasiert
    oimplement
    ;
    Hardwareupgradesaredi
    ff
    icul
    tto
    theworkloadcanbemi gr
    atedtoabackup
    i
    mpl ementandcanleadtoconsi
    derabl
    e
    sit
    efortherepai
    rperi
    odtomi ni
    mize
    downtime
    downti
    me

    Di
    ff
    icul
    ttomov
    eorcopy Easyt
    omov
    eorcopy

    Adv
    ancedcapaci
    tyopt
    imi
    zat
    ioni
    senabl
    ed
    Poorcapaci
    tyopt
    imi
    zat
    ion
    byl
    oadbal
    ancing

    Somel ev
    elofov
    erheadi
    srequi
    redf
    or
    Doesn’
    trequi
    reanyov
    erheadl
    ayer
    runni
    ngVMs

    Perfectf
    oror gani
    zati
    onsrunni
    ngservi
    ces Perf
    ectf
    ororganizati
    onsr unni
    ngmulti
    ple
    andoperationswhichrequir
    ehighl
    y oper
    ati
    onsorservingmul ti
    pleuser
    s,which
    producti
    vecomput inghar
    dwareforthei
    r pl
    antoextendtheirproducti
    onenvir
    onment
    i
    mpl ementati
    on i
    nthefutur
    e

    As y ou can see,physi
    calmachi nes and VMs ar e dif
    fer
    entf r
    om one another
    and,essenti
    all
    ypr
    ovi
    dediff
    erentbenefi
    tsf ororgani
    zat
    ions.Ther
    efore,whendeci
    ding
    betweent hetwoopt i
    ons,youshouldcl earl
    ydef i
    nethenumberofoper ati
    onsthat
    yourbusi
    nessexecut
    es,t
    heperf
    ormancel
    evelt
    hatyourcust
    omer
    sexpectf
    rom t
    he
    organi
    zat
    ion,
    andyourbusi
    nessgoal
    sandobj
    ecti
    ves.

    Q71)
    .Def
    inet
    rustmanagementi
    ncl
    oudcomput
    ing?

    Ans:
     Cloudcomput i
    nghasbeenattr
    acti
    ngtheatt
    ent
    ionofsev
    eralr
    esearchers
    bothintheacademiaandt
    heindust
    ryasitpr
    ovi
    desmanyoppor
    tuni
    ti
    esf or
    organi
    zati
    onsbyoff
    eri
    ngar
    angeofcomputi
    ngser
    vices.

     Forcl
    oudcomput i
    ngtobecomewidel
    yadoptedbybot
    htheent
    erpr
    isesand
    i
    ndiv
    idual
    s,sev
    erali
    ssueshav
    etobesol
    ved.

     A keyissuet
    hatneedsspecialat
    tent
    ionissecuri
    tyofclouds,andt
    rust
    managementi
    sanimpor
    tantcomponentofcl
    oudsecuri
    ty.

     Trustmodel s proposed forvarious di


    str
    ibut
    ed sy st
    em has t hen been
    summar ized.Thet rustmanagementsystemspr oposedforcloudcomputing
    havebeeni nvestigatedwi
    thspecialemphasi
    sont hei
    rcapabil
    i
    ty,appl
    i
    cabil
    it
    y
    i
    npr act
    icalheterogonouscloudenvir
    onmentandi mplementabl
    e.

     Fi
    nall
    y,t
    heproposedmodels/sy
    stemshavebeencomparedwitheachot
    her
    basedonaselect
    edsetofcl
    oudcomputi
    ngparamet
    ersi
    nat abl
    e.

     Cloudcomput i
    ng 
    ist hegrowingtechnology.I
    toffer
    smanyser v
    ices....A
    system proposedt hatimplement
    st he tr
    ustmanagement
     syst
    em for cl
    oud
    computing, t hat assur es secure dat
    a access t
    hrough
    tr
    ustworthy 
    cloud 
    servicepr
    ovi
    der.

    Q72)Expl
    aint
    hev
    irt
    ual
    clust
    ersi
    ndet
    ail
    ?

    Ans:
     Cl
    ust er
     is not hing buta gr oup ofcomput er
    s putt ogether .I n a vi
    rt
    ual
    cl
    uster, 
    vir
    tual  
    machines ar e grouped.When a  vir
    tualcl uster is creat
    ed,
    di
    fferent 
    clust er 
    feat
    urescanbeusedsuchasf ai
    lover,loadbal ancing,l
    ive
    migrati
    on of  
    v i
    rt
    ual 
    machi nesacr ossphy sicalhost s.Iwor kwi th VMwar e
    pr
    oduct s.
     Vi
    rtualclust ersarebui l
    twi t
    hVMsi nstall
    edatdi stri
    but edserver sf r
    om oneor
    mor e physicalcl usters.The VMs i nav irt
    ualcl usterar ei nterconnected
    l
    ogicall
    ybyav i
    rt
    ualnetwor k acr
    osssev eralphysicalnet wor ks.Fi gure3.18
    i
    ll
    ustratest heconcept sofv i
    rtualcluster
    sandphy sicalclusters.Eachv i
    rt
    ual
    cl
    usterisf or medwi thphy si
    calmachi nesoraVM host edbymul tipl
    ephy si
    cal
    cl
    usters.Thev i
    rt
    ualclusterboundariesareshownasdi st
    inctboundar i
    es.
    Pr
    ovi
    sioningVMst
    oav
    irt
    ual
    clust
    eri
    sdonedy
    nami
    cal
    l
    yandhast
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ng
    pr
    oper
    ties:

     Thevirt
    ualcl
    usternodescanbeei
    therphy
    sical
    orvi
    rt
    ualmachi
    nes.Mult
    ipl
    eVMs
    runni
    ngwithdif
    ferentoper
    ati
    ngsy
    stems(OSes)canbedepl
    oyedonthesame
    physi
    calnode;
     AVM runswit
    haguestOS,whichisoftendi
    ff
    erentf
    rom t
    hehostOSt
    hat
    managestheresour
    cesi
    nthephysical
    machinewheretheVM i
    simpl
    ement
    ed;
     Thepur
    poseofusi
    ngVMsi stoconsol
    idat
    emul t
    ipl
    efunct
    ional
    it
    iesonthesame
    ser
    ver
    .Thi
    swil
    lgreat
    lyenhanceser
    veruti
    l
    izat
    ionandappl
    icati
    onflexi
    bil
    i
    ty;
     VMscanberepli
    catedi
    nmulti
    pleser
    versf
    ort hepurposeofpr
    omot
    ing
    di
    str
    ibut
    edpar
    all
    eli
    sm f
    aul
    ttol
    eranceanddisasterr
    ecovery
    ;
     Thesize( numberofnodes)ofavi
    rt
    ual
    clust
    ercangroworshri
    nkdy
    namical
    l
    y,
    si
    milartot hewayanoverl
    aynetwor
    kvari
    esinsi
    zeinapeer-t
    opeer
    (P2P)
    net
    wor k;and
     Thefai
    lur
    eofanyphysi
    calnodesmaydisabl
    esomeVMsi nstal
    l
    edont
    hef
    ail
    i
    ng
    nodes,
    butthef
    ail
    ureofVMswi l
    lnotpul
    ldownthehostsy
    stem.

    Q73)Givecompar
    isonbet
    weent
    hei
    mpl
    ement
    ati
    onl
    evel
    sof
    vi
    rt
    ual
    izati
    on

    Ans:
     Atradit
    ionalcomputerrunswithahostoperati
    ngsy stem speciallyt
    ail
    oredfor
    i
    tshardwar earchi
    tect
    ure,asshowninFigure3.1(
    a).Af t
    ervir
    tualizat
    ion,
    di
    ff
    erentuserappl i
    cat
    ionsmanagedbyt heirownoper ati
    ngsy stems( guest
    OS)canr unont hesamehar dwar
    e,independentofthehostOS.
     Thi
    si softendonebyaddi ngaddi
    ti
    onalsoftware,
    calleda vi
    rt
    ual i
    zati
    onl ay
    er.
    Thisvir
    tual
    i
    zati
    onlayerisknownas hyper
    visor
     or
     vi
    rt
    ualmachine
    monitor 
    (VMM)[54].
     TheVMsar eshowni ntheupperboxes,whereappli
    cati
    onsrunwitht
    hei
    rown
    guestOSov ert
    hevir
    tuali
    zedCPU,memor y,andI/Oresour
    ces.

    Vi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionatI
    SA(
    Inst
    ruct
    ionSetAr
    chi
    tect
    ure)l
    evel
    :
     Emul atingagi venISAbyt heISAofthehostmachi ne.E.
    g.MIPSbi narycode
    canr unonanx- 86-basedhostmachi newiththehelpofISAemul ati
    on.
     Itcanr unalar geamountofl egacybinarycodeswritt
    enforvari
    ous
    pr ocessor sonanygi vennewhar dwarehostmachinesbestappli
    cati
    on
    flexibil
    ity
     Thei nstruct
    ionsneedt obei nter
    pret
    edbef or
    ebeingexecutedandOnesour ce
    instruct i
    onmayr equir
    etensorhundr edsofnati
    vet ar
    getinst
    ruct
    ionst o
    per formi tsfuncti
    on,whichisr el
    ati
    vel
    yslow.
    Vi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat ionatHar dwareAbstracti
    onlevel:
    • Virt
    ualizationuti
    l
    izesthenat i
    vehar dwar eforalli
    tscomputati
    onsand
    processi ngbymappi ngt hevi
    rtualresourcesi nt
    ophysical
    resour
    ces.
    • Itgenerat esvi
    rt
    ual hardwareenv i
    ronment sf orVMs,andmanagesthe
    underlyinghardwaret hroughvirt
    ualizati
    on.
    • Hashi gherper f
    ormanceandgoodappl i
    cationisol
    ati
    on.
    • Veryexpensi vetoimpl ement(compl exi
    ty)
    Vi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zationatOper ati
    ngSy st
    em (OS)lev el:
    • Thi sv i
    rt
    uali
    zat i
    oncr eatesisol
    atedcontainersonasingl
    ephysicalser
    verand
    theOS- i
    nstancet out i
    li
    zethehar dwareandsof t
    war
    ei ndat
    acenters.
    • Hasmi nimal start
    up/ shutdowncost ,
    lowr esour
    cer
    equirement,andhigh
    scalabil
    i
    ty;synchronizeVM andhostst at
    echanges.
    • Poorappl i
    cationflexibi
    lit
    yandisolati
    on.
    Li
    brar
    ySuppor tlevel
    :
     Itcreat
    esexecut i
    onenvir
    onment sforrunni
    ngal i
    enpr
    ogramsonapl
    atf
    orm
    ratherthancr eati
    ngVM tor untheenti
    reoperati
    ngsyst
    em.
     Iti
    sdonebyAPIcal li
    ntercept
    ionandr emapping.
     Ithasv erylowi mplementati
    onef f
    ort
     Poorappl icati
    onflexi
    bil
    it
    yandi sol
    ati
    on
    User-
    Applicat
    ionl ev
    el:
    • Thisl
    ayersi
    tsasanappl icati
    onpr ogram ontopofanoper at
    ingsyst
    em and
    expor
    tsanabstr
    act i
    onofaVM t hatcanrunprogr
    amswritt
    enandcompi l
    edto
    apart
    icul
    arabst
    ractmachi nedef i
    nit
    ion.
    • Hasthebestapplicati
    onisolat
    ionlow perf
    ormance,l
    ow appli
    cati
    onfl
    exi
    bil
    it
    y
    andhighi
    mplement ati
    oncompl exit
    y.

    Q74)Expl
    aint
    hev
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionofCPU,
    Memor
    yandI
    /Odev
    ices?
    Ans:
    CPUVi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion:
     AVM isadupl i
    cateofanexi stingcomputersystem
     Major
    it
    yoft heVM i nstr
    uct i
    onsareexecutedont hehostpr ocessori
    nnat i
    ve
    mode.
    o Unpr i
    v i
    l
    egedi nstructi
    onsofVMsr undirectl
    yont hehostmachi nefor
    hi
    gheref f
    ici
    ency .
    o Ot hercrit
    icalinst
    r uct
    ionsshouldbehandl edcareful
    l
    yf orcorr
    ectness
    andstabil
    ity.
     
     Thecri
    ti
    cali
    nstructi
    onsar ediv
    idedint
    othreecategori
    es:
    o Privil
    egedi nst ructionsexecut ei napr ivi
    leged  modeandwi l
    lbet rappedi f
    execut edout sidet hismode.
    o Cont rol-sensitivei nst ruct ions at tempt t o change t he conf i
    gur ation of
    resour ces used.Behav i
    or sensi t
    iv ei nstructions hav e di fferentbehav i
    or s
    dependi ngont heconf igur ationofr esour ces,i ncludingt hel oadandst or e
    oper ationsov ert hev irt
    ual memor y.
     ACPUar chit
    ect urei sv irtual i
    zabl ei fitsuppor t
    st heabi l
    ityt or unt heVM’ s
    privil
    egedandunpr i
    v i
    legedi nst r
    uct ionsi nt heCPU’ susermodewhi let he
    VMM r unsi nsuper vi
    sormode.
     When t he privileged i nst ruct i
    onsi ncluding cont r
    ol -and behav i
    or-sensi tive
    i
    nst ructionsofaVM ar eexecut ed,t heyar et r
    appedi ntheVMM.I nt hiscase,
    theVMM act sasauni fiedmedi atorf orhar dwar eaccessf rom di f
    ferentVMs
    toguar anteet hecor rect nessandst abi l
    ityoft hewhol esystem.
     Howev er ,notal lCPUar chi tect uresar ev i
    rtualizable.RI SCCPUar chi tectur es
    can be nat urallyv i
    rtual ized because al lcont rol
    -and behav iour-sensi tive
    i
    nst ructionsar epr ivi
    legedi nst ructions
     Memor yVi rt
    ual i
    zat i
    on:
     Virt
    ualmemor yv ir
    tualizat ioni ssi mi l
    art othev irt
    ualmemor ysuppor tpr ovided
    bymoder noper at i
    ngsy stems.
     Inat radi t
    ionalexecut ion env ironment ,t he oper ati
    ng sy stem mai ntains
    mappi ngsof  
    v i
    rtual memor y to machi nememor y
     usi ngpaget ables,whi chi sa
    one- stagemappi ngf rom v i
    r tual memor yt omachi nememor y.
     Allmoder n x86 CPUs i ncl ude a  memor y managementuni t( MMU)  and
    a t
    ransl ationl ookasi debuf fer( TLB)  
    toopt imizev ir
    tualmemor yper for mance.
    Howev er ,inav i
    rtualexecut ionenv ir
    onment ,v irtualmemor yv i
    rtual i
    zat i
    on
    i
    nv olves shar ing t he phy si calsy st em memor yi n RAM and dy nami cal l
    y
    all
    ocat ingi ttot he phy sical memor y oft heVMs.
     Thatmeansat wo- st
    agemappi ngpr ocessshoul dbemai nt ainedbyt heguest
    OS and t he VMM,r espect i
    v ely:v irtualmemor yt o phy sicalmemor yand
    phy sical memor yt omachi nememor y .
     Fur ther mor e,MMUv irt
    ual izat ionshoul dbesuppor ted,whichi stranspar entt o
    theguestOS.TheguestOS cont inuest o cont r
    olt hemappi ngofv i
    rtual
    addr essest ot hephy sicalmemor yaddr essesofVMs.Butt heguestOS
    cannotdi rectlyaccesst heact ual machi nememor y.
     TheVMM i sr esponsi blef ormappi ngt heguestphy sicalmemor yt ot he
    actualmachi nememor y .Fi gur e3. 12showst het wo- l
    evelmemor ymappi ng
    procedur e.
     
     Si
    nceeachpaget abl
    eoft heguestOSeshasaseparatepagetabl
    einthe
    VMM cor
    respondingtoit
    ,theVMM paget abl
    eiscal
    l
    edt
    heshadowpaget
    able.
    Nest
    edpagetablesaddanot herl
    ayerofi
    ndir
    ect
    iont
    ovi
    rt
    ualmemory.
     TheMMUal r
    eadyhandl
    esvi
    rt
    ual
    -t
    o-phy
    sicaltranslati
    onsasdef
    inedbyt
    heOS.
    Thenthephysi
    calmemoryaddr
    essesar etranslatedtomachineaddr
    esses
    usi
    nganot
    hersetofpaget
    abl
    edefi
    nedbyt hehy pervi
    sor.
     Sincemodernoperati
    ngsystemsmaint
    ainasetofpaget abl
    esforever
    y
    process,t
    he shadow page tabl
    es wi
    l
    lgetflooded.Consequent
    ly,t
    he
    perfor
    manceover
    headandcostofmemorywi
    l
    lbeveryhi
    gh.
     VMwareusesshadow paget ablest o per
    form vi
    rt
    ual
    -memory-
    to-
    machine-
    memoryaddresstr
    ansl
    ati
    on.Processor
    suseTLBhar dwaret
    omapt hevi
    rtual
    memorydi
    rectl
    ytothemachinememor yt oavoi
    dthetwolev
    elsoftr
    ansl
    ati
    on
    onev
    eryaccess.
     When the guestOS changest he v
    irt
    ualmemoryto a phy
    sicalmemor y
    mappi
    ng,t
    heVMM updat estheshadowpagetabl
    estoenabl
    eadirectl
    ookup.

    I
    /OVi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion:
    I
    /Ov i
    rt
    ual
    izat
    ion i
    nvol
    vesmanagi
    ng t
    her outi
    ng ofI/Orequest
    sbetween
    v
    irt
    ualdev
    icesandtheshar
    edphysi
    calhardware.Att
    heti
    meoft hiswr
    it
    ing,
    t
    herearet
    hreewaystoimpl
    ementI
    /Ovir
    tuali
    zat
    ion:
    1.Ful
    ldev
    iceemul
    ati
    on:
     Allthefunct
    ionsofadev i
    ceorbusi nf
    rast
    ruct
    ure,suchasdevi
    ce
    enumerati
    on,ident
    if
    icat
    ion,int
    err
    upt
    s,and DMA,ar er epl
    i
    cat
    ed i
    n
    soft
    ware.
     Thissoft
    wareislocat
    edi
    nt heVMM andactsasavi
    rt
    ualdev
    ice.The
    I
    /O accessrequestsoft
    heguestOSaretrappedi
    ntheVMM whi ch
    i
    nteract
    swit
    ht heI/
    Odevi
    ces.
     Thef
    ull
    dev
    iceemul
    ati
    onappr
    oachi
    sshowni
    nFi
    gur
    e3.
    14.
     A singl
    ehar dwar
    edevicecanbeshar
    edbymulti
    pleVMst hatr
    un
    concurr
    ent
    ly.However
    ,sof
    twar
    eemul
    ati
    onr
    unsmuchslower
    .
    2.Par
    a-v
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion:
     Thepara-v
    irt
    ual
    izat
    ionmethodofI
    /Ov i
    rt
    ual
    izat
    ioni
    st ypi
    cal
    l
    yusedin
    Xen.Iti
    salsoknownast hespl
    i
    tdr
    ivermodelconsi
    sti
    ngofaf r
    ont
    end
    dri
    verandabackenddri
    ver.
     Thef rontenddri
    verisrunninginDomai nUandt hebackenddr i
    veris
    runninginDomai n0.Theyi nteractwitheachot hervi
    aabl ockof
    sharedmemor y
    .Thef r
    ont enddrivermanagestheI/Orequestsoft he
    guestOSesandt hebackenddr i
    v erisr
    esponsi
    bleformanagingthereal
    I/Odev i
    cesandmul t
    ipl
    exingtheI/Odataofdif
    ferentVMs.
     Although para-
    I/
    O-v
    irt
    uali
    zat
    ion achi
    eves betterdev
    ice perf
    ormance
    thanfull
    dev i
    ceemulat
    ion,i
    tcomeswi t
    hahi gherCPUoverhead.

    3.Di
    rectI
    /Ov
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion:
     I
    tletstheVM accessdev i
    cesdir
    ectl
    y.Itcanachiev
    ecl ose-
    to-
    nat i
    veperfor
    mancewithouthi
    ghCPUcost s.However
    ,current
    directI/
    Ov i
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionimplementat
    ionsfocusonnet working
    formainframes.
     Ther
    ear
    eal
    otofchal
    l
    engesf
    orcommodi
    tyhar
    dwar
    edev
    ices.
     Si
    nce sof t
    ware-
    based I/Ov i
    rt
    uali
    zat
    ion requi
    res a ver
    yhi
    gh
    overhead of dev i
    ce emul ati
    on, har dware-
    assi
    sted I
    /O
    vi
    rtual
    izat
    ioniscr
    it
    ical
    .Int
    elVT-dsupport
    st heremappi
    ngofI
    /O
    DMAt r
    ansfer
    sanddevice-
    generat
    edinter
    rupts.
     I/
    O v i
    rt
    uali
    zat
    ion isthe mostdiff
    icul
    tone toreal
    i
    ze the
    complexi
    tyifI/O ser
    vicer
    outi
    nesandt heemul
    ati
    onneeded
    betweentheguestOSandhostOS.
    75)Di
    scusst
    hebenef
    it
    sassoci
    atedwi
    thv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion.
    Ans:
    Vir
    tual
    izati
    onrefer
    stoakindofserv
    iceinwhichanor gani
    zat
    ionneedstospendonly
    thecostfortheservi
    cei
    tuses.Thebenefi
    tsassoci
    atedwithvir
    tual
    i
    zati
    onareli
    sted
    asfoll
    ows:
     Maximi zi
    ngresources:
    Thepay-as-
    you-
    gof aci
    li
    tyofvi
    rt
    uali
    zat ionhel
    ps
    organizat
    ionsuti
    li
    zethemaximum amountofr equi
    redresources.The
    concernaboutresourcemanagementori nf
    rast
    ruct
    uremai ntenanceisalso
    reducedtoami nimum lev
    el,
    thusprovi
    dingawayt omaximi zingresour
    ces.

     Reducinghardwarecosts:Wheny ouhav enor equi


    rementsfori
    nfr
    astr
    uctur
    e,
    thecostforhardwarereducesautomatical
    ly.Youdonotr equi
    rei
    nstal
    li
    ng
    l
    argeservers,hugediskspace,orexpensiv
    edat abases,
    becauseyoucanav ai
    l
    theseservi
    cesv i
    rt
    ual
    ly,anyt
    ime.

     Mini
    mizingmaintenancer
    equirements:Thelesseristhehardwarewit
    hy ou,
    t
    helesserist
    her equir
    ementformaintenance.Vir
    tual
    izati
    onhelpsyourun
    mult
    ipl
    eOSsonasi ngl
    ehardwarewhichreducest hehardwarecost
    ,aswel l
    as
    t
    heneedf ormaintaini
    ngt
    hehar dwar
    e.

     Enjoyi
    ngbenef i
    tsofOS:Virt
    ual
    izati
    onhelpsy outakeadv antageoft he
    facil
    i
    tiesof
    feredbydif
    ferentOSs.Forexampl e,yourpersonal computer(
    PC)
    hasaspecificOSbuty ouneedacer tai
    nkindofser vi
    cet hatisav ai
    l
    ablei
    n
    anotherOS.Her e,
    youcanav ai
    lthatser
    vicethroughv i
    rt
    ual i
    zation.

     Usingmul t
    ipl
    esy
    stems:Useofmulti
    pleoperat
    ingsyst
    ems(OSs)ismade
    easywi t
    hthehel
    pofvir
    tual
    i
    zati
    on.TheVMM pr ovi
    desthepl
    atf
    ormformore
    thanoneOSst oworki
    nawayt hatyouenjoyworki
    ngonmulti
    plecomput
    ers
    throughone.

     Testi
    ngbetasoftwareandmaintaini
    nglegacyappli
    cati
    ons:Vir
    tual
    i
    zat
    ion
    all
    owsy outoi
    nstal
    lmor et
    hanoneOSsi de-
    by-
    side.Thiswayyoucantesta
    newr el
    easeofsoft
    warewithoutrequi
    ri
    ngseparate,dedicat
    edsyst
    emsfor
    test
    ing.

     Increasi
    ngsy st
    em securi
    ty:
    Youcani ncreasethesecuri
    tyofyoursyst
    em
    throughv i
    rt
    uali
    zati
    on.I
    ndivi
    dual systemst hatr
    unonv i
    rtual
    machinescanbe
    separ at
    edfrom eachother
    .Thishel psav oi
    dtherequi
    rementfordif
    fer
    ent
    comput erstoberunondi f
    ferentlevelsofsecuri
    tywit
    houtbeinguti
    li
    zedto
    theirful
    lcapaci
    ty.

    76)Di
    scusst
    hedesi
    gnr
    equi
    rement
    sofVi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion.
    Ans:
    Thev
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    iondesi
    gnr
    equi
    rement
    sar
    ebr
    oadl
    yvi
    ewedas:
     Equi
    val
    encer
    equi
    rement
    :Amachi
    net
    hati
    sdev
    elopedt
    hroughv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion
    musthav ealogicalequiv
    alencewit
    ht herealmachines.Theemulatorneeds
    tomat chthecapabil
    iti
    esofthephysicalsyst
    em init
    scomput at
    ional
    perf
    ormance.Theemul atedsyst
    em mustbeabl etoexecuteall
    the
    appl
    icati
    onandpr ogramst hatar
    edesi gnedtoexecutedontherealmachines
    wit
    ht heonlyconsiderabl
    eexpectat
    ionoft i
    ming.

     Eff
    iciencyr equirement :Whilet
    akingt herouteofvir
    tuali
    zati
    on, t
    hev ir
    tual
    machi nemustbeasef fi
    cienti
    ni t
    sper formanceasar ealsystem.
    Vir
    tualizationispr i
    mar i
    lydonewi ththepur poseofgetti
    ngef f
    icientsoftware
    wit
    houtt hephy sicalhardware.Thus, withtheonl
    ypossi bi
    li
    tyofcompr omise
    ont hepoi ntofef fi
    ciencybeingther equirementf
    orsharingofr esources,an
    emul atormustbecapabl eofinterpreti
    ngal l
    thei
    nstruct
    ionsthatmaybe
    safelyinterpret
    edi naphy sicalsystem.

     Resour cecontrolr
    equirement:Atypical comput ersystem isacombi nati
    onof
    vari
    ousr esources,
    incl
    udingprocessor s, memor y,andI/Odev i
    ces.Al
    lthese
    resourcesmustbemanagedandcont roll
    edef f
    ectivel
    ybyt heVMM.TheVMM
    mustbei nastateofenf or
    cingisol
    at i
    onbet weent hevirt
    ual i
    zedsyst
    ems.The
    vir
    tualmachinesort heVMM shoul dnotf aceanyi nt
    erferenceinthei
    r
    operati
    onsduet oothermachinesi nanymanner ,barr
    ingacasewher e
    i
    nterferenceisenti
    tledtotherequirement sforeffi
    ciency.

    77)Expl
    ainv
    ari
    ouscomponent
    sofXenCl
    oudPl
    atf
    orm.
    Ans:
    Thebasiccomponent sofaXen-basedvirtual
    izationenv i
    ronmentar ethe 
    Xen
    hyperv
    isor,t
    he Dom0,anynumberofot her
     VM Guest s,andthetools,commands,
    andconfigurat
    ionfi
    l
    esthatletyoumanagev irt
    ualization.Coll
    ect
    ively
    , t
    hephysi
    cal
    computerrunningal
    lthesecomponentsiscal l
    eda  VM HostSer ver 
    becausetoget
    her
    thesecomponent sf
    orm aplatf
    ormforhostingv i
    rtual machines.

     TheXenHy perv
    isor
    TheXenhypervi
    sor,someti
    messimpl ycal
    l
    edav i
    rt
    ualmachinemonit
    or,i
    san
    opensour
    cesof t
    wareprogram t
    hatcoordi
    nat
    esthelow-
    leveli
    nter
    act
    ion
    betweenv
    irt
    ualmachinesandphy si
    calhar
    dware.

     TheDom0
    Thev
    irt
    ualmachi
    nehostenv
    ironment,al
    socal
    l
    ed 
    Dom0 
    orcont
    rol
    l
    ingdomai
    n,
    i
    scomposedofsever
    alcomponents,
    suchas:

    openSUSELeap 
    prov
    idesagr
    aphi
    cal
    andacommandl
    i
    neenv
    ironmentt
    o
    managet
    hev
    irt
    ual
    machi
    nehostcomponent
    sandi
    tsv
    irt
    ual
    machi
    nes.
     Thexl
    tool
    stackbasedont
    hexenl
    i
    ghtl
    i
    brar
    y(l
    i
    bxl
    ).Usei
    ttomanageXen
    guestdomai
    ns.
     QEMU—anopensour
    cesof
    twar
    ethatemul
    atesaf
    ull
    comput
    ersy
    stem,
    i
    ncludi
    ngaprocessorandv
    ari
    ousperi
    pheral
    s.I
    tpr
    ovi
    destheabil
    it
    ytohost
    operat
    ingsy
    stemsinbothf
    ull
    vir
    tual
    i
    zati
    onandparav
    irt
    ual
    izat
    ionmode.
     Xen-BasedVirt
    ualMachines
    AXen-
    basedv ir
    tual
    machine,alsocal
    l
    eda 
    VM Guest
     or
     DomU,
    consi
    stsoft
    he
    f
    oll
    owingcomponent s:
     Atl
    eastonev
    irt
    ual
    diskt
    hatcont
    ainsaboot
    abl
    eoper
    ati
    ngsy
    stem.The
    vi
    rt
    ualdi
    skcanbebasedonaf
    il
    e,par
    ti
    ti
    on,
    vol
    ume,
    orot
    hert
    ypeofbl
    ock
    devi
    ce.

     Aconf
    igur
    ati
    onf
    il
    esf
    oreachguestdomai
    n.I
    tisat
    extf
    il
    efol
    l
    owi
    ngt
    he
    sy
    ntaxdescr
    ibedi
    nthemanual
    page 
    man5xl
    .conf
    .
     Sever
    alnet
    wor
    kdev
    ices,
    connect
    edt
    othev
    irt
    ual
    net
    wor
    kpr
    ovi
    dedbyt
    he
    cont
    rol
    l
    ingdomai
    n.

     ManagementTool
    s,Commands,
    andConf
    igur
    ati
    onFi
    l
    es
    Ther
    eisacombi
    nati
    onofGUItool
    s,commands,
    andconfi
    gurat
    ionf
    il
    est
    o
    hel
    pyoumanageandcust
    omizeyourvi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zati
    onenvi
    ronment.
    78)Expl
    aini
    nst
    ruct
    ionsetar
    chi
    tect
    urel
    evel
    ofVi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion.
    Ans:
     Vir
    tual
    izat
    ioni
    simpl
    ement edatthelev
    elofinst
    ructi
    onsetarchit
    ect
    ureby
    tr
    ansformingt
    hephysi
    calarchi
    tect
    ureofthesystem’si
    nstr
    uctionset
    completel
    yint
    osof
    tware.

     Thehostmachi neisaphy si
    calpl
    atfor
    m compr i
    singv ari
    ouscomponent s,
    i
    ncludingmemor y,pr
    ocess, I
    nput
    /Output(
    I/O)devices,busesetc.Onthi
    s
    machinet he,t
    heVMM i nstal
    lsguestsyst
    ems.Theseguestsy stem i
    ssue
    i
    nstructi
    onsfortheemulatortoprocessandexecut e.

     Theinstructi
    onsarereceiv
    edbyt heemul at
    or,whichtransformt hem i
    ntoa
    nat
    iveinstruct
    ionset.Thesenativei
    nstr
    uctionsarerunont hehostmachine’
    s
    har
    dwar e.Theinstr
    ucti
    onsincludeboththeprocessor-ori
    entedinstr
    ucti
    ons
    andtheI/ Ospecif
    icones.Foranemul at
    ortobesuccessf ul
    , i
    tneedsto
    emulateallthetasksthatarealcomputercanperf or
    m.

     Theworkingofvi
    rt
    ual
    izat
    ionatthelev
    elofi
    nst
    ruct
    ionsetarchi
    tect
    ureisf
    ine,
    buttheemulat
    ionoft
    histypehasit
    sownsetofposit
    ivesandnegativ
    es,which
    areasfol
    lows:
     Posi
    ti
    ves:

     I
    tisav er
    ysimpleandrobustki
    ndoftransformationint
    ovi
    rt
    ual
    ar
    chitect
    ure.Thi
    sarchi
    tect
    uremakesiteasyt oimplement
    mult
    iplesystemsonasinglephysi
    cal
    structure.

     Theinst
    ruct
    ionsi
    ssuedbytheguestsy
    stem ar
    etr
    ansl
    atedi
    nto
    thei
    nstr
    ucti
    onsofthehostsyst
    em.

     Thisarchit
    ectureenabl
    ethehostsystem t
    oadjustt
    oachangei
    n
    thearchit
    ectureofguestsy
    stem,ifaccompli
    shi
    ngat aski
    s
    possi
    blet
    hrought
    hei
    nst
    ruct
    ionst
    hatar
    eav
    ail
    abl
    ewi
    tht
    hehost
    syst
    em.

     Thebi
    ndingbetweent
    hehostandtheguestsy
    stemsar
    eisnot
    ver
    yst
    ringent
    ,hencemaki
    ngitf
    lexi
    ble.

     Theinf
    rast
    ructureprovi
    dedbythevirt
    uali
    zat
    ionofthi
    skindcan
    beusedforcreati
    ngv i
    rtual
    machi
    nesonapl atfor
    m, f
    orexampl
    e,
    x86onanyplatform suchasx86,Sparc,
    orAlpha,et
    c.

     Negat
    ives:

     Thei nstr
    ucti
    onsneedtobei
    nterpretedbefor
    ebeingexecuted,
    thereforethesyst
    em wi
    tht
    hev i
    rtual
    izat
    ionofinst
    ruct
    ionset
    architect
    urelev
    elshowsapoorper f
    ormance.

    79)Wr
    it
    ether
    elat
    ivemer
    it
    sofVi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionatv
    ari
    ousl
    evel
    s.
    Ans:
     I
    nst
    ruct
    ionsetar
    chi
    tect
    ure(
    ISA)l
    evel
    :
     I
    tisaver
    ysimpl
    eandr
    obustki
    ndoft
    ransf
    ormat
    ioni
    ntov
    irt
    ual
    ar
    chi
    tect
    ure.
     Thi
    sarchi
    tectur
    emakesiteasyt
    oimpl
    ementmul
    ti
    plesy
    stemsona
    si
    ngl
    ephysicalstr
    uct
    ure.
     I
    tcanrunalar
    geamountofl
    egacybi
    narycodeswr
    it
    tenforv
    ari
    ous
    pr
    ocessor
    sonanygi
    vennewhardwarehostmachi
    nes.
     Bestappl
    i
    cat
    ionf
    lexi
    bil
    i
    ty.

     Vi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionatHar
    dwar
    eabst
    ract
    ionl
    evel
    :
     I
    thashi
    gherper
    for
    manceandgoodappl
    i
    cat
    ioni
    sol
    ati
    on.

     Vi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionatoper
    ati
    ngsy
    stem (
    OS)l
    evel
    :
     I
    thasmi
    nimal
    star
    tup/
    shut
    downcost
    .
     I
    thasl
    owr
    esour
    cer
    equi
    rement.
     I
    thashi
    ghscal
    abi
    l
    ity
    .
     I
    tsy
    nchr
    oni
    zev
    irt
    ual
    machi
    nesandchangest
    hehostst
    ate.
     OSl
    evel
    vir
    tual
    machi
    necaneasi
    l
    ysy
    nchr
    oni
    zewi
    thi
    tsenv
    ironment
    .

     Li
    brar
    y(userl
    evel
    API
    )lev
    el:
     I
    thasv
    eryl
    owi
    mpl
    ement
    ati
    onef
    for
    t.
     Appl
    i
    cat
    ionl
    evel
    :
     I
    thast
    hebestappl
    i
    cat
    ioni
    sol
    ati
    on.

    Q80.Expl
    ainl
    i
    brar
    ysuppor
    tlev
    elofv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion?
    Ans.
     Programmingtheapplicati
    onsinmostsy
    stem requi
    resanextensi
    veli
    stof
    Appli
    cati
    on Program Inter
    faces (
    API
    s)to be export
    ed by i
    mplementi
    ng
    vari
    ousli
    brar
    iesattheuser-
    level
    .
     TheseAPIsar
    eusedtosav
    eusersfr
    om theminut
    edet
    ail
    sentai
    l
    edwi t
    h
    programmi
    ngr
    elat
    edt
    otheOSandenabl
    eprogr
    ammerst
    owr i
    teprogr
    ams
    easil
    y.
     Thishowever
    ,istakenasanewoppor
    tuni
    tybyt
    hevir
    tual
    izat
    ioncommuni
    ty.
    Attheuser-l
    evelimpl
    ement
    ati
    on,adi
    ffer
    entVEisprovi
    dedi nt
    hiski
    ndof
    abstr
    act
    ion.
     Thi
    sVEi screat
    edabovetheOSl
    ayer
    ,whi
    chcanexposeadi
    ff
    erentcl
    assof
    bi
    naryi
    nter
    facesal
    toget
    her
    .
     Thi
    stypeofvir
    tual
    izat
    ionmay,otherwise,
    bedef i
    nedasanimplementat
    ionof
    adiff
    erentsetofAppl i
    cat
    ion BinaryInter
    faces(ABIs)and/orAPIsbeing
    i
    mplemented thr
    ough the base system and perfor
    ming the f
    uncti
    on of
    ABI
    /APIemulati
    on.
    Q81.Expl
    ainhar
    dwar
    eabst
    ract
    ionl
    evel
    ofv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion?
    Ans.
     Invir
    tual
    i
    zati
    onatHAL,thetimespentininter
    pret
    ingt
    heinst r
    ucti
    onsi ssued
    bytheguestplat
    for
    mintotheinstr
    ucti
    onsofthehostplat
    formi sreducedby
    taki
    ngadvant
    ageofthesimil
    ari
    ti
    esthatexi
    stbetweent
    hear chi
    tect
    uresoft he
    syst
    em.
     Vi
    rt
    uali
    zat
    ion ut
    il
    izes t
    he nati
    ve hardwareforalli t
    s comput at
    ion and
    pr
    ocessi
    ngbymappi ngt
    hevir
    tualr
    esourcesi
    ntophy
    sicalresour
    ces.
     Vir
    tual
    izati
    onatHALi
    sthemostcommont echni
    queusedincomputer
    son
    x86platfor
    m,whi
    chi
    ncr
    easest
    heef
    fi
    ciencyofthevir
    tualmachi
    nei
    nhandli
    ng
    var
    ioustasks.
     Successf
    ulwor ki
    ng oft hi
    sv ir
    tual
    izat
    ion technique needs t
    rappi
    ng t
    he
    execut
    ionofpri
    v i
    l
    egedinstr
    uct
    ionsbyt hevi
    rtualmachi ne,whi
    chmustpass
    thesei
    nstr
    uct
    ionstotheVMM forbeinghandledpr oper
    ly.
     Thi
    si srequir
    ed because oft
    he possi
    ble exi
    stence ofmul t
    iplevir
    tual
    machi
    nes,each havi
    ng it
    s own OS t
    hatmighti ssue separ
    ate pr
    ivi
    l
    eged
    i
    nst
    ruct
    ions.
     Execut
    ionofpri
    vil
    egedinst
    ruct
    ionsneedsful
    lattent
    ionoftheCPU.I
    fnot
    managedproper
    lybytheVMM,wi l
    lrai
    seanexcepti
    onresul
    ti
    ngi
    ntosy
    stem
    cr
    ash.
     Trappingandf orwar
    dingthepr i
    vil
    egedinst
    ructi
    onst otheVMM hel psin
    managi ng a sy
    tem properl
    y,t
    herebyav oi
    ding var
    ious r
    isks and keepi
    ng
    i
    ndividualvi
    rt
    ualmachinesisol
    ated.Aft
    erthat,t
    heVMM per f
    ormsei t
    herof
    thefoll
    owingtwoacti
    vit
    ies:
    1.Execut
    ionoft
    hepr
    ivi
    l
    egedi
    nst
    ruct
    ionsont
    hepr
    ocess
    2.Emulat
    ionofthepri
    vi
    legedi
    nst
    ruct
    ionsandt
    henr
    etur
    ningr
    esul
    tst
    o
    thev
    irt
    ualmachi
    nes

    Q82.Expl
    ainoper
    ati
    ngsy
    stem l
    evel
    ofv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion?

    A.
     Virt
    ualizati
    onatt helev elofHALi slacedwi thv ariousnot iceableproperti
    es.It
    suppor ts mul tiple Oss and appl i
    cat i
    ons to be r un simul taneousl
    ywhi ch
    requir
    eno sy st em r ebootordual -bootset up.I tgi vest heappear anceof
    havingmul tipl
    esepar atemachi nes,eachofwhi chcanbeusedasanor mal
    system.
     HAL v ir
    tuali
    zat ion techni que r equires a lotoft ime t o be spenti nt he
    i
    nstallationandadmi nistrationoft hev ir
    tualsyst em bef orey oucant hinkof
    testi
    ngorr unningappl ications.
     Toov er comet hei ssuesofr edundancyandt i
    meconsumpt i
    on, weimplement
    vir
    tualizati
    onatahi gherl ev el,
    i.
    e. ,v
    irtual
    izati
    onatt helevel oftheOS.
     Thist echni que i ncludes shar ing ofbot ht he har dware and t he OS.The
    physicalmachi ne is separ at
    ed f rom t he logicalst r
    ucture bya separ ate
    vir
    tualizati
    onl ay erthatcanbecompar edwithVMMsi nfunctioning.
     Thislay erisbui l
    tont opoft hebaseOSt oenablet heusert ohav eaccesst o
    multi
    pl e machi nes, each bei ng i solated from ot her s and r unning
    i
    ndependent ly.
     Thev irtualizati
    onatt hel eveloft heOSkeepst heenv ir
    onmentr equiredf or
    properr unni ngofappl i
    cat i
    oni ntact.ItkeepstheOS,t heappl i
    cation-
    specific
    datast ruct ures,theuser -levellibrari
    es,theenv i
    ronment alset t
    ingsandt he
    otherrequi sites,separately.
     Thus,t heappl i
    cationisunabl etodi st
    inguishbetweent herealandt heVirtual
    Envir
    onment s( VEs).
     The keyi dea behi nd impl ement ing OS-levelvi
    rtuali
    zati
    on i st hatthe VE
    remainsi ndi sti
    nguishablef rom ther ealone.
     Asy stemat icandpr operlymanagedpar t
    iti
    oni
    ngandmul t
    iplexi
    ngt echnique
    enablesy out oexpor tcompl eteoper ati
    ngenv i
    ronment sthatar esepar ated
    from thephy sicalmachi ne,aswel lasfrom eachot her
    .

    Q83.Expl
    aint
    hev
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionofmul
    ticor
    epr
    ocessor
    ?

    A.
     Thef actt hatt hepr ocessingpowerofcomput ercanbeenhancedbyaddi ng
    mor eCPUst otal l
    ydependsonv i
    rtualization.
     Acomput err unni ngv ir
    tualizedmachi nesper formsbet t
    erifyoui ncreaset he
    numberofCPUs.Howev er ,t he use ofmul ti
    core CPUs r esultsin some
    compl icatedpr ocessi ngofv i
    rtual machi neoper ati
    ons.
     Multicor eprocessororhy per threadedar chitectureisapar tofal mostev ery
    comput er sy st em t hat is bei ng manuf actured. Thus,mul tiplev ir
    tual
    processor sar epr esentedwi t
    ht hesy st ems.
     Processi ngpowerwi thmor enumberofpr ocessor sisbet teralmostev ery
    ti
    me, butt hewaymul ti
    corepr ocessor sar eusedi sasi mpor t
    antini ncreasi
    ng
    thepr ocessingcapabi li
    tyasi ncr easingt heirnumber .
     Thef ollowingar esomegui delinest hatneedt obef oll
    owedwhi l
    ev ir
    tuali
    zi
    ng
    multicor eprocessorsy stem:
    1.I fpossi ble,ther eshoul dbeatl eastonephy sicalprocessorfree.
    2.I fther eisanyr equirementf orprocessorl i
    censing,y ouneedt ot akecar e
    ofper -
    processorl icensing.
    3.I ft he CPU al locati
    on set tings ar e av ail
    able withy ourv irt
    uali
    zati
    on
    sof tware, youshoul duset hem.
    4.I fy ouhav ev eryheav yloadst opr ocess, youshoul dnotusemul t
    ithr
    eaded
    processi ng.

    Q84.Howdoy
    oumanaget
    her
    esour
    cesi
    nvi
    rt
    ual
    env
    ironment
    ?

    A.
     Masterv CPU al l
    ocati
    on -Al though processors hav e ev olved t
    oi ncrease
    perf
    ormance, youstil
    lneedt oensurey ouprovi
    siont heri
    ghtamountv CPUst o
    eachVM.Youmi ghtthinkthatwheny ouov er
    prov i
    sionv CPUs,y ou'l
    lachieve
    bett
    erutili
    zati
    onorper for
    mance,butt hewor kloadwon' tusemor et hanit
    needs.Also,otherVMscan' ttakeadv antageunusedv CPUst hathavealready
    beenassigned,sot hoseVM r esourcesar eessentiall
    ywast ed.Yourbestbet
    i
    st o closely monitorut i
    li
    zati
    on and keep i tar ound 80%,so pr ocessor
    resourcesdon' tbecomeov erl
    oaded.
     Managev i
    rtual-Pr operal locationVM r esour cesi sal soi mpor tantwheni t
    comest o.Onekeydi f
    fer encebet weenv CPUsand,howev er,isit'
    sbet terto
    overprov i
    sionresour ces, rathert hanallocatingt oofewr esources.Ify oudon't
    provi
    sion enough ,t heOS wi llst ar
    tswappi ng pagest o disk,whi ch can
    negati
    v elyaffectper for
    mancewhendoneexcessi vely.
     PreventVM st oragepr obl ems-Topr ov i
    deadequat eVM r esources,y ouneed
    toconsi derwhatr ol
    est oragepl aysiny ourenv ironment .Forexampl e,inacti
    ve
    VM imagesmi ghtr esidei nst or age,butt heyar est artedusi ngCPUand,so
    i
    t'simpor tantt o beawar est oragecapaci ty 
    andper for manceasi tr elatesto
    otherresour ces.Placingt oomanyVMsont hesamel ogicalunitnumbercan
    i
    ncreaseI /Or equest s,whi chcanl eadt ost oragecont ent i
    onandper formance
    i
    ssues.Youcanuseaf unct i
    onal it
    ypr ovi
    dedbyt hehy per vi
    sorcalledqueue
    deptht hrottli
    ng,whi chr educest henumberI /Or equestf ail
    uresand,asa
    resul
    t,reducest henumberf orcedr etr
    ies.
     Opt i
    mi zenetworkperformance-Net workingisanot herkeyvi
    rt
    ualresour
    cei n
    yourenv i
    ronment,asi taffectsthewayVMsi nt eractwit
    hstorageandone
    anot her.When y ou confi
    gur e network capabili
    ties,use multi
    ple net
    wor k
    i
    nt erfacecar ds(NICs)so VMsar en'
    tcompet i
    ngf oral i
    mit
    edbandwi dth.
    Bet t
    ery et,usefastNICst hatcanhandl emul t
    ipleVMs,i fpossi
    ble.Another
    thingy oushoul dconsideristhewayy ouor ganizeVMs.I fyouputVMst hat
    frequentlyexchangetraffi
    cwi t
    honeanot heronthesamehost ,
    thattr
    affi
    ccan
    simpl ygot hroughthehost '
    sv i
    rtualswitchwithouthav ingtogot hr
    ought he
    phy sicalnetwork.
     Av oi
    dwast i
    ngVM r esources-Wheni tcomest opot ent
    ial
    lywastedresources,
    thepl acey ou shouldlooki sstor
    age.Checkf orany t
    hing thatmightbe
    consideredst al
    edata,li
    keser v
    icepacksandi nstall
    ati
    ons.It'
    simportantto
    cleanupCPU and,aswel l
    .Wheni mportingol dmachi nes,uninst
    allany
    vendor-specif
    ichardwaredr i
    versand appli
    cati
    onsy oudon'tneedany mor e.
    Also,remov eredundantmonitor
    ingtools.

    Q85Compar
    eBar
    e-Met
    alhy
    per
    visor
    ,Host
    edhy
    per
    visor
    ?
    Ans.
    AHyperv
    isoral
    soknownasVirtualMachineMonit
    or(VMM)canbeapieceof
    sof
    twar
    e,fi
    rmwareorhardwar
    et hatgi
    vesanimpressi
    ont
    otheguest
    machi
    nes(vi
    rt
    ualmachi
    nes)asiftheywereoper
    ati
    ngonaphysical
    har
    dware.
    Hyper
    visori
    smainlydi
    v i
    dedi
    ntot
    wotypesnamel
    y
    Ty
    pe1/ Nati
    ve/BareMetalHy
    perv
    isor
    Ty
    pe2/ HostedHyper
    visor

    Bar
    eMet
    alHy
    per
    visor Host
    edHy
    per
    visor
    1.Thi
    sisalsoknownasBar
    e
    Metal
    orEmbeddedorNati
    ve 1.Thi
    sisalsoknownasHost
    ed
    Hyper
    visor
    . Hyper
    visor

    2.I
    twor ksdir
    ectl
    yont he 2.Inthiscase,
    thehyper
    v i
    sori
    s
    hardwareofthehostandcan i
    nstalledonanoperat
    ingsystem and
    monitoroperat
    ingsystemst
    hat thensupportsot
    heroperati
    ng
    runabovethehy per
    visor
    . systemsabov ei
    t.

    3.I
    tiscomplet
    elyindependent 3.I
    tiscomplet
    elydependentonhost
    f
    rom theOperat
    ingSy st
    em.  Operat
    ingSy
    stem fori
    tsoperat
    ions

    4.Thehy perv
    isorissmall asit
    s 4.Themai ntaskofType-
    2hypervi
    sor
    s
    maintaskisshar ingand i
    st oabstr
    actguestoper
    ati
    ng
    managi nghardwar er
    esources systemsfrom t
    hehostoperat
    ing
    betweendifferentoperati
    ng system.
    systems.
    5.Aadv antageofhost ed
    5.Amaj oradvantageisthatany hypervi
    sor r
    unni ngonWi ndowsor
    problemsi nonev ir
    tual Linuxoff
    ergr eaterhardware
    machi neorguestoper ati
    ng compat i
    bil
    it
    yt hanbaremet al
    system donotaf fecttheother hypervi
    sor v
    irtuali
    zat
    ion 
    because
    guestoper ati
    ngsy st
    ems server
    sar edesignedwi t
    hsupportof
    runningont hehy perv
    isor theseoperati
    ngsy st
    emsi nmind.
    Examples:
    VMwar eESXiSer
    ver  Exampl
    es:
      VMwar eWorkstat
    ion
          Microsof
    tHyper-
    V       Mi
    crosoftVir
    tual
    PC
          Cit
    ri
    x/XenServer       Or
    acleVirt
    ualBox
    Q86Di
    scusst
    her
    efer
    encemodel
    ofFul
    l
    -vi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion?
    Ans.
    I
    ntr
    oduct
    ion
     Ful
    lvi
    rtuali
    zati
    on i
    sa 
    vir
    tual
    i
    zati
    on t
    echni
    que 
    used t
    o pr
    ovi
    dea VME t
    hat
    compl
    etelysimulat
    est
    heunderl
    yi
    nghardwar
    e.
     I
    nthist
    ypeofenv
    ironment,anysoftwarecapabl
    eofexecut
    iononthephy
    sical
    har
    dwarecanber unint heVM,andanyOSsuppor t
    edbyt heunder
    lyi
    ng
    har
    dwarecanberunineachindi
    vidualVM.
     Users can run mul
    ti
    ple di
    ffer
    ent guest OSes simultaneousl
    y.I
    nf ul
    l
    vi
    rtual
    i
    zati
    on,theVM si
    mulatesenoughhar dwaret oall
    ow anunmodif
    ied
    guestOSt ober uni
    nisol
    ati
    on.Thisisparticul
    arl
    yhelpf
    uli nanumberof
    si
    tuati
    ons.
     Forexampl
    e,i
    nOSdev elopment,exper
    iment
    alnew codecanber
    unatt
    he
    sameti
    measolderv
    ersi
    ons,eachinaseparat
    eVM.
     The 
    hyper
    visor 
    prov
    ideseachVM wit
    halltheserv
    icesoft
    hephy
    sicalsy
    stem,
    i
    ncl
    udi
    ngav ir
    tualBI
    OS,vi
    rtual
    dev
    ices,andvir
    tual
    i
    zedmemorymanagement.
     The guest OS isf ul
    l
    y di
    sengaged f
    rom t
    he under
    lyi
    ng har
    dwar
    e by
    t
    he 
    vi
    rtual
    izat
    ionl
    ayer
    .
     ful
    lvi
    rt
    uali
    zati
    onispossibl
    ethrought hedirectexecuti
    onfornon-
    sensi
    ti
    ve
    i
    nst
    ruct
    ionsandbi
    naryt
    ranslat
    ionforsensit
    iveinst
    ruct
    ionsorhar
    dwar
    etraps,
    t
    husenabli
    ngthev
    irt
    ual
    izati
    onofarchit
    ectureli
    kex86.
    Ful
    lVi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion

     I
    nf ul
    lvir
    tual
    izat
    ionpri
    maryhar
    dwareisr
    epli
    cat
    edandmadeav ai
    l
    ablet
    othe
    guestoperat
    ingsystem,whi
    chexecut
    esunawar
    eofsuchabst
    racti
    onandno
    requi
    rementstomodi f
    y.
     Technol
    ogyofVMwar
    eisbasedont
    hekeyconceptofFul
    lVi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion.
     VMwar ei swidelyused asi tt endst ov ir
    tuali
    zex86 ar chit
    ectures,whi ch
    execut esunmodi f
    iedon-t
    opoft heirhyper vi
    sors.
     Wi t
    ht hei nt
    roducti
    onof  
    hardware-assistedv ir
    tual
    izat
    ion,fullvi
    rtuali
    zati
    oni s
    possibletoachievebysuppor tofhar dwar e.
     But ear li
    er,x86 guest oper ating sy stems unmodi f
    ied inav i
    rt
    ualized
    environmentcoul d be executed onl y wi tht he use ofdy nami c binar y
    tr
    ansl ati
    on.
     Sincet hesetofsensi t
    iveinst
    ructionisnotasubsetofpr i
    v i
    legedinstruction,
    x86ar chit
    ecturedesignisnotsatisfythef ir
    sttheorem ofvi
    rtuali
    zation.
     Duet othi
    sdif
    fer
    entbehav
    iouroccur
    swhi l
    esuchinst
    ruct
    ionsar
    enotrunin
    theRing0,whi
    chisnor
    malinav i
    rt
    ual
    izat
    ionenvi
    ronmentwheret
    heguestOS
    i
    sr uninRi
    ng1.
     Basical
    l
    y,atrapiscr
    eat
    ed,andthemethodi
    nwhichitmanagesdi
    ff
    erent
    iat
    ion
    ofthesolut
    ioninwhi
    chvir
    tual
    i
    zati
    onisappl
    i
    edforx86.
     Indynami cbinarytr
    anslat
    ion,t
    het r
    apencounterst
    het r
    ansl
    ati
    onofinter
    rupts
    orof f
    endi ng inst
    ruct
    ions int
    o a correspondi
    ng setofi nstr
    uct
    ions that
    est
    ablishesthesamet argetwithoutmakingexcept
    ions.
     Inadditi
    on,t oexpandperf
    ormance,t
    hecorrespondi
    ngsetofinstr
    uct
    ionis
    cached,sot hetransl
    ati
    oni
    snotimpor
    tantanymoreforf
    urt
    herencount
    ersof
    thesamei nstruct
    ions.
    Bel
    owi
    sthef
    igur
    ewhi
    chdemonst
    rat
    esi
    t.

     Themajorbenefi
    tofthi
    sappr
    oachi
    sthatguestscanrununmodif
    iedi
    na
    vi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zedenv i
    ronment
    ,whi
    chisani
    mportantf
    eatur
    eforoper
    ati
    ngsyst
    em
    whosesour
    cecodedoesnotexi
    sted.
     Bi
    nar
    ytr
    ansl
    ati
    oni
    spor
    tabl
    eforf
    ull
    vir
    tual
    i
    zat
    ion.
     As wel las tr
    anslat
    ion ofinst
    ructi
    ons atr
    unt
    ime pr
    esents an addi
    ti
    onal
    overhead thatis notexist
    ed in othermet
    hods l
    i
    ke parav
    irt
    ual
    izati
    on or
    hardware-assi
    stedvi
    rtual
    i
    zat
    ion.
     Cont
    radi
    ct,bi
    naryt r
    ansl
    ati
    on is onl
    yimpl
    emented t
    o a subsetofthe
    i
    nstr
    ucti
    onset
    ,whiletheother
    saremangedthr
    oughdir
    ectexecut
    ionont
    he
    pr
    imaryhar
    dware.
     Thi
    sdepl
    etessomehowt
    hei
    mpactonper
    for
    manceofbi
    nar
    ytr
    ansl
    ati
    on.
    Q87AreType-
    1Hyper
    visor
    sbet
    teri
    nper
    for
    mancet
    hanTy
    pe-
    2
    Hyper
    visor
    sandWhy?
    Ans.
     Type1 hyper
    visor
    sof f
    ermuchbetterper
    for
    mancethanType2 
    onesbecause
    ther
    e’snomi ddlelayer,makingt
    hem thelogi
    calchoi
    ceformissi
    on-
    cri
    ti
    cal
    appl
    icat
    ionsandwor kloads.
     Butthat
    ’snottosayt hathost
    edhyper
    visor
    sdon’thavet
    hei
    rplace–they’
    re
    muchsimplertosetup, sot
    hey’
    reagoodbetif
    ,say,y
    ouneedtodepl
    oyatest
    envi
    ronmentquickl
    y.
     Oneofthebestwaystodet
    erminewhi
    chhy
    per
    visormeet
    syourneedsi
    sto
    compar
    ethei
    rperf
    ormancemetr
    ics.
     Theseincl
    udeCPUoverhead,amountofmaxi
    mum hostandguestmemor
    y,
    andsupportf
    orv
    irt
    ual
    processor
    s.

    Q88Di
    scusst
    hechar
    act
    eri
    sti
    csofVi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zedEnv
    ironment
    s?
    Ans.
    Thechar
    act
    eri
    sti
    csofv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zedenv
    ironment
    sar
    easf
    oll
    ows:
    1.IncreasedSecur i
    ty–
    Theabi li
    tytocont roltheexecut i
    onofaguestpr ogramsinacompl etel
    ytranspar
    ent
    manneropensnewpossi bi
    lit
    iesfordeliveri
    ngasecur e,
    cont r
    oll
    edexecution
    environment .Al l
    theoper at
    ionsoft heguestpr ogr amsar egeneral
    lyperformed
    againstt hev irt
    ual machine, whichthent ranslatesandappl iesthem tothehost
    programs.
    Av ir
    tual machi nemanagercancont r
    ol andf i
    ltertheact i
    vit
    yoftheguestpr ograms,
    thuspr event
    ingsomehar mf uloperati
    onsf rom bei ngper f
    ormed.Resourcesexposed
    bythehostcant henbehi ddenorsi mpl ypr ot
    ect edf r
    om theguest.Incr
    easedsecuri
    ty
    i
    sar equi r
    ementwhendeal ingwi t
    hunt rustedcode.
     E xampl e-1: 
    Untrustedcodecanbeanal y
    zedi nCuckoosandboxesenv ir
    onment.
    Thet er
    m sandboxi dentifi
    esani solatedexecut i
    onenv i
    ronmentwher e
    instructionscanbef il
    teredandbl ockedbef or ebei
    ngt r
    anslat
    edandexecut edi
    n
    ther eal executi
    onenv ironment .
     Exampl e-
    2: 
    Theexpressionsandboxedv ersi
    onoftheJav aVir
    tualMachine
    (JVM)r ef
    erstoapar ti
    cularconfi
    gurati
    onoft heJVM wher e,
    bymeansof
    securit
    ypoli
    cy, i
    nst
    ructi
    onst hatar
    econsi deredpotent
    ial
    lyharmfulcanbe
    blocked.
    2.ManagedExecut ion–
    I
    npar t
    icul
    ar,shari
    ng,aggregation,emul
    ation,andisol
    ati
    onar ethemostr el
    evant
    feat
    ures.

    Figure–  Funct ionsenabl edbymanagedexecut ion


    3.Shar ing–
    Virt
    ual i
    zat i
    onal l
    owst hecr eat ionofasepar atecomput i
    ngenv ironment swithinthe
    samehost .Thi sbasi cf eat ur eisusedt oreducet henumberofact i
    v eser versand
    l
    imitpowerconsumpt i
    on.
    4.Aggr egat i
    on–
    Notonl yitispossi bl et oshar ephy sicalr
    esour ceamongsev eral guest s, but
    vir
    tualizational soal lowsaggr egat i
    on, whi
    chi st heopposi t eprocess.Agr oupof
    separ atehost scanbet iedt ogetherandr epresent edt oguest sasasi nglev i
    rtual
    host.Thi sfunct ional i
    t yisi mpl ement edwi thclust ermanagementsof t
    war e,whi ch
    harnessest hephy si cal resour cesofahomogeneousgr oupofmachi nesand
    represent sthem asasi ngl er esour ce.
    5.Emul ati
    on–
    Guestpr ogramsar eexecut edwi t
    hi nanenv i
    ronmentt hatiscont rolledbyt he
    vir
    tualizationl ayer,whi chul timat elyisapr ogram.Al soacompl et
    el ydi f
    ferent
    environmentwi thr espectt ot hehostcanbeemul ated,thusal lowi ngt heexecut i
    on
    ofguestpr ogr amsr equi ringspeci ficcharacteristicsthatar enotpr esenti nthe
    physical host .
    6.Isolation–
    Virt
    ual i
    zat i
    onal l
    owspr ov idingguest swhethert heyar eoper atingsy stems,
    applications, orot herent i
    t i
    eswi t
    hacompl et
    elysepar ateenv ir
    onment , i
    nwhi cht hey
    areexecut ed.Theguestpr ogr am per f
    ormsi t
    sact iv
    itybyi nteractingwi than
    abstract i
    onl ay er,whi chpr ov i
    desaccesst otheunder lyi
    ngr esour ces. Thev i
    rtual
    machi necanf il
    tert heact i
    v i
    tyoft heguestandpr eventhar mf ul oper ationsagai nst
    thehost .
    Besidest hesecharact
    eri
    sti
    cs,anot herimpor t
    antcapabi l
    i
    tyenabledbyv i
    rt
    uali
    zat
    ion
    i
    sper formancet uni
    ng.Thisfeatureisar eali
    tyatpresent,giv
    ent heconsi
    derabl
    e
    advancesi nhardwareandsof twaresuppor ti
    ngv ir
    tual
    izati
    on.Itbecomeseasierto
    controltheperformanceoftheguestbyf i
    nelytuni
    ngthepr operti
    esoftheresour
    ces
    exposedt hroughthevir
    tualenvironment .Thiscapabil
    ityprovi
    desameanst o
    eff
    ect i
    velyimplementaquality
    -of-servi
    ce( QoS)infr
    astructur
    e.
    7.Por tabili
    ty–
    Theconceptofpor tabi l
    ityappliesindifferentwaysaccordi
    ngtothespeci
    ficty
    peof
    vi
    rtualizat i
    onconsider ed.
    1.I nthecaseofahar dwar ev ir
    tuali
    zati
    onsol ut
    ion,t
    heguesti
    spackagedintoa
    virt
    ual imaget hat, i
    nmostcases, canbesaf elymovedandexecut
    edont opof
    differentvir
    tualmachi nes.
    2.I nthecaseofpr ogr ammi ng-levelvi
    rtuali
    zati
    on,asimpl
    ementedbytheJVM or
    the. NETr unti
    me, thebinar ycoder epresenti
    ngappli
    cat
    ioncomponents(j
    arsor
    assembl i
    es)canr unwi thoutanyr ecompi l
    ati
    ononanyimplementati
    onofthe
    corr espondingv i
    rtual machi ne.

    Q89Expl
    aint
    hev
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionsuppor
    tanddi
    sast
    err
    ecov
    ery
    ?
    Ans.
     Vi
    rtualdi
    sast
    err
    ecoveryi
    satypeofDRthattypi
    cal
    l
    yinv
    olv
    esr
    epl
    i
    cat
    ionand
    al
    l
    owsausert ofai
    lovert
    ovi
    rt
    uali
    zedwor
    kloads.
     Forthemostef fi
    cientvi
    rt
    ualdisast
    errecov
    ery
    ,anor gani
    zati
    onshoul dcopy
    vi
    rtualmachine(VM)wor kloadsoff
    -si
    teonar egul
    arbasis.Repli
    cati
    oncan
    essenti
    all
    y make a real
    -ti
    me copy ofVMs i n a separ
    atel ocat
    ion,thus
    str
    engtheningDR.
     Vir
    tual
    izati
    on pr ovi
    des fl
    exi
    bil
    i
    tyi n di
    sasterr ecover
    y.When ser ver
    s are
    vi
    rtual
    ized,theyarecontai
    neri
    zedi nt
    oVMs,i ndependentfrom t
    heunderly
    ing
    hardware.Ther efor
    e,an organizati
    on does notneed t he same physical
    server
    satt heprimarysi
    teasatitssecondarydisasterr
    ecover
    ysite.
     Otherbenefit
    sofv i
    rt
    ualdisasterr ecoveryincludeease,ef fi
    ciencyandspeed.
    Virt
    ual
    izedplatformst y
    picallyprovidehighav ailabil
    it
    yintheev entofaf ail
    ure.
    Virt
    ual
    izati
    onhel psmeetr ecov eryt i
    meobj ectives( RTOs)andr ecov erypoi nt
    object
    ives(RPOs) ,asrepli
    cat i
    oni sdoneasf requentlyasneeded,especi ally
    forcri
    ticalsystems.DR pl anningandf ail
    overt esti
    ngi salsosi mpl erwi th
    vir
    tual
    izedwor kloadst hanwi t
    haphy sicalsetup,maki ngdi
    sast errecov erya
    mor eattai
    nablepr ocessf oror ganizat
    ionst hatmaynothav et hef undsor
    resour
    cesf orphy sicalDR.
     I
    naddi ti
    on,consoli
    dati
    ngphy sicalser v
    erswithvir
    tuali
    zat
    ionsavesmoney
    because the vi
    rt
    uali
    zed workloads r equi
    reless power,f l
    oorspace and
    maintenance.Howev er
    ,repl
    i
    cat ion can getexpensive,dependi
    ng on how
    fr
    equentlyi
    t'
    sdone.
     Addi
    ngVMsi
    saneasyt
    ask,soor
    gani
    zat
    ionsneedt
    owat
    choutf
    orVM
    sprawl.VMsoper at
    ingwit
    houttheknowledgeofDRst af
    fmayf al
    lthr
    oughthe
    crackswheni tcomest i
    mef orrecovery
    .Sprawlispart
    icul
    arl
    ydangerousat
    l
    argercompani eswherecommuni cati
    onmaynotbeasst r
    ongasatasmal l
    er
    organizati
    on wi t
    hf ewerempl oyees.Allorgani
    zat
    ions shoul
    d have st
    ri
    ct
    protocolsfordeployi
    ngvi
    rtualmachines.
     Virt
    ualdisasterr
    ecover
    yispossi bl
    ewi t
    hphy sicalserverst
    hroughphysical-
    to-
    vir
    tualbackup.Thisprocesscreatesv i
    rtualbackupsofphy si
    calsyst
    emsf or
    recoverypurposes.
    Theconv er
    genceofbackupandDRi samaj ort
    rendindat a
    protect
    ion.Oneexampl eisinstantrecovery- -alsocal l
    edrecover
    yinpl ace--
    whichal l
    owsabackupsnapshotofaVM t or untempor ari
    l
    yonsecondar y
    storagefoll
    owingadisaster
    .Thisprocesssi gni f
    icant
    lyreducesRTOs.
    Maj
    orv
    endor
    s
    There ar
    e severaldata pr
    otect
    ion v
    endor
    st hatoffercompr
    ehensi
    vev
    irt
    ual
    backupanddisasterr
    ecover
    y.Somekeyplayer
    sincl
    ude:
    1.Acr
    oni
    sDi
    sast
    erRecov
    erySer
    vicepr
    otect
    svi
    rt
    ual
    andphy
    sical
    syst
    ems.
    2.Naki
    voBackup&Repli
    cat
    ionpr
    ovidesdatapr
    otect
    ionf
    orVMwar
    e,Mi
    crosof
    t
    Hyper
    -VandAWSElast
    icComputeCloud.
    3.SolarWinds Backup f
    eat
    ures r
    ecov
    eryt
    o VMwar
    e,Mi
    crosof
    t Hy
    per
    -V,
    MicrosoftAzur
    eandAmazonVMs.
    4.Veeam Soft
    warest
    art
    edoutonl yprot
    ect
    ingVMsbuthassi ncegrowninto
    oneoftheleadi
    ngdat
    apr ot
    ect
    ionvendor
    s,of
    fer
    ingbackupandrecover
    yfor
    physi
    calandcl
    oudwor
    kloadsaswell
    .
    5.VMware,api
    oneeri
    nv i
    rt
    ual
    izati
    on,pr
    ovi
    desDRt
    hroughsuchpr
    oduct
    sasSi
    te
    Recov
    eryManagerandvSphereRepli
    cat
    ion.
    6.Zer
    to'
    sflagshi
    pVi r
    tualRepl
    i
    cat
    ionpr
    oductf
    eat
    uresone-
    to-
    manyr
    epl
    i
    cat
    ion
    andaut
    omat edrecover
    y.

    Vi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ionsuppor
    t
     Runni
    ngmul t
    ipleoperat
    ingsystemsonacomput erissomethi
    ngallt
    ech
    ent
    husiastsenjoydoi
    ng.Youcandot hi
    sbyinst
    all
    ingtheoper
    ati
    ngsy
    stem t
    o
    aseparateharddiskpart
    iti
    onorasavir
    tual
    machine.
     I
    nstall
    inganoper
    ati
    ngsy
    stem asav i
    rt
    ualmachi
    neismoreadv
    ant
    ageous
    becauseyoudon’
    thavetoconst
    ant
    lyrest
    arty
    ourcomput
    ert
    oaccessthe
    otherOS.
     However
    ,inordert
    ocr
    eat
    eav
    irt
    ualmachi
    ne,y
    ourpr
    ocessormustsuppor
    t
    vi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zation.
     Ther
    earet wo easyway
    stof
    ind outwhatpr
    ocessory
    ou hav
    eon y
    our
    comput
    er.
     

    1.Usi
    ng 
    Thi
    sPC 
    Opt
    ion
    Goto Thi
    sPC  ei
    therf
    rom t
    heWi ndowssearchsecti
    onorFil
    eExpl
    orer
    .Cl
    ick
    ontheWindowsi conandtype 
    ThisPC,nowr i
    ght-
    cli
    ckonit
    .Toknowthe
    det
    ail
    sofy ourPCandseewhi chprocessordoyouhave,cl
    i
    ckon Pr
    opert
    ies.
      

    1.

    Undert
    he Syst
    em sect
    ion,y
    oucanseeyourprocessorwi
    thi
    tsdet
    ail
    edname.Asy
    ou
    canseeintheimagebelow,thi
    scomput
    erhasanAMDpr ocessor
    .
    2.Usi
    ng 
    TaskManager

    Anotherwayt ocheckwhi chprocessordoy ouhav eisTaskManager


    .Open 
    Task
    Manager  
    using 
    CTRL 
    + SHIFT + 
    ESC.Go tot he Perf
    ormance 
    tabandy
    oucansee
    yourprocessor’
    snamer i
    ghttherewit
    hotherdetail
    s.

    3.Cl
    oudComput
    ingSer
    vices
    90.Li
    stt
    hef
    act
    orst
    obeconsi
    der
    edwhi
    l
    esel
    ect
    ingdat
    abasev
    endor
    .
    Ans:Cloud pr
    oviders,especi
    all
    yPaaS,of f
    era database based on commer
    cial
    product
    s.Ther
    ear esev er
    alavailabl
    edatabaseserv
    iceprov i
    ders.Her
    ear eafew
    fact
    orstobeconsideredwhil
    eselecti
    ngdatabasev
    endor:
     Research:Find t
    heavai
    labl
    eopti
    onsand scr
    uti
    nizet
    heSLA,t
    heof
    fer
    ed
    ser
    vices,commitment
    sandsuppor
    t.
     Est
    imateYourNeeds:Cal
    cul
    atewhatyouwil
    lreall
    yneed.I
    tisexpensi
    vet
    o
    addresour
    cesi
    ncr
    emental
    lyi
    nreal
    -t
    imetomeetloadspi
    kes.
     VendorandCommuni tySupport
    :Askthecloudpr ov
    iderforrefer encesand
    taketi
    met ospeakwi
    ththem.Checkift
    heprovi
    derhasacapabl et eam, whi
    ch
    i
    swi ll
    i
    ngtohelpyouwit
    htechni
    cali
    ssuesona24/ 7basis.Makesur ethatt
    he
    databasehassuppor
    tfr
    om anacti
    veusercommunityanduserfor ums.
     APISuppor
    tforDat
    abases:Makesurethaty ourprov
    idersupportsandt
    hat
    youuseAPIsthatwil
    lworkonot herclouds.Thisletsyouf ocusonyour
    appl
    i
    cati
    onwit
    houtwor
    ryi
    ngabouti
    nfrast
    ructureandcompatibi
    li
    ty.
     Pri
    ce:Costf
    orclouddat
    abaserunfrom fr
    eev ersi
    onst
    ov ari
    abl
    epay-
    per
    -use
    tofi
    xedmonthl
    yfeeopti
    on.Open-
    sourcesolut
    ionsarei
    nexpensi
    ve.
     Tunedf ortheCloud:Makesurethatt
    hedatabaseconfi
    gurat
    ion,scal
    abi
    li
    ty,
    rel
    iabi
    l
    ity,
    andperformancear
    eall
    tunedtoworkinacloudenvi
    ronmentwhere
    i
    tmaybesubj ect
    edt oi
    mmenseloadspikesandlar
    genumberofconcur r
    ent
    users.
     Compat i
    bil
    it
    ywithOn-PremiseDatabase:Vendorsoff
    erpubl
    iccl
    ouddat abase
    thatisdi
    ffer
    entfrom thei
    ron-pr
    emiseediti
    on.Understandt
    hedif
    ferenceand
    trytousefeatur
    esthataresupportedon-premisetoeaseyourmigr
    ationtoa
    hybri
    dcloudwhenr equir
    ed.

    91.Expl
    aint
    hephasesi
    nvol
    vedi
    nmi
    grat
    iont
    oacl
    oud-
    basedDRsi
    te.
    Ans:Cl ouddi
    sasterr
    ecovery(cl
    oudDR)isa 
    backup 
    and r
    est
    ore st
    rategyt
    hatinv
    olves
    stori
    ng and mai nt
    aini
    ng copi es of el ect
    roni
    c r ecords i n a  cl
    oud
    comput ng 
    i envi
    ronmentasasecur i
    tymeasur
    e.ThegoalofcloudDRi stoprovi
    dean
    organizati
    onwithawayt orecov
    erdata.
    Fol
    l
    owi
    ngar
    ethephasesi
    nvol
    vedi
    nmi
    grat
    iont
    ocl
    oud-
    basedDRsi
    te:
     Cloudserviceproviderselection:Thisst ageisprobablythemosti mportant
    .
    Mosti nt
    ernetserv
    icepr ovider
    spr ovideahi gherspeedfordownloadsthanfor
    uploads.Alsochecki fyourcloudpr ov i
    derblockscert
    ainfi
    lety
    pesf r
    om being
    backedup.I ftheprov i
    derhasf reetrails,t
    akeadv ant
    agesofit.Theyhavean
    optionofusi ngafull
    -serv
    iceDRpr oviderwithbackupandr ecoveryasset
    sas
    standbyatt heDRsite.
     BackupandRest or
    efornon-cri
    ticaldata:Testi
    fthecloudpr ovi
    deri
    ssuitabl
    e
    foryoubybackingupnon-crit
    icaldata.Tryfil
    e-l
    evel
    ,parti
    al,andful
    lrest
    ores.
    Also,seei
    fyoucanmakeappl i
    cat i
    onlevelbackups,suchasf ordat
    abasesor
    messaging.Tr
    ybare-met
    alrestor esoftheOS.
     Asy nchronousDat aReplicati
    ontoMeetRPOr equir
    ements:Setupscriptsto
    automat icallybackupincrement
    alupdatestot hecloud.Iti
    sadvisablethat
    yourt r
    adi t
    ionalin-
    housebackupinf
    rast
    ructur
    eshoul dnotberemov ed.Some
    cloud pr ovider
    s do notal l
    ow sev
    eralappli
    cat i
    on-l
    evelorsnapshot-based
    backups.
     DRTest sf orApplicat
    ions:Oncey ouareabl etobackupmostf i
    l
    et y pes,you
    mustt estf i
    l
    e-lev
    el,appli
    cati
    on-l
    evel
    ,andbar e-
    metalrest
    ores.Also,t estthe
    ti
    mei ttakesf orservi
    cest ober est
    oredaf t
    erretr
    iev
    ingtheapplicationsand
    associ
    ateduserdat afrom t
    hecloudtoy ourcorporat
    edatacentr
    e.Al lrel
    evant
    document ati
    onmustbeupdat edtor ef
    lectthenew DRpl ans.Perform adr y
    runoftheDRt estever
    y3mont hs.

    Q.
    92.Expl
    aint
    hedi
    ff
    erencesbet
    weenASPandSaaS.

    SAAS ASP(
    Appl
    i
    cat
    ionSer
    vicePr
    ovi
    der
    )

    I
    tisamul
    ti
    -t
    enantappr
    oach I
    tisasi
    ngl
    e-t
    enantappr
    oach

    Ithassamef
    eat
    uresandr
    angeof I
    thasper
    sonal
    i
    zedsol
    uti
    onf
    oreachuser
    capabi
    li
    ti
    est
    oal
    lusers

    Provi
    dermanagesandmai
    ntai
    nst
    he Usercanchangeasol
    uti
    onhost
    edbyt
    he
    solut
    ion vendor

    Userdat
    aishost
    edatapr
    ovi
    derj
    uri
    sdi
    cti
    on Userdat
    acoul
    dbeatanyj
    uri
    sdi
    cti
    on

    I
    tisofl
    owercost Costi
    sbasedont
    heuser
    ’sr
    equi
    rement
    s

    Usercan’
    tbuysof
    twar
    efr
    om at
    hir
    d-par
    ty Usercanbuyt
    hesof
    twar
    efr
    om at
    hir
    d-par
    ty

    Theser
    vicei
    sav
    ail
    abl
    eri
    ghtaf
    tersi
    gni
    ng I
    tmayt
    akeal
    otoft
    imet
    ocust
    omi
    ze
    up

    Alluser
    shavet
    hesamemanual
    maki
    ngi
    t Usagemaybedi
    ff
    icul
    tduet
    ocust
    omi
    zed
    easytouse l
    earni
    ng

    SaaSi
    sal
    way
    sint
    ernetbased ASPi
    snotnecessar
    il
    yint
    ernetbased

    Upgradesandenhancementar
    econduct
    ed Upgr
    adesandenhancementar
    einf
    requent
    qui
    teoften
    93.HowtoselectaPaaspr
    ovi
    derwithther
    ightt
    ypeofor
    ient
    ati
    onand
    suppor
    tforv
    ariousSof
    twar
    elanguages?
    Supportforv
    ari
    oussof
    twarel
    anguagesthatwi
    llhel
    ptobuil
    daflexibl
    eandport
    abl
    e
    appl
    icati
    ontosel
    ectaPaaspr
    oviderwi
    ththeri
    ghttypeofor
    ient
    ationareasf
    oll
    ows:
     Programmi ng-LanguageSpeci f
    icPaaS-Thesewer ecommoni ntheear l
    y2000s
    butarenowl essi nnumber .Theysuppor tonel anguage, beitJav a,RubyonRails,
    Pythonor. NEToranyot herlanguage.Theadv antagest heypr ovidearetheuse
    oflanguage-specifi
    ct ools,cust omizedsupport,extensi
    vel i
    braries,andspecif
    ic
    codet oruncomput e-i
    ntensi v
    et asksintheclouds.Itall
    owssci enti
    stsand
    analyststoaccessext ensivecomput er
    equirement stheyarecomf ortabl
    ewith
    andneedf rom, withinadev elopmentandt estenv i
    ronment .
     Language-AgnosticProvider
    s-Theywer edesignedf ordeveloperswor ki
    ngwith
    mul t
    ipl
    eprogrammi nglanguages,databases,andf ramewor ks.Forexampl e,t
    hey
    offersupportforvar
    iouslanguages,suchasPy thon,Java,.NET,andRuby ,and
    databases,suchasMSSQL, MySQL, Postgr
    es, andMongoDB.Pot enti
    al
    drawbacksar ethatyoumaynotf indt hesamedegr eeoflanguage- speci
    fi
    c
    customizati
    onsorl i
    brar
    iestodist
    ributeyourcodet osev eralotherclouds.
     Hy br
    idPaaS-I ti
    sacl oudser vi
    cethatgivesyouthefreedom t oworkwi tha
    compl exmi xofof f-
    premisesandon- premisesappli
    cationsanddat a.They
    abstractthei nfrastr
    ucturelayerandon- pr
    emiseresources.Forexampl e,if
    youhav eal arge,on-premiseOracledatabasethatyoudonotwantt o
    repli
    catet oapubl i
    ccloudf ori
    tssize,securi
    tyorcostreasons, y
    oucan
    accessi tfrom appl i
    cationsinahy bri
    dPaaS.Howev er,apot enti
    aldrawback
    ofhy brdPaaSi
    i stheneedt osetupandmanaget hehar dwareabstract
    ion
    l
    ay er
    , whichr equiresin-houseexperti
    seandmanagementef fort
    s.

    ThePaaSmar keti
    sfastmat ur
    ingwit
    hseveralcommercialPaaSprovi
    der
    s.
    Yoursel
    ecti
    onwoulddependony ourneedforasingl
    elanguage,mixofst
    ack
    componentandsever
    allanguagesoraPaast hatwoul
    dallowy out
    oaccess
    i
    n-housedat
    aorappli
    cations.

    Q.
    94.Descri
    bethekeyfeatur
    esthatwil
    li
    ncr
    easeadevel
    oper
    ’s
    pr
    oduct
    ivi
    tyift
    heyareeffect
    ivel
    yimpl
    ementedonPaaSsi
    te?
    Ans:Thefoll
    owingkeyfeat
    ureswi
    l
    lincr
    easeadev
    eloper
    ’spr
    oduct
    ivi
    tyi
    ftheyar
    e
    ef
    fecti
    vi
    tyimplementedonaPaaSare:
    1.Ubiquitousaccessandquickdeployment:
    Thisispart
    icular
    lyi
    mport
    antfor
    organizati
    onswhosedev el
    opersaregeographi
    cal
    lyspreadout,
    mobil
    e,
    and
    alwayschangingtheinthenumber .PaaSenabl
    esrapidimplement
    ati
    on,
    scalabil
    it
    yandcollabor
    ati
    on.
    2.Cachi
    ng:APaaSenv ir
    onmentthatsuppor t
    scachingforcl
    oudr
    esour
    ceswi
    l
    l
    boostappl
    icat
    ionperf
    ormance.DeveloperswouldneedanAPItoputan
    obj
    ectorresourcei
    nthecacheandt oflushthecache.
    3.Int
    egrat
    eddev el
    opmentEnv i
    ronment(
    IDE):APaaSenv i
    ronmentmusthav ea
    browser-
    baseddev el
    opmentstudi
    owi t
    hanI DEfordev
    elopment,t
    est,and
    debuggi
    ngofappl i
    cati
    ons.PaaSmustpr ov
    idethesamedev el
    opmentand
    product
    ionenvir
    onmentandt hecapabil
    i
    tytobuil
    dappsinvari
    ouslanguages,
    suchasJav a,
    Py t
    hon,C#orPHP.
    4.Database: EachPaaSmustpr ovi
    deadat abasef ordev el
    oper
    stostoreand
    accessdat a.Forexampl e,
    forPaaScloud, Force.
    com hasaser vi
    cecall
    ed
    database.com thatenablesyoutobuil
    dt ables,fi
    elds,andrel
    ati
    onshi
    ps.It
    i
    ncludesf il
    estorage,usermanagement ,authenticat
    ionanddevelopment
    toolsthatmakei teasytobuildappl
    i
    cations.Thedat abaseandAPIsmust
    suppor topenstandards,suchasREST, OAut h,SAML, andSOAP.
    5.Int
    egr
    ati
    on:int
    egrati
    onwit
    hexternaldatabaseandwebservi
    cesandthei
    r
    compati
    bil
    i
    tyisensuredwi
    thleadingcloudprovi
    der
    s,suchasGoogl
    e
    AppEngi
    ne,Microsof
    tazur
    e,amazon.
    6.Logging:Itisthecommonr equirementfordeveloper
    s,regar
    dlessoft
    he
    appli
    cati
    ont heyaredevel
    oping.ThePaaSenv ir
    onmentmusthav eAPI
    sto
    openandcl oselogfi
    les,wri
    teeventlogs,examineentr
    iesandsendalert
    sfor
    cert
    aineventsdetectedint
    hel ogfi
    les.
    7.Identi
    tymanagement :
    developersinaPAASneedt oautheticateandmanage
    userswithintheirappl
    icat
    ions.Eachuserhasasetofpr ivi
    legesmanagedbya
    role-
    basedaccessmechani sm.ThePaaScl oudmustsuppor tfederated
    i
    dent i
    tymanagementsy st
    em wher eauseronceaut henti
    catedi sgiven
    credenti
    alstoaccessser vi
    ceswi t
    hint
    heapplicat
    ionaswel l asonot her
    cloudsAPIswi ththePaaSshoul dcache,useanddel et
    ecredent ial
    sas
    needed.
    8.Messagi ng:t
    hePaaScl oudmustpr ovi
    deabil
    i
    tyt oAPIstomanagemessages,
    suchast heabili
    tytopostmessagest oanyqueue, consumemessagesand
    examinemessagecont entwit
    houtconsumingt hem.Itmustsupportahighl
    y
    securedandon- demandcollaborat
    ionthr
    oughouttheSof t
    waredevelopment
    Lif
    ecycle(SDLC)withphases,suchasdesign,devel
    opment ,t
    est
    ing,
    deployment ,
    producti
    on,andsupport.
    9.JobProcessi
    ng:ThePaaSmustpr ovi
    deabi l
    i
    tytoAPIstoall
    owdeveloperst
    o
    star
    tmonitor
    ,pause,andstoplar
    gepr ocessi
    ngjobs,suchasHadoopst y
    le
    datamini
    ng.Hadoopi sasoft
    war efr
    amewor kt
    hatenablesappl
    i
    cati
    onsto
    conveni
    entl
    yworkwiththousandsofnodesandpet aby t
    esofdataandis
    basedonJav aProgr
    ammi nglanguage.
    10.
    Sessionmanagement:PaaSmustpr
    ov i
    det heabil
    i
    tytoviewaccessorchange
    usersessi
    ons.Whenausersessi
    onmi gratesfr
    om onenodet oanot
    herin
    cloudthePaaSenvi
    ronmentmustmaintaintheusersession.
    11.
    Servicediscover
    y:PaaSpl at
    form mustgi
    v edeveloper
    saconv enientwayto
    discoveravail
    abl
    eser v
    icesandtheabil
    it
    yt osearchthecloudbyservicet
    ypes.
    Itmustpr ovi
    dear angeofsearchcri
    ter
    iafordif
    ferentser
    vicecat
    egories
    of
    fer
    edbyt
    hepr
    ovi
    der
    .

    95.Howi
    mpor
    tanti
    sPl
    atf
    orm asaser
    vice?
    Ans:PaaSisdesignedforcompanieswhohaveeitheranapplicati
    onorasetof
    appl
    i
    cationsandwant stodepl
    oythoseappl
    icat
    ionsov erthecloud.I
    nthi
    ssit
    uati
    on
    aPaaSpr ovi
    derwithcomputerpr
    ogrammingcompat ibil
    i
    tyisthebestsol
    uti
    on.The
    gi
    vesyout hefol
    l
    owi ngoppor
    tuni
    ti
    es:
    1.Reducey ourset upcost s:all
    softwaredev el
    opment srequireacombi nat i
    onof
    programmi ngl anguage, desi
    gnandsy st
    em admi nist
    rati
    onabi l
    it
    ies.Ify our
    businesspr ojectrequi
    resani nt
    egratedenv i
    ronment ,
    someonewi llhavet o
    buy,buil
    d,design,manageandmai ntainthecomponent sforyourappl icati
    ons.
    Neitherthewor knorthecomponent snotpr ovidef oranydistinguishing
    featuresofy oursoftwar et
    heyaresimpl yrequired.
    2.Maintai
    ncontrolovery
    ourarchit
    ecture:evenwhil
    eyourar
    chit
    ect urei
    s
    pr
    ov i
    dedbyacl oudvendor
    ,youstil
    lretaincont
    rolov
    erconfi
    gurationand
    management .Thisi
    sabigadv ant
    agewhendev el
    opi
    nganddepl oyingyour
    ownapplicat
    ion.
    3.Incr
    easethespeedofyourapplicati
    ondeployment:wit
    houthavingt
    oset
    up
    yourownhar dwar
    eandsoftwaret ocreat
    ey ourownplatf
    orm,youcan
    i
    mmedi atel
    yconti
    nuewit
    hpr ocessofdev el
    opingyourappli
    cat
    ionor
    appli
    cat
    ions.
    4.Generateproduct
    ivi
    tyandinnovat
    ion:
    thePaaSsy st
    em pr
    omisestofreey our
    operati
    onsfrom t
    hemundanemanagementandmai nt
    enancewhil
    efreeingup
    yourteam oremployeesfr
    om themaintenanceworksothatt
    heycanf ocus
    oninnovati
    vesoftwaredevel
    opmentandi mprov
    ementswhichareli
    kelythe
    heartofyourbusi
    ness.
    5.Easi
    lydeployascalableserv
    ice:PaaSisty
    pical
    lyascal
    abl
    esubscr
    ipt
    ion
    serv
    icethatall
    owsforsubstanti
    alcostsavi
    ngsonwhatisli
    kel
    ythebasi
    sof
    yourrev
    enuegeneration.Thi
    swayy oucangr owyourappl
    i
    cati
    onsqui
    ckl
    ywit
    h
    apowerfulplat
    for
    mt ogr owwithyourneeds.

    Q.
    96.
    Whatdoessof
    twar
    easser
    vicepr
    ovi
    de.
    Ans:Softwareasaser vi
    ce(SaaS)i
    sasof t
    war edistri
    but i
    onmodel i
    nwhi chathi
    rd-
    part
    yprov i
    derhostsappli
    cati
    onandmakest hem av ailabl
    etocustomersov ert
    he
    I
    nternet
    .SaaSi soneofthreemaincategori
    esof  
    cloudcomputing,
    al
    ongside i
    nfr
    astr
    uctur
    easaservi
    ce(I
    aaS) 
    and pl
    atf
    or m asaserv
    ice(PaaS)
    .

    1.Sof
    twar
    easaser
    vice(
    SaaS)al
    l
    owsuser
    stoconnectt
    oandusecl
    oud-
    based
    appsovertheI
    nter
    net.Commonexampl
    esar
    eemai
    l
    ,cal
    endar
    ingandof
    fi
    ce
    tool
    s(suchasMicrosof
    tOff
    ice365)
    .
    2.SaaSpr
    ovidesacompl et
    esof
    twaresol
    uti
    onwhi
    chy
    oupur
    chaseonapay
    -as-
    you-
    gobasisfr
    om a 
    cloudser
    vicepr
    ovi
    der.
    3.Yourentt
    heuseofanappf
    oryouror
    gani
    sat
    ionandy
    ouruser
    sconnectt
    oit
    overt
    heInter
    net
    ,usual
    l
    ywi
    thawebbrowser
    .
    4.Alloftheunderl
    yi
    nginfr
    ast
    ruct
    ure,middl
    eware,appsoft
    war eandappdata
    arelocatedi
    ntheservi
    ceprovi
    der’
    sdatacenter
    .Theservi
    cepr ov
    ider
    managest hehardwareandsoft
    wareandwi t
    htheappropriat
    eservi
    ce
    agreement,wil
    lensur
    etheavai
    labi
    li
    tyandthesecuri
    tyoftheappandy our
    dataaswel l
    .
    5.SaaSal
    l
    owsy ourorgani
    sat
    iont
    ogetqui
    ckl
    yupandr
    unni
    ngwi
    thanappat
    mini
    malupf
    rontcost.
    6.Gainaccesst osophi
    sti
    catedapplications. Toprov i
    deSaaSappst ousers,you
    don’tneedtopurchase,
    instal
    l,
    updat eormai nt
    ainanyhardwar e,middleware
    orsoftware.SaaSmakesev ensophi sticatedenterpri
    seappl i
    cati
    ons,suchas
    ERPandCRM, af
    for
    dablefororganisationst hatlacktheresourcestobuy ,
    deployandmanaget herequir
    edi nfrastructureandsof t
    war ethemselves.
    7.Payonl
    yforwhatyouuse.
     Youal
    sosav
    emoneybecausetheSaaSser
    vice
    aut
    omati
    call
    yscal
    esupanddownaccordi
    ngt
    othelevel
    ofusage.
    8.Usefr
    eeclientsoft
    ware.
     User
    scanrunmostSaaSappsdi rect
    lyf
    rom thei
    r
    webbrowserwi t
    houtneedi
    ngtodownloadandinst
    allanysoft
    ware,al
    though
    someappsr equi
    replugi
    ns.Thi
    smeanst haty
    oudon’tneedtopurchaseand
    i
    nstal
    lspecial
    softwaref
    oryouruser
    s.
    9.Mobili
    sey ourwor kfor
    ceeasil
    y.
     SaaSmakesi teasyt o“mobi l
    i
    se”y our
    workfor
    cebecauseuser scanaccessSaaSappsanddat afrom anyI nter
    net-
    connectedcomput erormobil
    edev i
    ce.Youdon’tneedt owor ryabout
    devel
    opingappst or unondiff
    erenttypesofcomput er
    sanddev i
    cesbecause
    theservi
    cepr ovi
    derhasal r
    eadydoneso.I naddit
    ion, y
    oudon’ tneedtobr i
    ng
    speci
    alexper t
    iseonboardtomanaget hesecuri
    tyissuesinherentinmobi l
    e
    computing.Acar efull
    ychosenservi
    cepr ovi
    derwillensur
    et hesecur i
    tyofyour
    data,
    regardlessoft hety
    peofdev i
    ceconsumi ngit.
    10.
    Accessappdataf r
    om anywher e.
     Wit
    hdatast or
    edinthecl
    oud,user
    scan
    accessthei
    rinf
    ormat i
    onfrom anyInt
    ernet-
    connectedcomputerormobi
    l
    e
    devi
    ce.Andwhenappdat aisstoredinthecloud,nodat
    aislosti
    fauser
    ’s
    computerordevicefai
    ls.
    Ifyouhav eusedaweb- basedemai lser
    vicesuchasOut l
    ook,HotmailorYahoo!Mail
    ,
    theny ouhav ealr
    eadyusedaf orm ofSaaS.Withtheseserv
    ices,youlogi
    ntoyour
    accountov ertheInter
    net,oft
    enf rom awebbr owser.Theemailsoft
    wareislocat
    ed
    ont heserviceprovi
    der’
    snet wor kandyourmessagesar estor
    edthereaswel l
    .You
    canaccessy ouremailandst oredmessagesf rom awebbrowseronanycomput er
    orInternet
    -connecteddev i
    ce.
    Thepr
    evi
    ousexampl
    esar
    efr
    eeser
    vicesf
    orper
    sonal
    use.Foror
    gani
    sat
    ional
    use,
    youcanrentproducti
    vi
    tyapps, suchasemail,
    coll
    abor
    ationandcalendar
    ing;
    and
    sophi
    sti
    catedbusinessappl
    icat i
    onssuchascustomerrelat
    ionshi
    pmanagement
    (CRM),ent
    erpri
    seresourceplanning(ERP)anddocumentmanagement .Youpayfor
    theuseoftheseappsbysubscr i
    pti
    onoraccordi
    ngtothelevelofuse.

    Q.
    97.
    Discussdat
    abaseasser
    vice.
    Ans: Databasesar eessent ialcomponentf orallenter
    pri
    seappl icati
    ons.Dat abases
    servi
    cesf oron- premi sesappl icationsar econfiguredusinginternal,purchased
    servers,anddat abase.Lar geor ganizationshav eashar edinfrastructureforint
    ernal
    teams, wher ethedat abasemaybeashar edser vi
    ceandusedf ordi f
    ferent
    applicat
    ions.Thus, severalappl icati
    onscansi multaneousl
    yaccessasi ngle
    databaser unningoncl uster edser versandcent r
    ali
    zedSANorNASst or
    age.The
    applicat
    ionsar ehowev er
    ,isolatedf rom eachot her.Organizati
    onscanuseashar ed
    databaseonpr ivateorpubl i
    ccl oud.I neithercase,thedataf oreachappl i
    cati
    onis
    expli
    citl
    ypr otectedbycent rali
    zedser vi
    cecal l
    edDat abase-as-a-
    ser vi
    ce( DBaaS).
    Cloudproviders,especi
    all
    yPaaS,off
    eradat
    abasebasedoncommer ci
    alproducts,
    suchasPost greSQL, MYSQL, Or
    acl
    eorMicr
    osoftSQL.Nowadays,
    ther
    earesev eral
    avail
    abledatabaseser v
    iceprovi
    der
    s.Her
    earethefewfact
    orstoconsi
    derbefore
    select
    ingonef oryourrequir
    ement:
    1.Research:
    Findt
    heavai
    labl
    eopt
    ionsandscr
    uti
    nizet
    heSLA,
    theof
    fer
    ed
    ser
    vicescommitment
    sandsupport
    s.
    2.Esti
    mateyourneeds:Calcul
    atewhatyour
    eal
    l
    yneed.I
    tisexpensi
    vet
    oadd
    resour
    cesi
    ncrementall
    yinrealt
    imetomeetl
    oadspi
    kes.
    3.Vendory ourcommunit
    ysupports:askthecloudpr
    oviderforreferencesand
    taketimetospeakwiththem.Checkifprovi
    derhasacapabl eteam, whi chi
    s
    will
    ingtohelpyouwi
    thtechni
    cal i
    ssuesona24* 7basis.Makesur ethatthe
    databasehassupportfr
    om anactiveusercommunityanduserf orums.
    4.APIsuppor tf
    ordatabase:Makesurethatyourprov
    idersupport
    stheAPIsyou
    useandt heyworkoneachot her’
    scloudtoo.Thi
    sletsyoufocusony our
    appl
    icat
    ionwi t
    houtwor r
    yingabouti
    nfrast
    ruct
    ureandcompat i
    bil
    it
    y.
    5.Pri
    ce:
    costforyourdatabaserunfrom fr
    eev er
    sionst
    ovariabl
    epay-per
    -uset
    o
    fi
    xedmonthl
    yfeeoption.Open-sourcesolut
    ionsarei
    nexpensi
    ve(andhav ea
    goodcommunitysupports).
    6.Turnedfort
    hecloud:Makesuret
    hatthedat
    abaseconfi
    gurat
    ions,
    scal
    abi
    li
    ty,
    rel
    i
    abil
    ity
    ,andperf
    ormanceareal
    ltur
    nedtowor ki
    nagoodcloudenvir
    onment
    whereitmaybesubject
    edtoimmenseloadspikesandl
    argenumberof
    concurr
    entuser
    s.
    7.Compat
    ibi
    l
    itywi
    thon-
    premi
    sedat
    abase:
    Vendor
    sof
    fer
    spubl
    i
    ccl
    oud
    databasethati
    sdif
    ferentfr
    om thei
    ron-premi
    seedit
    ion.Under
    standt
    he
    di
    fferenceandtr
    ytousef eatur
    esthataresuppor
    tedon-pr
    emisetoeasey
    our
    migrati
    ontohybri
    dcloudwhenr equir
    ed.
    Shar
    dingadatabasehel
    psi
    nimprovi
    ngperf
    ormance.Iti
    saprocessofbr
    eaki
    nga
    l
    argedatabasei
    ntoanumberofsmal
    lerdat
    abasesthatar
    elocat
    edononeormore
    ser
    vers.
    Thegoalofdat
    abaseprofi
    li
    ngistohi
    ghli
    ghtanypredi
    ctabl
    eissuesthatmayari
    se.
    Thi
    shelpsinavoi
    dinganyerr
    ati
    cprobl
    emst hatmaycomeupdur i
    ngimplement
    ati
    on
    orr
    unti
    me.

    Q.
    98)Discusst
    hef
    act
    orst
    obeconsi
    der
    edbef
    oresel
    ect
    ingdat
    abaseas
    aser
    vice.
    Ans:Thef
    act
    orst
    obeconsi
    der
    edbef
    oresel
    ect
    ingdat
    abaseasaser
    vicear
    eas
    fol
    l
    ows:
    1.Resear ch: Findt heav ailableopt ionsandexami netheSLA, theoffered
    services; commi tment sandsuppor t.
    2.Estimat ey ourneeds: Cal culatewhaty our eallyneed.I tisexpensi vetoadd
    resourcesi ncrement al l
    yinr ealt i
    met omeetl oadspikes.
    3.Vendorandcommuni tysuppor t:Askt hecl oudpr ovi
    der sf orreferencesand
    taket i
    met ospeakwi tht hem.Checki fthepr ov i
    derhasacapabl eteam, which
    i
    swi l
    li
    ngt ohel py ouwi tht echnical i
    ssuesona24* 7basi s.Makesur ethatthe
    databasehassuppor tfrom anact iveusercommuni tyanduserf orums.
    4.APIsuppor tfordat abase: makesur et haty ourpr ovi
    dersuppor t
    sAPI sthat
    youuseandt henwor konot hercloudst oo.Thi sletyouf ocusony our
    applicationwi thoutwor ry i
    ngabouti nfrast ructureandcompat i
    bil
    it
    y.
    5.Price:Costf orcl ouddat abasesr unf reev er sionstov ariablepay -
    per -
    useto
    fi
    xedmont hlyf eeopt ion.Open- sourcesol utionsarei nexpensi ve.
    6.Tunedf ort hecl oud:Makesur et hatthedat abaseconf iguration,scalabi
    lit
    y,
    reli
    abili
    tyandper formancear ealltunedt owor kinacl oudenv ir
    onment .
    7.Compat ibili
    tywi thOn- Premi seDat abase: Vendor sofferpubl i
    cclouddat abase
    thatisdi fferentf rom theiron- premi seedi tion.Under standt hedi f
    ferenceand
    trytousef eat uresthatar esuppor tedon- premi setoeasey ourmi grati
    ontoa
    hybridcl oudwhenr equi red.

    Q.
    99)Expl
    aint
    hei
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    ureasaser
    vice.
    Ans: Platform asaSer viceorPaaSi ssetofcloud-basedser vicest hatenable
    businessuser sanddev eloperstobuil
    dappl i
    cati
    onsataspeedt haton-premi se
    soluti
    onscannotmat ch.Asi t
    ’sacloud-basedservicet her
    eisnoneedt owor ryabout
    theset -
    upandmai nt
    enanceofser vers,patchi
    ng,upgr ades,authent i
    cationsouser s
    canf ocusoncr eati
    ngthebestuserexper i
    encepossi ble.I
    tsimpl yprovidest he
    under l
    yingoper ati
    ngsy stems,securi
    ty,networki
    ng, andserver sfordev elopi
    ngsuch
    appli
    cat ions,servi
    ces,andf ordepl
    oy i
    ngdev el
    opmentt ool
    s,dat abases, etc.
    I
    aaSservi
    cemusti ncludethefoll
    owing:
    1.Ut i
    li
    ty-
    styl
    ecomput i
    ngservi
    cewi thpay-
    per-
    usebill
    i
    ng
    2.Super i
    or,worl
    d-classITinf
    rastruct
    ureandsupport
    3.Vi r
    tual
    izedservers,stor
    ageandnet worktoform asharedpoolofr
    esour
    ces
    4.Dy namicscalabil
    ityofmemor y,bandwidth,
    stor
    ageandser ver
    stomeetuser
    needsinreal-
    ti
    me
    5.Flexibi
    li
    tyforuserst oaddmor eorreducetheall
    ocatedresour
    ces
    6.Aut omationofadmi nist
    rat
    ivetasks
    7.Abi l
    it
    ytov i
    ewandmanager esourceuti
    li
    zati
    on

    Advant agesofIaaS:
    1. 
    CostEf f
    ecti
    ve: 
    Eli
    minatescapi tal expenseandreducesongoi ngcostandI aaS
    customer spayonaperusebasi s,typical
    lybythehour,weekormont h.
    2. 
    Websi t
    ehosting:
     Runningwebsi tesusingIaaScanbel essexpensiv ethan
    tr
    aditi
    onal webhost i
    ng.
    3. 
    Secur it
    y: 
    TheIaaSCl oudPr ovidermaypr ovi
    debett
    ersecur i
    tythany ourexist
    ing
    softwar e.
    4. 
    Mai ntenance: 
    Thereisnoneedt omanaget heunderl
    yingdatacent erorthe
    i
    ntroduct i
    onofnewr el
    easesoft hedev el
    opmentorunder l
    yi
    ngsof tware.Thisisal
    l
    handledbyt heI
    aaSCl oudPr ovider.
    Thev ariouscompani esprovidingI nfrastr
    uctureasaserviceareAmazonweb
    servi
    ces, Bluest
    ack,IBM, Openst ack, RackspaceandVmwar e.

    Q.
    100.Di
    scusst
    hedr
    awbacksofusi
    ngPaaS.
    1.DependencyonVendor :Ont heonehand, i
    t’sagr eatadvantaget hatacer t
    ainpart
    ofworkisdonebyt hepr ov i
    derwithoutyouhav i
    ngt omakeanef fort
    .Ont heother
    hand,yourbusinesswi llsti
    llbegov er
    nedbyt heprov i
    der’
    sf unctionalcapabil
    it
    ies,
    speedandr eli
    abil
    ity.That’swhyi t
    ’sveryimportanttobeconf identiny ourbusiness
    part
    nerandbepr eparedf orsomeunf or
    eseenci r
    cumst ancest hatmayhappent o
    eventhemostr eliableprov i
    der.Attheveryl
    east ,youshouldper formy ourowndat a
    backup,foryourpeaceofmi nd.
    2.Compat i
    bil
    i
    tyofExist
    ingInf
    rast
    ruct
    ure:Anewplat
    formisanewenv ir
    onment
    wherelegacysolut
    ionsaresupposedtocont
    inuetowork.Undoubtedly
    ,some
    dif
    fi
    cul
    tiesandcontradi
    cti
    onsmayar i
    sewhent wosyst
    emscomei ntocont
    act.Thus,
    i
    t’scr
    ucialtounder
    standpossibl
    ecompatibi
    l
    itypr
    obl
    emsbef orehandandtoprepare
    tosol
    vet hem.
    3.Securit
    yRisks:Asarul
    e,PaaSsof t
    wareisav ai
    lableinapublicenvi
    ronmentwhere
    multi
    pleendusershaveaccesst ot hesamebasi cr esour
    ces.Forsomeappst hat
    containsensi
    ti
    vedataorhavest r
    ictcompl i
    ancer equir
    ements,thi
    sisnotagood
    opti
    on.Ifyourenter
    pri
    sebelongst othiscategoryofcompani es,y
    oushouldchoose
    theplatf
    orm evenmorescrupulously.
    4.Ri
    sksofl
    ock-i
    n:Thi
    sisoneposibi
    li
    tyyoumustcheckt horoughl
    ybeforesi
    gningup
    wit
    haprovi
    der.I
    fyougetl
    ockedinaspecificlanguage,program,orint
    erf
    acethat
    coul
    daff
    ectyouwithsomeunnecessarysystem thatyoudonotr equir
    e.
    5.Li
    mit
    edScal
    abi
    l
    ity
    :PaaScanbesl
    i
    ght
    lyi
    nfl
    exi
    blewheny
    ouneedsuppl
    i
    eson
    demand.Reduci
    ngorexpandi
    ngbasedonbusi
    nessneedsi
    sli
    mit
    edi
    naPaaS
    envi
    ronment
    .
    6.DataBackup:
    ThoughPaaSof
    fer
    sbackup,
    youshoul
    dperfor
    m oneofyourownas
    theenvi
    ronmentcansometi
    meshavet
    hesamedefici
    enci
    esagai
    nstanydisast
    er.

    Q.
    101.Enl
    i
    stt
    hechar
    act
    eri
    sti
    csofPaaS.
    Ans:
    1.Webbaseduseri nter face
    2.Serv icest odev elop, test,depl oy,hostandmai nt
    ainapplications
    3.Mul ti-t
    enantar chit
    ect ure
    4.Scal abili
    ty,loadbal anci ngandf ail
    over
    5.EasyDev elopment : One- clickfunct i
    onal i
    tythr oughawebbr owsermakesi t
    easyf ormostpeopl et odev elopanappl ication.
    6.Flexibilit
    y:Theusercont rolswhatf eaturesandt oolsarepl acedwi t
    hinthe
    platfor mt hatbestsui tthei rspeci f
    icneeds.
    7.Portabi li
    ty:Whenext racapaci tyisrequi r
    ed, userscanmov et othepubli
    c
    cloudorspl i
    tpr ocessi ngbet ween  pr i
    vate clouds and publicclouds,t
    o
    becomea  hy bridcloud.
    8.Secur i
    ty:Feat uresdat asecur ity,backupandr ecovery.
    9.Adapt abil
    ity:Featurescaneasi l
    ybesubst i
    tutedwhenci r
    cumst ance
    change.
    10.
    Locat i
    on: Witht hepl atform accessi bl
    et hrought heinternet,dev el
    opersin
    variousl ocat ionsar eabl et owor kont hesameappl icati
    on.
    11.
    NoI nf rastructureInv estment s:Userhasnoneedt opurchasehar dware
    andwi llonlyneedt opayf orther esour cesused, el
    iminatingwast ed
    capaci t
    y.

    102.
    Enl
    i
    stt
    hechar
    act
    eri
    sti
    cofSAAS
    Ans:
    1.Mul t
    i-tenancymodel
    2.Aut omat edpr ovisioning
    3.Si ngleSi gnOn
    4.Subscr ipti
    onbasedbi ll
    i
    ng
    5.Hi ghav ail
    abili
    ty
    6.El asticInfrastructure
    7.Dat aSecur ity
    8.Appl i
    cat i
    onSecur i
    ty
    9. Rat elimi t
    ing/QoS
    10.Audi t
    Mul t
    i-t
    enancyModel :
    -Mul t
    i-
    tenancyisakindofsof twar
    ear chit
    ectur
    einwhi cha
    si
    ngl edeploy mentofasof t
    war eappli
    cat
    ionserv esmul t
    iplecustomers.Each
    customeri scal ledat enant .Tenantsmaybegi vent heabil
    itytocustomizesome
    partsoft heappl icati
    on, nowaday sapplicat
    ionsar edesignedi nasuchawayt hat
    pertenant ,thest oragear eaissegr egat
    edbyhav ingdiff
    erentdatabasealtogetheror
    havingadi fferentsachemsi nsideasingledatabaseorsamedat abasewith
    discri
    mi nators.
    Automat edPr ov isioning: -Theuser sshoul dbeabl etoaccesst heSaaSappl i
    cat ions
    onthef l
    y, whi chmeanst hepr ocessofpr ovisioningt heuser swi ththeser v i
    ces
    needst obeaut omat ed.SaaSappl i
    cat i
    onsar etypicallyusedbyB2B/ B2Ccust omer s
    andt hisr equir ementdemandscr eati
    ngcompani es/usersjustbyi nv okingweb
    servi
    cesandpr ov i
    det heaccesscr edent i
    als.Mostoft heSaaSappl icat i
    onspr ov ide
    thi
    scr iti
    cal feat ur eandagr eatexampl ewoul dbeCRESTAPIf rom Mi crosof t
    .Cl oud
    ServicesBr oker( CSB)pl atf
    or mscanaut omat et hispr oceduret opr ov ideaccesst o
    SaaSappl i
    cationsondemandbasi s.Anot heri mpor tantchar acter i
    stici sthede-
    provisioningabi lity-remov et heaccessf rom t heuser /or
    gani zationswhenev ert he
    customerdeci desnott ouset heSof twareasaSer vi
    ceappl i
    cat ions.Agoodexampl e
    forthisisSal esf orce, usedbysal esf olkst omanaget hesalesr elatedoper ations.
    Typically,Salesf orcet enantget screat edf oranor ganizati
    onwi thuni que
    i
    dent if
    icat i
    onbyi nv okingAPI sofSal eforce.Anot hersetofAPI sar ecal l
    edt ocr eate
    usersundert het enantandt heaccesscr edent i
    alsareshar edt ouser .Al sodel ete
    APIiscal ledf orwhenanor ganizationdeci dest odi scont i
    nuet heappl ication.

    SingleSignOn: -Anent erpriseor ganizat i


    onwoul dwantt ohaveasingleidentity
    system inpl aceinor dert oaut hent i
    cat ethev ar i
    oussy stemswhi charegoi ngtobe
    consumedbyuser s.Also, itisimpor tantf orent erpri
    sest ohaveasi ngl
    epaget o
    providelogi ncredent i
    alsandaccessal lSof t
    war easaSer vi
    ceappli
    cati
    ons
    provisionedt other espect i
    v euser s.So, Sof t
    war easaSer viceappli
    cati
    onsshoul dbe
    easilyintegratedwi thv ari
    ousi dent i
    tymanagementsy stemswi t
    houtmuchchange.I t
    i
    sal soabi gmai ntenanceov er
    headf orent erprisestost ore&mai nt
    ainmul ti
    ple
    credent i
    alspersy stem whi char eusedbyent er pri
    seuser s.Soitbecomesi mpor tant
    toenabl eSi ngleSignOnf orSaaSappl icationst oaut henti
    cateagainstexisti
    ng
    i
    dent it
    ysy stem andpr ov i
    deanexper ienceofl oggi nginonceanduset hev ari
    ous
    systems.Ty pical
    ly,Sof twareasaSer viceappl icationsuseSAMLorOpenI Dki ndof
    i
    mper sonationst oenabl et hiscriti
    cal piece.Al so,anotherimpor t
    antfactoristhatthe
    SaaSappl i
    cat i
    onsar emul t
    i-tenant,eacht enantwoul dwantt oauthenti
    cateagai nst
    thei
    rowni dent i
    ty&accessmanagementsy stem.

    Subscript
    ion-basedBi ll
    i
    ng:-SaaSappl i
    cat i
    onspr icingdonoti nv
    olvet hecompl exi
    ty
    ofli
    censecost&upgr adecostet c.Gener all
    y,theSof twareasaSer v i
    ceappl i
    cat i
    ons
    aresubscripti
    onbased, andthisenablescust omer stobuyt heSaaSappl i
    cations
    whenev ertheyrequirethem anddi scontinuewhenev ertheent er
    prisedeci dest hat
    theyarenotneededanymor e.SaaSappl icati
    onsgener allyf ol
    lowseatbased
    chargi
    ngt ype-thenumberofquant i
    typur chasedwi ll
    deci det heamountt obepai d.I
    t
    canhav evarious 
    pricingmodel sandbi ll
    ingcy cles suchasmont hl
    y/quar t
    erly
    / half
    yearl
    y/annuallyfi
    xedet c.Fewmoder nSaaSappl i
    cat i
    onsal soprovidet heabilityto
    chargebasedonusagebasedbi lli
    ng.Anot herimpor t
    antchar acter
    isti
    ci sthatt he
    SaaSappl i
    cationsshoul dbeabl etobei nv oi
    ced.Ty pi
    callyCSBpl atformswi lllookfor
    thi
    scriti
    calfeaturesot hattheycandi spat chasi ngleinvoi cet otheircustomer s.

    HighAv ailabi
    li
    ty:-SaaSapplicati
    onsaresharedbymul t
    ipl
    etenantsandt he
    avai
    labi
    lityofkindofappl i
    cationsareexpect
    edt obereall
    yhi
    ght hr
    oughout .Sothe
    Soft
    war easaSer v
    iceappli
    cationsshoul
    dprovideahighdegreeofSLAt ot hei
    r
    customer s.Applicati
    onsshoul dbeaccessi
    ble24x7acrossglobe.AlsoSaaS
    appl
    icationsshoul dexposemanagement&moni tor
    ingAPItocontinuouslycheckthe
    heal
    th/av ail
    abi
    lit
    yf act
    or.
    ElasticInfrast ruct ure:-SaaSappl icationsusagei sgener allynotpr edi ct able,
    consumpt i
    oncandr amat i
    cal l
    yv ar yinsomemont hs.Thei nfrast ruct ur eont he
    applicationsdepl oyedshoul dr eallyhav eanabi l
    itytoexpand/ shr inkt her esour ces
    usedbehi ndt heshow.Theseday s, SaaSappl i
    cat ionsar edesi gnedi nsuchaway
    thatitident ifi
    est hebehav ioroft hei nf rastructur e.Moni t
    or ingagent sr esi dewit hin
    thedepl oy mentr esour cesi ntimat ether espect ivemanagementser v ersaboutt he
    accessi bil
    ityoft her esour ces.Ty picality,policiesandpr ocedur esar ebui ltaspar tof
    thecor ear chit ectur etoexpand/ shr i
    nkt heinfrast ructurer esour ces.Mi cro
    architectur ebasedSaaSappl icat i
    onsar ethecl assicexampl es.Tool sl i
    keDocker
    andKuber netesar eusi ngt omanaget heel asticityoft heSaaSappl icat ions.Anot her
    wayi st obui ldapol i
    cyengi net or eceiv eandr eactf oranev ent ;anev entcoul dbe
    expand/ shr inkt hei nfrast r
    uct urer esour ces.
    DataSecur i
    ty: -Ensur ingt hatt hedat a/busi nessi nformat ioni spr ot ect edf r
    om
    corruptionandunaut hor i
    zedaccessi sv eryimpor t
    antint oday ’
    swor ld.Si ncet he
    Softwar easaSer v i
    ceappl i
    cat ionsar edesi gnedt obeshar edbydi ffer entt enant s,i
    t
    becomesex tremel yimpor tantt oknowhowwel lthedat ai ssecur ed.Cer taint
    y pesof
    datamustbeenabl edwi thencr ypt edst or
    agef orapar ticul art enantandt hesame
    shoul dnotbeaccessi blet oanot hert enant .So, hav ingagoodKeyManagement
    Framewor korabi lit
    yt oi nt
    egr at e/interfacewi thext ernal KeyManagement
    Framewor ksbecomesessent ial par tofSaaSappl i
    cat i
    ons.Al soi ntegr ationwi th
    CASB( CloudAccessSecur ityBr oker s)sy stem wi llincreaset heconf i
    dencewi th
    respectt odat asecur ity.Av eryst rongRol eBasedAccessCont rolsneedt obe
    ensur edi nor dert opr ot ectt hedat a.

    Appli
    cat i
    onSecur ity:-SaaSappl i
    cati
    onsshoul dbeequi ppedwi t
    hpr ot
    ecti
    onagainst
    vul
    ner abilit
    ies.Ty pically,theyshoul dbepr otectedagai nstOWASP/ SANidenti
    fied
    vul
    ner abilit
    ies.Al so,st rongi dent i
    tyandaccessmanagementcont r
    olsshouldbe
    enabledf orSaaSappl icati
    ons.Theot heraspect sthatmaket heSof twareasa
    Servi
    ceappl icati
    onsecur ear et hefollowing:
    1. St rongsessi onmanagement ,
    pr ot
    ect i
    onagai nsthij
    ackthesession
    2. I dent i
    fyingunaut horizedsessi on,protectionagai nstmulti
    -sessi
    onet c.
    3. Us ageofcooki esnotst ori
    ngsensi tivedat a,foll
    owCooki eetc.
    4. St ep- Upaut hent icationl ikepasswor dlockoutet c.
    5. Mu l
    tifactoraut hent ication
    6. St rongi mplement ationonsepar ati
    onofdut ies
    7. Pr otect ionagai nstDoS/ DDoS
    8. Pr otect ionagai nstbuf ferov er
    f l
    owat tacks
    9. Al soi ntegrationpoi ntsopenwi thCASBwi l
    lhelpi ngai
    ningconfidenceofthe
    cust omer s.

    RateLi mit
    ing/QoS:-Everybusi nesshaspreferr
    ed/ i
    mportantusersapartfr
    om the
    regularli
    stofusersusingt heappl i
    cat
    ions.Theseday s,i
    nordertoprovi
    debet t
    er
    servi
    cet oallcl
    assofcust omer s,rat
    elimit
    ingisagoodf eaturetohave.Thenumber
    ofhits/numberoft ransactioncanbet echnical
    lylimit
    edtoensurethesmoot h
    businesstransact
    ions.Also, SaaSapplicat
    ionscanbeenabl edwi t
    hRate
    l
    imiting/QoSconfigure-
    abilit
    ywhi chhelpsorganizati
    onstomanaget heiruserbase.

    Audi
    t:-General
    lySaaSappli
    cati
    onsareequippedwithprovi
    dingaudi
    tlogsof
    busi
    nesstransact
    ionsandthi
    senablescustomerstowor koutabusi
    nessstrat
    egy
    byapply
    ingbusinessint
    ell
    i
    genceplans.Theseser
    vicesalsoshoul
    dbeabl et
    o
    compl
    ywi
    thgov
    ernmentr
    egul
    ati
    onsandi
    nter
    nal
    pol
    i
    cies.

    103.Howther
    esour
    cepr
    ovi
    sioni
    ngi
    sdoneandmoni
    tor
    edi
    nCl
    oud
    Computi
    ng.
    Ans:
    Cl
    oudpr
    ovi
    sioni
    ngi
    stheal
    l
    ocat
    ionofacl
    oudpr
    ovi
    der
    'sr
    esour
    cesandser
    vicest
    oa
    cust
    omer
    . 
    Cloudpr
    ovi
    si
    oni
    ngi
    sakeyf
    eat
    ureoft
    he 
    cloudcomput
    ing 
    model
    ,rel
    ati
    ng
    t
    ohowacust
    omerpr
    ocur
    escl
    oudser
    vicesandr
    esour
    cesf
    rom acl
    oudpr
    ovi
    der
    .The
    gr
    owi
    ngcat
    alogofcl
    oudser
    vicest
    hatcust
    omer
    scanpr
    ovi
    sion
    i
    ncl
    udes 
    i
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    ureasaser
    vice,
    sof
    twar
    easaser
    viceandpl
    atf
    orm asaser
    vice,
    i
    npubl
    i
    corpr
    ivat
    ecl
    oudenv
    ironment
    s.

    Ty
    pesofcl
    oudpr
    ovi
    si
    oni
    ng

    Thecl
    oudpr
    ovi
    si
    oni
    ngpr
    ocesscanbeconduct
    edusi
    ngoneoft
    hreedel
    i
    ver
    ymodel
    s.
    Eachdel
    i
    ver
    ymodel
    dif
    fer
    sdependi
    ngont
    heki
    ndsofr
    esour
    cesorser
    vicesan
    or
    gani
    zat
    ionpur
    chases,
    howandwhent
    hecl
    oudpr
    ovi
    derdel
    i
    ver
    sthoser
    esour
    ces
    orser
    vices,
    andhowt
    hecust
    omerpay
    sfort
    hem.Thet
    hreemodel
    sar
    eadv
    anced
    pr
    ovi
    si
    oni
    ng,
    dynami
    cpr
    ovi
    sioni
    ngand 
    usersel
    f-
    prov
    isi
    oni
    ng.

    Wi
    thadv
    ancedpr
    ovi
    si
    oni
    ng,
    thecust
    omersi
    gnsaf
    ormal
    cont
    ractofser
    vicewi
    tht
    he
    cl
    oudpr
    ovi
    der
    .Thepr
    ovi
    dert
    henpr
    epar
    est
    heagr
    eed-
    uponr
    esour
    cesorser
    vicesf
    or
    t
    hecust
    omeranddel
    i
    ver
    sthem.Thecust
    omeri
    schar
    gedaf
    latf
    eeori
    sbi
    l
    ledona
    mont
    hlybasi
    s. 

    Wi
    thdy
    nami
    cpr
    ovi
    si
    oni
    ng,
    cloudr
    esour
    cesar
    edepl
    oyedf
    lexi
    blyt
    omat
    cha
    cust
    omer
    'sf
    luct
    uat
    ingdemands.Thedepl
    oyment
    sty
    pical
    l
    yscal
    eupt
    o
    accommodat
    espi
    kesi
    nusageandscal
    edownwhendemandsdecr
    ease.The
    cust
    omeri
    sbi
    l
    ledona 
    pay
    -per
    -use 
    basi
    s.Whendy
    nami
    cpr
    ovi
    sioni
    ngi
    susedt
    o
    cr
    eat
    ea 
    hybr
    idcl
    oud 
    env
    ironment
    , 
    iti
    ssomet
    imesr
    efer
    redt
    oas 
    cloudbur
    sti
    ng.

    Wi
    thusersel
    f-
    prov
    isi
    oni
    ng,
     
    alsocal
    l
    edcl
    oudsel
    f-
    ser
    vice,
    thecust
    omerbuy
    s
    r
    esour
    cesf
    rom t
    hecl
    oudpr
    ovi
    dert
    hroughawebi
    nter
    faceorpor
    tal
    .Thi
    susual
    l
    y
    i
    nvol
    vescr
    eat
    ingauseraccountandpay
    ingf
    orr
    esour
    ceswi
    thacr
    edi
    tcar
    d.Those
    r
    esour
    cesar
    ethenqui
    ckl
    yspunupandmadeav
    ail
    abl
    eforuse-
    -wi
    thi
    nhour
    s,i
    fnot
    mi
    nut
    es.Exampl
    esoft
    hist
    ypeofcl
    oudpr
    ovi
    sioni
    ngi
    ncl
    udeanempl
    oyee
    pur
    chasi
    ngcl
    oud-
    basedpr
    oduct
    ivi
    tyappl
    i
    cat
    ionsv
    iat
    he 
    Micr
    osof
    tOf
    fi
    ce365
    sui
    te 
    or 
    Googl
    eAppsf
    orBusi
    ness.
    104.
      Expl
    aint
    hecomponentst
    ackofSaaS,
    PaaSandI
    aaS.

    Ans: Threelayersofcloudstackallowcust omerstochoosehowmuchoft he


    traditi
    onalprocesstheywantt omanage.I aaSprov i
    descustomerswithcomput i
    ng
    powerandl eavesoperati
    ngsy st
    em, middlewareandappl i
    cati
    onmanagementt o
    them, whileprovi
    dermai nt
    ainsthephy si
    cal sof
    twareandprovisi
    onsmor e
    comput i
    ngresourcesasneeded.I nPaaSmodel ,provi
    dermanagesev er
    ythingupto
    mi ddleware,al
    lowingcli
    entstowor ryaboutcodeanddepl oymentofapplicati
    ons.I
    n
    SaaSmodel ever
    ythi
    ngincludi
    ngappl i
    cati
    onsi smanagedbyaser v
    iceprovider
    ,
    l
    eav ingcustomer stosimplyusepr esent
    edsol uti
    on.
    I
    nordert
    obetterunder
    standt
    hecloudstackanddi
    ff
    erencesbet
    weenSaaSv
    sPaaS
    v
    sIaaS,l
    et’
    stakeacloserl
    ookateachofthethr
    eeoff
    ers.

    Sof
    twar
    easaser
    vice

    Soft
    wareasaser viceorSaaScanbedef inedasasof twaredeli
    ver
    ymodel wher e
    cent
    rall
    yhostedapplicati
    onsaremadeav ail
    ableon-demandv i
    atheinter
    net.SaaS
    examplesincl
    udeGoogl eAppsandMi cr
    osof tOffi
    ce365.Asment i
    onedabov e,i
    n
    SaaS,appl
    icat
    ionsaref ul
    lymanagedbyapr ovider
    ,withoutt
    heneedf oruserto
    worryaboutsett
    ingthem upandmai nt
    ainingthem.

    SaaSmodel
    bri
    ngscust
    omer
    sanumberofdi
    sti
    nctbenef
    it
    s:

    Aut
    omat
    icupdat
    esandmai
    ntenance

    Customersdon’
    tneedtoworryaboutsetti
    ngup, conf
    igur
    ingandupdat
    ingsoft
    ware,
    northeyshoul
    dwor r
    yaboutbacki
    ngupt hei
    rsensiti
    vedata.Al
    loft
    hisi
    sdone
    automati
    call
    ybytheprovi
    der
    ,ensuri
    ngthatcustomersalwaysusethel
    atestand
    mostsecureversi
    onofthesoft
    ware.

    Remot
    eaccessf
    rom v
    ari
    ousdev
    ices

    SaaSappl
    icat
    ionsareusual
    l
    ycrosspl
    atfor
    m andcanbeaccessedv
    iat
    hei
    nter
    net
    fr
    om anydevi
    ceusingasimplewebbrowser.
    Scal
    abi
    l
    ityandspr
    eadi
    ngcost
    sov
    ert
    ime

    Appli
    cati
    onr esour
    ces, suchasst or
    age, ar
    epr ovi
    si
    onedaut omat i
    cal
    lyassoonas
    theyareneeded.Att hesamet i
    me, pay -
    as-you-goorsubscripti
    onprici
    ngmodels,
    employedbymostSaaSv endorsallowscust omerstospreadcostofsof twareov
    er
    ti
    me, i
    nsteadofpay i
    ngl argesum upf rontforon-pr
    emisessol uti
    ons.Thisgi
    ves
    companiesmor ef
    lexibil
    it
    ywi t
    ht hei
    rbudgetandpr ot
    ectsthem f r
    om ri
    sksinthel
    ong
    run.

    4f
    act
    orst
    hatmadeSaaSpopul
    ar:

    Clearbenef i
    tsofSaaSproduct
    sspar
    kedhighdemand, whichinturn,pr
    omptedmany
    developerstocreatethei
    rownsol
    uti
    onsusingthisdel
    iv
    erymodel .Buti
    tworth
    noting,t
    hatwhi l
    egoingSaaScanbemor echall
    engi
    ngthandev el
    opingon-
    premises
    soluti
    ons,ithasitsownsetofadv
    antagesfordevel
    opersbeyondjustmeeti
    ng
    customerexpect ati
    ons:

    1. Gai
    ningcompet
    it
    iveadv
    ant
    agef
    orst
    andar
    dizedser
    vices– 
    i
    tcanbehar
    dto
    gainacompet i
    tiveedgewhencr eati
    ngsol utionswher ecor efunctional it
    yis
    standar di
    zedandbar elydiffer sfrom compet i
    tion( f
    orexampl e,e-mai l
    services).Inthiscase, conv enientdel i
    verymodel andl owerpr icescanhel p
    devel opersgetcompet it
    iveadv antage. 
    2. Bu i
    ldingappl i
    cationswi t
    hext ensiveonlinef eatures–  manyappl i
    cat i
    onr el
    ay
    ont hewebaccessf oranumberoft heircor efeat ures.I
    nt hiscase, i
    tmaybe
    si
    mpl erandcheaperi nthel ongr unt osimpl ymov et hewhol eappl i
    cat ioninto
    cl
    oud.
    3. Prov i
    dingext ensiver emot eaccess–  cl
    oudcomput i
    ngallowsdev eloper sto
    easilymaket heirappav ail
    abl ef r
    om anywebbr owseratanyt imewi thoutthe
    needt odevelopsepar atev er si
    onsf oreachspeci ficplat
    for m.
    4. Sa v
    ingmoneyondev elopment–  SaaSdel i
    v erymodel ensur esthatev ery
    customerhast helatestmodel ofthesof t
    war e, fr
    eeingdev elopersf rom t he
    needt osuppor tlegacyv ersi onsandensur ingt hatcr i
    ti
    calsecur it
    ypat chesare
    deli
    v eredaut omat i
    cal l
    ytoev eryuser .Thisint urn,cansav edev el
    oper smoney
    i
    nt hel ongr un.

    Exampl
    esofSaaSsol
    uti
    ons

    Nowadays,bot
    hdemandf orSaaSsoluti
    onsamongcustomersandpopulari
    tyof
    SaaSamongdev el
    operskeepgr owi
    ng.Manybusinessesleav
    ingexpensi
    veand
    cumbersomeon-pr
    emisessy stemsbehindandswitchi
    ngtoSaaS.SaaSprovedtobe
    averypopul
    archoi
    ceforCRM, ERP,
    finance,
    tax,
    aswel l
    assalesmanagement
    sol
    uti
    onsandmanyot hers.

    FamousSaaSexampl esincludeonl i
    neservi
    ces,suchasGmailandGoogleDri
    ve,
    as
    wellasnumerousot hersi
    mi larsolut
    ions.I
    nenterpri
    seworl
    d,t
    herear
    emany
    syst
    ems, cur
    rentl
    ydistr
    ibutedv i
    aSaaSmodel .Themostpopularareprobabl
    y
    vari
    ousoffi
    cesuits,
    suchasOf f
    ice365f r
    om Microsoft
    ,aswel
    lasGoogleDocsand
    GoogleSpreadsheets.
    Pl
    atf
    orm asaser
    vice

    Plat
    form asaser vice,orPaaS,canbedef inedasami ddleware,providedondemand
    vi
    athei nternet.PaaSi sori
    entedmai nlyondevelopersandsof t
    war ev endorsand
    provi
    dest hem wi thanenv i
    ronmentt odev el
    op,t
    est,depl oy,
    hostandmai ntai
    nthei
    r
    appl
    ications.PaaSal l
    owscompani estofocusoncr eatinganddepl oy i
    ng
    appl
    icationswi thouttheneedt othinkaboutphysical hardware,vir
    tualizat
    ion,
    operat
    ingsy st
    em ormi ddl
    eware.Itprovi
    desacompl etesetofpr ogrammi ngtool
    s
    andcomput ingresour cesnecessarytostartworki
    ngi mmedi ately.

    Benef
    it
    sofPaaSmodel
    forcust
    omer
    sincl
    ude:

    Web-
    basedcr
    eat
    iont
    ool
    s

    Ther
    ei snoneedtoseparatel
    yl i
    cense,i
    nstal
    landmaintai
    nasetoftool
    sforcr
    eati
    ng
    appl
    icati
    ons.PaaSser
    vicesalreadyprovi
    dey ouwit
    hthenecessar
    yenvi
    ronment.
    Web-basedtoolsal
    l
    owdev eloperstowor kfr
    om anyplacewi
    thawidearrayof
    devi
    ces.

    Ful
    l
    ymanageddev
    elopmentenv
    ironment

    Thereisnoneedt omanagedevel
    opmentenv
    ironmentorwor
    ryaboutbacki
    ngup
    yourdata.Serv
    icepr
    ovi
    derwil
    lmanagi
    ngeverythi
    ngfory
    ou,l
    eavi
    ngyoutofocuson
    yourdevelopmentef
    for
    ts.

    I
    ntegr
    ati
    onwi
    thot
    herser
    vicesandbui
    l
    t-i
    nscal
    abi
    l
    ityf
    ordepl
    oyedsof
    twar
    e

    PaaSprovidesabuil
    t-
    innati
    vescal
    abili
    tyforanysoft
    wareyoucreateanddeploy
    wit
    hinit
    .Itall
    owstoeasil
    yint
    egrat
    ey oursoftwarewit
    hotherserv
    ices,
    eit
    herthi
    rd
    part
    y,orprovi
    dedbythePaaSpr ov
    ider,byint
    roduci
    ngasinglecommonst andar
    d
    thr
    oughwhi chal
    lofthesesol
    uti
    onscani nter
    act.

    Col
    l
    abor
    ati
    ont
    ool
    s

    PaaSprovi
    deanumberofpowerf
    ulcol
    l
    abor
    ati
    ontool
    sall
    owinggeogr
    aphical
    l
    y
    di
    sper
    seddevelopmentt
    eam t
    ofocust
    hei
    reff
    ort
    soncreati
    nganddel
    iver
    inga
    si
    ngl
    epieceofsoft
    ware.

    Whydev
    eloper
    schoosePaaSser
    vices

    Manycloudcompani esembr acePaaSasawayt oallowdev el


    operst oint
    egrat
    ewi th
    thei
    rownpropri
    etarysof twarewithoutl eavi
    ngt hecompanyecosy stem.Thishelps
    companiestocreat
    edev elopmentcommuni t
    iesaroundt hei
    rproduct swit
    houtgoing
    complet
    elyopensour ce.Howev er ,
    suchpr acticesal
    sor i
    sev er
    yv ali
    dconcernsof
    l
    ockingi
    ntoyourcurrentPaaSpr ovider.Iti
    simpossi blet
    omi grateanappl i
    cati
    on,
    creat
    edwithacustom t oolsandi ntegratedwithapr opri
    etar
    ysolut i
    on,making
    devel
    opersdependentonPaaSser vicesstayingupandpr ov
    idersstay i
    nginbusiness.

    However,
    despit
    esuchconcer
    ns,PaaSoffer
    skeepgaini
    ngpopul
    ari
    ty.Ext
    ensi
    ve
    col
    l
    aborati
    ontool
    s,abi
    l
    ityt
    ospreadoutcostsov
    erti
    meandt hef
    actthatther
    eisno
    needtoworr
    yaboutset
    ti
    ngupandmanagi
    ngmi
    ddl
    ewar
    eiswhatmakesdev
    eloper
    s
    usePaaS.

    Exampl
    esofPaaSsol
    uti
    ons

    Ther
    earenumerousPaaSexamplesoutt
    herethatcanbediv
    idedi
    ntosev
    eral
    cat
    egor
    iesdependi
    ngonthei
    rfocusandspeci
    fi
    csofdist
    ri
    buti
    onmethodtheyuse.

    Wehav epubli
    c( Heroku),pr
    ivat
    e( Appr
    enda, OpenShi
    ft,Cl
    oudFoundr y)
    ,andhybri
    d
    (I
    BM Bl
    uemi x)PaaSsol ut
    ions.Therearealsomobi l
    ePaaSsol uti
    ons,speci
    fi
    call
    y
    desi
    gnedt oprovidecapabil
    it
    iesfordevelopingmobil
    eapplicati
    ons.Thereareal
    so
    PaaSsystems, speci
    fical
    l
    yaimedt oal
    l
    owr api
    ddevelopment.Themostf amous
    amongt hoseareMendi xandSal esForce.

    Apartfr
    om that
    ,ther
    eareal
    soopensourcebasedPaaSsol ut
    ions,
    designedtoal
    l
    ow
    appl
    icati
    onstoruninanopensour
    ceenvir
    onment,r
    atherthanhostingthem.A
    famousexampleofsuchplat
    formisGoogleAppengine.

    I
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    ureasaser
    vice

    Inf
    rast
    ruct
    ureasaserv
    iceorIaaScanbedef inedasavi
    rtualscalableinfr
    astr
    uctur
    e,
    provi
    dedbydemandovertheinter
    net.Prov
    idermanagesthephy sicalhardwareand
    deli
    ver
    sonlycomput
    ingpowert otheuser,
    leavingt
    hem wit
    hset t
    ingupand
    managingallt
    hesof
    tware.Suchservi
    ceprovidesanumberofadv antagestothe
    customer:

    Costsav
    ing

    Inst
    eadofbuy i
    nginf
    rast
    ruct
    ureupf
    ront,
    IaaSal l
    owscust omerstospreadthat
    spendingoverti
    me.Moreover,
    yousavealladdit
    ionalexpensesregar
    dinghardwar
    e
    maintenance,i
    ncl
    udi
    ngthecostofhavi
    ngdedi catedpersonnelj
    usttomaintai
    nthe
    hardware.

    Secur
    it
    yandr
    eli
    abi
    l
    ity

    byabst r
    acti
    ngsof twarefrom theactualphysi
    calinfrast
    ructure,youmakingitmuch
    mor esecureandr eli
    able.Thereisnoneedt oworr yabouthar dwarerel
    iabi
    li
    ty,
    about
    physicall
    ysecuringthehar dware,oraboutyoursof t
    wareaf f
    ectingthehardware.All
    ofthisismanagedbyt heser vi
    ceprov i
    der
    .Ofcour se,dependenceonI aaSmeans
    thatifservi
    cepr ov
    iderevergoesof fl
    ine,y
    ourinf
    rast r
    uctur
    ewi llgooffl
    i
    newi t
    hit.
    Howev er,pract
    iceshows, thatanysuchmi shapshappenv eryrarel
    yandar equickl
    y
    dealtwith.

    Scal
    abi
    l
    ity

    Comput i
    ngresour
    cesar epr
    ovisi
    onedondemandandcanbeeasi l
    yscaledas
    needed.Itmeansthatyoucannotonlyincreaseconsumpt
    ion,
    butalsodecreasei
    t,
    whenresourcesarenolongernecessar
    y ,
    allowi
    ngyoutouseyourmoneyi nthemost
    eff
    ecti
    vewaypossi bl
    e.
    Adv
    ant
    agesanddi
    sadv
    ant
    agesofI
    aaS

    Biggestrestr
    ict
    ionsontheuseofI aaSar eper f
    ormancer equirementsand
    complianceregulati
    ons.I
    nternetspeedsar eabi gli
    miti
    ngf actorf
    orIaaS
    perfor
    manceandi faveryfastresponseisrequired,I
    aaSmaybenotanopt ion.Al
    so,
    somecount rieshaveregul
    ationsonpr eventingcert
    aintypesofdat a,suchas
    fi
    nancialinf
    ormation,t
    obehost edoutsidet hecountry,
    inwhi chcase, I
    aaSmayalso
    notbeanopt i
    on.

    Wher eIaaSwor ksgr eati


    swhenacompanyneedst osav emoney ,orifacompany
    experi
    encesspi kesindemandf orhardwarer esources.Itall
    owssmal l
    ercompani es
    togrowwi thoutlargeupfrontinvestments,andallowst oquicklyprovisi
    on
    i
    nfrastructureforgr owingcompani eswithouttheneedt oinvestl
    argesumsof
    money .Italsoal l
    owst osavecost sbyscal i
    ngdownexi sti
    ngphy si
    cal i
    nfrast
    ructure
    andtransfer r
    ingpar tsofiti
    nthecl oud.Spikesindemandandneedf ortempor ar
    y
    i
    nfrastructurearepr obablythemostobv i
    ouscaseswher eIaaSwi l
    l beextremely
    beneficial
    ,all
    owi ngt oqui
    cklyprovisi
    onaddi ti
    onalresourcesandt henscal ethem
    back.

    From t
    hepr ov
    iderstandpoint,
    IaaSisal l
    abouttheeconomyofscale.Mult
    ipl
    eusers
    sharethesamephy sicalmachi ne,
    allowingprov
    ider
    stoful
    lyut
    il
    izeresour
    cesofthei
    r
    datacentr
    esandmaxi mizereturnfrom ever
    ypieceofhar
    dware.

    Exampl
    esofI
    aaSsol
    uti
    ons

    Themostwi del
    ypopularIaaSexamplesincludeAmazonWebSer vi
    ces(ASW),
    MicrosoftAzureandGoogl eComput eEngine.Theseservi
    cesaremanagedbyt he
    bi
    ggestcompani esinthewor l
    deffecti
    vel
    ymai ntai
    ninghugedatacent
    ersinvari
    ous
    cornersoftheglobeinordertooff
    erv er
    yinexpensiveinf
    rast
    ruct
    urewit
    hlarge
    potenti
    alforscal
    abil
    i
    ty.

    Ot
    herexamplesofI
    aaSi
    ncludeBl
    uel
    ock,
    Rackspace,
    CSC,
    GoGr
    id,
    Linode,
    Di
    git
    alOcean,
    tonameafew.

    Q.
    105.Howi
    mpor
    tanti
    sPl
    atf
    orm asaser
    vice?
    Ans:PaaSisdesignedforcompanieswhohaveeitheranapplicati
    onorasetof
    appl
    i
    cationsandwant stodepl
    oythoseappl
    icat
    ionsov erthecloud.I
    nthi
    ssit
    uati
    on
    aPaaSpr ovi
    derwithcomputerpr
    ogrammingcompat ibil
    i
    tyisthebestsol
    uti
    on.The
    gi
    vesyout hefol
    l
    owi ngoppor
    tuni
    ti
    es:
    1.Reducey ourset upcost s:all
    softwaredev el
    opment srequireacombi nat i
    onof
    programmi ngl anguage, desi
    gnandsy st
    em admi nist
    rati
    onabi l
    it
    ies.Ify our
    businesspr ojectrequi
    resani nt
    egratedenv i
    ronment ,
    someonewi llhavet o
    buy,buil
    d,design,manageandmai ntainthecomponent sforyourappl icati
    ons.
    Neitherthewor knorthecomponent snotpr ovidef oranydistinguishing
    featuresofy oursoftwar et
    heyaresimpl yrequired.
    2.Maintai
    ncont
    rolovery
    ourarchit
    ecture:evenwhil
    eyourar
    chit
    ect urei
    s
    pr
    ov i
    dedbyacloudvendor
    ,youstil
    lretaincont
    rolov
    erconfi
    gurationand
    management.Thisi
    sabigadv ant
    agewhendev el
    opi
    nganddepl oyingyour
    ownappl
    i
    cat
    ion.
    3.Incr
    easethespeedofyourapplicati
    ondeployment:wit
    houthavingt
    oset
    up
    yourownhar dwar
    eandsoftwaret ocreat
    ey ourownplatf
    orm,youcan
    i
    mmedi atel
    yconti
    nuewit
    hpr ocessofdev el
    opingyourappli
    cat
    ionor
    appli
    cat
    ions.
    4.Generateproduct
    ivi
    tyandinnovat
    ion:
    thePaaSsy st
    em pr
    omisestofreey our
    operati
    onsfrom t
    hemundanemanagementandmai nt
    enancewhil
    efreeingup
    yourteam oremployeesfr
    om themaintenanceworksothatt
    heycanf ocus
    oninnovati
    vesoftwaredevel
    opmentandi mprov
    ementswhichareli
    kelythe
    heartofyourbusi
    ness.
    5.Easi
    lydeployascalableserv
    ice:PaaSisty
    pical
    lyascal
    abl
    esubscr
    ipt
    ion
    serv
    icethatall
    owsforsubstanti
    alcostsavi
    ngsonwhatisli
    kel
    ythebasi
    sof
    yourrev
    enuegeneration.Thi
    swayy oucangr owyourappl
    i
    cati
    onsqui
    ckl
    ywit
    h
    apowerfulplat
    for
    mt ogr owwithyourneeds.

    Q.
    106.Whati
    sthemi
    nimal
    requi
    rementt
    oimpl
    ementanI
    AASCl
    oud?
    Ans:IaaSisamodeli nwhichy ou,asacust omer
    ,payfortheresourceskeptatt he
    provi
    dersfacil
    i
    tyorwhereverthepr oviderkeepsitshardwar
    e.IaaSpr ov
    ideroffers
    templateOSi mageforthev i
    rt
    ualser vers.Theyal
    sohav eAPIst oadd,star
    t,stop,
    access,conf
    igureanddelet
    ethev ir
    tualhostandst or
    age.Fol
    lowingarethemi ni
    mal
    requi
    rementtoimplementanIaaScl oud:
    1. Ut
    il
    it
    y-st
    ylecomput
    ingser
    vicewi
    thpay
    -per
    -usebi
    l
    li
    ng.
    2. Super
    ior
    ,wor
    ld-
    classI
    Tinf
    rast
    ruct
    ureandsuppor
    t.
    3. Vi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zedser
    ver
    s,st
    orageandnet
    wor
    ktof
    orm ashar
    edpool
    ofr
    esour
    ces.
    4. Dy
    nami
    cscal
    abi
    l
    ityofmemor
    y,bandwi
    dth,st
    orageandser
    ver
    stomeetuser
    needsi
    nreal
    -t
    ime.
    5. Fl
    exi
    bil
    i
    tyf
    oruser
    stoaddmor
    eorr
    educet
    heal
    l
    ocat
    edr
    esour
    ces.
    6. Aut
    omat
    ionofadmi
    nist
    rat
    iont
    asks.
    7. Abi
    li
    tyt
    ovi
    ewandmanager
    esour
    ceut
    il
    izat
    ion.

    4.OpenSour
    cecl
    oudI
    mpl
    ement
    ati
    onandAdmi
    nist
    rat
    ion
    107.Li
    stt
    hecomponent
    sofopenst
    ackwi
    tht
    hei
    rcodenames?
    Component
    s Code Expl
    ain

    1.Comput
    e Nov
    a Nova wor
    ks wi
    th hy
    per
    visor
    sto cr
    eat
    e and manage
    r
    esour
    cepool
    s.
    2.Obj
    ectSt
    orage Swi
    ft Scal
    abl
    est
    oragesy
    stem usedf
    orobj
    ectst
    orage.
    3.Bl
    ockSt
    orage Ci
    nder Bl
    ock-
    IOst
    orageser
    vicet
    hatst
    oresdat
    aforguestv
    irt
    ual
    machi
    nes(
    VMs).
    4.Net
    wor
    king Neut
    ron  
    Networki
    ngasaser v
    icepr
    ovi
    des 
    sel
    fser
    vicenet
    wor
    king
    capabi
    l
    ity
     foruser
    s
    5.Dashboar
    d Hor
    izon Adashboar
    dwi
    thagr
    aphi
    cal
    int
    erf
    ace.

    6.I
    dentit
    y Key
    stone Securi
    ty module wi t
    h li
    ghtwei
    ght di
    rect
    ory access
    Ser
    vice prot
    ocol int
    egrati
    on prov
    ides aut
    hent
    icat
    ion f
    or all
    OpenStackser
    vices.
    7.I
    mageSer
    vice Gl
    ance  
    Managesst
    oredimages,andcanst
    oreandcat
    alogan
    unl
    i
    mit
    ednumbersofbackups.

    108.Expl
    aint
    hef
    eat
    ureofOpenSt
    ack?
    Openstacksoftwareprovi
    desfl
    exi
    bil
    i
    tyofint
    egrati
    ngv ar
    ioustechnol
    ogi
    eswithit
    thathel
    psyouinbuil
    dingthecl
    oudenvir
    onmentaccordi
    ngt ot
    hechoiceandneeds.
    Someoft hef
    eatur
    eisgivenbel
    ow:

    I
    . Li
    ve Upgr
    ade:OpenSt
    ack pr
    evi
    ousl
    y does nothav
    e any suppor
    tforl
    i
    ve
    upgrades.Anyupgr adeswouldrequir
    ey outoshutt heenti
    reclouddown.Now,
    youcannoupgr adey ourcl
    oudbyf i
    rstupgr
    adingthecontrol
    l
    erinfrast
    ructur
    eand
    thenupgradingthecomputenodesonebyonei nasequence.Thi swillkeepyour
    cloudsystem r
    unningandwill
    requir
    eonl yi
    ndi
    v i
    dualcomponentsobeshut .

    I
    I. Feder
    atedI
    dent
    it
    y:OpenSt
    ackpr
    ovi
    dey
    ou t
    heFeder
    ated i
    dent
    it
    ysy
    stem,
    whichcanbeusedf orloggi
    ngi nt
    omul t
    ipl
    eOpenSt
    acknodest hr
    oughasingl
    e
    userID.OpenStacki
    ncludedthisfeat
    ureonspeci
    all
    yrequestbytheEur
    opean
    organi
    zat
    ionforNucl
    earResearch(CERN).

    I
    I. Tr
    I ov e:Theor i
    ginalterm usedf orthisf
    eatur
    eis“ Pr
    ojectRedDwar f”
    .Wecanuse
    thi
    sf eat
    uretomanagedat abaser esour
    ces.Forexampl e,wecanmanageMy SQL
    system formanipulatinguser sandschemasdef inedinMy SQL.TheManipul
    ati
    ng
    i
    sdonet hroughTr oveAPI .OpenSt ackisexpectedtopr ov i
    desupportf
    ornewer
    databasetechnologiesalso, suchasMongoDB.

    I
    V. Obj
    ectSt
    orageRepl
    i
    cat
    ion:Anew mechani
    sm f
    orr
    epl
    i
    cat
    ionoft
    heobj
    ect
    storage has been i
    ncl
    uded wit
    h OpenSt
    ack’
    s object sy
    stem,Swi f
    t.This
    mechani sm i
    sknownasssy ncandisusedforinter
    cept
    ingrequeststhatare
    forwardedtoSwift
    .Thi
    smechanism sy
    ncstherequestsmoreint
    ell
    igentl
    ythan
    theearli
    ermechani
    sm.

    109.Wr
    it
    eshor
    tnot
    eoncl
    oudadmi
    nist
    rat
    ionandmanagement
    .
     Toadmi ni
    str
    ateandmanagecl
    oudsy ouneedtocreat
    eaweb- basedconsol
    e
    foruser
    stointer
    actwi
    tht
    hethesyst
    em provi
    dingcl
    oudser
    vice.

     The Openst
    ackcl oud envi
    ronmentprovidesdashboar
    d atthe i
    nter
    act
    ion
    consol
    e whereas Eucalypt
    us prov
    ides boththe CLIand t
    he web-based
    consol
    efori
    nteracti
    onpurpose.

     Theadmi ni
    strat
    orscancreateaccountandi nter
    facesforbothusersand
    admini
    strat
    ors.User
    scanaccessasystem ef
    fi
    cientl
    yift
    heyareprov
    idedwi
    th
    i
    nter
    faces.

     I
    tisconsi
    der
    edthatmostuser
    sfindweb-basedint
    erfaceseasi
    erthantheCLI.
    Cl
    oudmanagementishowadmi nshavecontroloverevery
    thi
    ngthatoperat
    es
    i
    nacloudsuchastheuserdat
    a,appl
    icat
    ionandser v
    ices.

     Cloudmanagementt ool
    shelpadmi nsov erseealltypesofcloudact ivi
    ti
    es
    suchasr esourcedepl
    oyment,uset
    racking, dataint
    egrati
    onandev endisast
    er
    recover
    y.Cl oudmanagementt ool
    spr ovideadmi ni
    strat
    ivecontr
    olov erthe
    i
    nf r
    astr
    ucture,pl
    atf
    orms,appl
    i
    cati
    onanddat at hatt
    ogethercr
    eatecloud.

     Forexampl e, 
    Amazon Web Ser vi
    ces( AWS) 
    enablesuser sto accessand
    managecl oudi nstancesthr ougha command- li
    nei nterf
    ace( CLI
    ) 
    thatruns
    i
    ndi
    vidualcommands and  scri
    pts.Google Cloud Platform (GCP)of fer
    sa
    monit
    oringandl oggingtool,Google 
    Stackdri
    verwhi chpr ovi
    desperformance
    dat
    aforapplicati
    onsandv i
    rtualmachines(VMs)thatr unonGCPandAWS.

    110.Dr aw andexpl
    ainOpenStackCl
    oudAr
    chi
    tect
    ure.OrExpl
    aint
    he
    archi
    tectur
    eofOpenStackSy
    stem.
    OpenSt
    ack:OpenSt
    ackisacloudoperat
    ingsyst
    em thatcontrol
    slar
    gepool
    sof
    comput
    e,stor
    ageandnet
    wor
    kingr
    esour
    cesthr
    oughoutadatacentr
    e.

    I
    tismostl
    ydeploy
    edf
    orIaaS(I
    nfr
    astr
    uctureasaser
    vice)wher
    evi
    rt
    ualser
    ver
    sand
    ot
    herr
    esourcesar
    emadeavai
    l
    abletocustomers.

    Al
    lmanaged through a dashboard that giv
    es admi
    nist
    rators cont
    rolwhi
    l
    e
    empower
    ingt
    hei
    ruserst
    oprovisi
    onresourcesthr
    oughawebinterf
    ace.
     Iti
    sfoundedbyRackspaceHost ingandNASA.I thasbeenglobalsof
    tware
    communi t
    yofdev el
    opers.Iti
    sopensour cecloudoperat
    ingsy st
    em.It’s
    missiontoenableanyor gani
    zationtocreat
    eandof fercloudcomputing
    serv
    icesrunni
    ngonstandardhardware.
    I
    thasseveral
    mai ncomponentsintheArchi
    tect
    ureas:

    1.Nova 
    i
    sthepri
    marycomput
    ingengi
    nebehi
    ndOpenStack.I
    tisusedfordepl
    oyi
    ng
    andmanagi
    nglar
    genumbersofv i
    rt
    ualmachi
    nesandotherinst
    ancestohandl
    e
    computi
    ngt
    asks.

    2.Swif
    t i
    sast oragesy stem forobj ect
    sandf i
    les.Ratherthant hetr
    adi t
    ionalideaof
    areferr
    ingt ofi
    lesbyt heirlocat i
    ononadi skdrive,
    dev eloperscaninsteadr eferto
    auniquei denti
    fierreferr
    ingt othefil
    eorpieceofi nformat i
    onandl etOpenSt ack
    deci
    dewher etost or ethisi nfor
    mat i
    on.Thismakesscal i
    ngeasy,asdev elopers
    don’
    thav ethewor r
    yaboutt hecapacityonasi nglesy stem behi
    ndt hesof tware.
    Ital
    soal lowsthesy stem,r atherthanthedev el
    oper,towor r
    yabouthowbestt o
    makesur ethatdatai sbackedupi ncaseoft hefailureofamachi neornet work
    connection.

    3.Ci  
    nderi
    sabl ockstoragecomponent,whichismoreanalogoustot hetr
    aditi
    onal
    not
    ionofacomput erbeingabl
    etoaccessspecifi
    clocat
    ionsonadi skdr
    ive.This
    moretradi
    ti
    onalwayofaccessingfi
    l
    esmi ghtbei
    mpor t
    antinscenari
    osinwhi ch
    dat
    aaccessspeedi sthemostimpor
    t antconsi
    der
    ati
    on.

    4.Neut
    ron 
    provi
    desthenetwor
    kingcapabi
    li
    tyforOpenSt
    ack.I
    thel
    pst
    oensur
    ethat
    eachofthecomponentsofanOpenStackdeploy
    mentcancommuni
    cat
    ewit
    hone
    anot
    herquickl
    yandeff
    ici
    entl
    y.
    5.Horizon 
    isthedashboar dbehindOpenStack.I
    tistheonlygr aphi
    calint
    erfacet o
    OpenSt ack,sof oruserswantingtogi
    v eOpenStackatry,thismaybet hef i
    rst
    componentt heyactual
    ly“see.
    ”Devel
    operscanaccessalloft hecomponent sof
    OpenSt ackindivi
    duall
    ythroughanapplicat
    ionprogrammingi nt
    erf
    ace(API ),but
    thedashboar dpr ov
    idessystem admi
    nistr
    ator
    sal ookatwhati sgoingoni nt he
    cloud,andt omanagei tasneeded.

    6.Keystone 
    prov
    idesidenti
    tyser
    vicesforOpenStack.I
    tisessenti
    all
    yacentr
    alli
    stof
    al
    loft heusersoft heOpenSt ackcloud,mappedagai nstalloft heservi
    ces
    providedbyt hecloud,whichtheyhav epermissi
    ont ouse.Itprovi
    desmulti
    ple
    meansofaccess,meani ngdeveloper
    scaneasi l
    ymapt heirexi
    sti
    nguseraccess
    met hodsagainstKeyst
    one.

    7.Gl
    ance 
    provi
    desimageservicestoOpenSt
    ack.Inthi
    scase,"i
    mages"ref
    erst
    o
    i
    mages( orvi
    rt
    ualcopi
    es)ofharddi
    sks.Gl
    anceall
    owstheseimagest
    obeused
    astemplat
    eswhendeployi
    ngnewv i
    rt
    ualmachi
    neinst
    ances.

    8.Cei
    lometer 
    providestelemet
    ryservi
    ces,whichal
    low t
    hecl oudtopr
    ovidebil
    l
    ing
    servi
    cest oindivi
    dualuser
    softhecloud.Ital
    sokeepsav eri
    fi
    abl
    ecountofeach
    user’
    ssy stem usageofeachoft hevari
    ouscomponentsofanOpenStackcl
    oud.
    Thinkmet eri
    ngandusager epor
    ti
    ng.

    9.Heat i
    stheorchestrati
    oncomponentofOpenStack,whi
    challowsdev el
    operstostor
    et he
    requir
    ementsofacl oudappl
    i
    cationi
    naf i
    l
    et hatdefi
    neswhatr esourcesarenecessary
    forthatappl
    icat
    ion.Inthi
    sway ,
    ithel
    pstomanaget heinf
    rastr
    uctureneededforacloud
    servi
    cetorun.
    Ar
    chi
    tect
    ural
    Pat
    hofOpenSt
    ack:

    111.Wr
    it
    eShor
    tnot
    eonDev
    stack.
     DevStackisaser
    iesofext
    ensi
    blescri
    ptsusedtoquicklybr
    ingupacompl
    ete
    OpenStack envi
    ronment sui
    tabl
    e for non-pr
    oduction use. I
    tis used
    i
    nteract
    ivel
    yasadevel
    opmentenvir
    onment.

     SinceDev St
    ackinstal
    l
    sal l
    -i
    n-oneOpenSt
    ackenvir
    onment
    ,itcanbeusedto
    deployOpenStackonasi ngl
    eVM, aphysi
    calser
    verorasi
    ngl
    eLXCcontai
    ner
    .
    Eachoptionissuit
    abledependingonthehardwar
    ecapaci
    tyavai
    l
    abl
    eandthe
    degreeofisol
    ati
    onrequir
    ed.

     Amul t
    i-
    nodeOpenStackenvir
    onmentcanalsobedepl
    oyedusi
    ngDev
    Stack,
    butt
    hat’
    snotathor
    oughlytest
    eduse-
    case.

     Foreit
    herki
    ndofsetup,
    thest
    epswoul di
    nvol
    vei
    nst
    alli
    ngami
    nimal
    ver
    sionof
    oneoft hesuppor
    tedLinuxdi
    str
    ibut
    ionsanddownloadi
    ngt
    heDevSt
    ackgit
    reposi
    tor
    y.

     Therepocont
    ainsascri
    ptst
      ack.
    sh 
    thatmustberunasanon-r
    ootuserand
    wi
    ll
    perfor
    mthecomplet
    einstal
    lbasedonconfi
    gur
    ati
    onset
    ti
    ngs.
    Thedefaul
    tservi
    cesconfi
    guredbyDevStackareKey stone,Swi f
    t,Gl
    ance,Ci
    nder
    ,
    Nova,NovaNetworki
    ng,Hori
    zonandHeat .Dev
    St ackhasapl uginar
    chit
    ect
    ureto
    i
    ncl
    udeaddit
    ional
    servi
    cest
    hatarenoti
    ncl
    udeddirectl
    yintheinstal
    l.
    Most
    lyuseofDev
    stacki
    s:
    • Dev
    eloper
    swor
    kingonOpenSt
    ack

    • Usedt
    otestchangesandv
    eri
    fyt
    heywor
    kinar
    unni
    ngOpenSt
    ackdepl
    oyment

    • Usedbyt
    heCIsy
    stem t
    otestchangesast
    heyar
    epushedi
    ntoger
    ri
    tfor
    rev
    iew

    • Usedf
    ordemosandpr
    oofofconceptwor
    k

    112.Concept
    ual
    Archi
    tect
    ureofopenst
    ackandi
    tsmodesofoper
    ati
    on.
    I
    nt heconcept
    ualar
    chit
    ectur
    ewecanseet her
    eare9di f
    fer
    entcomponent
    sor
    pr
    oject
    sandhowtheyconcept
    ual
    l
    yint
    eractwi
    theachot
    heri
    sshownhere.

    Letusf
    ir
    stunder
    standwhatt
    hesecomponent
    spr
    ovi
    deus.

    CodeName 
    Ser
    vicespr
    ovi
    ded

    Nov
    a -
    Comput
    e

    Ci
    nder
     -
    BlockSt
    orage

    Swi
    ft
    -Obj
    ectSt
    orage

    Gl
    ance-I
    mage

    Neut
    ron-
    Net
    wor
    king

    Key
    stone-I
    dent
    it
    ymanagement

    Hor
    izon-Dashboar
    d

    Cei
    l
    omet
    er-Met
    eri
    ngandMoni
    tor
    ing(
    Tel
    emet
    ry)

    Heat
    -Or
    chest
    rat
    ion
    Nov
    a

     Itprovi
    descomputeser
    vicesi
    .e.I
    tprov
    idesvi
    rtual
    serversupondemand.
     Itautomatesandmanagespoolsofcomputeresources.
    Ci
    nder

     I
    tprovi
    desBlockSt
    orageasaserv
    iceforOpenSt
    ack.
     I
    tisdesignedtopr
    esentst
    orager
    esourcestoenduser
    sandt
    hesest
    orage
    resourceswi l
    lthenbeusedbyNov a.
     Th eshor tdescript
    ionofCinderisthati
    tvi
    rt
    ual
    i
    zesthemanagementof
    blockst oragedev i
    cesandpr ov
    idesenduser
    swithasel
    f-
    ser
    viceAPIto
    requesttoconsumet hoser
    esources.
    Swi
    ft

     ItprovidesObjectSt or agei .ethedat aisstoredi nt hef


    or m ofobj
    ects.
     Unl i
    ket r
    aditi
    onalf i
    lesy stemsher eifyouwantt omodi fysomeobj ect,y ou
    willhav etopullthatent ir
    elyout ,makemodi fi
    cat ionsandt henpushi tback
    i
    n.
     Yo umayf eelthatt hisi st ediousbutf ordatawhi chdoesn' tr
    equir
    emuch
    modi fi
    cat i
    onwecanuset histy peofst orage.Forexampl e,wecanst ore
    i
    mages orv i
    deos whi ch don' tr equi
    re much modi f
    icati
    on and justby
    passingt heobject sy oucanl oadi mages.
     Swi f
    talsopr ovidesr eplicationandscal abil
    itywhi chisn'
    tprov i
    dedbyCi nder.
     Re pli
    cationasi ndat aisst oredatdi ff
    erentpl acessoi tcanber ecov ered
    easilydur i
    ngsy stem cr ashandscal abil
    it
    yasi ny oucanscal eup(i
    ncrease)
    orscal edown( decrease)y ourst orageaspery ourneed.

    Gl
    ance

     Itprovi
    desImageSer vicesforOpenSt ack.
     TheI SOimagesf orvir
    tualmachi nesandmet adataarestoredhereandthey
    canbedi scovered,regist
    eredandr etri
    evedbyt heusersi .
    ey oucanf i
    nd
    them anduseISOi magef orinstall
    ingthatO.S.onyourvir
    tualmachine.
     Ifyouwantt otakebackupsofdat ast or
    edony ourservery oucancreate,
    youcancr eat
    eser veri
    magesi .e.copyal l
    thedataservercontai
    nsandstore
    i
    tatmul ti
    plel
    ocat i
    ons.
    Neut
    ron

     Neutronprov
    idesnetwor
    kingservi
    ces.
     Iti
    sasy st
    em tomanagenet worksandIPaddr
    esses.I
    tprovi
    desscalabi
    l
    ity
    andNeutron'
    sservi
    cescanbeusedt hr
    oughanAPI.
     Userscanuset hi
    sAPItocreatenetworksf
    ort
    heirdi
    ff
    erentusergr
    oupsor
    dif
    fer
    entappli
    cati
    ons.
    Key
    stone

     Keystoneisacent ralcomponentforauthenti
    cati
    onandaut hori
    zati
    on.
     Beforeusinganyoft heotherproj
    ectsorser vi
    cesofOpenSt ack,Keystone
    authenti
    catesy ouandaut hor
    izesyoutocheckwhet heryouareallowedt o
    usethatserv i
    ce.
     Au t
    henti
    cation is done usi
    ng username & passwor d credenti
    als,token
    basedsystems, et
    c
     Ital
    sopr ovi
    desacat al
    ogwhichshowsal i
    stofallt
    heserv i
    cesdepl oy
    edon
    thecloud.
    Hor
    izon

     Itprovi
    desadashboar
    dusingwhi
    chtheusercanaccessotherservices
    easi
    ly.
     Withthi
    sdashboar
    dyoucanper
    for
    m mostoft
    heoperat
    ionsl
    i
    kel aunching
    aVM,assi
    gni
    ngI
    Paddr
    essesandset
    ti
    ngaccesscont
    rol
    s.
    Cei
    l
    ometer

     OftenknownasTel emetryprovidesmeteri
    ngandmoni t
    oringservi
    ces.
     I
    tpr ovi
    desusdat aabouthow muchphy sicalandvir
    tualresourcesare
    bei
    ngusedont hecl oud.
     Basedont hi
    sdatacl oudproviderscanchargethei
    rusersandalso, wecan
    generat
    ecer t
    aintriggers(stepst o betaken when data showscer tai
    n
    dangerorcri
    ti
    calconditi
    on)
    Heat

     Itprovidesor chestrati
    onSer vice.
     Youneedt ocr eateat emplateofy ourinfr
    astruct
    ureandl oaditinheatand
    basedont hatt emplateHeatwi ll
    gener ateyourinfr
    astructure.
     Ifyouwantt oupdat eyourcloudbyi ncreasingsomeser vi
    cesordecr easing
    them,y oucanmakechangesi nt hetempl ateandl oadi tinHeatandy our
    newi nfrastr
    uct urewi l
    lbegener ated.
     He atalsopr ov i
    desaut oscalingf eaturesi.
    e.forexampl ebasedont hedat a
    showedbyCei l
    omet erifwecomet oknowt hatCPUut il
    izati
    onismor ethan
    70% f ormor et han5mi nutes,wecandef ineat ri
    ggert hatwi l
    laddmor e
    frontendser v ersautomat i
    cally.

    MODESOFOPERATI
    ON:
    Openst ackcanmai nl
    yoperat
    eint womodesi .
    e.singl
    ehostmodeandmul t
    ihost
    mode.t heoperati
    oniscall
    edmul tihostmode,i
    facopyoft henetworki
    srunon
    eachoft hecomput enodesandthenodesar eusedastheint
    ernetgat
    ewaybythe
    i
    nstancesthatarerunni
    ngonindi
    vidualnode.
    Asi nglenodeinstal
    lati
    oni nstal
    lsal lcomponentsli
    kenov a,key
    stone,ci
    nder,etc.in
    onesi nglenode.Mul ti
    nodei nstal
    lationinst
    all
    sdiff
    erentcomponentsalongv arious
    node.Forexampl e,keystoneandci nderinonenode, neut
    roninanotherand2nov as
    i
    n2di ff
    erentserver
    s.Gener all
    yspeaki ng,asingl
    enodeset upofOpenSt ackisused
    fortesti
    ng,purposes.Itisnotdesignedf orpr
    oducti
    onandt husmostwoul dstrongly
    discouragesuchimpl ement ati
    on.env ir
    onment.
    A mul t
    i-
    node set up on the otherhand i s whatmost( i
    fnotal l)pr oducti
    on
    envir
    onment srun on.Gi ven t
    he vari
    ous component s ofOpenSt ack hav i
    ng all
    component sononenodecansi gni
    fi
    cantl
    yaffectperf
    ormanceasy ouar elimi t
    edt o
    whateverresourcesthatonenodemayhav e.Multi
    -Nodenotonlyprov i
    desasol uti
    on
    forthi
    s,butitisalsohi ghl
    yscalabl
    einthesenset hatifyourequir
    emor ecomput e
    powerallyouhav et odoi saddmor ecomput enodes( samewi t
    hswi ftforstorage,
    etc.
    ).Addi
    tional
    ly,havingvari
    ousnodesf orvari
    ouscomponent scanof feraf ai
    lover
    i
    nt hecaseofoneofy ournodessuffer
    sdownt i
    me.

    113.
    Ment
    ionwhatar
    ethenet
    wor
    kingopt
    ionsusedi
    nopenst
    ack?
    Thenet
    wor
    kingopt
    ionsusedi
    nOpenSt
    ackar
    e:
    1.FlatNetworkManager
    :IP addr
    essesf
    orVM inst
    ancesar
    efet
    chedf
    rom t
    he
    subnet
    ,andtheni
    nject
    edi
    ntot
    heimageonl
    aunch
    2.Fl
    atDHCPNet wor
    kManager
    :IPaddressesf
    orVM i
    nst
    ancesar
    efet
    chedf
    rom t
    he
    subnetspeci
    fi
    edbyt
    henet
    workadmini
    strat
    or
    3.VLAN Networ
    kManager
    :Computecr
    eat
    esaVLAN andbridge;DHCPser
    veri
    s
    st
    art
    edforeachVLANt
    opassoutI
    Paddr
    essest
    oVM i
    nst
    ances.

    114.Whatar
    ethe t
    wo t
    ypesofst
    orage doesOpenSt
    ackComput
    e
    prov
    ides?
    OpenSt
    ackr
    ecogni
    zest
    wot
    ypesofst
    or ephemer
    age:
      al  per
    and  sist
    ent
    .

    Ephemer
    alst
    oragei
    sst
    oraget
    hati
    sassoci
    atedonl
    ytoaspeci
    fi
    cComput
    einst
    ance.
    Oncethati
    nstancei
    ster
    minated,
    soisit
    sephemeralst
    orage.Thi
    stypeofstor
    agei
    s
    usef
    ulforbasi
    crunt
    imerequi
    rement
    s,suchasst
    oringtheinst
    ance’
    soperat
    ing
    syst
    em.

    Persi
    stent
     stor
    age,ontheotherhand,
    isdesignedtosur
    vive("persi
    st"
    )independent
    ofanyrunninginst
    ance.Thisst
    orageisusedforanydat
    at hatneedstober eused,
    ei
    therbydiffer
    enti
    nstancesorbeyondtheli
    feofaspeci
    ficinstance.
     

    OpenSt
    ackhasmul
    ti
    plest
    orager
    eal
    mst
    oconsi
    der
    :

     BlockStorage(cinder)
     Ob j
    ectStorage(swi f
    t)
     I
    magest orage( glance)
     Ephemer alstor
    age( nova)

    115.WhatAr
    etheAdv
    ant
    ages/
    Benef
    it
    sofusi
    ngOpenSt
    ack?
    1.It
    ’sFree:OpenSt ackdoesn’ tcostapennyt ouse.
    2.Flexi
    bil
    it
    yt oBui l
    dCust om Dat aCent er
    s: Thef l
    exibil
    it
    yofOpenSt ackisn’
    tjust
    aboutdat acent ers,though.Youcanal sousei ttobr i
    ngnewpr oductsand
    servi
    cest oy ourmar ketwi thgreat erspeedt hanev erbef ore. 
    3.Enablesrapidinnov at
    ion: OpenSt ack’sor chestrationandsel f-
    ser vi
    ce
    capabili
    ti
    esof fersf asterandbet teraccesst oITr esour ces.
    4.Cutsdownt ime-to-mar ket:Fasterdepl oy mentofI Tr esour cesal someansend
    usersandbusi nessuni tsnol ongerhav et owaitday sorweekst ostartusing
    thenetwor kser vicesandappl i
    cationst heyneed.I nt urn, t
    heywoul dbemor e
    capableofr olli
    ngoutandcompl etingpr ojectsearli
    erthanbef ore.
    5.Boostsscalabil
    it
    yandr esourceut i
    li
    zat on:
    i Althoughnotasscal ableaspubl ic
    clouds,OpenSt ackpr ivatecloudsst i
    llofferasignificantdegr eeofscal abi
    lit
    y.
    6.Devoidofvendorl ock-in:OpenSt acksuppor tsav ari
    etyofpr oprietary
    technol ogi
    esandcanoper ateinasmor gasbordofhyper
    visorandbaremet al
    environment s.It
    sabil
    itytowor kwithcommodi tyhar
    dwaregivesyoumor e
    fl
    exibili
    tyinchoosi ngsolutionsbasedonawi derr
    angeofcostsand
    compet encies.
    7.Easesr egul
    at orycompl
    iance:BecauseOpenSt ackenabl
    estheconstruct
    ionof
    priv
    at e,on-premi secl
    ouds, itcanhelpi
    nregulator
    ycomplianceendeavors.

    116.Howcanobj
    ect
    sinswi
    ftbeaccessed?

    1.Organi
    zat
    ionstodaynotonl
    yrequir
    ethestor
    aget
    echnol
    ogyt
    radit
    ional
    l
    yused
    butalsovari
    ousotherdatastorageopt
    ionstoful
    fi
    llt
    hevary
    ingneedsfor
    perf
    ormanceandprice.

    2.OpenSt
    ackprovi
    desbothblockstor
    ageandobj
    ectst
    orage.Ital
    sopr
    ovi
    desa
    numberoptions f
    ort he depl
    oymentofeach storage syst
    em and t
    he
    depl
    oymentopti
    onsdependontheusecase.

    3.OpenSt
    ackobj
    ectst
    oragei
    spr
    ovi
    dedbySwi
    ftwhi
    chst
    oresdat
    aredundant
    ly.

    4.Thedat astor
    agecan bescal
    ed bot
    h up and down i
    n Swi
    ftaspert
    he
    requi
    rement
    s.

    5.Datacanbest oredinmulti
    pledi
    sksdr
    ivesthatar
    edistr
    ibut
    edacr
    ossdat
    a
    cent
    erserver
    s.New server
    scanbeaddedf orscal
    ingthestor
    agecl
    ust
    eri
    n
    thehor
    izont
    aldir
    ecti
    on.

    6.I
    ncaseofaserverorhar
    ddri
    vefail
    urethecont
    entfr
    om otheract
    ivenodesi
    n
    t
    hecl
    usteri
    srepl
    icat
    edtonewlocat
    ionsbytheOpenStacksoft
    ware.
    7.Swiftstorageplatf
    ormiscomplet
    elydi
    str
    ibutedandcanbeaccessedt
    hrough
    APIs.Itcanbedi r
    ect
    lyi
    ntegr
    atedint
    oapplicat
    ionsf
    orbacki
    ngup,archi
    ving,
    andr et
    ainingdata.

    8.Swi
    fti
    saccessedt
    hrought
    heObj
    ectSt
    orageAPI
    .

    9.Thi
    sAPIi
    si mpl
    ement
    edasasetofRESTf
    ul(
    Repr
    esent
    ati
    onalSt
    ateTr
    ansf
    er)
    webser
    vices.

    10.
    Wit
    haRESTf ulAPI
    ,accessorreadoper
    ationsar
    eservi
    cedt
    hroughanHTTP
    GETrequestandwr
    it
    eoperati
    onsareser
    vicedthr
    oughanHTTPPUTr equest
    .

    117.Expl
    ainOpenSt
    ackweb-basedint
    erf
    acedashboar
    d.Al
    sogi
    vet
    he
    stepst
    obui
    ldOpenSt
    ackdashboard.

    1.OpenStackpr
    ovi
    desdashboardasitsweb-basedinter
    face,
    whichisof
    fer
    edi
    n
    combinati
    onbyOpenSt
    ack-DashboardandDjango-Novaproj
    ects.

    2.Thiscombi
    nedi
    nter
    facebecomest
    hei
    mpl
    ement
    ati
    onofar
    efer
    enceDj
    ango
    si
    te.

    3.Wi
    tht
    hiswecani
    nter
    actwi
    tht
    heComput
    ecl
    oudcont
    rol
    l
    er.

    4.Confi
    gurat
    ionofdashboar
    dinv
    olv
    est
    heuseofSQLi
    te3dat
    abase,al
    ongwi
    th
    thedef
    aultDjangoser
    ver.

    5.OpenSt
    ackdashboardcanbeusedwi thApacheWebser
    verandMy
    SQL
    dat
    abasef
    orproduct
    ionandr
    obust
    ness.

    St
    epst
    obui
    l
    danOpenSt
    ackdashboar
    d:
    1.Get
    ti
    ngt
    hesour
    cecodef
    orOpenSt
    ack-
    Dashboar
    dandDj
    ango-
    Nov
    apr
    oject
    s.

    2.Bui
    l
    dingandconf
    igur
    ingt
    heOpenSt
    ack-
    Dashboar
    d

    3.Cr
    eat
    ingOpenSt
    ack-
    Dashboar
    ddat
    abase

    4.Runni
    ngt
    heser
    vert
    ost
    artdashboar
    d

    -Bef
    oreper
    for
    mingtheseweneedt
    oinst
    allt
    hedi
    str
    ibut
    edr
    evi
    sioncont
    rolsy
    stem
    knownasbazaarwi
    ththef
    oll
    owi
    ngcommand:
    sudoapt
    -geti
    nst
    all
    bzr
    -
    Aft
    ert
    hisadi
    rect
    oryi
    scr
    eat
    edt
    ost
    orepr
    oject
    susi
    ngt
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ngcommands:
    $mkdi
    rsr
    c
    $cdsr
    c

    118.Whathappenswhenanew comput
    einst
    ancei
    sst
    art
    edf
    rom a
    Glancei
    mage?
    1.Thei
    magei
    slockedsonoot
    hercomput
    einst
    ancescanusei
    t.
    2.Theimageiscopied,ei
    therf
    rom Gl
    anceoracache,t
    othecomput
    ingnodet
    hat
    wil
    lst
    artt
    heinst
    ance.
    3.Thei
    magei
    sshar
    edv
    iaNFSt
    oPXEboott
    henewi
    nst
    ancef
    rom i
    t.
    4.Thei
    magei sinst
    all
    edf
    rom aLi
    nuxdi
    str
    ibut
    ion'
    sreposi
    tor
    yaccor
    dingt
    othe
    i
    mage'
    smetadat
    a.
    5.Thei
    magei
    sdi
    sconnect
    edf
    rom anyot
    hercomput
    einst
    ancesusi
    ngi
    t.

    5.Cl
    oudDepl
    oymentTechni
    ques
    Q.
    119)Expl
    aint
    hecomponent
    sofcl
    oudnet
    wor
    k.
    Acloudnet workcanbev i
    ewedascompr i
    singthef oll
    owi ngt hreecomponent s:
    1.Thef ront -
    endoruser -
    accessl ayer,whichhel psuser siniti
    ateaconnect iont o
    cloudser vi
    ces.
    2.Thecomput el ayer,whi chcompr i
    sescl oudser vers,storage,l oadbal ancer s,
    secur itydev i
    ces.
    3.Theunder lyingnet wor kl ayer,whi chcanbeaLay er2orLay er3net wor k
    topol ogy .
     I nf r
    ast ructureasaSer vi
    ce( I
    aaS)
    Thef undament alclassificati
    onofcl oudcomput ingser vices.Thi sser viceallows
    fort he r entofser versand v irt
    ualsy stems,net wor ks,ITi nfrastructure and
    storaget oo.I tav oidst hecompl icati
    onbehi ndacqui r
    ingandadmi ni
    steringown
    physi calser versandi nfrastructure.Fewoft hebusi nessaspect sof feredbyI aaS
    are:
     Economi cal webhost ingser vi
    ces
     Suppor t
    sappl i
    cationandwebser v
    ersandmanagenet wor kingr esources
     I ncr easedper formanceoncomput i
    ng
     Assi stsinbi gdat aanal ysis
     Mai ntainshugest or age,backup, andr ecovery
     Pl atf
    or m asaSer vice( PaaS)
    So,t hisist heoneser viceof feri
    nganon- demandat mospher ef ordev el
    opment ,
    test
    ing,depl oy mentofmany sof twar e appl i
    cati
    ons.I tser ves as a cl oud
    deploy mentenv ironmentt hatmai nt
    ainsser vers,andt hisenabl est hedel iv
    er yof
    bothsi mpl ecl oudappl i
    cat i
    onsandcompl exent er
    priseappl i
    cat i
    ons.Few oft he
    businessaspect sof f
    eredbyPaaSar e:
     Sof t
    war easaSer v
    ice( SaaS)
    Thisist heappr oacht odel i
    versof t
    war eappl i
    cati
    onsov ertheInter
    netandi t
    mightbeon- demandort hroughasubscr i
    pti
    onbasi s.I
    tallowsindiv
    idual
    stoget
    connectedandut i
    li
    zecl oudappl i
    cationst hrought heInternet
    .SaaSof fer
    sthe
    feat
    ureofenhancementandoper ati
    onofappl icat
    ionatar educedcost.Few of
    thebusinessaspect sofferedbySaaSar e:
     Showssi mpleaccessi bi
    li
    tyforcompl exapplicati
    ons
     Al l
    owsusi ngclientsof twareinaf reemanner
     Mobi li
    zewor kforce
     Accessi bi
    li
    tyforappl icati
    oninformat i
    onf rom anylocati
    on

    Q.
    120)Li
    stt
    hebenef
    it
    sofr
    esour
    cev
    irt
    ual
    i
    zat
    ion.
    Resour ce vir
    tuali
    zation has pr oved t o be adv antageous f oraut omati
    ng
    vari
    ousaspect s ofthecl oud.I thelpsint hefollowingway s:
    1.Facil
    iti
    es on- demand and opt imi zed al locat
    ion of r esour ces such as
    bandwi dth,st
    orage, memor y,etc.f orv irt
    ual machines.
    2.Createsnewv ir
    tualmachi nes, ifrequi red.
    3.Replicatesdataandhel pswi thdi sast errecov ery
    .
    4.Switches appl i
    cati
    ons t o a new har dwar einfrastructure,int he eventof
    hardwar eproblemsandi mpr ov eser viceupt ime.
    5.Tunesser v
    erorappl i
    cat i
    onpar amet ersinr ealti
    met oimpr oveper formance.
    6.I
    mpl ement ssecur i
    typol i
    ciestopr ot ectagai nsti
    nter netthreats.
    7.Abidesbycompl ianceandr egul ati
    onsi ssues.
    8.ProvidesSLA- mandat edqual ityofser v i
    ces.
    9.Savespowerbyaut omat icall
    yshut ti
    ngdownpar tsofhar dwar einfrastr
    uct
    ure
    duri
    ngl owact ivi
    typeriod.

    Q.
    121)Wr
    it
    eashor
    tnot
    eonshar
    dingdat
    abases.
    1.Shardingacl ouddat abasei sanot hert echniquet oimproveper formance.
    2.Itis a pr ocess ofspl i
    tti
    ng a l arge dat abase into a numberofsmal l
    er
    databases, eachbei nghost edonasepar ateser ver
    .
    3.Ithelpst oboostt heper formanceofappl icati
    onst hatrequiref requentand
    l
    argedat abaset r
    ansact ions.
    4.Shardingal sohel psr educet hesi zeoft hedat abaseindex,t husdecr easing
    thetimeneededf orsear cheswi thinthedat abase.
    5.Tof urtheri mpr oveper formanceandav ail
    abil
    it
    y ,pr
    ovidersof f
    erahor i
    zontall
    y
    scaledser verenv i
    ronment ,wherei tisqui ckandeasyt obringupmor evir
    tual
    machi nest omeethi gherwor kl
    oads.Besi desper formance,pr ovi
    dersfocus
    uponi mpr ov i
    ngdatabasei ntegri
    tybyusi ngdatabasepr ofi
    lers.
    6.Shardinganal yzest hesour cedat abasef ori nconsist
    enciesi ni ndex,table
    rel
    ationshi ps, ordatast ructure.
    7.Byexami ni ngt hedat aqual i
    tyandut il
    i
    zat i
    onpat ter
    n,iti
    sabl et opointoutt he
    potentialpr oblems, i
    fany ,withi
    nadat abase.
    8.Thisimpr ov estheper formanceoft hedat abase.
    Q.
    122)Expl
    aint
    hei
    mpactofmemor
    yoncl
    oudper
    for
    mance.
    1.Incl oudcomput ing,memor yper f
    or manceandut il
    izat i
    onisf undament alfor
    over allperformance.
    2.Largedat abaset ransact i
    onsrequiremassi veamount sofmemor ytomeett he
    variousexpect edl evels.
    3.Mor eov er,mul titenancyandsi multaneoususert asksputal otofdemandon
    memor y.
    4.Coor dinat i
    onbet weendi ffer
    entcl oudser vicestomeetapar ti
    culardemand
    requi r
    esi nmemor ytasks.
    5.Jobsneed t o be spl itand assembl ed afterpr ocessi ng,whi ch incr
    eases
    over headcost .
    6.Anot herpr obl em i nthecloudr elat
    est omemor yleaks.
    7.Itisasi tuationwher eauserj ob,dat abase,oranappl icati
    ondoesnotr eturn
    backt het empor ar i
    l
    yal l
    ocatedmemor ytot heoper atingsy stem ev enaf t
    eri t
    hasbeencl eanedupandi snol ongeri nuse.
    8.Thiscanbeduet oabug,mal ware,oradel i
    ber ateuserj obhatwant st o
    consumeal l memor y
    .
    9.Anot hercl oudst rategyi stousemem- cached,whi chi samemor y-
    object
    cachi ngsy stem.
    10.
    Itusesanal gor it
    hm t odetectandst or edatawi l
    lber equiredint henearf uture,
    inthecache.
    11.
    Thishel pstoi mpr ovedataaccessspeedsaswel l asboostr esponset i
    me.

    Q.
    123)Wr
    it
    eashor
    tnot
    eonCl
    oudPer
    for
    mancemoni
    tor
    ingandt
    uni
    ng.
    1.Therear ev ari
    ousi ssuesr el
    atedtomoni tori
    ngandt uningcl oudper f
    ormance.
    2.Theper formanceofv ir
    tualmachi nesi sdiffi
    cultt
    ot rackast her esourcesare
    dynami candbasedont hewor kl
    oad.
    3.Allcloudaspect sar enoti nthecont rolofapar ti
    cularor ganization.
    4.Thedi vi
    sionofcont roldependsont hecloudser viceof fered.
    5.ForPaaS,f orexampl e,theprovi
    dercont rolsthehar dwar e,networ k,securi
    ty,
    servers,oper ating sy stem,pat ches,dev elopmentenv ironment ,database
    configurati
    onandcompi lers.
    6.Theconsumercont r
    olst heappli
    cationsuseofr esour ces, databasei nstances,
    applicati
    on-levelsecur i
    tyandauthent icati
    onf oruser s.
    7.Therear eal sopr oblemswi thselect i
    ngt her i
    ghtper formancemanagement
    tool.
    8.Anysel ectedt oolsneedt obecust omi zedandconf igur edtoal argeextentto
    suitthecloudenv i
    ronment .

    Q.
    124)Whatar
    ethedi
    ff
    erentdepl
    oymentmodel
    s?
    Ther
    eare4typesofdepl
    oymentmodel
    stheyar
    easf
    oll
    ows:
    Pr
    ivat
    ecloud:
    ▪ Apr ivatecl oudi susual lylocat edonpr emi ses,i sdedi cat edt oandused
    solelyf orasi ngleor gani zat i
    on.I tmaybemanagedbyt heor ganizati
    on
    i
    tselforat hirdpar ty.
    ▪ Pr ivatecl oudsar emor esecur eascompar edt opubl iccl oudsbutt he
    organizat ioni mpl ement ingt hepr i
    v at
    ecl oudi sr esponsibl ef orrunningand
    managi ngI Tr esour cesi nst eadofpassi ngt hatr esponsi bilit
    yont oat hir
    d
    partycl oudpr ov i
    der .
    ▪ Adv ances i nv i
    rtualizat i
    on and di str
    ibuted comput ing hav e allowed
    corpor atenet wor ksanddat acent eradmi nistratorst oef fectiv
    el ybecome
    service pr ov i
    derst hatmeett he needs oft heircust omer s wi t
    hint he
    corpor ation.
    Publiccloud:
    ▪ Apubl iccl oudi sonebasedonst andar dcloudcomput ingmodel ,i
    nwhi ch
    aser vi
    cepr ov i
    dermakesr esour ces,suchasappl icat i
    onsandst orage,
    availablet oanent erpriseov ert heI nt
    ernet.
    ▪ Theent er priseandst orageser vicepr ov i
    derar esepar at eandt hedat ais
    storedout sideoft heent erpr i
    se’sdat acent ert husfreei ngt hem f rom the
    expensi vecost sofhav i
    ngt opur chase, manageandmai ntainon- premises
    storagehar dwar eandsof twar er esour ces.
    ▪ Themai nbenef it
    sofusi ngapubl i
    ccl oudser v
    icear e:
    ● Easy and i nexpensi ve set -up because har dware,appl icati
    on and
    bandwi dthcost sar ecov eredbyt hepr ovider.
    ● Scal abi li
    tyt omeetneeds
    ● Nowast edr esour cesbecausey oupayf orwhaty ouuse.
    ▪ Exampl esofpubl iccl oudi ncludeAmazonEl asticComput eCl oud( EC2),
    IBM’ sBl ueCl oud,SunCl oud,Googl eAppEngi neandWi ndowsAzur e
    ServicesPl at f
    orm.

    Hybridcloud:
    ▪ Someor gani z
    at i
    onsmayhostcr iti
    calappl i
    cationsonpr i
    vatecloudsand
    appli
    cat i
    onswi thr elati
    v el
    ylesssecur it
    yconcer nsont hepubliccloud.
    ▪ Theusageofbot hpr i
    vat ecloudandpubl i
    ccloudst oget heriscall
    edhy bri
    d
    cloud.
    ▪ Ar elat edt ermi sCl oudBur sti
    ngi nwhi chor ganizat i
    onsuset heirown
    comput i
    ngi nfrastructur efornor malusagebutaccesst hecloudusi ng
    servi
    ces such as Sal es for ce cloud comput ing f orhi gh/peak load
    requirement s.
    ▪ Thi sensur est hatasuddeni ncreasei ncomput i
    ngr equirementi shandled
    gracef ull
    y.
    Communi t ycloud:
    ▪ Acommuni tycl oudi sani nfrastructureusedbyaspeci fi
    ccommuni tyof
    usersoror ganizat i
    ons.
    ▪ Thi s i nvol ves shar i
    ng of comput i
    ng i nfrastructure i n bet ween
    organizat ionsoft hesamecommuni ty.
    ▪ Forexampl e,al lgov ernmentor ganizationswi thinapar ti
    cularstatemay
    shar
    ecomput inginfr
    ast
    ructur
    eont hecl
    oudtomanagedatarelat
    edt o
    ci
    ti
    zensresi
    dinginthest
    ates.
    ▪ Addi
    ti
    onalvari
    ati
    onsofthefourbasecl
    ouddepl
    oymentmodel
    scanexist
    .

    Q.125)Explai
    n any si
    x benef
    it
    s ofSof
    twar
    e as Ser
    vice i
    n Cl
    oud
    comput
    ing?
    ● Reducedt imet obenef it
    Differentf rom t het radi tionalmodel ,inSaaSt hesof t
    war e( application)i sal ready
    i
    nst alledandconf igur ed.Theuserhast headv ant ageofpr ov isioningt heser v erfor
    ani nst ancei ncl oudandi nacoupl ehour st heycanhav et heappl i
    cationr eadyf or
    use.Thi sr educest het i
    mespenti ni nst allationandconf i
    gur ation, andcanr educet he
    i
    ssuest hatcangeti nt hewayoft hesof twar edepl oyment .
    ● Lowercost s
    SaaS hasadi fferent ialr egar ding cost ssi ncei tusual l
    yr esidesi n ashar ed or
    mul tit
    enantenv ironmentwher et hehar dwar eandsof t
    war el i
    censecost sar elow
    compar edwi tht het r adi t
    ional model .
    Anot heradv ant agei st hatt hecust omerbasecanbei ncreasedsi ncei tal l
    owssmal l
    andmedi um busi nesses( SMB)t ouseasof twar ethatot her wiset heywoul dnotuse
    duet ot hehi ghcostofl i
    cense.
    Mai ntenance cost s ar er educed as wel l,si nce t he SaaS pr ov i
    derowns t he
    env i
    ronmentandi tisspl itamongal l cust omer st hatuset hatsol ution.
    ● Scal abili
    tyandi ntegr ation
    Usual ly,SaaSsol utionsr esidei ncl oudenv ironment st hatar escal abl eandhav e
    i
    ntegr at ionwi t
    hot herSaaSof ferings.Compar ingwi t
    ht het raditionalmodel , user sdo
    nothav et obuyanot herser v erorsof twar e.Theyonl yneedt oenabl eanew SaaS
    offeringand, int ermsofser vercapaci typl anni ng, t
    heSaaSpr ov i
    derwi l
    lownt hat .
    ● Newr eleases( upgr ades)
    SaaSpr ov i
    der supgr adet hesol utionandi tbecomesav ail
    abl ef ort heircust omer s.
    Cost sandef f
    or tassoci atedwi thupgr adesandnew r eleasesar elowert hant he
    tr
    adi ti
    onalmodelt hatusual l
    yf or cest heusert obuyanupgr adepackageandi nstall
    i
    t,orpayf orspeci alizedser vicest ogett heenv ironmentupgr aded.
    ● Easyt ouseandper form pr oofofconcept s
    SaaSof f eringsar eeasyt ousesi ncet heyal readycomewi thbestpr act i
    cesand
    sampl esi nsidei t.User scandopr oofofconcept sandt estt hesof twar ef unct ionality
    oranewr eleasef eat ur einadv ance.Al so, theycanhav emor et hanonei nst ancewi th
    dif
    fer entv ersionsanddoasmoot hmi gr ation.Ev enf orl argeenv ir
    onment s,user s
    canuseSaaSof feringst ot estt hesof t
    war ebef orebuyi t.
    ● Accessi bilit
    y
    Ally ouneedt oaccessaSaaSappl i
    cat ioni sabr owserandani nt er
    netconnect i
    on.
    Thisi sgener al
    lyav ai lableonawi der angeofdev i
    cesandf rom any wher eint hewor ld,
    maki ngSaaSmor eaccessi blet hant het radi t
    ional businesssof twar einstall
    at ion.

    Q.126)Whati
    sSaaSi
    nCl
    oudcomput
    ing?Expl
    aindi
    ff
    erentcat
    egor
    ies
    ofSaaS?
    ● Sof twar easaser vice( SaaS)i sasof twar edi stributionmodeli nwhi chat hird-
    par typr ov i
    derhost sappl i
    cat ionsandmakest hem av ailablet ocust omer s
    ov ert heI nternet.SaaSi soneoft hreemai ncat egor i
    esofcl oudcomput ing,
    alongsi dei nfrastruct ureasaser vi
    ce( I
    aaS)andpl atform asaser vice( PaaS) .
    ● SaaS i scl oselyr elated t ot heappl i
    cat i
    on ser v i
    cepr ov ider( ASP)and on
    demand comput ing sof twar e del i
    very model s.The host ed appl icat i
    on
    managementmodelofSaaSi ssi mi l
    art oASP,wher et hepr ov i
    derhost st he
    cust omer ’
    ssof twar eanddel i
    v ersi tt oappr ov edenduser sov ert hei nt ernet.
    Int hesof t
    war eondemandSaaSmodel ,thepr ov idergi vescust omer snet wor k
    -basedaccesst oasi nglecopyofanappl i
    cat i
    ont hatt hepr ov idercr eated
    speci fical l
    yf orSaaSdi str
    ibut i
    on.Theappl ication’ssour cecodei st hesame
    foral lcust omer sandwhennewf eat uresorf unct i
    onal i
    tiesar er olledout ,they
    ar erol l
    edoutt oal lcust omer s.Dependi ngupont heser vicel ev elagr eement
    (SLA) ,thecust omer ’
    sdat af oreachmodelmaybest or edl ocal ly,int hecl oud
    orbot hl ocal l
    yandi nt hecl oud.Or ganizat i
    onscani ntegr ateSaaSappl i
    cat ions
    wi thot hersof twar eusi ngappl icat i
    onpr ogr ammi ngi nt er f
    aces( API s) .For
    exampl e,abusi nesscanwr i
    t ei tsownsof twar et ool sanduset heSaaS
    pr ovider '
    sAPI stoi nt egratet hoset ool swi tht heSaaSof fering.
    ● Ther ear eSaaSappl icat i
    onsf orf undament albusi nesst echnol ogi es,suchas
    emai l
    ,sal es management ,cust omer r elationshi p management ( CRM) ,
    financi almanagement ,human r esour ce management( HRM) ,bi ll
    ing and
    col l
    abor ation.Leadi ngSaaSpr ovider sincl udeSal esf orce,Or acl e,SAP,I ntuit
    andMi cr osoft.
    Cat
    egoriesofSaaS:
    ● Packagedsof twar e:Thi sist hebi ggestar eaoft heSaaSmar ket .Packaged
    sof twar ecomesi nmanydi fferentf lavors:cust omerr elationshi pmanagement ,
    suppl ychai nmanagement ,f i
    nanci almanagement ,andhumanr esour ces,t o
    namet hemostcommon.Thesei nt egratedof f
    er sfocusonaspeci fi
    cpr ocess,
    suchasmanagi ngempl oyees’benef i
    ts,sal aries,andannualper formance
    rev i
    ews.Thesepr oduct st endt ohav esev eralchar act eristicsi ncommon:
    They ’
    redesi gnedwi t
    hspeci ficbusi nesspr ocessesbui ltint hatcust omer scan
    modi fy.Theyhav emov edi ngr eatnumber st ot hecl oudbecausecust omer s
    wer ef i
    ndi ngt hepl atformst oohar dt omanage.

    ● Coll
    aborati
    vesof t
    war e:Thisi ncreasinglyv i
    brantareaofthemar ketisdr i
    ven
    byt heubiquitousav ailabi
    li
    tyoft heI nternet,combinedwi t
    ht hef actthat
    teamsar elocatedallov erthewor ld.Thisar eai sdominat
    edbysof t
    war ethat
    focuseson al lsortsofcol laborati
    v eef fortsincl
    uding Web conferenci
    ng,
    documentcol l
    aboration,projectplanning,inst antmessagi
    ng,andev enemai l
    .
    Inasense,i twasi nev i
    tabl
    et hatthesepl atformswoul dmov etothecl oud:
    These tasks occurt hroughoutt he or ganizati
    on and need to be easi l
    y
    accessedfrom manyl ocati
    ons
    ● Enabl ingandmanagementt ools:What’si
    nt hiscat egor
    y ?Thinkaboutt he
    dev elopmenttoolsthatdevelopersneedwhencr eat i
    ngandext endingaSaaS
    platform;also thi
    nkaboutt het est
    ing,moni t
    oring,and measur i
    ng t
    hata
    cust omerand t he developerneed.Al so considert he compliance i
    ssues
    relatedtotheuseoft hi
    st y
    peofsof twarei
    nt her ealworl
    d.Thesei ssuesare
    i
    ncl udedinthi
    st hi
    rdcategory.

    Q.127)Def
    inecl
    oudpr
    ovi
    derandcl
    oudbr
    oker
    ?
    CloudPr ov i
    der :Acl oudpr ov i
    deri sacompanyt hatdel i
    v erscl oudcomput i
    ngbased
    servi
    cesandsol ut ionst obusi nessesand/ orindividual s.Thi sser viceor gani zat i
    on
    maypr ov i
    der ent edandpr ov ider -
    managedv i
    rtualhar dwar e,sof twar e,infrast ructur e
    andot herr elatedser vi
    ces.Cl oudser vi
    cesar ebecomi ngi ncreasi nglydesi rabl ef or
    compani es because t hey of feradv antages i nt er ms ofcost ,scal ability and
    accessibil
    ity.
    ● Acl oudpr ov iderisal soknownasaut i
    li
    tycomput i
    ngpr ov i
    der .Thi sr olei s
    typicallyr elat edt othatofamanagedser v i
    cepr ov ider( MSP) ,butusual ly,the
    latt
    erpr ov i
    desot hermanagedI Tsoluti
    ons
    ● Cl oudpr ov ider sar egener al
    lyor ganizati
    onst hatpr ovidesomef orm ofI T
    infr
    ast ruct uret hati scommer ciall
    ydi str
    ibutedandsour cedacr osssev eral
    subscr iber s– t ypi
    callybusi nesses.Cl oudpr ovider sdel i
    v ercl oudsol utions
    throughon- demand,pay -
    as-you-gosy stemsasaser vi
    cet ocust omer sand
    enduser s.Cl oudpr ovidercust omer saccesscl oudr esour cest hroughI nternet
    andpr ogr ammat icaccessandar eonl ybill
    edf orr esour cesandser vi
    cesused
    accor dingt oasubscr ibedbi l
    li
    ngmet hod.
    ● Dependi ngont hebusi nessmodel ,acl oudpr ov idermaypr ov i
    dev arious
    solutions, suchas:
    1.I nf rast ructureasaser v i
    ce( I
    aaS) :Mayi ncl udev irt
    ualser v ers,v irtual
    st orageandv i
    rtual deskt ops/comput ers
    2.Sof twar easaser vi
    ce( SaaS):Del i
    veryofsi mpl et ocompl exsof twar e
    thr ought heI nternet
    3.Pl atfor m asaser v i
    ce(PaaS) :Acombi nat i
    onofI aaSandSaaSdel ivered
    asauni fi
    edser v ice
    ● Acl oudpr ov i
    deral somaybecl assif
    iedasapubl iccl oudpr ovider,pr i
    vat e
    cloudpr ov ider ,hybridcl oudpr ov i
    derorcommuni t
    ycl oudpr ovider .

    CloudBr oker:Acl oudbr okerisat hir


    d-part
    yi ndividualorbusi nessthatactsasan
    i
    ntermedi arybetweent hepur chaserofacloudcomput i
    ngser vi
    ceandt hesell
    ersof
    thatservice.Ingeneral,abr okerissomeonewhoact sasani nter
    mediarybetween
    twoormor epar ti
    esduringnegot i
    ati
    ons.
    ● Thebr oker'
    srol
    emaysi mplybet osav ethepur chasertimebyr esearchi
    ng
    servicesf r
    om differ
    entv endor
    sandpr ov i
    dingt hecust omerwithinfor
    mat i
    on
    abouthow t ousecl oudcomput i
    ngt osuppor tbusinessgoals.Insucha
    scenar i
    o,thebrokerwor kswi t
    ht hecust omert ounder standwor kprocesses,
    provisi
    oningneeds,budget inganddat amanagementr equir
    ement s.Af t
    erthe
    researchhasbeencompl eted,t hebr okerpr esentsthecust omerwi thashor t
    l
    istofr ecommendedcl oudprov idersandt hecustomercont actsthev endor(s)
    ofchoicet oar rangeser v
    ice.
    ● Acl oudbr okermayal sobegr antedt her i
    ghtstonegot i
    atecont ractswi th
    cloudpr ovidersonbehal foft hecust omer .Insuchascenar io,thebr okeri s
    giventhepowert odistri
    buteser vi
    cesacr ossmul ti
    plev endorsi nanef for
    tt o
    beascost -effecti
    veaspossi ble,inspi t
    eofanycompl exit
    yt hatnegot iati
    ons
    withmul t
    iplev endor
    smi ghti nv ol
    v e.Thebr okermaypr ovidet hecust omer
    withanappl icati
    onprogr am inter f
    ace( API )anduseri nterf
    ace( UI )thathides
    anycompl exityandallowst hecust omert owor kwit
    ht heircloudser vicesasi f
    theywer ebei ng purchased f rom asi nglev endor.Thi st ypeofbr okeri s
    somet imesr eferredt
    oasacl oudaggr egator.

    Q.
    128)Whatis cl
    oud comput
    ing? Enl
    i
    stand expl
    ainthr
    ee ser
    vice
    model
    sandf
    ourdepl
    oymentmodelsofcl
    oudcomputi
    ng.
    CloudComput ingr eferst omani pul at
    ing,conf igur i
    ng,andaccessi ngt hehar dwar e
    andsof twar er esour cesr emot ely .Itof fersonl i
    nedat ast or age,i nfr
    astructure,and
    appli
    cation.
    Cloudcomput ingof f
    erspl atfor mi ndependency , ast hesof twar eisnotr equi r
    edt obe
    i
    nstall
    edl ocal lyont hePC.Hence,t heCl oudComput i
    ngi smaki ngourbusi ness
    appli
    cationsmobi l
    eandcol l
    abor ative.
    Servi
    cemodel s:
    1.Sof twareasaSer v i
    ce( SaaS)
     SaaSi st hecapabi li
    tyt ouset hepr ovider ’sappl i
    cat i
    onsr unningonacl oud
    i
    nf r
    ast ruct ure.Theappl i
    cat i
    onsar eaccessi bl
    ef rom v ariouscl ientdev i
    ces
    throughaWebbr owser .
     Asi nthecaseofPl atform asaSer vice,t hecust omerdoesnotmanageor
    cont rolt heunder lyi
    ngcl oudi nfrastructur e( servers,st orage,OS,net wor k)or
    theappl icat i
    onf eatur es.Thecust omercan;howev er,conf igureuser -
    speci fi
    c
    appl i
    cat ionpar amet ersandset ti
    ngs.
     Sof twareasaSer vi
    ce( SaaS)pr ov i
    dessev eralbenef i
    tsf oruser st ogett ouse
    theappl icationov erthei nter netwi t
    houtt heonusofbuy i
    ng,impl ement ing,or
    managi ngt hesof twar e.
    2.I nfrastruct ureasaSer v i
    ce( IaaS)
     I aaSi samodeli nwhi chy ou,asacust omerpayf ort her esources( suchas
    comput ingpower ,memor y,st or age,bandwi dth,secur it
    ydev i
    ces,andl oad
    balancer s)keptatt hepr ov ider’sf aci
    lit
    yorwher ev ert hepr oviderkeepsi ts
    hardwar e.
     Thepr ov i
    derownsequi pmentandmai ntainsi tatal evelspeci f
    iedi nt he
    preciselyagr eeduponSer v i
    ceLev elAgr eement( SLA) .Asacust omer ,allyou
    needt odoi st opayf ort hepar toft her esour cesdedi catedper manent lyto
    youraccountorr esour cest haty oupr ov i
    siont empor ar i
    l
    yt omeett heshor t
    -
    term needs.
     Tobecommer ciallysuccessf ul
    ,theI aaSser vi
    cemusti ncludet hefoll
    owing:
     Ut ili
    ty-
    sty l
    ecomput ingser vicewi thpay -per -usebill
    ing
     Super i
    or ,wor ld-classI Tinf r
    ast ructureandsuppor t
     Vi rtuali
    zedser ver s,st or
    age,andnet wor kt of orm ashar edpoolof
    resources
     Dy namic scal abilit
    y ofmemor y,bandwi dth,stor age,and ser vers
    (usuallyt ot housandsofser v ers)t omeetuserneedsi nreal
    -time
     Fl exibil
    it
    yf oruser st oaddmor eorr educet heal l
    ocatedr esources
     Aut omat ionofadmi nistr
    ativet asks
     Abi l
    it
    ytov iewandmanager esour ceutili
    zat i
    on
    3.Platform asaSer v i
    ce( PaaS)
     PaaSi sacl oudser vicewher et hecust omerget sasetofappl icati
    onand
    pr oductdev elopmentt ool hostedont hepr ovider ’
    sinfrastruct
    ure.
     Thecust omercandepl oyacqui redappl icationsort hosecr eat edusing
    pr ogrammi ngl anguagesandt ool ssuppor tedbyt hepr ovider.
     Thecust omerdoesnotcont rol,ownormanaget heunder lyi
    ng cl
    oud
    infrastructure, includingser vers, OS, storage, securitydev i
    ces,network,but
    hasacont rolov ert hedepl oyedappl i
    cat i
    onsandpossi blyalsoont he
    conf igurati
    onsoft hehost i
    ngenv i
    ronment .

    Deploy mentmodel s:
     Publ i
    cCl oud
    The publ i
    ccloud  all
    owssy stemsandser vi
    cestobeeasi l
    yaccessibl
    etothegeneral
    public.Publiccloudmaybel esssecur ebecauseofitsopenness.
     Pr i
    vateCl oud
    The  priv
    ate cloud  all
    ows sy stems and ser v
    ices to be accessi bl
    e wit
    hin an
    organi zati
    on.Itismor esecur edbecauseofitspri
    vatenature.
     Communi tyCloud
    The communi tycl oud al
    l
    owssy stemsandser vi
    cest obeaccessi bl
    ebyagr oupof
    organizations.
     Hy bridCloud
    The hy bri
    d cloud  i
    sa mi xture ofpublicand private cl
    oud,in which t
    he cri
    ti
    cal
    acti
    v i
    ti
    esar eper f
    ormed usi ng pri
    vat
    ecl oud whi
    let henon- cr
    it
    icalact
    ivi
    ti
    esar e
    performedusi ngpubl i
    ccloud.

    Q.129)Expl
    aint
    hesy
    stem model
    sfordi
    str
    ibut
    edandcl
    oudcomput
    ing.
    Thesystem model
    sfordistr
    ibut edandcloudcomput ingareasfoll
    ows:
    1.Cluster
    sofCooperati
    veComput ers
    Acomput i
    ngclust
    erconsist
    sofi nt
    erconnect
    edst and-al
    onecomput er
    swhichwor k
    cooper
    ativ
    elyasasi ngl
    ei nt egrat
    edcomput ingr esour
    ce.Int hepast,cl
    ustered
    computersy st
    ems have demonst rated i
    mpr essiv
    er esult
    si n handl
    ing heavy
    workl
    oadswithlar
    gedataset s.
    1.
    1Cl
    usterAr chi tectur e
     Thebel owshowst hear chi
    tect ureofat y
    pical servercl
    usterbuiltar
    oundal ow
    -l
    atency ,hi gh-bandwi dthinter connect ionnet work.Thisnet workcanbeas
    si
    mpl easaSAN ( e.g.,My rinet)oraLAN ( e.g.
    ,Ethernet)
    .Tobui ldal ar
    ger
    cl
    ust erwi th mor e nodes,t he i nterconnect ion network can be bui ltwith
    mul t
    iplel ev elsofGi gabitEther net,My rinet,orInfi
    niBandswi tches.
     Throughhi erar chicalconst ruct i
    onusi ngaSAN,LAN,orWAN,onecanbui l
    d
    scalable cl uster s wi th an i ncreasi ng numberofnodes.The cl usteris
    connect edt ot heI nternetv iaav ir
    tualpr ivatenet work(VPN)gat eway.The
    gatewayI Paddr essl ocatest hecl uster.
     Thesy st em i mageofacomput eri sdeci dedbyt hewayt heOSmanagest he
    shared cl uster r esour ces. Most cl usters hav e l
    oosely coupl ed node
    comput er s.All resour cesofaser v ernodear emanagedbyt heirownOS.Thus,
    mostcl ust ershav emul ti
    plesy st em i magesasa r esul
    tofhav i
    ng many
    autonomousnodesunderdi fferentOScont rol.

    1.
    2Single-Sy stem I mage
     I thasbeeni ndicatedt hatani dealcl ustershoul dmer gemul t i
    plesy stem
    i
    magesi ntoa  single-system i
    mage( SSI).Clusterdesignersdesi rea cluster
    oper ating sy stem  orsome mi ddle-waret o suppor tSSIatv ar i
    ous l ev
    el s,
    i
    ncludi ngt heshar ingofCPUs, memor y,andI /
    Oacr ossallcl
    ust ernodes.
     An SSIi s an i l
    lusion creat
    ed bysof tware orhar dwar et hatpr esentsa
    collect i
    onofr esour cesasonei ntegrated,power f
    ulresource.SSImakest he
    clust erappearl ikeasi ngl
    emachi net ot heuser .A clusterwi thmul t
    iple
    syst em imagesi snot hi
    ngbutacol lecti
    onofi ndependentcomput ers.
    2.Gridcomput ingI nfrastruct
    ures
    2.
    1Comput ational Grids
     Likeanel ectri
    cut i
    li
    typowergr id,a comput inggr i
    d of
    fersani nfrastructure
    thatcoupl es comput ers,software/mi ddl
    ewar e,specialinst rument s,and
    peopleandsensor stogether.
     The gridis of t
    en constructed acr
    oss LAN,WAN,orI nter
    netbackbone
    networksatar egional
    ,national
    ,orglobalscal
    e.Enterpri
    sesoror gani
    zati
    ons
    presentgri
    dsasi nt
    egratedcomput i
    ngr esour
    ces.Theycanal sobev i
    ewed
    as vi
    rt
    ualpl
    at f
    orms tosuppor t
     vi
    rt
    ualorgani
    zat
    ions.
     Thecomput er
    susedi nagr idarepr i
    mar i
    l
    ywor kstat
    ions,ser
    v er
    s,cluster
    s,
    andsupercomput ers.Personalcomputers,l
    apt
    ops, andPDAscanbeusedas
    accessdevicestoagr idsystem.

    2.2GridFami l
    ies
     Gr id t echnol ogy demands new di stributed comput i
    ng model s,
    softwar e/ mi ddl ewar e suppor t, net wor k pr otocol s, and har dwar e
    i
    nfrast ruct ures.Nat ionalgr i
    dpr oject sar ef oll
    owedbyi ndust rialgr idpl at -f
    or m
    dev elopment by I BM,Mi crosof t,Sun,HP,Del l
    ,Ci sco,EMC,Pl at f
    or m
    Comput ing, andot her s.
     New  gridser vicepr ov i
    der s (GSPs)andnew gr i
    dappl icat ionshav eemer ged
    rapidly ,si mi lart ot hegr owt hofI nter netandwebser vicesi nt hepastt wo
    decades.
     Comput ingordat agr idsar ebui ltpr i
    mar ilyatt henat ionall ev el .InChapt er7,
    wewi l
    lcov ergr idappl icat ionsandl essonsl ear ned.
    3.Peer -
    to- PeerNet wor kFami li
    es
    Anexampl eofawel l-establisheddi stribut edsy st em i sthe  client -ser verar chitect ur e.
    Inthisscenar i
    o,cl i
    entmachi nes( PCsandwor kst ations)ar econnect edt oacent ral
    serverf orcomput e,e- mai l,f ile access,and dat abase appl i
    cat i
    ons.The  P2P
    archit
    ectur e of fer sadi stribut edmodelofnet wor kedsy stems.Fi rst ,aP2Pnet wor k
    is cli
    ent-or i
    ent ed i nst ead ofser ver-orient ed.I nt hi s sect ion,P2P sy stems ar e
    intr
    oducedatt hephy sical l
    ev el andov er l
    aynet wor ksatt hel ogi cal l
    ev el.
    3.1P2PSy st ems
     I naP2Psy stem, ever ynodeact sasbot hacl i
    entandaser v er, pr ovidingpar t
    oft he sy stem r esour ces.Peermachi nes ar e si mpl y cl ientcomput er s
    connect edt ot heI nter net .Al lcl ientmachi nesactaut onomousl yt oj oinor
    l
    eav et hesy stem f reel y.Thi simpl iest hatnomast er-slav er elat ionshi pexi st s
    amongt hepeer s.Nocent r
    alcoor dinat ionorcent raldat abasei sneeded.I n
    otherwor ds, nopeermachi nehasagl obalv iewoft heent ireP2Psy stem.The
    syst em i ssel f-organi zingwi thdi stributedcont rol .
     Thebel owf i
    gur eshowst hear chit ectur eofaP2Pnet wor katt woabst ract ion
    l
    ev els.I ni tiall
    y ,thepeer sar et ot allyunr elated.Eachpeermachi nej oi nsor
    l
    eav es t he P2P net wor kv ol unt ari
    ly .Onl yt he par ti
    ci pat ing peer sf or m
    the phy si calnet work  atanyt i
    me.Unl iket hecl usterorgr i
    d,aP2Pnet wor k
    doesnotuseadedi cat edi nterconnect ionnet wor k.Thephy sicalnet wor ki s
    simpl yanadhocnet wor kf ormedatv ariousI nternetdomai nsr andoml yusi ng
    theTCP/ IPandNAIpr otocol s.Thus,t hephy sicalnet wor kv ar i
    esi nsi zeand
    topol ogydy nami callyduet ot hef reemember shi pi ntheP2Pnet wor k.
    4.Cl oudComput i
    ngov ert heI nt
    ernet
     Cl oudcomput ingappl i
    esav irtuali
    zedplatform wi t
    hel ast icr esourceson
    demandbypr ov i
    sioninghar dwar e,sof t
    ware,anddat aset sdy nami call
    y.The
    i
    deai st omov edeskt opcomput ingt oaser vi
    ce-or i
    entedpl atform usingser ver
    cl
    ust ersandhugedat abasesatdat acenters.Cl oudcomput ingl ev
    eragesi t s
    l
    owcostandsi mplicityt obenefitbot huser
    sandpr ovi
    ders.
     Machi nev ir
    tualizationhasenabl edsuchcost -
    effect i
    veness.Cl oudcomput ing
    i
    ntendst osatisfymanyuserappl icati
    onssimultaneousl y.
    Thecloudecosy st
    em mustbedesi gnedt obesecure,t rustworthy ,anddependabl e.
    Somecomput eruser st hinkoft hecl oudasacent rali
    zedr esour cepool .Ot her s
    consi
    dert hecl oudt obeaser vercl
    usterwhi chpr
    acticesdi str
    ibut edcomput ingov er
    al
    ltheser versused.
    Q.130)Expl
    ainaut
    omat
    ionf
    orcl
    ouddepl
    oyment
    s.
     Iti
    simperati
    veforcloudpr oviderst
    oaut omatecloudoperati
    ons.Automation
    forcl
    oudi simport
    antf orallclouddepl oyment,t
    hatis,I
    aaS,SaaSandPaaS.
    ForIaaS,automationmustbeusedt oi mplementcent r
    ali
    zedpol i
    ciesfor
    vari
    ousissuessuchassecur i
    ty,aut
    hor i
    zati
    ont oaccessresources,et
    c.Itcan
    beusedt oautomaticall
    yal l
    ocater esourcessuchasbandwi dth,memor y
    ,
    stor
    age,etc.
    ,basedonr eal
    -ti
    mewor kload.
     ForPaaS,automati
    onmustbeusedt obui l
    dahi ghl
    yflexibl
    eplatf
    ormthat
    prov
    idesreal
    -t
    imeworkloadopti
    mizat
    ion,secur
    it
    y,compliance,andmeter
    ing
    ofuti
    li
    zat
    ionduri
    ngtheenti
    rel
    if
    ecycl
    eofanapplicati
    on.
     Resource v
    irt
    uali
    zati
    on has pr
    oved to be adv
    ant
    ageous f
    oraut
    omat
    ing
    var
    iousaspectsofthecl
    oud.I
    thelpsi
    nthefol
    lowi
    ngways:
     Faci
    li
    tateson-demand and opt
    imized al
    l
    ocat
    ion ofr
    esour
    cessuch as
    bandwidthst
    orage,
    memor y,
    etc.
    ,forvi
    rt
    ualmachi
    nes
     Cr
    eat
    esnewv
    irt
    ual
    machi
    nes,
    ifr
    equi
    red
     Repl
    i
    cat
    esdat
    aandhel
    pswi
    thdi
    sast
    err
    ecov
    ery
     Swi
    tchesappl
    i
    cat
    ionst
    oanew har
    dwar
    einf
    rast
    ruct
    ure,i
    ntheev
    entof
    har
    dwar
    epr
    obl
    emsandt
    husi
    mpr
    oveser
    viceupt
    ime
     Tunes serv
    er or appl
    i
    cat
    ion par
    amet
    ersi
    n r
    eal t
    ime t
    o i
    mpr
    ove
    perf
    ormance
     I
    mpl
    ement
    ssecur
    it
    ypol
    i
    ciest
    opr
    otectagai
    nsti
    nter
    nett
    hreat
    s
     Abi
    desbycompl
    i
    anceandr
    egul
    ati
    onsi
    ssues
     Pr
    ovi
    desSLA-
    mandat
    edqual
    i
    tyofser
    vices
     Sav
    es power by automat
    ical
    ly shut
    ti
    ng down par
    ts of har
    dwar
    e
    i
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    uredur
    ingl
    owacti
    vit
    yperi
    od
     Aut
    omation i
    nt he cl
    oud i
    s possi
    ble due t
    oaf
    ew char
    act
    eri
    sti
    cs t
    hat
    di
    ff
    erent
    iat
    eitf
    rom t
    radi
    ti
    onali
    nfr
    ast
    ructur
    e.
     Acloudhasav i
    rt
    ual
    i
    zedpoolofr
    esour
    cessuchasmemor
    y,CPU,
    bandwi
    dth,
    st
    orage,
    etc.Thi
    shel
    psi
    nenhanci
    ngperf
    ormance.
     To meethi gh upti
    me;i thasan automated dat a backup and repli
    cati
    on
    pr
    ocess,alongwi ththeabili
    tyt
    oautomaticall
    yr etr
    ievedatat hatislostor
    i
    naccessi
    bleduet ohardwareornet
    workfai
    l
    ur e,datadeleti
    on,
    orcor rupt
    ion.

    Q.131)Gi
    vesel
    fser
    vicef
    eat
    uresi
    nCl
    oudDepl
    oyment
    .

     Por tal-basedsel f-servi


    cei sacr i
    ticalcomponentf orclouddepl oyment s.Itis
    usedbyconsumer st orequestcl oudser vicesandr esourcesf r
    om thecl oud
    i
    nf rast ructure.Theser equest smustbeaut omat edandbei nreal-t
    ime.The
    user smustbeabl etoi mmedi atelygetwhatt heyr equestf orthrought he
    por tal.
     Self-ser vicef eat urecan beused t oi mpr oveper formancebyaut omat ing
    all
    ocat ionofr esour cesont hebasi sofappl icationl oad.Itcanbeal sousedt o
    automat er epetiti
    v eadmi nistr
    at i
    vet askssuchassav i
    ngl ogfi
    lestoar emot e
    l
    ogser verorcust omizinghomedi rector
    iesf ornew user s.Inadditi
    on,t hi
    s
    serv icecanbeusedt oenf orcesecur i
    tyandr estri
    ctaut hori
    zati
    onofuser s.
     De spi tet hebenef its,t
    her ear esomedr awbackst osel f
    -servi
    ce.Itgivesy ou,
    thepor taluser ,andal otoff r
    eedom.Assuch,user shav etheabi l
    ityt odo
    mor et asksv iat hepor tal,butsel f-servicemayi ncreasesecur it
    yt hr
    eats.Some
    tasks may unnecessar ilyi ncrease r esour ce ut i
    li
    zati
    on f ees or br eak
    compl i
    ancer equi r
    ement .Usi ngasel fser
    v icepor t
    altomov ecer t
    aindat at o
    thecl oudmaynotbet her i
    ghtact ion.

    Q.
    132)Explai
    nt her
    oleofCSBi ndet
    ail
    .Andgi
    vedi
    ff
    erencebet
    ween
    cl
    oudpr
    oviderandcl
    oudbroker
    .
     ACl oudSer v
    iceBrokerage(CSB)i sanorganizat
    iont hatplaysar ol
    easa
    faci
    lit
    atorori
    nter-
    mediator
     f
    ordeli
    veri
    ngcloudservices.TheCSBi sausuall
    y
    at elecommunicati
    on ordatacent
    rehost i
    ng serv
    icepr ov i
    derwithal ar
    ge
    numberofcust omers.
     I
    nt he cl
    oud provi
    der
    -consumerr el
    ati
    onshi
    p,CSBs ar e an opt
    ionalent
    it
    y
    involvedwi thmedi atingbet weent het wo.Howev erint hepr ocess,t he CSBs
    alsoof feraddi tional v aluet ot hepr ov i
    derandt heconsumer .
     Th eyhel ppr ov i
    der sbyr eliev i
    ngt hem ofacqui ringcust omer s,bi lli
    ng,and
    enabl i
    ngi ntegr atedaccesst omul ti
    pl ecloudser vices.Thecl oudconsumer s
    geti ntegr atedaccesst ooneormor ecloudandv alue-addedser vicessuchas
    cloudbackups, SaaS, andI dent ityManagement( IDM)
    Cl
    oudBrokerv sCl oudSer vicePr ov ider
     CloudBr okeri sanent ityt hatmanagest heuse,per formanceanddel iveryof
    cloudser vices,andnegot i
    at esr el ationshi psbet weencl oudpr ov ider sand
    cloud consumer s.As cl oud comput ing ev olves,t he integr ation ofcl oud
    ser vi
    cesmaybet oocompl exf orcl oudconsumer st omanageal one.Acl oud
    brokergener al
    lywor ksont y pi
    calbr okeragepr ocesspr i
    nci ples.Theyassi st
    cloudbuy er swi thdeci sionmaki ngbyhel pingt hem ev aluat e,shor tli
    stand
    selectacl oudv endororsol utionbasedonspeci ficrequi rement s.Ty picall
    y,
    cloudbr oker scol l
    abor at eandhav emut ualagr eement swi thdi f
    fer entcl oud
    vendor s,wher ei fsel ect ed,di scount sandf asterdepl oy ment /mi grat i
    onar e
    prov i
    ded.A cl oud br okeral so negot iates terms and condi tions,pr i
    cing,
    delivery,depl oy mentandot herdet ail
    swi thacl oudv endoronbehal fofa
    buy er.Al thoughpr i
    mar il
    yconsi der edasal esandmar ketingor ient edser vi
    ce
    prov i
    der ,a cl oud br oker al so may pr ovi
    de consul tation,depl oyment ,
    integrationandmi grationmoni tor ingser vices.
     CloudPr ov i
    deri sacompanyt hatdel iverscl oudcomput ingbasedser vi
    ces
    andsol utionst obusi nessesand/ ori ndividuals.Thi sserv i
    ceor gani zat i
    onmay
    prov i
    de r ent ed and pr ov i
    der -managed v i
    rtual har dwar e, sof t
    war e,
    infrastruct ure and ot herr elated ser v i
    ces.Cl oud ser vices ar e becomi ng
    increasingl ydesi rablef orcompani esbecauset heyof f
    eradv antagesi nt erms
    ofcost ,scal abili
    t yandaccessi bility.Acl oudpr ov i
    deri salsoknownasaut il
    ity
    comput ingpr ov i
    der .Thi sr olei st y pi call
    yr elat
    edt ot hatofamanagedser vi
    ce
    prov i
    der( MSP) ,butusual l
    y ,thel att erpr ovidesot hermanagedI Tsol uti
    ons.A
    cloudpr ov ideri sacompanyt hatdel iverscl oudcomput ingbasedser vi
    ces
    andsol utionst obusi nessesand/ ori ndividuals.Thi sserv i
    ceor gani zat i
    onmay
    prov i
    de r ent ed and pr ov i
    der -managed v i
    rtual har dwar e, sof t
    war e,
    infrastruct ure and ot herr elated ser v i
    ces.Cl oud ser vices ar e becomi ng
    increasingl ydesi rablef orcompani esbecauset heyof f
    eradv antagesi nt erms
    ofcost ,scal abili
    t yandaccessi bility.Acl oudpr ov i
    deri salsoknownasaut il
    ity
    comput ingpr ov i
    der .Thi sr olei st y pi call
    yr elat
    edt ot hatofamanagedser vi
    ce
    prov i
    der( MSP) ,butusual ly, thel att erpr ovidesot hermanagedI Tsol ut i
    ons.

    Q.
    133)Wr
    it
    eanot
    eont
    hef
    act
    orsf
    orsuccessf
    ulcl
    ouddepl
    oyment
    .
    Cloudassessmentscompriseassessmentst
    ounderst
    andthei
    ssuesi
    nvol
    vedi
    nthe
    Specifi
    ccaseofmi gr
    ati
    onatt heapplicat
    ionl
    evelorthecode,thedesi
    gn,the
    archi
    tectur
    e,orusagel
    evel
    s.
     Thef i
    rstst
    epoft heit
    erat
    iveprocessofthesev en-st
    epmodelofmi grati
    onis
    basi
    callyattheassessmentlevel
    .Proofofconcept sorpr
    ototy
    pesforv ari
    ous
    approachest ot
    hemi grat
    ionalongwiththeleveragingofpri
    cingparamet er
    s
    enablesonet omakeappropri
    ateassessments.
     Theseassessment sareaboutthecostofmi grationaswellasaboutt heROI
    thatcanbeachi evedinthecaseofpr oducti
    onversion.
     Th e nextpr ocess step i si ni solati
    ng allsystemic and env i
    ronmental
    dependenci esoft heent erpri
    seappl i
    cati
    oncomponent swithi
    nt hecapti
    ve
    dat acent re.This,intur
    n,y i
    eldsapi ct
    ureofthel evelofcompl exi
    tyofthe
    mi grat
    ion.
     Afteri solati
    oniscompl ete,onet hengoesaboutgener ati
    ngt hemapping
    const r
    uct sbetweenwhatshal lpossiblyremaini
    nt helocalcapti
    vedatacent
    re
    and whatgoes ont othe cl oud.So a subst antialpartoft he enter
    pri
    se
    applicationneedst oberear chit
    ected, r
    edesi
    gned,andr eimplementedonthe
    cloud.

     Thisget si nj ustaboutt hefunctionali


    tyoftheoriginalenterpr i
    seapplication.
    Duet ot hi
    smi gr ati
    on,i
    tispossibleperhapsthatsomef unctionali
    tyislost.
     Int henextpr ocessst ep wel everagethei ntr
    insicf eaturesoft hecl oud
    comput ingser vicetoaugmentourent erpr
    iseappl i
    cat i
    oni ni t
    sownsmal l
    way s.Hav i
    ngdonet heaugment at
    ion,wev ali
    dateandt estt henew f orm of
    theent erpriseappl i
    cati
    onwi thanext ensi
    vetestsui t
    et hatcompr isest esting
    thecomponent soft heenterpri
    seappl i
    cat
    ionont hecloudaswel l
    .Theset est
    result
    scoul dbeposi ti
    veormi xed.
     Inthel attercase,wei t
    erateandopt imizeasappr opriate.Aftersev er
    alsuch
    optimizingi terations,t
    hemi grati
    onisdeemedsuccessf ul.
    ThisSev
    en-St
    epModelprocessi
    sforopti
    mizi
    ngandensur
    ingt
    hatt
    hemi
    grat
    ioni
    nto
    thecl
    oudisbothr
    obustandcomprehensi
    ve.
    Q.
    134)Whyshoul
    donepr
    eferpubl
    i
    ccl
    oudov
    erpr
    ivat
    ecl
    oud?
    1.Pr i
    vatecl oudst endt ouseol dert echnol ogyt hanpubl i
    ccl ouds:Youmayhav e
    spenthundr edsoft housandsofdol larsonnew har dwar eandsof twar e,but
    gettingy ouror ganizationt oagr eet ot hatev eryy earbecomesdi fficult.
    2.Publ iccl oudsshi ftcapi talexpensest ooper ationalexpenses:I tspayasy ou
    go, versusbui l
    dinganent ir
    edat acent re,nomat t erhowv ir
    tual i
    zedi tmaybe.
    3.Publ ic cl ouds hav e bet ter ut il
    izat i
    on r at es: Wi th pr ivate cl oud,y our
    organi zat ionst il
    lhast obui ldandmai nt ai
    nal lki ndsofser ver stomeetspi kes
    indemandacr ossv ariousdi v i
    sionsorf unct ions.Publ i
    ccl oudof ferst hesame
    spar edemandonapay -
    as-y ou- need- itbasis.
    4.Publ iccl oudskeepi nf r
    ast ruct urecost slow f ornew pr ojects:Wi t
    hpr iv
    at e
    clouds,y oust il
    lneedt oscar eupsomet imesscar ceon- sit
    er esour cesf or
    unpl annedpr ojectst hatmaypopup.
    5.Publ iccl oudsof f
    ergr eat erel astici
    t y:You' l
    lnev erconsumeal lthecapaci tyof
    apubl i
    ccl oud, buty ourpr ivat ecloudhasl i
    mi tedel asti
    city.
    6.Publ iccl oudsgetent erpr i
    sesoutoft he" dat acent rebusi ness" :est ablishing
    privatecl oudpr obabl yget sy oui ndeeperi nt ot heDC busi nesst hanwi th
    traditi
    onal on-premi sesser v ers.
    7.Publ iccl oudshav egr eat ereconomi esofscal e:Nopr i
    vat ecl oudcancompet e
    wi t
    ht hel ikesofGoogl eandAmazononpr ice.Andt hepubl icpr ovidersar e
    const ant lybuy i
    ngboat l
    oadsoft hel atestsecur i
    t ytechnol ogy .
    8.Publ iccl oudsar ehar denedt hroughcont i
    nualhacki ngat tempt s:Thousands
    ofhacker shav ebeenpoundi ngGoogl eandAmazonf ory ear snow.Thepubl ic
    cloudpr ov idersar er eadyf orany thingatt hispoi nt.
    9.Publ iccl oudsat tractt hebestsecur it
    ypeopl eav ail
    able:Theyseekoutt het op
    secur it
    yexper ts,wi llpayt hem t op dol lar ,and t r
    eatt hem as t he most
    impor tantpar toft hei rbusi nesses,whi cht heyar e.Dot radi t
    ionalent erpr i
    ses
    treatsecur it
    yteamst hisway ?
    10.
    Pr i
    vatecl oudssuf ferf r
    om " perimet ercompl acency ":" Ifi t'
    sont hei nt ernal
    networ k,itmustbesecur e.
     
    11.
    Pr i
    vatecl oudst affcompet encei sanunknown:Youror gani zationmayhav ea
    lotoft alent edandknowl edgeabl epeopl e,buti fdat asecur i
    tyi snott he
    biggestconcer nt hanpr i
    v atecl oudscanbeav oided.
    12.
    Pr i
    vate cl oud penet ration t esting i si nsuf ficient:Ev en i fy ou t esty our
    appl i
    cat ionsand net wor ksonar egul arbasi s( whichmanyor ganizat i
    ons
    don't )
    ,t heseonl yt elly oui ft hingsar esecur eatt hatexactmomentandt her e
    isstillanuncer taintyaboutt hepr iv
    at ecl oud’ ssecur it
    y.

    Q.
    135)Expl
    ainhy
    bri
    dandcommuni
    tycl
    oud.
    Hy
    bri
    d cl
    oud i
    s a cl
    oud comput
    ing env
    ironment t
    hat uses a mi
    x of on-
    pr
    emi
    ses,
     
    pri
    vat
    e cl
    oud 
    and t
    hir
    d-par
    ty,
     
    publ
    i
    c cl
    oud 
    ser
    vices wi
    th or
    chest
    rat
    ion
    bet
    weent
    het
    wopl
    atf
    orms.Byal
    l
    owi
    ngwor
    kloadst
    omov
    ebet
    weenpr
    ivat
    eand
    publ
    i
    ccl
    oudsascomput
    ingneedsandcost
    schange,hy
    bri
    dcl
    oudgi
    vesbusi
    nesses
    gr
    eat
    erf
    lexi
    bil
    i
    tyandmor
    edat
    adepl
    oymentopt
    ions.Est
    abl
    i
    shi
    ngahy
    bri
    dcl
    oud
    r
    equi
    restheav ai
    labil
    it
    yof:
     A publ i
    c i
    nfrastr
    uctur
    easaser vi
    ce(
    IaaS)
     pl
    atf
    orm,suchasAmazonWeb
    Ser
    vices,MicrosoftAzur
    eorGoogl
    eCl
    oudPlat
    form;
     Theconstruct
    ionofapri
    vat
    ecl
    oud,ei
    theronpr
    emi
    sesort
    hroughahost
    ed
    pri
    vat
    ecloudpr ov
    ider
    ;
     And adequate 
    wide ar
    ea net
    wor
    k(WAN)
     connect
    ivi
    tybet
    ween t
    hose t
    wo
    env
    ironments.
    Communi t
    yCloud
     Acommuni t
    ycloudi sacl oudser vicemodelt hatprovidesacl oudcomput i
    ng
    soluti
    ontoal i
    mitednumberofi ndi vi
    dual
    soror ganizationsthatisgover
    ned,
    managedandsecur edcommonl ybyal lthepar tici
    patingor gani
    zati
    onsora
    thir
    dpartymanagedser vi
    cepr ov ider
     Communi tycloudsar eahy bridf orm ofpr i
    v at
    ecl oudsbui ltandoperated
    specifi
    cal
    lyfora t ar geted gr oup.These communi t
    ieshav e simil
    arcloud
    requir
    ementsandt heirul ti
    mat egoali st owor kt ogethert oachievetheir
    businessobj
    ectiv
    es.
     Communi tyclouds ar e of t
    en desi gned forbusi nesses and or gani
    zat
    ions
    wor ki
    ngonj oi
    ntpr ojects,appl ications,orr esearch,whi chrequir
    esacent ral
    cloudcomput i
    ngf acilit
    yf orbui lding,managi ngandexecut ingsuchpr oj
    ects,
    regardl
    essofthesol utionr ented.

    Q.
    136)Whi
    chi
    sthemostcommonscenar
    iof
    oraPr
    ivat
    eCl
    oud?
    Ent erpriset oCl oud:Thi sscenar ioinv olvesanent er pr i
    seusi ngcl oudser vicesf orits
    i
    nt ernalpr ocesses.Thi smi ghtbet hemostcommonscenar ioint heear lyst agesof
    cloudcomput ingbecausei tgivest heent erpri
    set hemostcont rol.Int hisscenar io,
    theent er priseusescl oudser vi
    cest osuppl ementt her esour cesi tneeds, l
    ike:
    •Forbackupsorst orageofsel dom- useddat a
    •Vi rt
    ualmachi nesi nt hecl oudt obr i
    ngaddi ti
    onalpr ocessor sonl i
    net ohandl epeak
    l
    oads
    •Appl i
    cat i
    onsi nt hecl oud(SaaS)f orcer t
    ainent erpr isef unctions
    •Cl ouddat abasesaspar tofanappl i
    cat i
    on'spr ocessi ng.Thi scoul dbeext r
    emel y
    usef ulforshar i
    ngt hatdat abasewi t
    hpar tners,gov er nmentagenci es, etc.
     Concer nedi ssues
    Thebasi cr equirement soft heEnt erpriset oCl oudscenar i
    oar emucht hesameas
    thosef ortheEnt erpri
    set oCl oudt oEndUser .Addi tional requi rement sf ort hisare:
     Depl oyment :Itshoul dbesi mpl et obui ldaVM i mageanddepl oyi tt ot he
    cloudasnecessar y.Whent hatVM i magei sbui lt
    ,i tshoul dbepossi blet o
    mov ethati magef rom onecl oudpr ov i
    dert oanot her ,compensat ingf ort he
    differentmechani smsv endor shav eforattachi ngst or aget oVMs.
     I ndust r
    y -
    speci fi
    cst andardsandpr otocols:Manycl oudcomput ingsol utions
    betweenent erpr i
    seswi l
    luseexi st i
    ngst andar ds.Theappl icablest andar ds
    wi l
    lv ar
    yf rom oneappl i
    cationt ot heot herandf rom onei ndust ryt ot heot her.

    Q.137)
    Expl
    ainthe pot
    enti
    alNetwor
    k Pr
    obl
    ems and t
    hei
    rMi
    ti
    gat
    ion
    duri
    ngthedepl
    oymentofacloud.
    Severalpr
    obl
    emscansur
    faceduri
    ngt hedeploymentofacloud.Thecloudservi
    ce
    provi
    dermustwor
    kwit
    htheuserorganizat
    iontounder
    standt
    herootcauseofthese
    probl
    emsandimpl
    ementwaystomitigatet
    heiri
    mpact.
    Wecanbr iefl
    yexpl aint hev ari
    ouspr obl emsandt heremi tigati
    onst rat
    egiesas
    f
    oll
    ows:
    1.Networ k-nodel atency :
     Reduci ngt hel atencybet weennet wor knodesi scr it
    icali nimpr ovi
    ngcl oud
    perfor mance.
     Usinganopt i
    mi zednet wor kf abricf orthecl oudwi llservet omi nimi ze
    transpor tl atencyanddel ays.
    2.Transpor t-prot ocol latency:
     Tomi t
    igat et hei mpactofTr ansmi ssionCont rolPr otocol( TCP)l atency ,
    reducecongest i
    on, datalossandi mpr oveperformance.
     Iti sbestt odesi gn anddepl oyanopt i
    mizedEt her netf abricforthecl oud.
    3.Number -of-nodest raversed:
     Int radi tionalt hree-t
    ier architecture( Web f ront-end appl icati
    on and
    database)mul ti
    pl ehopsar eneededf ordatat ot rav ersebet weenser v ers
    andt heend- user s.
     Cloudpr ov ider smustr educet hel atencybetweennodeswi thinamul ti
    -t i
    er
    topologysot hatdat apacketst raverseshorterdist ances.
    4.TCPcongest i
    on:
     TCPi snor mal lyusedf ortr
    ansmi ssionofdat apacket sont heI nternet.
     Dur i
    ng net wor k congest i
    on orpackett r
    ansmi ssion er rors,TCP uses
    smal lerwi ndowswhi chnegat i
    v elyimpact sthroughputr at
    esandr eli
    ability.
     Thewor kar oundi stodesi gnandi mplementacongest i
    on- f
    reenet wor k
    fabric.
     Thisi nt urnenabl esTCPt ousel argerwindows,t husenabl i
    ngahi gher
    throughput .

    Q.
    138)Expl
    ainCl
    oudNet
    wor
    kTopol
    ogi
    es.
    Leaf
    -spine isat wo-layer net workt opol ogy  
    composed ofl eaf swi tches  and spi ne
    swit
    ches.
     Leaf -spinei sat wo- layerdat acent re net wor kt opol ogy  
    that 'susef ulf ordat a
    cent res t hatexper i
    ence mor e east -westnet wor kt r
    affic than nor th-sout h
    traffic.Thet opol ogyi scomposedofl eafswi tches( t
    owhi chser ver sand
    st orageconnect )andspi neswi tches( t
    owhi chl eafswi tchesconnect ).Leaf
    swi tchesmeshi nt ot hespi ne,f ormi ngt heaccessl ayerthatdel i
    ver snet wor k
    connect i
    onpoi ntsf orser vers.
     Ev eryleafswi tchi nal eaf-spinear chitect ureconnect st oev eryswi tchi nt he
    net wor kfabr i
    c.Nomat terwhi chl eafswi tchaser v erisconnect edt o, ithast o
    cr osst hesamenumberofdev icesev eryt imei tconnect st oanot herser ver.
    (Theonl yexcept i
    oni swhent heot herser v eri sont hesamel eaf .
    )Thi s
    mi nimizes  l
    atency  andbot tl
    enecksbecauseeachpay loadonl yhast ot ravelt o
    aspi neswi t
    chandanot herl eafswi tcht or eachi tsendpoi nt.Spi neswi tches
    hav ehi ghpor tdensi tyandf ormt hecor eoft hear chitecture.
     Al eaf-
    spi net opologycanbe  lay er2  or layer3  dependi nguponwhet hert he
    li
    nksbet weent hel eafandspi nel ayerwi l
    lbeswi tchedorr out ed.I nal ay er2
    leaf -
    spinedesi gn, Transpar entI nterconnect i
    onofLot sofLi nks or  shor test
    pat hbr idging takest hepl aceof  spanni ng- tree.Al lhost sar el inkedt ot he
    fabr icandof feral oop- f
    reer out et ot hei rEt her net 
    MAC addr ess  througha
    shor test-path-fi
    rstcomput at i
    on.I nal ay er3desi gn,eachl inki sr out ed.Thi s
    appr oachi smostef fi
    cientwhen  v i
    rtuall ocalar eanet wor ks ar esequest er ed
    t
    oindi
    vi
    dual
    leafswi
    tchesorwhenanet
    wor
    kov
    erl
    ay,
    li
    ke 
    VXLAN,
    iswor
    king.

    Q.139) Givet
    he di
    ff
    erence bet
    ween Lay
    er2 and Lay
    er3 Net
    wor
    k
    Topology.
    1.Layer3 packet
    s are sentt
    o a speci
    fi
    c next
    -hop I
    P addr
    ess,based on
    desti
    nat
    ionI
    Paddress.
    2.Broadcast
    sar econt
    ained i
    nt hesamel
    ayer2 segment
    ,ast
    heydo not
    tr
    aversepastalay
    er3boundary
    .
    3.Alay
    er2switchcanassi
    gnVLANstospeci
    fi
    cswitchpor
    ts,whichi
    nt ur
    nar
    e
    i
    ndif
    fer
    entl
    ayer3subnet
    s,andt
    her
    efor
    eindi
    ffer
    entbr
    oadcastdomains.
     
    4.VLANsall
    owforgreat
    erf
    lexibi
    l
    itybyall
    owi
    ngdi
    ff
    erentl
    ayer3net
    wor
    kst
    obe
    shar
    ingt
    hesamelayer2i
    nfrastr
    uctur
    e. 
    5.ALayer3swi
    tchi
    sbasi
    cal
    l
    yaswi
    tcht
    hatcanper
    for
    mrout
    ingf
    unct
    ionsi
    n
    addi
    ti
    ont
    oswi
    tchi
    ng.
    6.Lay
    er3swi
    tchi
    ngr
    out
    ingbet
    weenVLANst
    hroughi
    tst
    woVLANi
    nter
    faces.
    7.Lay
    er2hassi
    ngl
    ebr
    oadcastdomai
    nandl
    ayer3hasmul
    ti
    plebr
    oadcast
    domai
    n.
    8.Layer2cancommunicatewit
    hinnet
    wor
    konl
    ybutLay
    er3cancommuni
    cat
    e
    wit
    hinorout
    sidet
    henetwor
    k.
    9.Lay
    er2usedt
    or educet
    raf
    fi
    conl
    ocalar
    eanet
    wor
    kbutLay
    er3most
    lyused
    toi
    mpl
    ementVLAN.
    10.
    Quit
    efastastheydonotl
    ookatt
    heLayer3port
    ionofthedat
    apacket
    slay
    er
    2,Takes ti
    me to exami
    ne dat
    a packet
    s bef
    ore sendi
    ng t
    hem totheir
    dest
    inat
    ion.
    11.
    Lay
    er2hassi
    ngl
    ebr
    oadcastdomai
    nandLay
    er3hasmul
    ti
    plebr
    oadcast
    domai
    n.

    Q.
    140)Wr
    it
    eshor
    tnot
    eont
    hehy
    bri
    dcl
    oud.
    1.Hy brid cloud i sa cloud comput ing env i
    ronmentt hatusesa mi xofon-
    premi ses.
    2.Hy brid cl oud r equir
    es t he av ailabil
    i
    ty of Infrastr
    ucture as a ser v i
    ce
    (I
    aaS)  platform,suchasAmazonWebSer vi
    ces,MicrosoftAzureorGoogl e
    CloudPl atform.
    3.Hy bridcl oudr equir
    est heconstruct ionofapr iv
    atecloud,eitheronpr emises
    ort hroughahost edpr i
    v at
    ecloudpr ov i
    der.
    4.All
    owi ngwor kl
    oadst omov ebetweenpr i
    vateandpubl i
    ccloudsascomput ing
    needsandcost schange,hy bri
    dcl oudgi vesbusinessesgr eaterf
    lexi
    bil
    it
    yand
    mor edat adepl oymentopt i
    ons.
    5.Hy brid cloud depl oyment ,itmustar chit
    ecti t
    s privat
    e cloud to achieve
    compat i
    bi l
    itywiththedesiredpubl i
    ccl oudorclouds.
    6.Hy bri
    dcl oud  inv olvest hei mpl ement ationofsui tablehar dwar ewi t
    hinthedat a
    cent r
    e,i ncl uding ser vers,st or age,a l ocalar ea net wor k( LAN)and l oad
    balancer s.
    7.Anent erpr isemustt hendepl oyav irt
    ual i
    z ati
    onl ayer,orahy per visor,t
    ocr eate
    andsuppor tv ir
    tual machi nes( VMs)and, insomecases, cont ainer s. 
    8.Thekeyt ocr eateasuccessf ulhy br i
    dcl oudi stosel ecthy per visorandcl oud
    sof t
    war el ay erst hatar ecompat iblewi tht hedesi redpubl iccl oud,ensur i
    ng
    properi nt er oper abilit
    y wi tht hatpubl ic cloud's appl i
    cation pr ogrammi ng
    interf
    aceandser vi
    ces.
    9.Anent er pr i
    set odepl oyanon- premi sespr i
    vat ecloudt ohostsensi ti
    veor
    criti
    calwor kloads,anduseat hird-par t
    ypubl iccl oudpr ov idert ohostl ess-
    criti
    cal resour ces, suchast estanddev el
    opmentwor kloads.
    10.
    Hy bri
    dcl oudi sal sopar ticularlyv aluabl ef ordy nami corhi ghlychangeabl e
    wor kloads.
    11.
    Theappl icat i
    oncoul dr uni npr i
    v atecl oud,butusecl oudbur sting toaccess
    additionalcomput ing r esour ces f rom a publ ic cl oud when comput i
    ng
    demandsspi ke.
    12.
    Hy bri
    dcl oudusecasei sbigdat a pr ocessi ng.
    13.
    Hy bri
    dcl oudal soenabl esanent er priset ousebr oadermi xofI Tser vices.For
    exampl e,abusi nessmi ghtr unami ssion-crit
    icalwor kloadwi thinapr i
    vate
    cloud, butuset hedat abaseorar chi val servicesofapubl iccl oudpr ovider.
    14.
    Hy bri
    dcl oudcomput ingcanpr esentt echnical,busi nessandmanagement
    challenges.
    15.
    Hy bri
    dcl oudcomput i
    ngi st heconst ruct i
    onandmai ntenanceoft hepr i
    vate
    cloudi tsel f,whi chr equiressubst ant i
    alexper ti
    sef rom localI Tst af fandcl oud
    architect s.
    16.
    Thei mpl ement at i
    on ofaddi tionalsof t
    war e,such asdat abases,hel pdesk
    systemsandot hert ool scanf ur thercompl i
    cateapr i
    vatecl oud.
    17.
    Hy bri
    d cl oud managementt ool s such as Egener a PAN Cl oud Di rector,
    RightScal eCl oudManagement .

    Q.
    141)Gi
    vet
    hecompar
    isonbet
    weenpr
    ivat
    ecl
    oudandhy
    bri
    dcl
    oud.
    1.A privatecloudconsi stsofcomput i
    ngresour
    cesusedexcl usi
    vel
    ybyone
    businessoror ganisat
    ion. 
    Hybr
    idcloudscombineon-premisesi
    nfr
    astruct
    ure,
    or private cl
    ouds,wi t
    h publ
    ic clouds so organi
    sati
    ons can reap the
    advantagesofbot h.
    2.Thepr iv
    atecloudcanbephy si
    cal
    lylocatedatyourorgani
    sat
    ion’
    son-si
    te
    datacentr
    eori tcanbehost edbyathird-
    part
    yservi
    ceprovi
    der
    .Inahybrid
    cl
    oud,dat aandappli
    cat
    ionscanmov ebetweenpri
    vateandpubl
    iccl
    oudsfor
    greaterf
    lexi
    bil
    i
    tyandmor edepl
    oymentopti
    ons.
    3.Pr
    ivat
    ecloud,t heserv
    icesandi nf
    rast
    ructurearealwaysmaint
    ainedona
    pr
    ivat
    enet wor
    kandt hehardwareandsof t
    war earededi
    cat
    edsolel
    ytoyour
    or
    ganisat
    ion. 
    Inahybri
    dcloud,
    “cl
    oudbur st
    ing”isal
    soanopti
    on.
    4.Privat
    e cloud can make i
    teasierforan organi
    sati
    on t
    o cust
    omi
    se i
    ts
    resourcestomeetspeci
    fi
    cITrequi
    rements.Hybr
    idcl
    oudwhenanappl
    i
    cat
    ion
    orresourcerunsint
    hepri
    vat
    ecloudunti
    lther
    eisaspi
    keindemand.
    5. Pr
    ivat
    ecloud Mor
    eflexi
    bil
    it
    y—yourorgani
    sati
    on can cust
    omi
    sei
    tscl
    oud
    envi
    ronmentt
    omeetspeci
    ficbusi
    nessneeds.
    6.Hybri
    dControl
    —youror
    gani
    sat
    ioncanmai
    ntai
    napr
    ivat
    einf
    rast
    ruct
    uref
    or
    sensi
    ti
    veasset
    s.
    7.Impr
    ovedsecurit
    y—resour
    cesarenotshar
    edwit
    hot
    her
    s,sohi
    gherl
    evel
    sof
    cont
    rolandsecur
    ityar
    epossi
    blei
    npriv
    atecl
    oud.
    8.I
    nhy br
    idFlexi
    bil
    i
    ty—youcantakeadv
    ant
    ageofaddi
    ti
    onalr
    esour
    cesi
    nthe
    publ
    i
    ccloudwheny ouneedt
    hemes
    9.Highscal
    abi
    l
    ity
    —pr
    ivat
    ecl
    oudsst
    il
    laf
    for
    dthescal
    abi
    l
    ityandef
    fi
    ciencyofa
    publ
    iccl
    oud.
    I
    10.nhy
    bri
    dcloudCost-
    eff
    ecti
    veness—wi
    tht
    heabi
    li
    tytoscal
    etot
    hepubl
    i
    ccl
    oud,
    youpayforext
    racomputi
    ngpoweronl
    ywhenneeded.

    Ease—t
    11. ransi
    tioni
    ngt othecl
    ouddoesnothavetobeover
    whel
    mingbecause
    youcanmigrategradual
    ly
    —phasi
    nginwor
    kloadsov
    ert
    imeinhy
    bri
    d.

    Q.
    142)Di
    ff
    erent
    iat
    ebet
    weenpubl
    i
    candcommuni
    tycl
    ouds.
    1.Inapubli
    ccloud,indi
    vi
    dualbusi
    nessesshar
    eonpr
    emi
    seandaccesst
    obasi
    c
    computeri
    nfrast
    ructur
    eprovi
    dedbyaCSP.
    2.Paymenti
    susual
    lypay-
    as-
    you-gowithnomini
    mum ti
    mer equir
    ement
    s.Some
    CSPsderi
    ver
    evenuefr
    om advert
    isi
    ngandof
    ferfr
    eepubl
    i
    ccl ouds.
    3.Communi
    tycl
    oudsarear ecentvar
    iat
    ionont hepri
    vatecl
    oudmodelt
    hat
    pr
    ovi
    deacompl
    etecl
    oudsolut
    ionf
    orspecif
    icbusi
    nesscommuni
    ti
    es.
    4.Busi
    nesses shar
    ei nf
    rastr
    ucture pr
    ovi
    ded by t
    he CSP forsof
    twar
    e and
    dev
    elopmenttool
    sthataredesignedtomeetcommunit
    yneeds.
    5.Publ
    i
    ccl
    oudsar
    eusual
    l
    ybasedonmassi
    vehar
    dwar
    einst
    all
    ati
    onsdi
    str
    ibut
    ed
    i
    ns
    6.Publ
    i
    ccloudsarehi
    ghl
    ycostef
    fect
    ivebecauset
    hebusi
    nessonl
    ypay
    sfort
    he
    comput
    erresour
    cesi
    tuses.
     
    7.Communi t
    ycl oudsare an att
    ract
    ive opt
    ion forcompaniesinthe heal
    th,
    fi
    nanci
    alorlegalspher
    esthatar
    esubjecttostr
    ictregul
    ator
    ycompl
    i
    ance.
    8.Communit
    ycloudar
    ealsowel l
    -sui
    tedtomanagi
    ngjoi
    ntpr
    oject
    sthatbenef
    it
    fr
    om shari
    ng communit
    y-specif
    ic sof
    twar
    e appl
    i
    cati
    ons ordevel
    opment
    pl
    atf
    orms.
    9.Publi
    ccl oudsarewellsuit
    ed forhost
    ing devel
    opmentplatf
    ormsorweb
    browsers,forbi
    gdataprocessi
    ngthatplacesheavydemandsoncomputer
    resour
    ces,andforcompani
    esthatdonothaveadvancedsecur
    it
    yconcer
    ns.
    The r
    10. ecent dev
    elopment of communi
    ty cl
    ouds i
    l
    lust
    rat
    es how cl
    oud
    comput
    ingi
    sev
    olv
    ing.
     
    CSPscancombi
    11. nedi
    ff
    erentt
    ypesofcl
    oudswi
    thdi
    ff
    erentser
    vicemodel
    sto
    provi
    debusi
    nesseswi
    thattr
    act
    ivecl
    oudsol
    uti
    onsthatmeetacompany ’
    s
    needs.

    6.Secur
    it
    y
    Q.
    143 Expl
    aint
    het
    hreeaspect
    sofcloudf
    ir
    ewal
    l
    .
    ANS.
     CloudFi rewallsar esoftware-based,clouddepl oyednet workdev i
    ces,buil
    tt o
    wor kwi t
    hot hercloudbasedsecur it
    ysol uti
    onsandt ostopormi ti
    gateunwant ed
    accesst oprivatenetworks.
     Cloudf ir
    ewal l
    sblockcy berattacksdi r
    ectedatthesecloudasset s.Ast hename
    i
    mpl ies,acloudf i
    rewalli
    saf i
    rewallthatishostedinthecloud.
     Asanew t echnology,theyar edesi gnedf ormoder nbusinessneeds,andsi t
    withinonlineapplicati
    onenvironment s.Itisdi
    fferentt
    hant r
    adit
    ionalfi
    rewall
    son
    thefollowingaspect s.

    a)Scal abi
    li
    ty:
     
     Becausedepl oymenti smuchsi mpler,organi
    zati
    onscanadj ustthesizeoft heir
    securi
    ty soluti
    on wi t
    houtt he fr
    ustrati
    ons inherentwi th on-si
    tei nst
    all
    ation,
    mai nt
    enance and upgr adi
    ng.As bandwi dt
    hi ncreases,cl oud fi
    rewall
    s can
    automat i
    cal
    lyadjusttomai nt
    ainpari
    ty.
     Forexampl e,di str
    ibuted deni
    al-
    of-
    service (DDoS)at tacks can be mi ti
    gated
    withouthavi
    ngt owor ryaboutbandwidthlimit
    s.

    b)Av ail
    abi
    li
    ty:
     
     Cloud fi
    rewallpr
    ov iders accountf orthe bui l
    t-
    in costofhi gh avai
    labil
    i
    tyby
    supporti
    nginfr
    astructure.Thismeansguar anteei
    ngr edundantpower ,HVAC, and
    networkservi
    ces,andaut omat ingbackupst rat
    egiesint heeventofasitefail
    ure.
     Thisavail
    abil
    i
    tyishar dt omat chwi t
    hon- premisesfirewallsolut
    ionsbecauseof
    thecostandsuppor trequired.
     This al
    so means t hatnecessar yupdates can be i mplemented immedi at
    ely,
    withoutt
    heneedf orlargesy stem downloadsorupdat es.

    c)Extensi
    bil
    it
    y :
     
     Cloud f
    irewallscan ber eached and i nstal
    l
    ed any wher
    ean organi
    zati
    on can
    provi
    deapr otect
    ednet wor kcommuni cati
    onpat h.
     Withanon- premisesdevice, t
    hisextensibi
    li
    tyislimit
    edbytheav
    ail
    ableresour
    ces
    oftheorganizati
    onlookingf orafir
    ewal lsol
    ution.

    Q.
    144 Expl
    aint
    het
    wot
    ypesofr
    epl
    i
    cat
    ioni
    nacl
    oud.
    ANS.
    Repl
    icat
    ioni scr
    eati
    ngmulti
    plecopiesofanexi sti
    ngentit
    y.Repli
    cat
    ioni
    ncreases
    avai
    l
    abil
    ity ofresour
    ces.Users can access nearby r
    epl
    icas and i
    ncr
    ease the
    thr
    oughputi
    ncaseoffai
    lur
    et omai
    ntai
    nthet
    ransmi
    ssi
    onofdat
    a.
    Therear
    etwotypesofdatarepl
    i
    cat
    ionas:

    1 Sy nchr onousRepl i
    cati
    on:
     Mostsy nchronousr epli
    cati
    onpr oductswr i
    tedatat opr i
    mar yst orageandt he
    repl
    icasi multaneousl y.
     The pr imar y copy and t he r eplica should alwaysr emai n sy nchr
    onized.
    Synchr onousr eplicat i
    onall
    owsf ail
    -overfr
    om primarytosecondar ydat astor
    age
    tooccurnear lyi nst ant
    aneous,toensur el
    it
    tl
    etonoappl icationdownt ime.
     Howev er,itrequi rest hebandwi dthofaLANbet weent heser vers,possibl
    ywi th
    anext endedLAN i ntwogeogr aphicall
    yremotecomput erzonesandmayal so
    requirespeci alizedhar dware(dependi ngontheimplement ati
    on) .
     Synchr onousr epl icati
    oni stypicallyusedt opr ovi
    de highav ail
    abil
    ity 
    ofcr i
    ti
    cal
    appli
    cat i
    ons.I nt hisscenar i
    o, 
    failover 
    fr
    om thepr i
    mar yt osecondar yarrayi s
    nearlyi nstantaneous, toensurelittl
    etonoappl i
    cati
    ondownt i
    me.

    2 Asy nchronousRepl i
    cation:
     Asy nchronousr eplicati
    onpr oductscopyt hedat atot her eplicaaf t
    erthedatais
    alreadywr itt
    ent ot hepr imarystorage.
     Althought her eplicationpr ocessmayoccuri nnear-r
    eal -
    ti
    me,i tismorecommon
    forreplicati
    ont ooccuronaschedul edbasi s.
     Fori nstance,wr it
    eoper ati
    onsmaybet r
    ansmi ttedtot her eplicainbatchesona
    per i
    odicbasi s(forexampl e,everyonemi nute).
     Incaseofaf ail
    -overev ent,somedat alossmayoccur .
     Asynchronous r eplicati
    on requir
    es substantial
    lyless bandwi dth than sy
    nchronous
    repli
    cation. I
    tisdesi gnedtowor koverlongdistances.
     Sincet her epli
    cationpr ocessdoesnothav et ooccuri nrealt ime,asynchronous
    repli
    cationcant oleratesomedegr adat i
    oni nconnectivi
    ty.

    Q.145 Whataresomeofthequest
    ionthatausershoul
    dknowt
    he
    answerst
    oinordert
    oensur
    esecur
    it
    yoffurt
    herdat
    aont hecl
    oud?

    ANS.
    Forsecuri
    ng t
    hecl
    oud dat
    a,t
    heuserneedst
    o askt
    hepr
    ovi
    dert
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ng
    quest
    ion:

    1. Ar
    ether
    eknownl
    oophol
    est
    ocompr
    isedat
    asecur
    it
    y?
    a) Ther
    ear
    emaj
    orsecur
    it
    yloophol
    esi
    nthecl
    oudadopt
    ionpr
    ocessl
    i
    keFaul
    ty
    authent icationprocedure,I neffect i
    vef ir
    ewall
    sandmal waredet ect
    ion,Not
    deploy ingcl oudsecur i
    typr acticescor r
    ectl
    y,Bugs,v i
    ruses,andcr ashes,
    Crypt ojacking,Lossofdat awhi lemi grati
    ngtothecl oudandI nsecurecl oud
    platform orcl oudinf
    rastruct ure.
    b) Re medi almeasur esf orf i
    xingt hesel oopholesareKeepabackupofy our
    data, Encryptthedataproper l
    y ,
    St aycaut i
    ouswhileshar ingconfi
    dentialdata,
    Installa genui ne Anti
    -virus,Do notopen suspi cious spam emai l
    s or
    messages, Use onl yt rust wor t
    hy sour ces,platf
    or ms,and appl i
    cations,
    Updat et he operati
    ng sy stem f requently,Depl
    oymor e powerfulsecur it
    y
    settings, Testthesecuri
    tymechani sm i
    nadv ance,etc
    2. Whatpr ocessesdoest heproviderfoll
    owt oassuredat aintegr i
    ty?
    a)Dataintegri
    tyaffectstheaccur acyofi nfor
    mat i
    onmai ntainedi nthesystem.
    b)Cloudser v
    iceprov i
    dercoulduni ntentionall
    yorpurposel ymodi f
    yorer aseany
    datafrom thecloudser ver
    .Ther efore,thereshoul
    dbesomeki ndofsy stem t
    o
    assuretheintegrit
    yoft hedata.
    c)Int
    egrit
    yoft hedat acanbehamper edatanyl evelofst orage,anyt ypeof
    factorbei
    ngt hereason.Ther eforeintegrit
    ysurvei
    ll
    ancei ncl oudstoragei st
    he
    mostcr i
    ti
    calissuef oranydat acenter.

    3. Howdoest heprov
    iderr
    eportt
    hesuccessorfai
    l
    ureofdat
    aint
    egri
    ty?
    a)Theuserneedstoreact
    ivel
    ydetecti
    fthedat
    ahasbeenmodifi
    edandpr
    event
    suchoccur
    rencesfr
    om happeni
    ngagain.

    4. Whati sthemaxi mum l ossthatcanoccurt oyoui fdat


    aint hecloudlacks
    i
    ntegrit
    y?
    a)Dat aoncloudser v i
    cescanbel ostthroughamal i
    ciousatt
    ack,natur
    aldisaster
    ,
    oradat awi pebyt heser vi
    ceprovi
    der .
    b)Losingv i
    talinformat ioncanbedev astat
    ingtobusinessesthatdon’thav ea
    recoveryplan.
    c)Amazon i s an exampl e ofan or ganizati
    on t
    hatsuf fer
    ed datal oss by
    permanent l
    ydest royingmanyofi tsowncust omers’datai
    n2011.
    d)Googl ewasanot heror gani
    zati
    ont hatl ostdat
    awheni tspowergr idwas
    struckbylightningfourt i
    mes.

    Q.
    146Wr
    it
    eashor
    tnot
    eonv
    irt
    ual
    fir
    ewal
    l
    ANS.
     Av i
    rtualf irewal li s a net workf ir
    ewal lser vice r unni ng entirely withina
    vi
    rtualizedenv ir
    onment .
     Li
    keaphy si cal fi
    rewal l
    ,itprov i
    destheusual packetf i
    lteringandmoni tor
    ing.
     Vir
    tualf i
    rewal l
    spr ovideaneasywayt odecr easei nv estmentexpensesby
    consol i
    dat ingmul tiplelogical f
    ir
    ewallsont oasi ngl eplat form.
     Dependi ngont hepoi ntofdepl oyment ,virt
    ualf irewal lscanoper ateint wo
    di
    fferentmodesnamel y,Bri
    dgemodeandHy pervisormode.
    1.Br idgeMode: I nt hebr i
    dgemode,t hef i
    rewal lactsl ikeaphy sical
    fi
    rewal lthatwor kswi t
    haphy sicalorv ir
    tualswi tcht ointerruptnet wor k
    tr
    af fi
    cdest inedf orothernet wor ksegment s.
    2.Hy per visorMode:I nt hehy pervisormode,t hef irewallser viceresides
    inthev i
    rtualizati
    onhy per vi
    sor,wher eitcancapt ur e,moni tor,andf i
    lter
    alltheact ivi
    tiesofal lthevirt
    ual machi nesandl ogi calresour ces.

    Q.
    147Explai
    nthef eat
    uresthatCloudSt orageGat eways(
    CSGS)must
    pr
    ovi
    de
    ANS.TheCSGmustpr
    ovi
    dethef
    oll
    owi
    ngfeat
    uresorbenef
    its:
    1.Cachi
    ngAlgor
    it
    hms:
     Thecachei
    nCSGpr
    ovi
    desabuf
    ferofv
    italdat
    atospeedaccessand
    reads, i
    nst eadofhav ingt or eachoutt ot heor iginalser verst or eaddat a
    eacht imei ti srequi red.
     TheCSG mustusecer t
    ai nal gor i
    thms,suchasLeast -
    Recent lyUsed
    (LRU)al gor i
    thm, toenhancet hecachehi tr at e.
     Usi ngLRU,t heCSGkeepsal istofal lr ecent lyuseddat ai ni tscache.
    Dat at hati snotusedf oracer tai nper iodoft imei sr emov edf rom the
    cache.
    2.I
    ntell
    i
    gentPr e-fet chi ngAl gor ithms:
     TheCSG mustmoni torr eadpat t
    ernsandi nt ell
    igent l
    ypr e-f etchdat a
    from t hecl oudt ocachebef or et heuserr equest sthedat a.
     I tmustuset her eadhi storyt oest ablishapat ternt opr edi ctwhatt he
    usermayr equestnextandpr oact ivelyf etcht hedat aint ot hecache.
     TheCSGmustmeasur ei tssuccessr ateandr egulatei tsal gor it
    hm in
    real-ti
    met oi mpr ov ecachehi tr at es.
    3.CachingTi mePer iods:
     SomeCSGsal low user st oset upacachi ngt i
    medur ation.I not her
    cases, itmustbeaggr essi vei nr emov ingol d- cacheddat ai npr eference
    tonewl y -cacheddat a.
     Smal l
    ercachet i
    meper iodpr ov i
    desenoughspacet ost or eal lt henewl y
    -wr i
    ttendat aandr ead- aheadcont entandmet adat a.
    4.SynchronousSnapshot s:
     TheCSGmustt akeasy nchr onoussnapshotoft heuserf il
    et reeand
    dat a.
     Thi si sani nst ant aneoussub- secondpi ct ur eoft hecust omer ’sfil
    e
    sy stem atapar t
    icul ari nstant .
     I tal l
    owst heCSGt oi dent i
    fynewandmodi fieddat a,whi char et agged
    asdi r
    tyandmov edt ot hecl oud.
    5.DataRepl i
    cat i
    onPr ocess:
     TheCSG musthav eanef ficientdat at ransf ermechani sm.I deal l
    y,i
    t
    mustspl itf i
    lesi nt ochunks.
     Thedat amustbede- dupl icat ed,compr essed,andencr ypt edbef ore
    sendi ngi tt pt hecl oud.
     De- dupl icat i
    onr educest heamountofdat at hatmustbecopi edt othe
    cloud.
     Compr essi onr educest hest or ageandbandwi dthut il
    izationandhence,
    thef eest ot hecl oudpr ov ider.
    6.End-t
    o-endEncr ypt ion:
     Thi spr ot ect sdat abei ngr eadbyunaut hor izeduser sandhacker s.
     TheCSGmustusest r
    ongdat aencr ypt ionf ort hecont entaswel l asthe
    met adat a.
     Theencr yptional gor ithm mustuser andom key st oav oidany onef r
    om
    i
    nt ercept i
    ngaser iesofencr y pt eddat aandr everse- engi neer ingt he
    key s.
    7.SecureChannel s:
     I deal l
    y,t hedat ai nt r
    ansi tbet weent heCSG andt hecl oudi sdoubl y
    encr ypt ed;i ti sencr ypt edbef or ei ti st ransmi t
    tedandal sowheni tis
    sentov eraVi rt
    ual Pr ivat eNet wor k( VPN)t unnel t
    ot hecl oud.
     Al lt heot herendoft heVPN t unnel ,thecl oudpr ovider’sempl oyees
    cannotdeci phert hedat a,becausei tisencr ypt ed.
    8.Dat
    aCompr ession:
     I thel
    psreducebandwi dt
    handst oragespaceut i
    li
    zati
    on.
    9.CSGtuningParamet ers;
     TheCSGmustal lowitsadmi nistratortotunecert
    ainparameterssuch
    asmaxi mum bandwi dthut i
    lizati
    ondur i
    ngcertaint i
    meper i
    odsand
    cachepushi nterv al
    s.
     Forexampl e,ift hecloudbandwi dthut i
    l
    izat
    ioni
    shi ghfrom 10a.m.to
    12a.m.,theCSGcanber egul
    at edt ouseamaxi mum of10kbpsdur i
    ng
    thatt
    imei nterval.
     ACSGcanbet unedt ocreatenew i nst
    ancesofv i
    rtualmachinesand
    datacopiest omeetpeakl oadsi nr ealti
    me.

    Q.
    148Expl
    aint
    heSecur
    it
    ychal
    l
    engesi
    ncl
    oudcomput
    ingi
    ndet
    ail
    ANS.
    Somechall
    engeswi thdat asecur itycanbel i
    stedasf oll
    ows:
    A.Secur ityRisks: Duet oi nher entmul ti
    -tenancyandeaseofaccesswi thina
    cloud,t hedat ai ssubjectedt ov arioussecur i
    tyrisks,whi chcont inuest obea
    seriousconcer n.Themaj orpr oblem ar easf oll
    ows:
    a.Snoopi ng:Theaccessofeacht enantshoul dbel i
    mi t
    edt ohi s/herown
    data.At enantint hecl oudshoul dnotgai naccesst oanot hert enant’s
    data.Anymechani sm t oconnectt oanot hert enant’sdat asuchas
    mount s,shar es,andsy mbol i
    cl inksshoul dbel imitedt ot heirown
    dataset .
    b.Unaut horizedDi scov ery :Dat ashoul dbei nv i
    sibletoal ltenant sexcept
    theowner .
    c.Acci dent alorMal iciousDel et
    ion: Nouser( exceptt hedat aowner )
    shouldbeabl et odel etet hedat abel ongingt oanot hert enant .
    d.Deni al-of-serv
    iceAt tacks: Ot hercl ouduser sshoul dnotbeabl et o
    launchDOSat tacksonshar edst oragev olumesofanot hercust omer ’s
    data.Nor malorabnor malappl icati
    oner ror sofoneusershoul dnot
    causeanI /
    Ost orm ont heshar edv olumeofanot hercust omer ’sdat a.
    B.Qual it
    yofSer vice: Appr ehensi onsaboutper formance,l ongr esponset ime,
    and WAN- i
    nduced l atencyi nhibitmanypot entialcust omer sf rom r eadily
    accept ingcloudser v i
    ces.Thecl oudpr ovidermustbeabl et oensur et hat
    response t ime and per formance do notpose anyi mpedi mentt o cloud
    adopt ion.
    C.DataAv ail
    abili
    ty:Af teracust omerst artsusi ngcl oudser v i
    cesanddat a,there
    arechancesofunexpect eddownt ime.Ther ehav ebeensev er alout agesat
    cloudpr ovi
    der sdespi tethei rr edundancyandr epl icati
    on.Ther ei snosi ngle-
    serverdat acent erorBusi ness cont inuity Planni ng ( BCP) pr ocess t hat
    guar anteesa100%upt ime.

    Q.
    149Expl
    aint
    hesecur
    it
    yar
    chi
    tect
    urei
    ndet
    ail
    ANS.
    Thesecurit
    yar chit
    ecturevari
    esbasedont het ypeofcloudmodel—Sof twar e-
    as-
    a-
    servi
    ce(SaaS) , Infrastr
    ucture-as-
    a-servi
    ce(IaaS), or Pl atf
    orm-as-a-serv
    ice
    model(
    PaaS) .It’
    simpor tanttodi sti
    nguisht hedi f
    ferentser
    vicemodel s,asThe
    CloudSecur i
    tyAlli
    ancenot es:“IaaSist hef oundationofallcloudservices,with
    PaaSbuildinguponI aaS,andSaaSi nt urnbui l
    dinguponPaaS. ”
    Asy oumov e
    upwardint hest ack,eachser vicemodeli nherit
    st hecapabili
    ti
    esoft hemodel
    beneat
    hit,aswel lasalltheinherentsecur i
    tyconcer nsandri
    skf act
    ors.

    I
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    ureCl
    oudComput
    ingSer
    viceAr
    chi
    tect
    ure:

    Thi
    si nf rastructure provi
    des t he storage and net working componentst o cloud
    net
    wor king.I tr el
    iesheav i
    lyonappl icati
    onpr ogrammi ngi nterf
    aces(APIs)toallow
    ent
    erprisest omanageandi nteractwi t
    hthecl oud.Howev er,cloudAPIstendtobe
    i
    nsecure as t hey’r
    e open and r eadil
    y accessi bl
    e on t he net wor
    k.IaaS cloud
    comput ingser v i
    cemodel sincludessecur i
    tyfeatures:
    -Vir
    tualwebappl i
    cati
    onf i
    rewallsplacedi nf r
    ontofawebsi t
    et oprot
    ectagainst
    malware.
    -Vi
    rtualnet wor k-basedf i
    rewallslocatedatthecl oudnetwor k’sedgethatguardsthe
    per
    imet er .
    -Vi
    rtual routers
    -I
    ntr
    usi onDet ecti
    onSy stemsandI ntr
    usionPr eventi
    onSy stems( I
    DS/I
    PS)
    -Networ ksegment ati
    on

    SaaSCl
    oudComput
    ingSecur
    it
    yAr
    chi
    tect
    ure:

    SaaS cent rall


    yhostssoftwareanddat at hatar eaccessi
    blev i
    aabr owser .The
    enterprisenor mal
    lynegoti
    ateswiththeCSPt hetermsofsecur i
    tyowner shipina
    l
    egalcont r
    act.Cloud Access Securi
    ty Broker
    s( CASB)pl ay a centralr olein
    discover i
    ngsecurit
    yissueswi t
    hinaSaaScl oudservicemodelasi tlogs,audits,
    provides access control
    ,and of t
    enti
    mes i ncl
    udes encry
    ption capabil
    it
    ies.Ot
    her
    securityfeaturesf
    ortheSaaScloudenvir
    onmenti ncl
    ude:
    -Logging
    -IPrest ri
    cti
    ons
    -APIgat
    eway
    s

    PaaSCl oudComput ingSecuri


    tyArchitectur
    e:
    CSA def ines PaaS as the “deploymentofappl icat
    ions wi
    thoutthe costand
    complexi t
    yofbuy i
    ng and managing t heunder l
    ying hardwar
    eand sof t
    wareand
    provi
    sioninghostingcapabili
    ti
    es.”TheCSP secur esamaj or
    ityofaPaaS cl oud
    servi
    cemodel .However,t
    hesecur it
    yofappl i
    cati
    onsr estswit
    ht heent
    erpri
    se.The
    essenti
    al componentstosecurethePaaScl oudincl
    ude:
    -Logging
    -IPrestri
    ctions
    -APIgat eway s
    -CASB

    Q.
    150 Explai
    nthe f
    oll
    owi
    ng.a) Secur
    it
    y Gov
    ernance b) Secur
    it
    y
    Moni
    tor
    ing
    ANS.

    Secur
    it
    ygov
    ernance:

    ITsecur i
    tygov ernancei sthesy st
    em bywhi chanor ganizati
    ondi r
    ectsandcont rols
    IT security( adapt ed f rom I SO 38500) .I T secur i
    ty governance shoul
    d notbe
    confusedwi thI Tsecur i
    tymanagement .I
    Tsecur itymanagementi sconcernedwi t
    h
    maki ngdeci sionst omi ti
    gater i
    sks;gov ernancedet ermineswhoi sauthor
    izedt o
    makedeci si
    ons.Gov er nancespeci fi
    est heaccount abil
    it
    yf r
    amewor kandpr ovides
    oversighttoensur et hatr i
    sksar eadequat elymi t
    igated,whi l
    emanagementensur es
    thatcont r
    olsar ei mpl ement edtomi t
    igaterisks.Managementr ecommendssecur i
    ty
    strat
    egies.Gov ernanceensur esthatsecur itystrategiesar eali
    gnedwi t
    hbusi ness
    objectiv
    esandconsi st entwithregulati
    ons.

    Secur
    it
    yMoni
    tor
    ing:

    Moni toringi sacr it


    icalcomponentofcl oudsecur ityandmanagement .Ty picall
    y
    rely
    ingonaut omat edsol utions,cloudsecur i
    tymoni t
    oringsuper visesv i
    rtualand
    physicalser verst o cont inuously assess and measur e data,appl i
    cation,or
    i
    nf r
    ast ructurebehav i
    orsf orpot enti
    alsecur i
    tyt hreats.Thi sassurest hatthecl oud
    i
    nf r
    ast ructureandpl atformf uncti
    onopt i
    mal lywhi lemi nimizi
    ngt her i
    skofcost l
    y
    databr eaches. Someoft hekeycapabi l
    it
    iesofcl oudsecur it
    ymoni tori
    ngsof tware
    i
    nclude:
    -Scal abi l
    ity:toolsmustbeabl et omoni t
    orl argev ol
    umesofdat aacr ossmany
    distr
    ibut edl ocati
    ons
    -Visibility:themor ev i
    sibil
    ityintoapplicati
    on,user ,andf il
    ebehav iort hatacl oud
    moni toring sol uti
    on pr ov i
    des,t he bet t
    er itcan i dent i
    fy potentialat tacks or
    compr omi ses
    -Ti mel iness:t hebestcl oudsecur i
    tymoni t
    or i
    ngsol utionswi l
    lpr ov i
    deconst ant
    moni toring, ensuri
    ngt hatnewormodi f
    iedf i
    lesar escannedi nrealti
    me
    -Integr ation:moni tori
    ngt ool smusti ntegratewi t
    hawi der angeofcl oudst orage
    provider st oensuref ul
    lmoni toringofanor ganizat i
    on’scloudusage
    -Audi tingandRepor ti
    ng:cl oudmoni tori
    ngsof t
    war eshoul dprovideaudi ti
    ngand
    reportingcapabi l
    it
    iestomanagecompl i
    ancer equi r
    ement sforcloudsecur i
    ty.
    Q.
    151Expl
    aint
    heSecur
    eSof
    twar
    eDev
    elopmentLi
    feCy
    cle?
    ANS.
    Asof twar edev el
    opmentl i
    fecy cle( SDLC)i saf ramewor kthatdef inest hepr ocess
    usedbyor gani zationst obui ldanappl i
    cationf rom itsi ncept i
    ont oi tsdecommi ssion.
    Overt hey ear s,mul ti
    pl estandar d SDLC model shav ebeenpr oposed ( wat erfall
    ,
    i
    terati
    v e,agi le,et c.)andusedi nv ariousway st ofiti ndi vi
    dualci rcumst ances.I tis,
    howev er ,saf et osayt hati ngener al,SDLCsi ncludet hef oll
    owingphases:
    -Requi rement sGat hering
    A Sof twar eRequi rementSpeci f
    icati
    on orSRS i sadocumentwhi ch recor ds
    expect edbehav i
    oroft hesy stem orsof twarewhi chneedst obedev eloped.
    -Desi gn
    Soft war edesi gni st hebl uepr i
    ntoft hesy stem,whi choncecompl et edcanbe
    prov idedt o dev el
    oper sf orcodedev elopment .Basedont hecomponent si n
    desi gn,t heyar et ransl at
    edi nt osof twar emodul es/ functi
    ons/ libraries,et c…and
    thesepi ecest oget herf or
    m asof t
    war esy stem.
    -Coding
    Dur i
    ngt hisphase,t hebl ueprintoft hesof twar eist urnedt or ealitybydev el
    opi ng
    the sour ce code of t he ent i
    re appl i
    cation.Ti me t aken t o compl etet he
    dev elopmentdependsont hesi zeoft heappl icationandnumberofpr ogrammer s
    involv ed.
    -Testing
    Oncet heappl icat i
    ondev elopmenti scompl eted, i
    ti st estedf orv ariousi ssuesl i
    ke
    funct ional i
    ty,per formance,andsoon.Thi si st oensur et hatt heappl i
    cationi s
    perfor mi ng as expect ed.I ft here ar e any i ssues,t hese i ssues ar ef ixed
    befor e/ aftergoi ng t o product ion dependi ng on t henat ureofi ssueand t he
    urgencyt ogol i
    v efort heappl ication.
    -Deploy ment
    Oncet heappl icationi sreadyt ogol i
    v e,itisdepl oy edonapr oduct ionser v erin
    thi
    sphase.I fi tisdev elopedf oracl ient,thedepl oy menthappensi nacl i
    ent
    premi seordat acent erwher et herecl i
    entwant stogett heappl icat i
    oni nst
    al l
    ed.

    Q.
    152Expl
    aini
    ndet
    ail
    aboutSof
    twar
    e-as-
    a-Ser
    vicesecur
    it
    y?
    ANS.
    Soft
    war easaser vice(SaaS)isasof twaredistr
    ibut
    ionmodeli nwhi chat hir
    d-party
    provi
    derhost sappl icati
    onsandmakest hem avai
    labl
    et ocustomersov ertheInter
    net.
    SaaSi soneoft hreemai ncategoriesofcloudcomput i
    ng,al
    ongsideinfrastr
    uctureas
    aservice(IaaS)andpl atf
    orm asaser vice(PaaS).Aneasywayt othi
    nkofSaaSi sthe
    web-basedemai lservi
    ceof f
    eredbysuchcompani esasMi crosof
    t(Hot mail
    ),Google
    (Gmail),andYahoo!( YahooMai l
    ).Eachmai lservi
    cemeet st hebasiccr i
    teri
    a:the
    vendor( Microsof t
    ,Yahoo, andsoon)host salloftheprogramsanddat ainacent ral
    l
    ocation,pr oviding end user s with access tot he data and sof
    twar e,whi ch i
    s
    accessedacr osst heWor l
    dWi deWeb.
    SaaScanbedi
    vi
    dedi
    ntot
    womaj
    orcat
    egor
    ies:
    •Li
    neofbusi nessser
    v i
    ces:Thesearebusinesssolutionsoff
    eredtocompaniesand
    ent
    erpr
    ises.Theyaresoldviaasubscript
    ionser
    vice.Applicat
    ionscov
    eredunderthi
    s
    cat
    egoryincludebusinessprocesses,li
    kesupply-chainmanagementapplicat
    ions,
    cust
    omerr
    elat
    ionsappl
    i
    cat
    ions,
    andsi
    mil
    arbusi
    ness-
    ori
    ent
    edt
    ool
    s.
    •Customer -
    ori
    ent
    edser v
    ices:Theseserv
    icesareofferedt
    ot hegener
    alpublicona
    subscri
    pti
    onbasis.Mor eof t
    ent hannot,howev er
    ,theyareoffer
    edf orfreeand
    support
    edbyadv ert
    isi
    ng.Examplesinthi
    scategoryincl
    udetheafor
    ementionedweb
    mailservi
    ces,onl
    i
    negami ng,andconsumerbanking,amongother
    s.

    Adv
    ant
    ages:
    Ther
    ear
    edef
    ini
    teadv
    ant
    agest
    oyouror
    gani
    zat
    ionpur
    sui
    ngSaaS,
    forexampl
    e:
    •Ther
    e’safast
    erti
    metov al
    ueandimprovedproduct
    ivi
    ty,whencompar
    edt
    othe
    l
    ong impl
    ementat
    ioncy
    clesandf
    ail
    urer
    ateofenter
    pri
    sesoftwar
    e.
    •Ther
    ear
    elowersof
    twar
    eli
    censi
    ngcost
    s.
    •SaaS off
    eri
    ngs featur
    et he biggestcostsavi
    ngs overinst
    all
    ed sof
    tware by
    el
    imi
    nat
    ingtheneedforenterpr
    isestoinst
    all
    andmaint
    ainhar
    dware,payl
    aborcosts,
    andmai
    ntai
    ntheapplicat
    ions.
    •SaaScanbeusedtoavoi
    dthecust
    om dev
    elopmentcy
    clest
    ogetappl
    i
    cat
    ionst
    o
    t
    heorgani
    zat
    ionqui
    ckl
    y.
    •SaaSv
    endor
    sty
    pical
    l
    yhav
    ever
    ymet
    icul
    oussecur
    it
    yaudi
    ts.
    •SaaSvendorsall
    owcompani estohavethemostcur
    rentversi
    onofanappli
    cat
    ion
    aspossi
    ble.Thi
    sallowstheorgani
    zati
    ontospendt
    hei
    rdevelopmentdol
    l
    arsonnew
    i
    nnovat
    ioninthei
    rindust
    ry,
    rat
    herthansuppor
    ti
    ngol
    dversi
    onsofappli
    cat
    ions.

    Q.
    153Expl
    aint
    hei
    dent
    it
    ymanagementandaccesscont
    rol
    indet
    ail
    .
    And
    Q.154Explai
    nthet
    wofundament
    alfuncti
    ons,i
    dent
    it
    ymanagementand
    accesscontr
    ol,
    whi
    char
    erequi
    redforsecur
    ecloudcomput
    ing.
    ANS.
    ● Ident i
    tyandaccessmanagement( IAM)inI Tent erpr
    isei
    saboutdef ini
    ngand
    managi ngt her olesandaccesspr i
    vil
    egesofi ndivi
    dualnetwor
    kuser sandt he
    circumst ancesi nwhi chuser sar egr ant
    ed( ordenied)thosepri
    vil
    eges.Those
    user smi ghtbecust omer s( customeri dentitymanagement )orempl oyees
    (empl oy eei denti
    tymanagement ).Thecor eobj ecti
    veofIAM systemsi sone
    digitalident i
    typeri ndiv
    idual.Oncet hatdigi
    talidentit
    yhasbeenest abli
    shed,i
    t
    mustbemai nt
    ained,modi fi
    edandmoni t
    oredt hroughouteachuser’s“access
    l
    ifecy cle.”
    ● Ident i
    tyandaccessmanagementi sacr i
    ti
    calpar tofanyenterpri
    sesecur it
    y
    plan,as i ti si nextr
    icabl
    yl inked t ot he secur it
    y and product i
    vi
    ty of
    organi zat i
    onsint oday ’
    sdigitall
    yenabl edeconomy .
    ● Compr omi sed usercr edent ials of ten ser v e as an ent ry pointi nto an
    organi zat i
    on’ snet wor kandi tsi nf
    or mat ionasset s.Ent erpr i
    sesusei dent it
    y
    managementt osaf eguar dt heirinfor mat ionasset sagai nstt her isingt hreats
    ofr ansomwar e,crimi nal hacki ng,phi shingandot hermal war eat t
    acks.
    ● IAM sy stems pr ov ide admi nist
    rator s wi tht he t ool s and t echnol ogi es to
    changeauser ’
    sr ole,trackuseract iv i
    ties,cr eat er epor tsont hoseact ivi
    ti
    es,
    andenf orcepol iciesonanongoi ngbasi s.Thesesy st emsar edesi gnedt o
    prov ideameansofadmi nister i
    nguseraccessacr ossanent ireent erpriseand
    toensur ecompl i
    ancewi t hcor poratepol iciesandgov ernmentr egulations.
    ● Ident ity and management t echnol ogi es i nclude ( but ar en’tl imited t o)
    passwor d-management t ool s, pr ov isioning sof twar e, secur ity-pol
    icy
    enf orcement appl ications,r eport
    ing and moni t oring apps and i dent it
    y
    reposi tories.
    ● At ypicali dentit
    ymanagementsy st em compr ised f ourbasi cel ement s:a
    direct oryoft heper sonaldat at hesy st em usest odef inei ndividualuser s
    (thinkofi tasani dent ityr eposi t
    ory);asetoft oolsf oraddi ng,modi fyi
    ngand
    delet i
    ngt hatdat a( relat edt oaccessl ifecy clemanagement );asy stem t hat
    regul ates user access ( enforcement of secur i
    ty pol icies and access
    privil
    eges) ;andanaudi tingandr epor ti
    ngsy stem ( tov er i
    fywhat ’shappeni ng
    ony oursy stem) .
    ● Ident ityandaccessmanagementsy stemscanenhancebusi nesspr oduct i
    vity.
    Thesy stems’ centralmanagementcapabi l
    it
    iescanr educet hecompl exityand
    costofsaf eguar dingusercr edent i
    al sandaccess.Att hesamet i
    me,i dent it
    y
    managementsy stemsenabl ewor ker st obemor epr oduct ive( whi l
    est aying
    secur e)i nav ar i
    etyofenv i
    ronment s,whet hert hey’rewor kingf rom home,t he
    office, oront her oad.

    Q155.Whati
    sVi
    rt
    ual
    fir
    ewal
    l
    ?Expl
    aindi
    ff
    erentaspect
    sofcl
    oud
    f
    ir
    ewall
    .
    ANS.
    1.Av
    irt
    ualf
    ir
    ewal
    lisaf
    ir
    ewall
    devi
    ceorser
    vicet
    hatprovi
    desnetworkt
    raf
    fi
    cfi
    l
    ter
    ingand
    moni
    tor
    ingf
    orvi
    rt
    ualmachi
    nes(VMs)i
    navir
    tual
    izedenv
    ironment.

    2.Likeat r
    adi t
    ionalnet
    wor kfirewall
    , av i
    rt
    ualfirewallinspectspacketsandusessecur i
    ty
    policyr ul
    est oblockunappr ovedcommuni cati
    onbet weenVMs.
    3.Av irt
    ual f
    ir
    ewal li
    softendepl oyedasasof twar eappl i
    ance.
    4.Vi rtualf
    irewallsarecommonl yusedt oprotectv i
    rtuali
    zedenvir
    onment sbecauset heyare
    thel eastexpensi veandt hemostpor tableduet otheeaseofmov i
    ngav i
    rt
    ualfi
    rewallfrom
    cloudt ocl
    oud.
    5.Av irt
    ual f
    ir
    ewal lmaybeagoodf itforsmal l
    eror ganizati
    onsthatwor koutsi
    deacor por
    ate
    networ kduet othemobi li
    tyoft hesy stem.
    6.Av irt
    ual f
    ir
    ewal li
    salsosimpl etoupgr adeandmai ntain.
    7.Oneadv antageofv i
    rtualfi
    rewallsov erhardwar e-basedfirewal
    lsisthattheycanbe
    cent rall
    yadmi nister
    ed,whilehar dwar efi
    rewallsoftenneedI Tandnet worksuppor tstafft
    o
    i
    nst all
    , admi nisterandsuppor tt hem onsi te.
    8.Vi rt
    ual firewallsmayal sobel essexpensi v et hanphy sicalfir
    ewal l
    s, butthecostof
    pur chasinganddepl oyingal argenumberofv irtualfirewal l
    smayst i
    llbesi gnif
    icant,and
    managi ngal argenumberoff irewal ls--whet herv i
    rtual orphy sical--canposeot her
    chal l
    enges.
    Acl oud- basedv ir
    tual f
    ir
    ewal lcanmeetanumberofnet wor ksecur it
    yr equirement sinthe
    cloud, including:
    •Secur i
    ngt hev i
    rtual datacent erbyf il
    ter
    ingandmanagi ngt r
    afficflowi ngtoorf rom the
    i
    nt ernet ,
    bet weenv irtualnetwor ks, orbet weent enant st osecur ethev i
    rtualdatacent er
    .
    •Secur i
    ngt hephy sical datacent erbyext endi ngaphy sical datacent ert othecl oud.Thisis
    especi allyappl i
    cabl et oor ganizat i
    onst hatar emi gratingappl i
    cationst ot hecloudandneed
    secur econnect ivitybet weent hecl oudandt hei rlocal infrastructures.
    •Secur i
    ngr emot eaccessbyof feri
    ngt headv ancedaccesspol icy,fi
    lteringandconnect ion
    managementneededt opr ovidecl ientswi t
    haccesst ot hecl oud.
    •Ensur i
    ngt hatal ldat aissubj ectt ot hesamepr otectivemeasur esonewoul dusewi thanon
    -premi ses, hardwar e-basedf i
    rewal l.
    •Mai nt ai
    ningt hei nt egri
    tyandconf identi
    alit
    yofappl icat i
    onsanddat abyi ntegratingwith
    accesscont rolprov idersandof fer
    ingawi dev arietyofgr anular,policy-basedf i
    lteri
    ngtools.
    Aspect
    sofcl
    oudf
    ir
    ewal
    l
    :

     Scal abi li
    ty : 
    Becausedepl oy menti smuchsi mpler,organi zationscanadj ust
    thesi zeoft hei rsecur itysolut ionwi t houtt hef r
    ustrationsi nherentwi thon- site
    i
    nst al l
    at ion, mai nt enanceandupgr adi ng.Asbandwi dthi ncreases, cl oud
    fir
    ewal lscanaut omat i
    call
    yadj ustt omai ntainpar i
    ty.Forexampl e,di stribut ed
    deni al-of -ser vice( DDoS)at tackscanbemi ti
    gat edwi thouthav i
    ngt owor ry
    aboutbandwi dt hl imi ts.
     Av ailabi l
    ity :
     Cl oudf irewal lprov ider saccountf orthebui lt-i
    ncostofhi gh
    avai labilitybysuppor ti
    nginf rast ruct ur e.Thi smeansguar anteeingr edundant
    power ,HVAC, andnet workser vices, andaut omat i
    ngbackupst r
    ategi esi nt he
    eventofasi tef ailure.Thi sav ail
    abi lityi shar dt omat chwi thon- premi ses
    fir
    ewal l sol utionsbecauseoft hecostandsuppor trequi red.Thi sal someans
    thatnecessar yupdat escanbei mpl ement edi mmedi at ely,wi t
    houtt heneed
    forl argesy st em downl oadsorupdat es.
     Ext ensi bility: Cloudf i
    rewal lscanber eachedandi nstalledany wher ean
    organi zat ioncanpr ov i
    deapr ot ect ednet wor kcommuni cat i
    onpat h.Wi t
    han
    on- premi sesdev ice, thisext ensi bilityi sl imi t
    edbyt heav ai l
    abler esour cesof
    theor gani zat i
    onl ooki ngf oraf i
    rewal l sol ution.
     Mi grat ionSecur ity: 
    Acl oudf irewal liscapabl eoff il
    teringt r
    afficfrom av ar i
    ety
    ofsour ces; thei nt ernet ,betweenv irtual net works, betweent enant s, orev ena
    vir
    tual dat acent er .It’scapabl eofguar ant eeingt hesecur i
    tyofconnect i
    ons
    madebet weenphy sical datacent ersandt hecl oud–t hisi sv erybenef i
    cial for
    organi zat ionsl ooki ngf orameansofmi gratingcur rentsol utionsf rom anon-
    prem l ocat i
    ont oacl oudbasedi nf rast ruct ur e.
     Ident ityPr otect ion:  Cloudf irewal l
    scani ntegr at
    ewi thaccesscont r ol prov iders
    andgi veuser sgr anul arcont rol ov erf ilteringt ools.
     Per for manceManagement :
     Cl oudf irewal l
    spr ov i
    det ool sf orcont rolling
    per for mance, visibili
    ty ,usage, conf igur at i
    on, andl oggi ng–al lt
    hingsnor mal l
    y
    associ at edwi t
    hanon- pr
    em sol ut i
    on.

    156)
    Whati
    sdat
    asecur
    it
    y?Expl
    aindat
    asecur
    it
    yconcer
    ns.
    ANS.
    1.Datasecur
    it
    yisasetofstandardsandtechnol
    ogiest
    hatpr
    otect
     dat
    afr
    om
    i
    ntent
    ional
    oracci
    dental
    destructi
    on,modifi
    cat
    ionordi
    scl
    osure.

    2.Datasecuri
    ty 
    canbeappl i
    edusingar angeoftechniquesandt echnologies,
    i
    ncludi
    ngadmi ni
    strativ
    econt
    rols,physi
    calsecurit
    y,logi
    calcontr
    ols,
    organi
    zati
    onalstandards,
     
    andot hersaf
    eguardingtechniquesthatli
    mi t
    accesstounauthorizedormali
    cioususersorpr ocesses.

    Di
    ffer
    entDataSecuri
    tyTechnol ogies
    Dat
    asecur i
    tyt
    echnologycomesi nmanyshapesandformsandpr otectsdatafrom a
    gr
    owingnumberoft hreats.Manyoft hesethr
    eat
    sarefrom ext
    ernalsources,
    but
    or
    ganizati
    onsshoul
    dal sof ocusthei
    reffor
    tsonsaf
    eguardi
    ngtheirdatafrom t
    he
    i
    nsi
    de, t
    oo.Waysofsecur ingdataincl
    ude:

    Dataencr
    ypt
    ion:Dataencr
    ypti
    onappl
    iesacodetoever
    yindi
    vi
    dualpi
    eceofdat
    aand
    wil
    lnotgr
    antaccesstoencry
    pteddat
    awithoutanaut
    hori
    zedkeybei
    nggiv
    en

    Datamasking:Maski
    ngspecif
    icar
    easofdatacanpr otecti
    tfr
    om di
    scl
    osureto
    ext
    ernal
    mal i
    ci
    oussources,
    andalsoint
    ernalpersonnelwhocoul
    dpotent
    ial
    lyusethe
    dat
    a.Forexample,t
    hefir
    st12digi
    tsofacreditcardnumbermaybemaskedwi thi
    na
    dat
    abase.

    Dataer
    asure:Thereareti
    meswhendat athati
    snolongeracti
    veorusedneedstobe
    er
    asedfrom al
    lsystems.Forexample,
    ifacust
    omerhasr equest
    edfort
    heirnameto
    beremovedfrom amai l
    i
    nglist
    ,thedet
    ail
    sshouldbedel
    etedpermanentl
    y.

    Datar
    esil
    ience:
    Bycreati
    ngbackupcopiesofdat
    a,or
    gani
    zat
    ionscanr
    ecoverdat
    a
    shoul
    ditbeerasedorcorr
    upt
    edaccidental
    l
    yorstol
    endur
    ingadatabr
    each.

    Var
    iousDat
    aSecur
    it
    yConcer
    nsar
    easf
    oll
    ows:

     Vul
    ner
    abi
    l
    ityt
    ofakedat
    agener
    ati
    on

     Suchchal
    l
    engescanbesol
    vedt
    hroughappl
    yi
    ngf
    rauddet
    ect
    ionappr
    oach.

     Pot
    ent
    ial
    presenceofunt
    rust
    edmapper
    s

     Tr
    oubl
    esofcr
    ypt
    ogr
    aphi
    cpr
    otect
    ion

     Possi
    bil
    i
    tyofsensi
    ti
    vei
    nfor
    mat
    ionmi
    ning

     St
    ruggl
    esofgr
    anul
    araccesscont
    rol

     Dat
    apr
    ovenancedi
    ff
    icul
    ti
    es

     Hi
    ghspeedofNoSQLdat
    abases’
    evol
    uti
    onandl
    ackofsecur
    it
    yfocus
     Absentsecur
    it
    yaudi
    ts

    157)
    Expl
    aindat
    aconf
    ident
    ial
    i
    tyandencr
    ypt
    ion
    Ans.Dat
    aConf
    ident
    ial
    i
    ty:
    1.Confi
    dent
    ial
    i
    ty 
    ensur
    esthatdat
    aexchangedisnotaccessi
    bletounaut
    hor
    ized
    user
    s.Theuser
    scouldbeappli
    cat
    ions,
    processes,
    othersyst
    emsand/or
    humans.
    2.Whendesi gningasy
    stem,adequatecontr
    ol mechani
    smstoenfor
    ce
    confi
    denti
    alit
    yshoul
    dbeinplace,aswellaspoli
    ciest
    hatdi
    ctat
    ewhat
    author
    izeduserscanandcannotdowi t
    ht hedata.
    3.Themor esensi ti
    vethedata, t
    hehi ghert
    hel evelofconfi
    dentiali
    ty.Therefore,
    al
    lsensiti
    vedat ashoul dal
    way sbecont rol
    ledandmoni tored.Tomai ntai
    n
    confi
    denti
    alityinautomot i
    vesy st
    ems, dataneedst obepr otectedinsideand
    outsi
    dethev ehi
    cle,
    whi lei
    tisstored(dataatr est
    ),whil
    eitistransmi t
    ted( dat
    a
    i
    nmot ion),andwhi l
    ei ti
    sbeingpr ocessed( datai
    nuse).Memor ypr otect
    ion
    canbeappl iedtodat ainuse.
    4.Cryptographyisexcell
    entforprot
    ect
    ingtheconfi
    dent
    ial
    i
    tyofdataatr
    estand
    datai nmotion,butkeepinmi ndt
    hatiti
    mposescomputati
    onalcompl
    exit
    y
    andi ncr
    easeslatency,soitshoul
    dbeusedwi t
    hcauti
    oninti
    me-sensi
    ti
    ve
    systems.

    Dat
    aEncr
    ypt
    ion:
    1.Dataencrypt
    iont
    ranslat
    esdataint
    oanotherf
    orm,
    orcode,sothatonl
    ypeopl
    e
    withaccesstoasecretkey(
    formall
    ycal
    l
    edadecrypt
    ionkey)orpasswor
    dcan
    readit
    .
    2.Encry
    pteddatais 
    commonl y
     refer
    redtoasciphert
    ext,whi
    l
    eunencr
    ypt
    eddat
    a
    i
    scalledpl
    aint
    ext.Curr
    ent
    ly,encry
    ptioni
    soneoft hemostpopul
    arand
    eff
    ectiv
    edatasecuri
    tymethodsusedbyor ganizat
    ions.
    3.Twomaintypesofdataencr
    ypt
    ionexi
    st-asy
    mmet r
    icencr
    ypt
    ion,
    alsoknown
    aspubl
    i
    c-keyencr
    ypti
    on,andsy
    mmet r
    icencr
    ypt
    ion.
    4.Symmetri
    ckeyencr
    ypt
    ion 
    algori
    thm usessamecr
    ypt
    ogr
    aphi
    ckey
    sforbot
    h
    encr
    ypt
    ionanddecr
    ypt
    ionofciphertext.
    5.Publ
    ickeyencr
    ypti
    on 
    algor
    ithm usespai
    rofkey
    s,oneofwhi
    chisasecr
    etkey
    andoneofwhi chispubli
    c.Theset wokeysaremathemat
    ical
    l
    yli
    nkedwith
    eachother
    .

    Q158)Whati
    sdat
    asecur
    it
    y?Expl
    aindat
    aav
    ail
    abi
    l
    ityandi
    ntegr
    it
    y.
    ANS.
    Datasecuri
    ty:
    --Anumberofsecur i
    tythr
    eatsareassoci at
    edwithcl
    ouddat aservi
    ces:
    notonlytr
    adit
    ionalsecurit
    ythreat
    s,suchasnet workeavesdr
    oppi
    ng,il
    legal i
    nvasi
    on,
    anddenialofservi
    ceattacks,butalsospecifi
    ccl oudcomputi
    ngthreat
    s, suchasside
    channelat
    tacks,vi
    rtual
    izati
    onv ul
    nerabi
    li
    ti
    es,andabuseofcl oudservi
    ces.The
    fol
    lowi
    ngsecur i
    tyrequi
    rement sli
    mitthethreats.
    Dat
    aav
    ail
    abi
    l
    ty:
    -
    1.i
    ftheuserkeepthedat
    aconf
    ident
    ial
    andsecur
    e,i
    tmustal
    sobeav
    ail
    abl
    eto
    t
    hem whenev ertheyneedi
    t.
    2.TheSLAwi
    thy
    ourcl
    oudpr
    ovi
    dermusthav
    edat
    aupt
    imeagr
    eement
    .
    3.Dat
    aorser
    vicesav
    ail
    abi
    l
    ityi
    sexpr
    essedasaper
    cent
    ageofupt
    imei
    nay
    earof
    mont
    h.
    4.Thesl
    awi
    tht
    hecl
    oudser
    vicepr
    ovi
    dermustr
    efert
    omont
    hlyal
    l
    oweddownt
    ime.
    5.I
    fthedownt
    imeismoreonamonthl
    yorannualbasi
    s,theSLAmustspeci
    fy
    howmuchofextradownt
    imeisconv
    ert
    edtoserv
    icecredi
    tandhowiti
    sconver
    ted.
    6.Theuserexpect
    sacommi
    tmentof4-
    nines(
    wit
    h52-
    minut
    esofout
    agepery
    ear
    ).
    7.Get
    ti
    ng5ni
    nes(52minut
    esofout
    agepery
    ear
    )fr
    om acl
    oudser
    vicepr
    ovi
    deri
    srar
    e,f
    ew
    pr
    ovi
    der
    sdocl
    aim 5ni
    nesupti
    me.
    8.Mostcl
    oudpr
    ovi
    der
    spr
    omi
    seonl
    y3ni
    nes(
    8hour
    sand45mi
    nut
    esofout
    age
    peryear
    )
    9.gi
    venthe24/
    7upt
    ime,
    i
    nter
    nal
    orext
    ernal
    cut
    omermayf
    ind3ni
    nes
    unaccept
    able.
    10.I
    fthedat
    aincl
    oudi
    snotaccessi
    ble,
    theser
    vicesar
    edown.
    11.Downt
    imehasasof
    tandahar
    dcost
    .

    •Sof
    tcost
    :-
    lossi
    nthecust
    omerconf
    idenceandempl
    oyeemor
    al.
    •Hardcost:
    -l
    ossduet
    oempl
    oyeepr
    oduct
    ivi
    tyandcust
    tomerr
    evenuedur
    ingt
    he
    outagewindow.
    12.cl
    oudser
    vicepr
    ovi
    der
    smustmakesur
    ethedat
    aisaccessi
    bleatal
    lti
    mes.
    13.manyserv
    icepr
    ovi
    dermayormaynotsendanot
    icet
    ocl
    i
    ent
    stor
    etr
    iveand
    sav
    et hei
    rdat
    abefor
    edownser
    vice.
    Dat
    aint
    egr
    it
    y:-
    1.t
    heencrpt
    eddatai
    nthecloudmustnotneint
    ercept
    edormodi
    fi
    edby
    unaut
    hor
    izedpart
    ieswhi
    lei
    tisin-
    tr
    ansi
    toratr
    est.
    2.I
    fitget
    smodi
    fi
    ed,
    user
    sar
    eunabl
    etot
    rustt
    hecont
    ent
    .
    3.I
    not
    herwor
    ds,
    thedat
    aisi
    nval
    i
    dandl
    acksi
    ntegr
    it
    y.
    4.Theuserneedst
    or eact
    ivel
    ydet
    ectift
    hedat
    ahasbeenmodi
    fi
    edandor
    event
    suchoccurencefr
    om happeni
    ngagain.
    5.Todetectifthedatahasbeenmodi
    fi
    edort
    amper
    edwi
    th,
    user
    sneedt
    ohav
    e
    dataori
    ginauthenti
    cat
    ion.
    6.I
    nsuchcaserecei
    verdecr
    yptt
    hemessage,
    butt
    hedat
    aisdi
    ff
    erentf
    rom t
    he
    r
    eceiveddat
    aisdeff
    erent
    .
    7.Thati
    swhyr
    egul
    arbackupsar
    eimpor
    tantt
    oreact
    ivel
    yrepl
    acet
    amper
    eddat
    a.
    8.Therear
    emanyproact
    ivemeasur
    est
    hatt
    hecl
    oudpr
    ovi
    dercant
    aket
    oensur
    e
    dataint
    egri
    ty,
    suchasf
    oll
    ow:

    •t
    heymustcont
    rol
    theaccesst
    odat
    amechani
    sm suchasRBAC.
    •Theymustdesi
    gnandi
    mpl
    ementuser
    sint
    erf
    acest
    hatpr
    eventi
    nputofi
    nval
    i
    d
    data.
    •Theymustuseer
    rordet
    ect
    ionandcor
    rect
    ionsof
    twar
    ewhent
    ransmi
    tt
    ingdat
    a
    wi
    thi
    norout
    sidet
    hecloud.
    •Theymustmakesur
    ethatt
    hedat
    ast
    oragei
    spr
    otect
    edusi
    ngt
    echni
    quessuchas
    newdat
    a i
    ntegr
    it
    yfi
    eld(
    DIF)
    ,whi
    chcanpr
    ovi
    deendt
    oenddat
    aint
    egr
    it
    y.
    •Fordatai
    nthepr
    ivateorpubl
    i
    ccloud,
    iti
    simportantt
    hatuser
    shav
    ethecl
    oud
    dataondisksandar
    raysthati
    mplementt
    heDIFfuncti
    on.
    •Asuseri
    tisbet
    tert
    oaskt
    hecl
    oudpr
    ovi
    deri
    ftheyi
    mpl
    ementDI
    F.

    9.Forsecur
    ingdat
    a,t
    heuserneedst
    oaskpr
    ovi
    dert
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ngquest
    ion:
    •Ar
    ether
    eknownl
    oophol
    est
    ocompr
    isedat
    aint
    egr
    it
    y.
    •Whatpr
    ocessdoest
    hepr
    ovi
    derf
    oll
    owt
    oassur
    edat
    aint
    egr
    it
    y.
    •Howdoest
    hepr
    ovi
    derr
    epor
    tthesuccessorf
    ail
    ureofdat
    aint
    egr
    it
    y?
    •Whati
    sthemaxi
    mum l
    osst
    hatcanoccur
    etoy
    oui
    fyourdat
    aincl
    oudl
    acks
    i
    ntegr
    it
    y.

    Q159)Explai
    nriskfrom mul
    ti
    -t
    enancyenv
    ironment
    .How I
    DScanbe
    usedi
    nCl oudenvi
    ronment
    ?
    ANS.
    A.
    Risksi
    nmul
    ti
    -t
    enancyenv
    ironment
    :
    • I
    nadequateLogicalSecuri
    tyCont
    rol
    s:Physicalr
    esourcesar
    esharedbet
    ween
    mult
    ipl
    etenants.Thatmeansdependenceonl ogicalsegr
    egat
    iontoensure
    t
    hatonet enantdeliber
    atel
    ycannotint
    erferewiththesecuri
    tyoftheother
    t
    enants.
    • Mal i
    ciousorIgnorantTenants:I
    ftheprovi
    derhasweakerlogi
    calcont
    rols
    betweentenants,amal i
    ciousoranignor
    anttenantmayr
    educethesecuri
    ty
    postur
    eofothertenants.
    Shar
    edSer
    vicescanbecomesi
    ngl
    epoi
    ntoff
    ail
    ure
    • Per
    for
    manceRisks:Onetenant’
    sheav
    yuseoftheser
    vicemay
    i
    mpactthequal
    i
    tyofser
    viceprovi
    dedt
    oot
    hert
    enant
    s.
    Uncoor
    dinat
    edChangeCont
    rol
    sandMi
    sconf
    igur
    ati
    ons.
    B.I
    ntr
    usi
    onDet
    ect
    ionSy
    stem (
    IDS)i
    nCl
    oudComput
    ing:
    • Int
    rusi
    on detect
    ion syst
    em play
    s an i
    mportantroleint he securi
    ty and
    persev
    eranceofactivedefensesyst
    em agai
    nstint
    ruderhosti
    l
    eat tacksfor
    anybusinessandITorgani
    zati
    on.
    • I
    DSi mplementat
    ioni
    ncloudcomput
    ingr
    equi
    resanef
    fi
    cient
    ,scal
    abl
    eand
    v
    irt
    uali
    zati
    on-
    basedappr
    oach.
    • I
    ncloudcomputi
    ng,userdat
    aandapplicat
    ioni
    shost
    edoncl oudser
    vice
    pr
    ovi
    der
    ’sremot
    eserver
    sandclouduserhasali
    mit
    edcont
    roloveri
    tsdata
    andr esour
    ces.Insuchcase,theadminist
    rati
    onofI DSincloudbecomesthe
    responsibi
    l
    ityofcl oud pr
    ovi
    der.Alt
    hough t he admi
    nist
    ratorofcloud I
    DS
    shouldbet heuserandnottheprov
    iderofcloudservi
    ces.
    • I
    ntr
    usion Det
    ect
    ion Sy
    stem (I
    DS)can be used t
    o enhance t
    he securi
    ty
    measuresbyasy st
    emati
    cexaminat
    ionofl
    ogs,confi
    gur
    ati
    onsandnet work
    t
    raf
    fi
    c.
    • Cloud computing hav
    et wo approaches i
    .e.Knowledge-based I
    DS and
    Behavi
    or-BasedIDStodet
    ecti
    ntrusi
    onsincloudcomput
    ing:
    -

    • Behavi
    or-BasedIDSassumesthatanint
    rusi
    oncanbedetectedbyobser
    vinga
    devi
    ati
    on f r
    om normalt o expect
    ed behaviorofthe sy st
    em oruser s.
    Knowledge-based I
    DS techni
    ques apply knowl
    edge accumulat
    ed about
    speci
    fi
    cat t
    ack.
    • Knowledge-
    basedIDScan' tdet
    ectunknownat t
    acks,butitusesrul
    esand
    monit
    orsast r
    eam ofeventstofi
    ndmali
    ciouscharact
    eri
    sti
    csandsett
    henew
    rul
    esforunknownattacks.
    • Mult
    ipl
    eintr
    usiondetect
    ionsystems(IDSs)aredeployedi
    neachlay erof
    cl
    oudinfr
    ast
    ructur
    eforpr
    otect
    ingeachVir
    tual
    Machine(VM)agai
    nstt
    hreats.

    Q160)Wr
    it
    eoncl
    oudser
    vicegat
    eway
    .
    ANS.
    • TheCSGi sanappli
    anceresidi
    nginthecust
    omers’premisesandprov
    ides
    dat
    apr otect
    ionbyencrypt
    ing,compr
    essi
    ng,andarchi
    vingdataset
    sbefore
    movingthedatatoacloud.
    • ACSGatthecorpor
    ateoff
    icei
    nter
    ceptsandmanagesal
    ltheI
    /Obet
    weent
    he
    user
    sandthecl
    oudstor
    ageprovi
    ders.
    • A CSG coul
    d bealso beadownloadablesof
    twar
    epr
    ogr
    am t
    hatcan be
    i
    nstal
    l
    edonaserveratt
    hecust
    omerlocat
    ion.
    • CSGhav
    elocal
    stor
    agedev
    iceast
    hecache.
    • CSG el
    iminat
    ethei ssueofv endorl
    ock-
    in,becauset
    heysuppor
    tvar
    ious
    for
    matsandfaci
    l
    itat
    edatabackup.
    • TheCSGpr
    ovi
    dedat
    apr
    otect
    ionon4st
    eps
    • TheCSGcacheaccel
    erat
    esI
    /Oandenabl
    esaconv
    eni
    entr
    epl
    i
    cat
    ion
    procedur
    e.
    • Fi
    l
    est
    hatar
    eto–be–copi
    edt
    othecl
    oudar
    efi
    rstst
    oredi
    nCSGcache.
    • Af
    tercer
    tai
    npr
    e-sett
    imei
    nter
    val
    ,thecachedat
    aispushedt
    ocl
    oud.
    • Dat
    athati
    sreadf
    rom cl
    oudi
    scopi
    edt
    othecache.

    Q.161Whati
    sCSB?Expl
    aini
    tsr
    olewi
    thexampl
    e.
    ANS.
     Cloudser
    vicesbroker
    age(CSB)i sanITrol
    eandbusinessmodeli
    nwhi cha
    companyorotherenti
    tyaddsvaluetooneormor
    ecloudserv
    icesonbehalfof
    oneormoreconsumer softhatserv
    ice.

     Cloudser vicebroker
    agepr ovidest heinter
    medi arybet
    weencl oudprovi
    ders
    andcl oudconsumert hatassi stcompani esi nchoosingtheser v
    icesand
    offer
    ingst hatbestsuitstheirneeds.Theymayal soassi
    stinthedeployment
    and integrati
    on ofappsacr ossmul ti
    plecloudsorpr ovi
    dea choi ceand
    possiblecostsav i
    ngf unct
    ionwhi chi ncl
    udemul t
    iplecompeti
    ngservi
    cesf r
    om
    acatalog.Ther earethreeprimar yareasacloudser vi
    cebrokercanaddressin
    accelerat
    ingtheadopt ionofthecl oud:

    1.Aggr
    egati
    on–enabl
    ingtheconsumpti
    onofcloudbyenduser
    svi
    aacl
    oud
    appl
    i
    cati
    onmar
    ketpl
    aceappr
    ovedbythecompany
    2.I
    ntegr
    ati
    on–ensur
    ingcl
    oudappl
    i
    cati
    onsexchangedat
    awi t
    heachot
    herand
    wi
    thon-pr
    emi
    seappli
    cat
    ionst
    oor
    chest
    rat
    ebusinesspr
    ocesses
    3.Customizat
    ion–augment
    ingcloudser
    viceswi
    thchangest
    odat
    aschemaor
    enhancedsecur
    it
    yandcompli
    ance
    Thechall
    engeforITi st
    hatthecl
    oudisrel
    ativ
    elyimmat ur
    ecompar edtoon-premise
    ent
    erpri
    sesoft
    war e.Byaddi
    ngcustomizedcapabili
    ti
    esont opofcl oudserv
    ices,the
    ent
    erpri
    secanr eali
    zethebenefi
    tsofcloud,whilealsomeet ingitsotherbusiness
    obj
    ecti
    vesincl
    udingdat asecur
    it
    yandcompl i
    ance.Inparticular
    ,organi
    zat
    ionsar e
    l
    ookingtoaugmentt hecl
    oudandachievethefol
    lowing:
    1.Reducer
    iskwi
    thmor
    erobustsecur
    it
    yandcompl
    i
    ancecapabi
    l
    iti
    es
    2.Addv
    alueandv
    isi
    bil
    i
    tywi
    thanal
    yti
    cs
    3.Cent
    ral
    i
    zef
    unct
    ional
    i
    tyf
    oraudi
    ttr
    ail
    sandpol
    i
    cyenf
    orcement
    4.St
    reaml
    i
    net
    hesel
    ect
    ionpr
    ocessofcl
    oudser
    vices.
    Adv
    ant
    agesofCSB:
    1)Br
    oaderTechni
    cal
    Exper
    ti
    se
    2)LowerTot
    alCostofOwner
    shi
    p–Fi
    nanci
    alRet
    urns
    3)Oper
    ati
    onal
    eff
    ici
    enci
    es
    4)Bet
    teropt
    ionsi
    ndeal
    i
    ngwi
    thr
    isk,
    compl
    i
    anceandgov
    ernance.

    Q.162WhyCl
    oudComput
    ingbr
    ingsnewt
    hreat
    s?
    ANS.
    Thet
    opcl
    oudcomput
    ingt
    hreat
    sar
    easf
    oll
    ows:

    1.DataBr eaches& Dat aLoss: Organizat


    ionsneedtoadoptcompr ehensi
    ve
    data governance fr
    amewor k poli
    cies wit
    hregardto datar et
    ention and
    di
    sposal,informat
    ionleakage,riskassessments,andnon-pr
    oductiondat a.
    Thesepol i
    ci
    esshouldalsoincl
    udecloudcomput i
    ngandsecuri
    typol
    icies.

    2.AccountHijacki
    ng:Att
    ackersusestolencredenti
    alsf
    orphishi
    ng,fraudand
    expl
    oitat
    ion ofsoft
    warev ulner
    abi
    l
    iti
    es t
    o hijackuseraccounts oronli
    ne
    serv
    icesexposingor
    ganizat
    ionstor
    isk.

    3.DenialofServi
    ce:Whenunderadeni alofser vi
    ceattack,t
    heattackersendsa
    l
    arge volume ofi nt
    ernettraf
    fi
    ct ot he organizat
    ions ser
    versin or derto
    consume al lofthe business syst
    em r esources and net
    wor k bandwidt
    h.
    Becausecl oudcomput i
    ngservicesar enor mallychargedbyt heamountof
    syst
    em r esourcesconsumed,when undera deni alofserviceat t
    ackt he
    vi
    cti
    mswi llpr
    obablyhav etopayf ort headdi ti
    onalprocessingresources
    consumedont opofexperi
    enci
    ngunav ail
    abl eservi
    ces.

    4.Mal
    ici
    ous Insi
    ders:No organi
    zat
    ion isimmune tov i
    rus,malwar
    e and
    mal
    ici
    ousat t
    ackssuchaswebappl icat
    ionat
    tacksanddenialofser
    vices
    (
    ddos)at
    tacksregar
    dlessi
    ftheI
    Tsystemsarel
    ocatedi
    nthecl
    oudoronsite.

    5.AbuseofCl oudSer vi
    ces:The 
    abuseofcloudservicethreat 
    ismoreaser vice
    prov
    iderissuemoret hanitisacl
    oudconsumeri ssue.Inthisthr
    eat,attackers
    usesocialmediachannel stoabusecloudcomput i
    ngenv ir
    onmentssuchas
    SaaSandPaaS.Cl oudcomput i
    ngpr ov
    idest
    ens-of-t
    housandsofser versand
    computingpowertoi tsconsumers.Thi
    ssamecomput i
    ngpowercoul dbeand
    sometimes is malici
    ouslyand ill
    egal
    lyused forat tacks such as bot net
    commentandcont r
    ol,passwordandkeycr acking,hostingmal i
    ciousdat a,
    anddenialofser
    vice,etc.

    6.Insuffi
    cientDueDi l
    igence:Ther earesecur it
    yconcernsany ti
    met echnologyis
    sharedwi t
    hthirdpar ti
    esout sidey ourorganizati
    on.Forexampl e,Aser v
    ice
    providercould pr ovide youror ganizati
    on vir
    tualsy stems on t he same
    hyperv i
    sorsharedwi thothercustomer s’vi
    rt
    ualsystems.I notherwords,your
    company ’
    ssy stemsar eshar inghar dwar eresourceswi thothercompany ’
    s
    systems.May beshar i
    nghar dwarer esourceswi thothercompani esisokf or
    l
    esscr i
    ti
    calsystems,butthismaynotbesui tedforbusinesssy st
    emsdeemed
    “highlycri
    ti
    cal
    ” .

    7.Shar
    edTechnol
    ogyI
    ssues&I
    nsecur
    eAPI
    ’
    s.

    Q.163.Whati
    scl
    oudst
    orage?
    ANS.
    1.Cloudst or agei nv olvesex act l
    ywhatt henamesuggest s—st oringy ourdat a
    withacl oudser v i
    cepr ov iderr athert hanonal ocalsy st em.Aswi thot her
    cloudser vices, youaccesst hedat astoredont hecl oudv iaanI nternetl ink.
    2.Cloudst or agehasanumberofadv antagesov ert radi t
    ionaldat ast orage.I f
    youst or ey ourdat aonacl oud,y oucangetati tf rom anyl ocat i
    ont hathas
    Internetaccess.
    3.Ther ear ehundr edsofdi ff erentcl oudst oragesy stems,andsomear ev ery
    speci f
    ici nwhatt heydo.Somear eni che- orient edandst orej ustemai lor
    digitalpi ctur es, whi l
    eot her sst or eanyt ypeofdat a.Somepr ov i
    der sar esmal l,
    whi leot her sar ehugeandf il
    lanent irewar ehouse.Att hemostr udiment ary
    level,acl oudst oragesy stem j ustneedsonedat aser verconnect edt ot he
    Internet .
    4. Asubscr ibercopi esf ilest ot heser v erov ert heI nter net,whi cht henr ecords
    thedat a.Whenacl i
    entwant stor etri
    ev ethedat a,heorsheaccessest hedat a
    serv erwi thaweb- basedi nt erface,andt heser v ert henei thersendst hef iles
    backt ot hecl i
    entoral lowst hecl i
    entt oaccessandmani pul atet hedat aitsel f
    .
    5.Mor ety pical l
    y ,howev er ,cloudst oragesy st emsut ili
    zedozensorhundr edsof
    dat aser v ers.Becauseser v er srequi r
    emai ntenanceorr epai r,i
    tisnecessar yt o
    stor et hesav eddat aonmul ti
    plemachi nes,pr ov idingr edundancy .Wi thout
    thatr edundancy ,cl oudst or agesy stemscoul dn’ tassur ecl ientst hatt hey
    coul daccesst hei rinfor mat ionatanygi vent i
    me.
    6.Mostsy st emsst oret hesamedat aonser ver susi ngdi f
    fer entpowersuppl ies.
    Thatway ,clientscanst il
    laccesst heirdat aev eni fapowersuppl yf ails.Many
    cli
    ent susecl oudst or agenotbecauset hey ’
    v er unoutofr oom l ocal l
    y ,butf or
    safet y.Ifsomet hinghappenst ot heirbuilding,t hent heyhav en’tl ostal ltheir
    dat a.

    Q.
    164.Whatarether
    isksofstoringdat
    aint
    heCl
    oud?Li
    stsomeoft
    he
    morepopul
    arcl
    oudst
    or ageser
    vices.
    ANS.
    Thedi
    ff
    erentr
    isksofst
    ori
    ngdat
    aint
    hecl
    oudar
    e:
    1.Cyberat
    tacks:Anyti
    mey oustoredat
    aont heInter
    net,youareatr
    iskf
    ora
    cyber
    attack.Thi
    sisparti
    cul
    arl
    yprobl
    emati
    cont hecloud,wher
    evol
    umesof
    dataarestoredbyal
    lty
    pesofusersonthesamecloudsystem.

    2.Someoneel
    sei
    slooki
    ngaf
    tery
    ourdat
    a.

    3.Insi
    derthreat:Onceanemploy
    eegai
    nsorgiv
    esother
    saccesst
    oyourcloud,
    everyt
    hingf r
    om customerdatat
    oconfi
    dent
    iali
    nfor
    mat
    ionandint
    ell
    ectual
    propert
    yar eupforgr
    abs.
     

    4.Gover
    nmentint
    rusi
    on:Forinst
    ance,acompanymayhaveaconcernt
    hat
    competi
    tor
    swil
    lt r
    yto st
    ealthei
    rdataso t
    heyencr
    yptt
    ransmi
    ssi
    onand
    storageofit
    .Nowt hatsomeoneothert
    hanacompet
    it
    ormaybei
    nter
    est
    edi
    n
    thatdatadoesn'
    tfundament
    all
    ychangether
    isk.

    5.Lackofst andardi
    zation& Support:Whatmakesacl oudsaf e?A provider
    couldhavethel atestsecur
    it
    yfeatures,butduetothegeneral l
    ackofcloud
    standardi
    zat
    ion,therearenocl ear-
    cutgui del
    i
    nesuni
    fyingcloudpr ovi
    ders.
    Sincenotallcloudpr ovi
    der
    sarebui ltthesame,oneprovi
    der'
    sdef i
    nit
    ionof
    "safe"maynotbet hesameasanot her's.

    Someoft
    hemostpopul
    arcl
    oudst
    orageser
    vicesar
    e:
     Pcl
    oud

     AmazonDr
    ive

     Googl
    eDr
    ive

     Dr
    opbox

     Mi
    crosof
    tOnedr
    ive

     NextCl
    oud

    i
    Cloud

    7.APPLI
    CATI
    ONARCHI
    TECTUREFORCLOUD

    Q.165)Di
    scusst
    hef
    ewpr
    act
    icesf
    orappl
    i
    cat
    ionar
    chi
    tect
    uref
    or
    cl
    ouds.
    Ans:
     BePessimi standDesignwi thAnAssumpt iont hattheHar dwarewillFail
    Whatcoul dgowr ongwi l
    lgowr ong —keepingt histheoryatthebackof
    your. mind,youwillbeabletocreat
    eaf ault-
    toler
    antarchit
    ectureand
    thi
    nkaboutr ecoverystr
    ategiesonlywheny oudesi gnwi t
    hanassumpt ion
    thatyourhardwarewi l
    lfai
    l.Buil
    dmechanismst odeal withthefai
    lures,
    befor
    edi sasterst
    ri
    kes.Goodcl oudarchi
    tecturesar eunaffectedbyr e-
    l
    aunchesandr eboots.
     I
    mpl
    ementEl
    ast
    ici
    ty
    Elastici
    tyi
    sanabi l
    it
    yofasy st
    em t oscale-
    updur i
    ngasuddenchangei n
    business.needs,inordertohandl etheincreasedtraff
    icl
    oad.Pri
    orto
    i
    mpl ementi
    ngEl asti
    ci
    ty,ensurethaty ourdeploymentprocessi
    sautomated
    andbui l
    dprocessandconf igurat
    ionar estr
    eaml i
    ned.Ther
    earethreeways
    t
    oimpl
    ementEl
    ast
    ici
    ty:

     Pr
    oact
    iveCy
    cli
    cScal
    i
    ng:
     
    Per
    iodi
    cscal
    i
    ng(
    quar
    ter
    ly,
    mont
    hly
    ,weekl
    y,dai
    l
    y)

     Proacti
    veEvent
    -basedScal
    i
    ng:
     Scal
    ingduringthehugetr
    aff
    icsurge
    (marketi
    ngcampaigns,
    newproductlaunch,f
    esti
    veseasonetc)

     Aut
    o-Scal
    i
    ngBasedonDemand:
     
    Scal
    i
    ngont
    hebasi
    sofsy
    stem met
    ri
    cs

     I
    mpl
    ementPar
    all
    el
    iz
    ati
    on

    Thecloudallowsy outomanagemassi vel


    yparal
    leloper
    ations.Applythe
    conceptofparallel
    izat
    ionateveryst
    epofdesigningthecloudar chit
    ectur
    e,
    beitrequesti
    ngdat afrom t
    hecloud,stori
    ngandprocessi
    ngdat ai nthe
    cl
    oud.Aut omationofparall
    eli
    zati
    onalongwithit
    simplement ati
    onwi ll
    creat
    ear epeatableprocessinthecl
    oud.

     I
    mpl
    ementSecur
    it
    yinEv
    eryLay
    eroft
    heCl
    oudAppAr
    chi
    tect
    ure

    Yourservi
    ceprov
    iderhandlesthephy si
    cal
    securi
    tyoft
    hecloudapp,but
    appli
    cat
    ionandnetwork-l
    evelsecuri
    tymustbeimplement
    edbyy ou,
    accordi
    ngtotherequi
    rementsofy ourbusi
    ness.Thecl
    oudoffer
    smany
    feat
    uresandtool
    st osecureyourapp.

     Lev
    erageDi
    ff
    erentSt
    orageOpt
    ions

    Cloudar chit
    ect ureincl
    udesawi derangeofstoragechoi cesforarchi
    ving,
    backup, anddi sasterrecover
    y .Therearediff
    erentstorage(li
    keobject,
    blockandf i
    l
    est or
    age)forsev eralusecases.Yourwor kloadandusecase
    shoul dhelpy oudeci dewhatst orageopti
    ont oleverageinthecloud.‘
    One
    si
    z ef i
    tsall
    ’isnotanopt i
    onher e,meaningnosi nglestorageoptionfi
    tsall
    si
    t uati
    ons.Itisessent i
    alfr
    om per formance,cost,andfunctional
    per spect
    ivetol everagedif
    ferentcloudstorageopt i
    ons,fordiff
    erentt
    ypes
    ofdat asets.

    Q.166)Compar
    ethearchi
    tect
    ureofcl
    oudappl
    i
    cat
    ionswi
    tht
    he
    t
    radit
    ional
    appl
    i
    cati
    ons.
    Ans:
     Themai
    ndi
    ff
    erencesbet
    weencl
    oudhost
    ingandt
    radi
    ti
    onal
    webhost
    ing
    are:

    Resi
    l
    ienceandEl
    ast
    ici
    ty
     Thei nf
    or mati
    onandappli
    cati
    onshostedinthecloudar eevenl
    ydistr
    ibuted
    acrossal lt
    heserver
    s,whi
    chareconnectedtowor kasone.Ther ef
    ore,if
    oneser verfai
    ls,
    nodataisl
    ostanddownt imeisav oi
    ded.Thecloudalso
    offersmor estor
    agespaceandserverresources,
    incl
    udingbett
    er
    comput ingpower.Thismeansyoursoftwareandapplicat
    ionswill
    perform
    faster.

     Tradi
    tionalITsyst
    emsar enotsoresil
    ientandcannotguarant
    eea
    consistentl
    yhighl
    evelofser
    verperformance.Theyhavelimit
    edcapaci
    ty
    andar esuscepti
    blet
    odownt i
    me,whi chcangreatl
    yhinderworkpl
    ace
    productivi
    ty.

    Fl
    exi
    bil
    i
    tyandScal
    abi
    l
    ity
     Cloudhostingoffer
    sanenhancedl eveloffl
    exibil
    i
    tyandscal abil
    ityin
    comparisontotradit
    ionaldatacentres.Theon-demandv i
    rtualspaceof
    cl
    oudcomput i
    nghasunl i
    mi t
    edstoragespaceandmor eser v
    err esources.
    Cloudserverscanscaleupordowndependi ngont heleveloftraffi
    cy our
    websit
    er ecei
    ves,andy ouwillhavefullcont
    roltoinst
    allanysof twareas
    andwheny ouneedto.Thispr ovi
    desmor ef
    lexibi
    li
    tyforyourbusi nessto
    grow.

     Withtradi
    tionalITinf
    rastr
    ucture,youcanonl yuset
    her esourcesthatar e
    al
    readyav ail
    abletoyou.Ifyour unoutofst or
    agespace,theonl ysolut
    ion
    i
    stopur chaseorr entanotherser ver
    .Ifyouhir
    emoreempl oy ees,youwill
    needt opayf oraddit
    ionalsof
    twar eli
    censesandhavet hesemanual l
    y
    uploadedony ouroff
    icehardwar e.Thiscanbeacostlyventure,especial
    ly
    i
    fyourbusi nessisgrowingquiter apidl
    y.

    Aut
    omat
    ion
     Akeydiffer
    encebet weencl oudcomput ingandt radi
    tionalI
    Ti nf
    rastr
    uctur
    e
    i
    showt heyar emanaged.Cl oudhost i
    ngi smanagedbyt hest or
    age
    provi
    derwhot akescar eofal lt
    henecessar yhar dware,ensuressecurit
    y
    measuresarei nplace,andkeepsi trunningsmoot hl
    y.Tradit
    ionaldata
    centr
    esrequireheav yadmi ni
    strat
    ionin-house, whichcanbecost l
    yand
    ti
    meconsumi ngfory ourbusiness.Full
    yt r
    ainedI Tpersonnelmaybe
    neededtoensur eregularmoni tor
    ingandmai ntenanceofy ourservers–
    suchasupgr ades,conf i
    gurati
    onpr obl
    ems, threatprotecti
    onand
    i
    nstal
    lat
    ions.

    Runni
    ngCost
    s
     Cloudcomput ingismorecostef fecti
    vethantradi
    ti
    onalITinfrast
    ructur
    e
    duetomet hodsofpay mentfort hedatast or
    ageservi
    ces.Wi t
    hcl oud
    basedservices,youonlypayforwhati sused–si mil
    arl
    yt ohowy oupay
    foruti
    l
    iti
    essuchasel ectr
    ici
    ty.Further
    mor e,t
    hedecreasedlikeli
    hoodof
    downtimemeansi mprovedwor kplaceperformanceandincreasedpr of
    its
    i
    nt helongrun.

     Wi
    tht
    radi
    ti
    onal
    ITi
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    ure,
    youwi
    l
    lneedt
    opur
    chaseequi
    pmentand
    addi
    ti
    onalserv
    erspaceupfr
    onttoadapttobusinessgrowt
    h.Ifthi
    sslows,
    youwill
    enduppayingforr
    esourcesyoudon’tuse.Furt
    her
    mor e,t
    hevalue
    ofphysi
    calser
    ver
    sdecreasesyearonyear,sotheretur
    noninvestmentof
    i
    nvest
    ingmoneyintradi
    ti
    onalI
    Ti nf
    rast
    ruct
    ureisquit
    elow.

     Secur
    it
    y
     Cloudcomput ingisanext ernal
    form ofdatastorageandsof t
    waredeliv
    ery,
    whichcanmakei tseem lesssecurethanlocaldatahosting.Anyonewith
    accesst otheservercanv i
    ewanduset hestor
    eddat aandappl i
    cati
    onsin
    thecloud,whereverinter
    netconnecti
    oni savai
    lable.Choosingacloud
    servi
    cepr ovi
    derthatiscompl et
    elyt
    ransparentinitshost
    ingofcloud
    plat
    formsandensur esoptimum securi
    tymeasur esareinplaceiscruci
    al
    whent ransi
    ti
    oningtot hecloud.

    Q.
    167)Li
    stol
    dandnewpar
    adi
    gmsandar
    chi
    tect
    urepr
    inci
    ples.

    Ans)

    TRADI
    TIONALASSUMPTI
    ON NEW THOUGHTSORPRACTI
    CES
    1. Appl
    i
    cati
    ondependsonthe Appl
    i
    cati
    onwill
    berunni
    ngina
    homogenei
    tyoft
    heinf
    rast
    ruct
    ure hi
    ghl
    ydynamicandpossi
    blyhy
    bri
    d
    cl
    oudenvi
    ronment
    .

    2. Appl
    icat
    ionscanhav
    eaccessto Applicati
    onswil
    lrunonv i
    rt
    uali
    zed
    devi
    cefi
    les,whi
    chwil
    lbeunchanged resourcesandcanbei nst
    antl
    y
    andstat
    ic. mov edtoanothersetofresour
    ces.
    Alsotheamountofr
    esour
    ceswi
    l
    l
    vary.

    3. Appl
    i
    cati
    onsexi
    sti
    nasi
    ngl
    e Appli
    cati
    onsar edist
    ribut
    edacr
    oss
    l
    ocat
    ion multi
    plelocati
    ons.Alogical
    separ
    ationofr esour
    cesmayor
    maynotexi stamongt hese
    l
    ocati
    ons.

    4. Dat
    abasecanbeusedtoensur
    e Appl
    icati
    onsmustbeawar eoft
    he
    dat
    aandprocessi
    ntegr
    it
    y dat
    aintegri
    tyandbeableto
    manageintegri
    tyi
    ssues.
    5. Appl
    icat
    ionwill
    dealwit
    hst
    ruct
    ured Appli
    cationsaccommodat e
    dat
    aandpr edefi
    nedfor
    mat
    . di
    ffer
    entmedi atypesandvari
    ous
    datatypesforthesamefiel
    dor
    i
    nformation.

    6. Appli
    cat
    ionswil
    lhaveafixedformat Appli
    cati
    onsmustbedesi gned
    fori
    nputandoutput
    .Developerscan aroundsocial,i
    nter
    -per
    sonal
    assumea‘ r
    ecor
    der’pat
    tern communi cati
    ons.

    Q.
    168)Expl
    aint
    hreet
    ierar
    chi
    tect
    ureofawebappl
    i
    cat
    ion.
    Ans)
     In3t
    ierar
    chit
    ect
    ure,t
    herear
    e3component
    s:Cl
    i
    entPC,
    AnAppl
    i
    cat
    ionser
    ver
    andADatabaseServ
    er.
     Theworkofser
    veri
    sdi
    str
    ibut
    edamongappl
    i
    cat
    ionser
    veranddat
    abase
    ser
    ver
    .
     Appl
    i
    cat
    ionser
    verhast
    her
    equi
    redcommuni
    cat
    ionf
    unct
    ions.
     Thedat
    arequi
    redbyt
    hebusi
    nessl
    ogi
    cexi
    stsi
    ndat
    abaseser
    ver
    .
     Ther
    equi
    reddat
    aisr
    etur
    nedt
    opubl
    i
    cser
    ver
    sandt
    hent
    ocl
    i
    entPC.

     Thef
    ir
    stt
    ieri
    nthi
    s3t
    ierwebar
    chi
    tect
    uref
    ramewor
    kforef
    fi
    cientweb
    appl
    i
    cat
    iondev
    elopmenti
    sthecl
    i
    entt
    ier
    .Thi
    sti
    eri
    ncl
    udesusual
    l
    yisaweb
    host
    ingt
    hati
    ncl
    udest
    heHTMLr
    ecour
    sest
    hathast
    henecessar
    yuser
    i
    nter
    facest
    oenhancest
    hecl
    i
    ent
    '
    sexper
    ience,
    asi
    tist
    hecomput
    ert
    hat
    r
    equest
    sther
    esour
    ces,
    equi
    ppedwi
    tht
    hemostat
    tr
    act
    iveuseri
    nter
    facei
    n
    adher
    encet
    othecl
    i
    ent
    '
    stast
    edependi
    ngont
    hei
    ndust
    ryoft
    hisbusi
    ness
    websi
    te.Thef
    ir
    stt
    ieri
    nthet
    hreet
    iersy
    stem ofar
    chi
    tect
    urecompr
    isesof
    webbr
    owser
    sforHTTPcl
    i
    ent
    sthatef
    fi
    cient
    lyi
    nter
    act
    sandco-
    ordi
    nat
    eswi
    th
    t
    heWebser
    ver
    susi
    ngt
    hemostconv
    eni
    entandst
    andar
    disedpr
    otocol
    s.I
    n
    t
    his3t
    ierwebar
    chi
    tect
    urewebappl
    i
    cat
    iondev
    elopmentmodul
    e,t
    hecl
    i
    enti
    s
    v
    eryof
    tenr
    efer
    redt
    oast
    het
    iersi
    ncev
    eryl
    i
    ttl
    eappl
    i
    cat
    ionl
    ogi
    cresi
    desi
    n
    t
    hispar
    ti
    cul
    art
    ier
    .Thi
    sti
    eral
    sohast
    henecessar
    ybui
    l
    t-i
    nfeat
    uresy
    stem
    whi
    chef
    fi
    cient
    lyhasmor
    eri
    ch-
    feat
    urest
    hant
    heessent
    ial
    displ
    ayht
    mlpage.
    Thi
    sti
    eressent
    ial
    l
    yint
    eract
    swi
    tht
    hecl
    i
    entbydi
    spl
    ayi
    ngdat
    aofv
    ari
    ous
    ki
    nds.Onl
    yfewoft
    heappl
    i
    cat
    ionl
    ogi
    cinf
    orm ofj
    avascr
    iptar
    eessent
    ial
    l
    y
    execut
    edbybr
    owser
    ,nev
    ert
    hel
    esshav
    ingl
    i
    mit
    edf
    eat
    ureandusage.Thesol
    e
    f
    eat
    urebenef
    itandt
    echni
    cal
    adv
    ant
    ageoft
    he3t
    ierar
    chi
    tect
    urei
    sthati
    tdoes
    nothav
    etodependonanyoper
    ati
    ngpl
    atf
    orm andnei
    theronanyaddedor
    addi
    ti
    onal
    sof
    twar
    e.

     Thesecondort
    hemi
    ddl
    eti
    ercompr
    isesoft
    hemostmagni
    fi
    centandt
    he
    mosti
    mpor
    tantpar
    toft
    heappl
    i
    cat
    ionl
    ogi
    c.I
    tessent
    ial
    l
    ypl
    ayst
    her
    oleof
    br
    ingi
    ngt
    oget
    hert
    het
    hreel
    ayer
    soft
    het
    hreet
    ierwebar
    chi
    tect
    ure.Whi
    l
    e
    t
    echni
    cal
    l
    ypr
    ocessi
    ngt
    hev
    ari
    ousi
    nput
    sandsel
    ect
    ionsr
    ecei
    vedbyt
    he
    cl
    i
    ent
    sitpl
    ayst
    her
    oleofi
    nter
    act
    ionwi
    tht
    hev
    astdat
    abasepr
    esenti
    nthe
    t
    hir
    dti
    er.Themi
    ddl
    eort
    hesecondt
    ieri
    nthet
    hreet
    ierwebar
    chi
    tect
    ure
    cont
    ainst
    hewebser
    ver
    ,thewebscr
    ipt
    ingl
    anguageandt
    hescr
    ipt
    ing
    l
    anguageengi
    ne.TheWebser
    vermostof
    tenpr
    ocessest
    heHTTPr
    equest
    s
    andf
    ormul
    atesr
    eci
    procat
    ioni
    nthescr
    ipt
    ingl
    anguager
    unni
    ngont
    he
    scr
    ipt
    ingengi
    ne.Thi
    sti
    erhast
    het
    echni
    cal
    eff
    ici
    encyt
    odeal
    andcompr
    ehend
    t
    hedy
    nami
    ccont
    entandbui
    l
    t-i
    nli
    brar
    iest
    hataccent
    uat
    est
    hef
    ast
    eraccess
    oft
    hedat
    abaset
    oext
    ractr
    esul
    ts.

     Thet
    hir
    dti
    eroft
    hedat
    abaset
    ieri
    nthe3t
    iersy
    stem i
    smadeupoft
    heDBMS
    i
    not
    herwor
    dst
    hedat
    abasemanagementsy
    stem andt
    hedat
    abase.Thi
    s
    compl
    exappl
    i
    cat
    ionl
    ayerconsi
    stsoft
    heappl
    i
    cat
    ionl
    ogi
    cwhi
    l
    eexchangi
    ng
    dat
    ainbet
    weent
    ier
    sint
    het
    hreet
    ierWebAppl
    i
    cat
    ion,
    maki
    ngt
    het
    opt
    ier
    most
    lyat
    hincl
    i
    entorabr
    owser
    .Thef
    ir
    stt
    ieri
    sther
    efor
    ethedat
    aser
    ver
    ,
    pr
    ovi
    dingcl
    i
    ent
    sanappl
    i
    cat
    ionser
    verwi
    thal
    lthenecessar
    ydat
    athati
    tmay
    r
    equi
    rei
    nor
    dert
    ofunct
    ion.

    o Fi
    gur
    e1.
    1:3t
    ierar
    chi
    tect
    ure

    Adv
    ant
    ages:
     I
    mpr
    ovedDat
    aInt
    egr
    it
    y
     Hi
    ghDegr
    eeofFl
    exi
    bil
    i
    tyi
    ndepl
    oymentpl
    atf
    orm andconf
    igur
    ati
    ons
     I
    mpr
    ovedsecur
    it
    y
     Hi
    ghPer
    for
    manceandper
    sist
    entobj
    ect
    s
     Ar
    chi
    tect
    urei
    sscal
    abl
    e,addi
    nguser
    sandr
    esour
    cesi
    nfut
    urewoul
    dbeeasy
     Mai
    ntenanceandmodi
    fi
    cat
    ionscanbedoneef
    fect
    ivel
    y
     Codeanddat
    areusabi
    l
    itycanbeachi
    eved

    Di
    sadv
    ant
    ages:
     t
    ierar
    chi
    tect
    urei
    scompl
    excompar
    edt
    o1t
    ierand2t
    ier
     Costofnet
    wor
    kmai
    ntenanceanddepl
    oymenti
    sgr
    eat
    ert
    han1t
    ierand2t
    ier

    Q.
    169.Expl
    ainscal
    e-upandscal
    e-outar
    chi
    tect
    ures.
    Ans:
    1.“
    Scal
    e-up”
     r
    efer
    stoar
    chi
    tect
    uret
    hatusesaf
    ixedcont
    rol
    l
    err
    esour
    cef
    oral
    l
    processi
    ng.Scali
    ngcapaci
    tyhappensbyaddi
    ngst
    orageshel
    vesupt
    othemaxi
    mum
    numberpermittedfort
    hatcont
    roll
    er.
    2.Inordertomai
    ntai
    nhi ghavail
    abil
    i
    ty,ar
    chit
    ect
    urestypi
    cal
    lyusedualcontroll
    ers.
    However ,
    themajor
    it
    yoft hem actas“act
    ive-
    passiv
    e”whichcreat
    esasituati
    onwher eby
    thearr
    ay ’
    sper
    for
    mancei slimit
    edbyt heperf
    ormanceofasinglecontr
    oll
    er.Itl
    eadsto
    wasteof50percentresourcesundernormaloperati
    onsandtheindust
    ryhasr eall
    y
    mov
    edawayf
    rom i
    t.
    3.“Scal
    e-out”
     r
    ef er
    st oarchit
    ecturethatdoesn’trelyonasi ngl
    econtroll
    erandscalesby
    addingprocessingpowercoupl edwithaddit
    ional storage.It’
    salsoimportantt
    o
    remembert hatwi t
    hscale-out,all
    archit
    ectur
    esar enotcr eatedequal.(
    Somev endors
    buil
    dauni f
    iedmanagementt hatuti
    li
    zesmultiple,independentar r
    aysandcal l
    itscal
    e-out
    ,
    whichis,
    technicallyspeaking,fal
    se.)
    4.I
    ntruescale-
    outarchit
    ect
    ure,t
    hedataandthemetadat
    aaredist
    ri
    but
    edacr
    ossall
    nodesandallSSDsint hesy
    stem.Modernscale-
    outar
    chi
    tect
    uresal
    soi
    mplementgl
    obal
    dedupl
    icat
    ionacrosstheenti
    redataset
    .

    Verti
    calScali
    ng(Scal
    e-up):
     
    Gener al
    l
    yr ef
    erstoaddingmoreprocessor
    sandRAM, buy
    ingamor
    eexpensi
    veand
    robustserver
    .
    Pros:
     Lesspowerconsumpt i
    onthanrunni
    ngmult
    ipl
    eserver
    s
     Cool
    i
    ngcost
    sar
    elesst
    hanscal
    i
    nghor
    izont
    all
    y
     Gener
    all
    ylesschal
    l
    engi
    ngt
    oimpl
    ement
     Lessl
    i
    censi
    ngcost
    s
     somet
    imesusesl
    essnet
    wor
    khar
    dwar
    ethanscal
    i
    nghor
    izont
    all
    y

    Cons:
     Pri
    ce
     Gr
    eat
    err
    iskofhar
    dwar
    efai
    l
    urecausi
    ngbi
    ggerout
    ages
     gener
    all
    ysev
    erev
    endorl
    ock-
    inandl
    i
    mit
    edupgr
    adeabi
    l
    ityi
    nthef
    utur
    e

    Hori
    zontalScal
    ing(
    Scal
    e-out
    ):
     Gener
    all
    yrefer
    stoaddingmoreser
    verswith
    l
    essprocessorsandRAM.Thisisusual
    lycheaperov
    eral
    landcanl
    iter
    all
    y
    scal
    einf
    ini
    tely

    Pr
    os
     Muchcheapert
    hanscal
    i
    ngv
    ert
    ical
    l
    y
     Easi
    ert
    orunf
    aul
    t-
    tol
    erance
     Easyt
    oupgr
    ade

    Cons
     Moreli
    censi
    ngf
    ees
     Bi
    ggerf
    oot
    pri
    nti
    ntheDat
    aCent
    re
     Hi
    gherut
    il
    it
    ycost(
    Elect
    ri
    cit
    yandcool
    i
    ng)
     Possi
    bleneedf
    ormor
    enet
    wor
    kingequi
    pment(
    swi
    tches/
    rout
    ers)

    Q.170.Whati
    sRESTi
    nWebser
    vices?Li
    stt
    hedi
    ff
    erentbenef
    it
    sof
    REST.
     RESTcompl etelychangedsof t
    war eengi neeri
    ngaf ter2000.Thi snew
    approacht o dev elopingwebpr ojectsandser viceswasdef inedby Roy
    Fiel
    ding,fatheroft heHTTPspeci fi
    cat i
    on.
     Todayt herear enopr ojectsorapplicationsthatdon' thav eaRESTAPIf orthe
    creati
    onofpr of essi onal servi
    cesbasedont hissoftwar e.Twi t
    ter,
    YouTube,
    Facebooki dent i
    ficat i
    onsy st
    emshundr edsofcompani esgener atebusiness
    usingRESTandRESTAPI s.Withoutt hem anyhor izontal growthwouldbe
    practi
    call
    yi mpossi ble.
     ThisisbecauseRESTi st hemostl ogical,eff
    icientandwi despreadstandardin
    thecreationofAPI sf orI nter
    netser vi
    ces.
     RESTi sanyi nterfacebet weensy st
    emsusi ngHTTPt oobt aindataand
    generateoper ationsont hosedat ainal lpossibleformat s,suchasXMLand
    JSON.
     Thisisani ncreasi nglypopul aralternativetoot herstandar ddataexchange
    protocolssuchasSOAP( SimpleObj ectAccessPr otocol),whichhav eahigh
    capacitybutar eal sov erycompl ex.Somet i
    mesi t'
    spr eferabletouse asimpler
    data-pr
    ocessi ngsol utionsuchasREST
    Theadv
    ant
    agesofRESTf
    ordev
    elopment
    :
     Separationbet weent hecl ientandt heser v er
    :theRESTpr otocol tot
    all
    y
    separatest heuseri nterfacef rom theser verandt hedat ast or
    age.Thi shas
    someadv antageswhenmaki ngdev elopment s.Forexampl e,itimprovesthe
    portabi
    li
    tyoft heinter f
    acet oot herty pesofpl atforms, iti
    ncr easest he
    scalabi
    lityoft hepr ojects, andal l
    owst hedi ff
    erentcomponent softhe
    development st obeev olvedindependent ly.
     Visibi
    li
    ty,reliabil
    it
    yandscal abili
    ty.Thesepar ationbet weencl i
    entandser ver
    hasoneev identadv antage, andt hati st hateachdev elopmentt eam canscale
    theproductwi thoutt oomuchpr oblem.Theycanmi gratetoot herserversor
    makeal l kindsofchangesi nthedat abase, providedt hedat af rom each
    requestissentcor rect l
    y.Thesepar ationmakesi teasiertohav ethefrontand
    thebackondi ffer
    entser vers,andt hi smakest heappsmor eflexibl
    etowor k
    with.
     TheRESTAPIi salway sindependentoft het ypeofplatform orlanguages:

    TheRESTAPIal waysadaptst othetypeofsynt


    axorpl atf
    ormsbei ngused,which
    gi
    vesconsi
    derablefreedom whenchangingortestingnewenv ironmentswithint
    he
    devel
    opment.WithaRESTAPIy oucanhav ePHP, Java,PythonorNode. j
    sserver
    s.
    Theonlyt
    hingisthatiti
    sindispensablet
    hattheresponsest otherequestsshoul
    d
    al
    waystakeplaceinthelanguageusedf orthei
    nformat i
    onexchange, nor
    mal l
    yXML
    orJSON

    Q.
    171Expl
    aint
    heappl
    i
    cat
    ionsecur
    it
    yindet
    ail
    .
    Ans:
     Appli
    cati
    onsecur
    ityi
    sthepr ocessofdevel
    oping,addi
    ng,andt
    esti
    ngsecuri
    ty
    feat
    ureswit
    hinappli
    cat
    ionstopr ev
    entsecuri
    tyvulner
    abi
    li
    ti
    esagai
    nstt
    hreats
    suchasunauthor
    izedaccessandmodi f
    icat
    ion.
     Appli
    cati
    onsecuri
    tyisthegeneralpr
    act i
    ceofaddi
    ngfeat
    uresorfunct
    ional
    it
    y
    tosoftwaretopreventarangeofdi ffer
    entthr
    eat
    s.Theseincl
    udedenialof
    serv
    iceattacksandot hercyberattacks,anddatabreachesordatat hef
    t
    si
    tuati
    ons.

     Appli
    cat
    ionsecuri
    ty 
    descr
    ibessecuri
    tymeasur esattheappli
    cati
    onlevelthat
    ai
    mt opr ev
    entdataorcodewi t
    hintheappf r
    om beingstol
    enorhi j
    acked.It
    encompasses t
    he securi
    tyconsiderat
    ions thathappen duri
    ng appli
    cation
    devel
    opmentanddesi gn,butitalsoinv ol
    vessystemsandappr oachest o
    prot
    ectappsaft
    ertheygetdepl
    oyed. 

     Appli
    cati
    onsecuritymayi ncl
    udehar dware,softwar e,andpr oceduresthat
    i
    dentif
    yormi nimizesecuri
    tyv ul
    nerabi
    l
    iti
    es.A r outerthatpr event
    sany one
    fr
    om viewingacomputer’
    sIPaddr essfr
    om theInt er
    netisaf or
    m ofhardware
    appli
    cati
    onsecuri
    ty.Butsecurit
    ymeasur esatt heappl icati
    onlevelarealso
    ty
    picall
    ybuil
    tintothesoftware,suchasanappl i
    cationf i
    rewallt
    hatstr
    ictl
    y
    defi
    neswhatactivi
    ti
    esareall
    owedandpr ohibi
    ted.

     Diff
    erenttypesofappl i
    cat
    ionsecuritysuchasfir
    ewalls,anti
    vi
    rusprograms,
    encrypti
    onpr ogr
    amsandot herdev
    icescanhelptoensur ethatunauthori
    zed
    accessispr evented.Companiesalsocanidenti
    fysensiti
    vedataassetsand
    protectthem throughspecifi
    cappl i
    cat
    ionsecuri
    typrocessest i
    edtot hese
    datasets.

     Appli
    cat
    ionsecur
    it
    yisoneofsev er
    all
    evel
    sofsecur
    it
    ythatcompani
    esuseto
    prot
    ectsyst
    ems.Othersi
    ncludeoperat
    ingsy
    stem secur
    it
    y,net
    worksecur
    it
    y
    andend-poi
    ntormobil
    esecuri
    ty.

     Allofthesetypesofsecurityar
    eaimedatpr otect
    ingclientsandusersof
    soft
    waref rom ofhacking and malici
    ous i
    ntent
    .I n addit
    ion,appl
    i
    cati
    on
    securi
    tyiscri
    ti
    calformobil
    eappstores,wher
    ehacker strytoattachv
    ari
    ous
    ki
    ndsofmal waretolessv
    ettedmobi
    leapps.

    Q.
    172Expl
    ainSOAf
    orcl
    oudappl
    i
    cat
    ion.
    Ans:Implementat
    ionofcl
    oudarchit
    ect
    urerequir
    esasetofpr inci
    plesanddesign
    patt
    erns.Itpr
    ovi
    desdevel
    oper
    swi t
    hguidanceanddirect
    ion.Ithel
    pst hem r
    educe
    therisk,cost
    sandt i
    meassociatedwithbuildi
    ng,depl
    oy i
    ngandmanagi ngan
    appl
    icati
    on.
    SOA appl
    icat
    ions wi
    tht
    hree i
    nter
    act
    ion pat
    ter
    nthatcan be used i
    n SOA
    depl
    oyment:
     Resource-oriented SOA l
    everages t
    he ar
    chi
    tect
    ure oft
    he web and web
    standar
    ds( eg.HTTPandURI s)t
    oscaleadopt
    ionandperf
    ormanceofcloud
    appli
    cati
    ons.Ituses
     Represent
    ati
    onalStateTransf
    er(REST)Webserv
    ices.Thi
    sar
    chi
    tect
    urehas
    beenusedtodesignlargescal
    epubli
    cclouds.

     Method-ori
    ent
    edSOA usesSi mpleObjectAccessPr otocol(SOAP)based
    Webservi
    cesstandar
    ds.Ithelpsprovi
    decommonr equest/repl
    yint
    eract
    ions
    (bet
    ween serv
    ice pr
    ovider and servi
    ce consumer pr ograms) to cloud
    devel
    oper
    swhousedifferentdevel
    opmenttool
    sormi ddleware.
    o TheWebSer vi
    cesDescri
    ptionLanguage(WSDL)i scommonl yusedto
    descri
    bet heservi
    ce,
    theSOAPpr otocoli
    susedt oexchangestr
    uctur
    ed
    dataduringtheimplementati
    onofWebser vices(WS)incloud.I
    tuses
    Extensi
    bleMar kupLanguage(XML)f ori
    tsmessagef or
    matanduses
    HTTPandSMTPf ormessagetransmissi
    on.
     Event-
    dri
    ven SOA isbased on t
    he asynchr
    onousexchange ofmessages
    amongstappl i
    cat
    ionsanduserdevices.Thecloudappli
    cati
    onr ecei
    vesa
    messageaboutanev entassoonasi tisgenerat
    edandpubl i
    shedbythe
    sourceprogr
    am.

    Q.173.Wri
    teshortnot
    eonparal
    l
    eli
    zat
    ionandl
    ever
    gingi
    n-memor
    y
    oper
    ati
    onswithi
    ncloudappl
    i
    cati
    on.
    Ans:
     Par
    all
    eli
    zation:
    o Bef oret aki ngat ollonPar all
    el Comput i
    ng, fi
    rstl et’
    stakealookatt he
    backgr oundofcomput ati
    onsofacomput ersof t
    war eandwhyi tfai
    led
    forthemoder ner a.
    o Comput ersof twar ewer ewr i
    ttenconv entionallyf orseri
    alcomput i
    ng.
    Thismeantt hatt osol v
    eapr oblem, anal gorithm di vi
    desthepr obl
    em
    i
    ntosmal lerinstructions.Thesedi scretei nstr
    uct i
    onsarethenexecut ed
    onCent ral Processi ngUni tofacomput eronebyone.Onl yafterone
    i
    nstruct i
    oni sfinished, nextonest ar t
    s.
    o Real l
    ifeexampl eoft hiswoul dbepeopl est andi nginaqueuewai ti
    ng
    formov iet i
    cketandt hereisonl ycashi er.
    Cashi erisgivi
    ngticketoneby
    onet ot heper sons.
    o I ti
    st heuseofmul ti
    plepr ocessingel ement ssi multaneousl
    yf orsolvi
    ng
    anypr obl em.Pr oblemsar ebr okendowni ntoi nstructi
    onsandar e
    solvedconcur rentlyaseachr esour cewhi chhasbeenappl i
    edt owor k
    i
    swor kingatt hesamet ime.

     Adv
    ant
    agesofPar all
    elComputingov erSer i
    al Computi
    ngareasfollows:
    o Itsavest imeandmoneyasmanyr esour cesworki
    ngtogetherwil
    l
    reducet hetimeandcutpot entialcost s.
    o Itcanbei mpracti
    calt
    osolvelar gerproblemsonSer i
    alComput i
    ng.
    o Itcant akeadv ant
    ageofnon-local resourceswhenthelocalresour
    ces
    aref i
    nite.
    o SerialComput ing‘wast
    es’thepot entialcomputi
    ngpower ,
    thusParall
    el
    Comput ingmakesbet t
    erworkofhar dwar e.
    Appl
    i
    cat
    ions

     DatabasesandDatamining.
    Realti
    mesimul
    ati
    onofsyst
    ems.Sci
    enceand
    Engi
    neeri
    ng.
    Advancedgraphi
    cs,augment
    edreal
    it
    yandvir
    tual
    real
    it
    y.

    Li
    mit
    ati
    ons 

     Itaddressessuchascommuni cati
    onandsy nchronizati
    onbet weenmul t
    ipl
    e
    sub-tasksandpr ocesseswhichi sdiff
    iculttoachieve.Thealgori
    thmsmustbe
    managedi nsuchawayt hattheycanbehandl edint heparall
    el
    mechani sm.Thealgorit
    hmsorpr ogram musthav elowcoupl i
    ngandhi gh
    cohesion.Butit’
    sdiffi
    culttocreatesuchpr ograms.Mor etechnical
    lyskil
    l
    ed
    andexper tprogr
    ammer scancodeapar al
    lel
    ism basedpr ogram well
    .

    Lev
    eragi
    ngi
    nmemor
    yoper
    ati
    ons:

     Thef lexibi
    li
    tyinusagei soneoft hegr eatestasset sofcloudcomput ing.But
    thebr eadthofav ai
    lableusesf orthecloudal solendsi t
    selftoconf usionabout
    exactlywhi chf uncti
    onst hecloudcansuppor t
    .
     Sowhatar esomeoft hemostf requentusesofcl oudcomput ing?We’ ve
    compi ledal istof6way stoleveraget hepowerofcl oudcomput i
    ng.Asoneof
    thesigni fi
    cantadv antagestocl oudcomput i
    ngi sscalabili
    ty,
    y oucanst art
    smal ltoassesst hev i
    abil
    it
    yoft hesolutionfory ourorganization,andt hen
    quicklyscal eupi fi
    tmeet sy ourneeds.Justmakesur ey ouhav eastrategy–
    nomat terhowsmal lyouri
    niti
    al t
    est–ot herwisey oumi ghtfindy ou’ve
    overlookedacr it
    icalcomponent ,suchassecur ity
    .

    I
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    ure-
    as-
    a-ser
    vice

     IaaSall
    owsy ourcompanyt ovirtualizeyourcomput inginfr
    astruct
    ure. While
    perhapsnotasexcitingassomeot herclouduses,IaaSisof t
    enacost -
    effect
    iveandeasil
    yscal ablesolutiont hatreducestheinvestmenty ouwi l
    l
    needtomakei nphy sicalhardwar e,maki ngi tanat
    tract
    iveoptionforalmost
    anycompany .Thisisagr eatplacet ostartifyouwanttouset hecloudt o
    reduceITandcapital costs.

    Test
    ingandDev
    elopment(
    Plat
    for
    m-as-
    a-ser
    vice)

     Usingacl oudenv i
    ronmentt odev el
    opappli
    cationsi softenaf armor e
    practi
    caloptionthanconst antlyacqui
    ri
    ngandi nstall
    ingnewhar dwareand
    software.WithPaaSy ourdeveloperscansimplylog- i
    nandaccesst hefull
    -
    suit
    eoft oolsneededt ocreatet henextgr
    eatapplication.Andwi ththeweal t
    h
    ofPaaSopt i
    onsav ai
    lable,
    y oucanhav eanythi
    ngf rom aj ust
    -t
    he-bare-bones
    set-
    up,toallthebel l
    s-and-
    whi stl
    esyoucanfind.

    Appl
    i
    cat
    ions(
    Sof
    twar
    e-as-
    a-ser
    vice)
     Notsur pr i
    si
    ngl ythisisoneoft hemostpopul arway stolev eragethecloud.
    Accor dingtoI BM, asofJune2014, 21per centoft hesoftwar ecompani esuse
    todayi sdeliveredt hr
    oughSaaS, andt hatnumberi sexpectedt omor ethan
    doublei nthenext5y ears.SaaScanser veasadel iv
    erymodel foranendless
    arrayofbusi nessappl i
    cat i
    onsincludingemai l,CRM, ERP,HRmanagement ,
    etc.SaaShasgr ownexpl osiv
    elyinthelast5y ears,l
    argel
    ybecausei tall
    ows
    compani est otakeadv ant ageofeconomi esofscal eandr educet hecostof
    hostingappl ications.Ifyouwantt ot akeadv antageoft hecl oudspecifi
    call
    yto
    reducecost s,starthere.

    Di
    sast
    err
    ecov
    ery

     Inthetechage, nocompanycanaf f
    ordt ohav ecrit
    ical I
    Tsy stemsof fl
    i
    nef or
    l
    ong.Cl oud-baseddisasterr
    ecover
    yensur esf asterdisasterrecoveryduri
    ng
    thosecr i
    ti
    calmoment s.Cloud-
    baseddi sasterrecoveryalsogi vesyouthe
    abil
    it
    ytost oreyourbusinessconti
    nuit
    ypl ansof f
    -sit
    e, soyoucanaccesst hem
    from anywher ei
    ntheev entofanemer gency .

    Fi
    l
    est
    orage

     Doy ouuseGoogl eDr i


    v e?OrDr opbox?Thenyou’r
    eal readyleveragingthe
    cl
    oudf orfi
    lest orage!Thi sisanothergr
    eatgatewayint ocloudcomput i
    ng,as
    mostofushav ealreadybeenexposedt oacloud-basedf i
    lestorage
    envi
    ronment .Insteadoft aki
    ngupt heoftenl
    imit
    edspaceony ourhar d-
    dri
    ve,
    j
    ustst oreyourf i
    l
    esi nthecl oud.Anumberofaddi ti
    onal benef
    itsareav ai
    labl
    e
    dependi ngont hepl atformy ouchooseincludi
    ng:collaborati
    on,v er
    sion-
    control,back-up, securityandaccess,etc.

    Bi
    gdat
    a

     Whoi sn’ttalki
    ngaboutBi gDatatheseday s?Yourgrandma, may be,butthat
    ’s
    abouti t
    .Bigdat aanddat aanaly
    ticshavethepotent
    ialtotransformy our
    businessandgi v eyoumor einsi
    ghtintoyouroperat
    ions,people,orcustomer s
    thany oumi ghtwant .Butal
    lthatdatatakesupspace.Cloudcomput ingcan
    powery ourbi gdataef f
    ort
    sthroughev er
    ystage:col
    lecti
    on,storage,analysi
    s,
    andar chiv
    e.

    Q.
    174Explai
    ncloudappl
    icat
    ionrequi
    rementandcompar
    e
    ar
    chi
    tect
    urefortr
    adi
    ti
    onalversuscl
    oudappli
    cat
    ion.

    Ans:
    Tr
    ueMul t
    i-
    tenancy .
     Mul ti
    -tenancyistheonl
    yprovenSaaSdeliv
    eryarchit
    ecturethatel
    iminat
    es
    manyoft heprobl
    emscreatedbythetr
    adit
    ional
    sof t
    war eli
    censi
    ngand
    upgrademodel —peri
    od.Multi
    -t
    enancyensurest
    hatev erycustomerisonthe
    samev er
    sionofthesof
    tware.Thatmeansnocust omeri sl
    eftbehindwhen
    thesof twar ei supdat ed, andi nmyexper i
    encet hatf ost ersaf antast ic
    communi tyf orshar ingknowl edgeandr esour ceswi thot herCI Os, all ofwhom
    areusi ngt hesamev ersi
    onoft hesof t
    war e.
     Regul ar l
    yDel iv ered, Vendor -ManagedUpdat es.Acl oudappl icat i
    oni sasi ngl e
    versionofsof twar ethati sr egul ar l
    yupdat ed, of tensev er alti
    mesay ear ,foral l
    customer s, atnoaddi t
    ional char ge.Changeev eryf oury earsi snota
    sustai nabl emodel (andnev err eal l
    ywas)asouri ndust riesar econst antly
    evolv i
    ngandi nnov ating,andbusi nesspar tner sandcust omer swon’ twai tf our
    yearsf orust ochange.Weneedpar t
    ner st hatkeeppacewi t
    hus, notones
    thatr equi reust osl owdowni nor dertokeeppacewi tht hem.
     Seaml essI ntegr at i
    onOnDemand.Cl oudappl icat ionsshoul dbebui ltf rom t he
    groundupt ol owert hecost ,time, andr i
    skofi ntegr atingt hem wi thexi stingon
    -premi seandon- demandappl i
    cat ions.Asacust omery oushoul dexpecty our
    cloudpr ov idert oof ferani nt egr ationpl atfor m andt ools, ast rongpar tner
    ecosy stem, andgener all
    ywhat ev erassi stancey our equi reforpai n-free
    i
    nt egrat i
    ons.
     Busi ness- Dr ivenConf i
    gurabi l
    ity.Cl oudappsshoul dbeconf igur able, soy ourI T
    organi zat i
    oni sf reedf rom cost lycust omi zat i
    ons( themostov er-
    ratedv irtue
    oft r
    adi tional sof twar e,inmyopi nion),andbusi nesspeopl ecanconf igur e
    processest hatmeett hespeci ficneedsoft heor gani zat ion.Thatsai d, you
    shoul dbeabl et ochoosef r om amongmul tiplet ypesofconf igurations.
     Wor ld- ClassDat aCent erandSecur i
    ty.Acl oudappl icationpr ov i
    dershoul dbe
    ablet oof ferwor l
    d-classsecur ityanddat apr i
    vacybet tert hani tscust omer s
    candoont hei rown, andatnoaddi t
    ional cost .Thati ncludesphy sical ,net wor k,
    applicat ion, anddat a- l
    evel secur ity,aswel l asf ull back- upanddi sast er
    recov er y.Thepr ov i
    dershoul dbecompl iantwi thsecur i
    ty -ori
    ent edlawsand
    audit i
    ngpr ogr ams, i
    ncl udingSaf eHar bor ,ISO27001, andSAS70Ty peI I.

    7)
    AHigh-Perfor
    mance, SustainableI
    TInfr
    astructur
    e. 
     Thepr ovidershoul dmai ntai
    nahigh-perf
    ormanceI Tinfrastr
    ucture, which
    includesthedat acent ersanddatabases,operati
    ngsy stems, networ ks,and
    storagesy stemsusedt oruncl
    oudappl i
    cati
    onsandmanagecust omer
    data.PredictableTotal CostofOwnershipModel .Thereshouldbenosur pri
    se
    cost swithcloudappl icati
    ons.I
    mplement ati
    oncostsshoul dbepr edictable,
    subscr i
    pti
    on- basedpricingshouldhavenohi ddenfees, andnoi nvest ment s
    shoul dber equiredforhardwareandsof twareli
    censef ees.

    8)
    Fast
    erDeployment.
     Sincecloudappl
    icati
    onsdon’tr
    equi
    rei
    nvestmentsandinst
    allat
    ionof
    hardwareandsof t
    ware,y
    oushouldbeabletogetthem r
    unningand
    producti
    veinafracti
    onoftheti
    mecompar edwit
    hon-premisesoftwar
    e.

    9)Cont
    rol.
     
     Cloudappli
    cationsshouldall
    owy oucomplet
    econtr
    olofyourorganizat
    ion’
    s
    data,ev
    ent houghitislocat
    edof fpremi
    se.Nothi
    ngshoul
    dhindery ourabil
    i
    ty
    toimport,
    expor t
    ,purge,andarchivedat
    atoandfrom t
    heapplicat
    ionwi t
    hout
    havingtofi
    rstcontacttheSaaSv endor.

    10)
    Liber
    ati
    onf
    rom Non-
    Str
    ategi
    cITI
    ssues.
     Thisismyper sonal f
    avori
    te.Cl
    oudappl
    icat
    ionsshoul dfreeCI Osandtheir
    teamsf r
    om t i
    meandener gyspentonnon-str
    at egic,
    back-off
    iceIToperati
    ons
    andsoftwar ecoding.Todayandint
    othefuture, t
    hemosthi ghlyval
    ued
    CIOs—theonest hatbecomeher oestot
    hebusi ness—ar
    et hosewhoar e
    closel
    yalignedwithstrat
    egicbusi
    nessi
    niti
    ati
    v esanddr i
    vetheI Tproj
    ectsthat
    supportthoseinit
    iati
    ves.

    Comparear chi
    tecturef ortr
    aditi
    onalvscloudapl l
    i
    cation.
     Cl oudcomput ingisf armoreabst r
    actasav i
    rt
    ual hosti
    ngsolution.I
    nsteadof
    beingaccessi blev i
    aphy si
    calhardware,allser
    vers,softwareandnet worksare
    hostedint hecl oud,offpremi
    ses.It’sareal-t
    imev ir
    tualenvir
    onmenthost ed
    betweensev eraldif
    ferentser
    v er
    satt hesamet i
    me.Sor atherthaninvesti
    ng
    moneyi ntopur chasingphy si
    calserversin-
    house, youcanr entthedata
    storagespacef rom cloudcomput i
    ngpr ovi
    dersonamor ecostef f
    ecti
    vepay-
    per-usebasis.

    Themai
    ndi
    ff
    erencesbet
    weencl
    oudhost
    ingandt
    radi
    ti
    onal
    webhost
    ingar
    e:

     Resi
    li
    enceandElast
    icit
    y
     Theinf
    ormati
    onandappl i
    cationshostedinthecloudareev enl
    ydi str
    ibuted
    acr
    ossallt
    heserver
    s, whichareconnectedtowor kasone.Ther efore,ifone
    ser
    verfai
    l
    s,nodataislostanddownt imeisavoided.Thecl oudalsoof fers
    morestor
    agespaceandser v
    erresources,i
    ncl
    udingbettercomput i
    ngpower .
    Thi
    smeansy oursoftwareandapplicati
    onswill
    performf aster
    .

     Tradi
    ti
    onalITsyst
    emsar enotsoresil
    i
    entandcannotguar
    ant
    eea
    consi
    stentl
    yhighlev
    elofser
    verperfor
    mance.Theyhaveli
    mit
    edcapaci
    tyand
    aresuscepti
    blet
    odownt i
    me,whichcangreat
    lyhi
    nderworkpl
    acepr
    oducti
    vi
    ty.

    Fl
    exi
    bil
    ityandScal abi
    li
    ty
     Cl oudhost ingoffersanenhancedlev eloff
    lexi
    bil
    it
    yandscal abil
    it
    yin
    compar isontotraditi
    onaldatacentr
    es.Theon- demandv ir
    tualspaceofcloud
    comput inghasunl imitedst
    oragespaceandmor eser v
    erresources.Cl
    oud
    serverscanscal eupordowndependi ngont heleveloftr
    affi
    cy ourwebsi
    te
    receiv
    es, andyouwi llhaveful
    lcontr
    ol t
    oinstal
    lanysof t
    wareasandwheny ou
    needt o.Thisprov i
    desmor efl
    exibi
    l
    ityforyourbusinesstogrow.

     Withtradi
    tionalITinf
    rastr
    ucture,youcanonlyuset heresourcesthatare
    alr
    eadyav ail
    abletoyou.Ifyour unoutofst
    or agespace, t
    heonlysoluti
    onisto
    purchaseorr entanotherserver.
    Ifyouhi
    remor eempl oyees,youwill
    needt o
    payforaddi t
    ionalsoft
    warelicencesandhav ethesemanual l
    yuploadedon
    youroffi
    cehar dware.Thiscanbeacost lyventure,
    especiall
    yifyourbusiness
    i
    sgr owingqui t
    erapidl
    y.

    Aut
    omati
    on
     Akeydiffer
    encebetweencloudcomput i
    ngandt r
    aditi
    onalI
    Tinfrastr
    uctur
    eis
    howtheyaremanaged.Cl oudhosti
    ngismanagedbyt hestor
    agepr ovi
    der
    whotakescareofallthenecessar
    yhardware,ensuressecuri
    tymeasuresare
    i
    nplace,andkeepsitrunni
    ngsmoot hl
    y.Tradi
    ti
    onaldatacentresrequi
    reheavy
    admini
    strat
    ioni
    n-house,whichcanbecostlyandtimeconsumi ngforyour
    busi
    ness.Full
    ytrai
    nedITpersonnel maybeneededtoensur
    eregul
    ar
    monitor
    ingandmai nt
    enanceofy ourserver
    s–suchasupgrades,
    conf
    igurat
    ionprobl
    ems,threatpr
    ot ect
    ionandi
    nstal
    l
    ati
    ons.

    Runni
    ngCost s
     Cloudcomput ingismor ecosteff
    ecti
    vet hantraditi
    onal I
    Tinfrastr
    uctur
    edue
    tomet hodsofpay mentforthedatastorageser vices.Withcloudbased
    servi
    ces,youonlypayf orwhatisused–si mil
    arl
    yt ohowy oupayf orut
    il
    it
    ies
    suchasel ect
    rici
    ty.Fur
    thermore,t
    hedecr easedlikelihoodofdownt imemeans
    i
    mpr ovedwor kpl
    aceper f
    ormanceandi ncreasedpr ofi
    tsi
    nt helongrun.

     Withtradit
    ionalITinf
    rastr
    ucture,
    youwi l
    lneedtopurchaseequi pmentand
    addit
    ionalserverspaceupf r
    onttoadaptt obusi
    nessgrowt h.I
    fthi
    sslows,you
    wil
    lenduppay ingforresourcesyoudon’tuse.Fur
    thermore,theval
    ueof
    physi
    cal server
    sdecreasesy earony ear
    ,sotheret
    urnoni nvestmentof
    i
    nvestingmoneyi ntr
    aditi
    onalITi
    nfrastr
    uctur
    eisquitelow.

    Secur
    it
    y
     Cloudcomput ingisanext er
    nalform ofdat astorageandsof t
    waredeli
    very,
    whi chcanmakei tseem lesssecur ethanlocal datahosting.Anyonewith
    accesst otheser vercanv i
    ewanduset hest oreddataandappl i
    cati
    onsinthe
    cloud, whereverint
    ernetconnectionisav ail
    able.Choosingacl oudservi
    ce
    prov i
    derthatiscompl et
    elytransparentinitshost i
    ngofcl oudplatf
    ormsand
    ensur esoptimum securit
    ymeasur esarei nplaceiscrucialwhent r
    ansi
    ti
    oning
    tot hecloud.PleaseseeourHowSecur eI sCloudComput ing?pageformor e
    information.

     Wi t
    ht r
    adit
    ional I
    Ti nf
    rastr
    ucture, youareresponsi
    bleforthepr ot
    ecti
    onofy our
    data,anditiseasiert oensuret hatonlyapprovedpersonnel canaccess
    storedapplicati
    onsanddat a.Phy sical
    l
    yconnectedtoy ourlocalnetwor k,
    data
    centrescanbemanagedbyi n-houseI Tdepartmentsonar ound-the-clock
    basis,butasi gni
    ficantamountoft i
    meandmoneyi sneededt oensur ethe
    ri
    ghtsecuritystrategiesareimpl ement edanddatarecoverysy st
    emsar ein
    place.

    Q.175.Di
    ff
    erent
    iat
    ebet
    weenRESTandSOAWebSer
    vices
    Ans:
    Q.
    176.
    Expl
    ainbasi
    cSOAAr
    chi
    tect
    ure?
    Ans.
    Ser
    vice-
    Ori
    ent
    edAr
    chi
    tect
    ure
     Service-
    OrientedArchi
    tectur
    e( SOA)isanarchit
    ect
    uralapproachinwhich
    appli
    cationsmakeuseofser vicesavai
    labl
    einthenetwork.Inthi
    sarchi
    tecture,
    serv
    icesar epr ov
    idedt
    of orm appli
    cati
    ons,t
    hroughacommuni cat
    ioncallover
    theinter
    net .
     SOAal l
    owsuserstocombi nealargenumberoffacil
    it
    iesfr
    om existi
    ng
    ser
    v i
    cestofor
    m applicati
    ons.
     SOAencompassesasetofdesi gnpri
    ncipl
    esthatstr
    uctur
    esystem
    devel
    opmentandpr ovidemeansforintegr
    ati
    ngcomponent sintoacoher
    ent
    anddecentr
    ali
    zedsy stem.
     SOAbasedcomput ingpackagesfuncti
    onali
    ti
    esintoasetofinteroper
    abl
    e
    ser
    vices,whichcanbeint
    egrat
    edi
    ntodi
    ff
    erentsof
    twar
    esy
    stemsbel
    ongi
    ng
    toseparatebusi
    nessdomains.

     Ther
    ear
    etwomaj
    orr
    oleswi
    thi
    nSer
    vice-
    ori
    ent
    edAr
    chi
    tect
    ure:
    -
     Servi
    ceprovi
    der: 
    Theservi
    cepr ovi
    deristhemaintai
    neroftheservi
    ceandt he
    organi
    zati
    on t
    hatmakesav ail
    ableoneormor eservi
    cesforotherst
    ouse.To
    advert
    iseser
    vices,t
    heprovidercanpublisht
    hem inaregist
    ry,t
    ogetherwit
    ha
    servi
    cecontr
    actthatspecif
    iesthenatureoftheservi
    ce,howtousei t
    ,the
    requi
    rementsfortheserv
    ice,andthefeescharged.
     Servi
    ceconsumer
    : 
    Theservi
    ceconsumercanl
    ocatetheserv
    icemet
    adat
    ain
    theregi
    str
    yanddevel
    optherequi
    redcl
    i
    entcomponentstobi
    ndandusethe
    serv
    ice.

     Servi
    cesmightaggregateinfor
    mationanddatar et
    ri
    ev edfr
    om ot herservi
    ces
    orcreat
    ewor kf
    lowsofser vi
    cestosati
    sfytherequestofagi v
    enser vice
    consumer.Thispract
    iceisknownasser vi
    ceorchestrati
    onAnot herimportant
    i
    nteract
    ionpatter
    nisservi
    cechoreography,whichisthecoordinated
    i
    nteract
    ionofservi
    ceswithoutasinglepoi
    ntofcont r
    ol.

    Component
    sofSOA:
    -
    Pr
    inci
    plesofSOA:
    -

     Standar dizedser vicecont r


    act :
     Specifi
    edt hroughoneormor eser vi
    ce
    descr i
    pt i
    ondocument s.
     Loosecoupl i
    ng: Servicesar edesi gnedassel f
    -cont ainedcomponent s,
    mai nt ainr elati
    onshi pst hatmi nimizedependenci esonot herser vices.
     Abst ract i
    on:  
    Aser vicei scompl etel
    ydef inedbyser vi
    cecont ract
    sand
    descr i
    pt i
    ondocument s.Theyhi det heirlogic,whi chi sencapsul at edwithin
    theiri mpl ement ati
    on.
     Reusabi li
    ty : 
    Desi gnedascomponent s,servicescanber eusedmor e
    effect ively, t
    husr educi ngdev elopmentt i
    meandt heassoci atedcost s.
     Aut onomy : Servi
    ceshav econt rolovert helogict heyencapsul at
    eand, from a
    serv i
    ceconsumerpoi ntofv iew, thereisnoneedt oknowaboutt heir
    i
    mpl ement ati
    on.
     Discov erabi li
    ty:
     Serv i
    cesar edef i
    nedbydescr i
    ptiondocument sthatconst it
    ute
    suppl ement almet adat at hroughwhi cht heycanbeef f
    ectivelydiscov ered.
    Serv i
    cedi scov erypr ov idesanef fecti
    vemeansf orut i
    li
    zingt hir
    d-par t
    y
    resour ces.
     Composabi l
    ity
    : 
    Usi ngser vi
    cesasbui ldingbl ocks, sophisticatedandcompl ex
    oper at i
    onscanbei mpl ement ed.Ser vi
    ceor chest rationandchor eography
    prov ideasol i
    dsuppor tf orcomposi ngser v
    icesandachi ev i
    ngbusi nessgoals.

    Adv
    ant
    agesofSOA:
    -

     Ser vi
    cereusabi l
    ity: 
    InSOA, appli
    cati
    onsar emadef rom exi
    stingservi
    ces.
    Thus,
    servicescanber eusedt omakemanyappl i
    cat
    ions.
     Easymai ntenance:  Asservi
    cesareindependentofeachot hertheycanbe
    updat edandmodi fiedeasil
    ywithoutaffecti
    ngotherservi
    ces.
     Platformi ndependant : 
    SOAall
    owsmaki ngacompl exapplicati
    onby
    combi ningser vi
    cespi ckedfr
    om diff
    erentsources,i
    ndependentoft he
    platform.
     Av ail
    abil
    ity:
     SOAf acili
    ti
    esareeasil
    yavailabl
    etoany oneonr equest.
     Reliabil
    it
    y: SOAappl icati
    onsaremor ereli
    ablebecauseitiseasyt odebug
    smal lservicesrat herthanhugecodes
     Scalabili
    ty: 
    Servicescanr unondiff
    erentserverswithi
    nanenv i
    ronment,t
    his
    i
    ncr easesscal abilit
    y

    Di
    sadv
    ant
    agesofSOA:
    -

     Highover
    head: 
    Av ali
    dat
    ionofinputparamet
    ersofser
    vicesi
    sdonewhenev
    er
    serv
    icesi
    nter
    actthisdecreasesperf
    ormanceasiti
    ncr
    easesloadand
    responsetime.
     Highinvestment:
     Ahugei
    nit
    ial
    invest
    mentisr
    equiredforSOA.
     Compl exserv
    icemanagement: 
    Whenservi
    cesint
    eracttheyexchange
    messagest otasks.t
    henumberofmessagesmaygoi nmill
    i
    ons.Itbecomesa
    cumber sometasktohandl
    ealargenumberofmessages.

    Q.177Whataret
    hef
    undament
    alr
    equi
    rement
    sforcl
    oudappl
    i
    cat
    ion
    ar
    chitect
    ure?
    Ans.
     Animpor t
    antstr
    ategi
    cconsi
    derati
    onisthei
    ntegr
    ati
    onofal
    lthepiecesoft
    he
    i
    nfrast
    ructuret
    ocreatet
    hecloud.Thi
    sincl
    udesever
    ythi
    ngf
    rom thebaremetal
    tot
    he
    userst
    oal loft
    heelementsi
    nbetween.

     I
    naddit
    ion,
    ther
    earediff
    erentwayst
    ov i
    ewtheint
    eract
    ionofv
    ari
    ousoper
    ati
    ons
    wi
    thi
    nthearchi
    tect
    ure,
    dependingonyourr
    ole.

     Thecl
    oudcomput i
    ngar
    chi
    tectur
    eisbuil
    tuponsever
    alfunct
    ionalcomponentbl
    ocks
    (f
    orexample,
    computer
    esourcesordepl
    oymentenvi
    ronment s)
    ,whichar
    eorgani
    zed
    i
    ntospeci
    fi
    clayer
    sofapyr
    ami d.

     Thewidthoftheselayersrepresent
    sthedept
    hoft
    echni
    cal
    exper
    ti
    ser
    equi
    redt
    o
    bui
    ldand/ordeploythatlayer
    .

     Thepyramidl
    ayersareroughl
    ysynonymouswit
    hthenot
    ionsofI
    nfr
    astr
    uctureasa
    Ser
    vice(I
    aaS)
    ,Platf
    orm asaServ
    ice(PaaS)
    ,andSof
    twar
    easaSer v
    ice(SaaS).

     Cloudtechnol
    ogi
    essigni
    fi
    cantl
    ychangedt hesoftwar
    emar ket.Easyaccessto
    compute,networ
    kandstorageresourceswithpredi
    ctedcostsandav ai
    labl
    ein
    multi
    pleregi
    onshel
    pstospeedupt ime-to-
    value.

     Scal
    abi
    l
    ityi
    sacapabi
    l
    ityt
    oadj
    ustasy
    stem capaci
    tybasedont
    hecur
    rentneeds.

     Av
    ail
    abi
    l
    ityi
    sthet
    imewhent
    hesy
    stem i
    sfunct
    ional
    andwor
    king.

     Monit
    ori
    ng.I
    ngener al
    ,youneedtothi
    nkofthecl
    oudasaremot
    edat acent
    er.Att
    he
    sametime,y
    ouneedt otakeint
    oaccountt
    hatyoumayhaveagreatnumberof
    ser
    versandalsoconsi
    derthedynamicnat
    ureofthecl
    oud.

     Secur
    it
    yisthecapabil
    it
    yoft
    hesy
    stem t
    opr
    eventdat
    aloss,
    inf
    ormat
    ionl
    eaks,
    andunaut
    horizedusage.
     Cost.Youhav eunli
    mit
    edaccesstothecompute,storageandnet
    work
    resourcesandpayasy ougo,andanyresour
    ceshav ethei
    rowncost
    .Ify
    ou
    can’tusetheseresour
    ceswisel
    y,youmaypayahi ghcost.
     Time-
    to-
    marketi
    sthet
    imet
    hati
    srequi
    redt
    odel
    i
    very
    ourser
    vicet
    o
    cust
    omers.
    o

     Attheapexofthepyramidareuser
    saccessingtheappl
    icat
    ions;
    inthecenter
    i
    sady namiccontr
    olplanethatt
    rav
    ersesall
    othersandprovi
    desreal
    -t
    ime
    connect
    ivi
    ty,
    inf
    ormationcoordi
    nat
    ion,andf
    lowcontrol
    betweenthelayer
    s.

    Q.178Enlistandexpl
    ainthepr
    inci
    paldesi
    gni
    ssuesthatare
    addressedwhi l
    edesi
    gningaQoS-awaredi
    str
    ibut
    ed(
    mi ddl
    ewar
    e)
    Archit
    ectureforcl
    oud?
    Ans.
    Desi
    gnI
    ssues:
    -
     Ener
    gyReduct
    ion
     P2PCl
    oud
     QoS-
    awar
    eCl
    ouds

     Cl
    oudBasedServ
    icesisthegener
    alter
    m giv
    entoavar
    iet
    yofser
    vicest
    hat
    ar
    eaccessedv
    iatheInter
    netorapropr
    iet
    arynet
    wor
    k. 
     
     Br
    oadlydi
    videdint
    othr
    eecategor
    ies:
    Infr
    astr
    ucture-
    as-a-
    Serv
    ice(I
    aaS)
    ,
    Pl
    atf
    orm-as-a-
    Serv
    ice(
    PaaS)andSoftware-
    as-a-
    Servi
    ce(SaaS),Cl
    oudBased
    Servi
    cesall
    owuserst
    ostor
    edata,
    accesssoftwareandaccessser
    vicesand
    pl
    atfor
    msf r
    om al
    mostanydev
    icethatcanaccessthecl
    oudv i
    aabroadband
    connect
    ion.
     Theuseofcl oudser vi
    ceshasgr eatl
    yincr
    easedov ert hepastdecade.  Asa
    resul
    t,stateshav etakenawi derangeofposi t
    ionsregar dingthewayt hey
    characteri
    zeCl oudBasedSer vicesforpurposesofappl yingsal esandusetax,
    someofwhi char ediff
    icultf
    orbusinessestounder standandcompl ywi t
    h.I
    n
    additi
    on,theinconsistencybetweent hestatescreatesfur thercomplexi
    tyand
    confusion.
     
    1.Toensur ethattaxationisequit
    able,st
    atescontempl atingt axesonCloud
    BasedSer v i
    cesshould:

     Est
    abl
    i
    shconsi
    stentsour
    cingr
    egi
    mest
    hatr
    ecogni
    zet
    hespeci
    alchal
    l
    enges
    thatcloudcomput ingpr esentssoast oav oidthemul t
    ipl
    etaxati
    onof
    i
    ndiv i
    dual
    sorbusi nessesi nmul ti
    plestates;and
     notimposedi scri
    mi natorytaxesonCl oudBasedSer vi
    ces.
     Statesconsideri
    ngt axesonCl oudBasedSer vi
    cesshouldbasetheirdeci
    sions
    onthenat ur
    eoft heser viceandnotont henat ur
    eort y
    peofpr ovi
    der.
     
    3.Toensur ethattaxationisclear,eff
    icient,
    andf ai
    r,st
    ateschoosingto
    i
    mposeat axonCl oudBasedSer vi
    cesshoul d: 
      
      
     
     Avoidimposinganyt axonCl oudBasedSer vicesthr
    oughadmi ni
    strat
    ive
    act
    ionandonlyconsi
    derimposi
    ngthetaxthroughst
    atut
    oryi
    mposit
    ion;
     Car
    eful
    lydr
    aftdefi
    nit
    ionstopr
    ovi
    declari
    tytobuyer
    sandsell
    ersofCloud
    BasedServ
    ices;
     Recogni
    zethebroadr
    angeofser
    vicesi
    ncl
    udedi
    nCl
    oudBasedSer
    vicesand
    addr
    essthosedi
    ff
    erenceswithint
    hestat
    utor
    yscheme;
     Desi
    gnanytaximposit
    ionsonlyonspeci
    fi
    candclear
    lydel
    i
    neat
    edser
    vicesor
     
    wherest at
    estatut
    espr ov
    ideforbroadtaxat
    ionofser
    vices,
    exclusionsor
    exemptions,i
    fany,forcert
    ainCloudBasedServi
    cesshouldbecl earl
    y
    deli
    neated.
     Encouragetheinvol
    v ementofprovider
    sofCloudBasedServicesinany
    dr
    aft
    ingef
    fort
    sinvol
    vi
    ngt het
    axati
    onorsour
    cingoft
    hoseservices;and
     Pr
    ovi
    declearandconsi
    stentr
    ulestogov
    ernbundl
    edtransact
    ionsinvol
    ving
    Cloud
     BasedSer
    vices.

    Wh
    r
    f
    ma
    w
    i
    a
    Q
    c
    p
    nac
    e
    oo
    l
    c
    r
    o
    h
    s
    i
    re
    q
    n
    Sr
    i
    u
    o
    i
    el
    u
    d
    ng
    c
    emi
    ds
    u
    na
    i
    x
    r
    t
    pe
    i
    c
    l
    o
    aq
    o
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    c
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    l
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    uu
    a
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    n
    r
    s
    dc
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    i
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    mi
    io
    y
    q
    e
    r
    n
    c
    i
    n
    gst
    n
    me
    f
    u
    gi
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    o
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    zi
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    i
    mp
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    rt
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    o
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    sgc
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    s
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    :
    ma
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    r
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    te
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    r
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    a
    n
    ec
    a
    et
    v
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    lob
    e
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    hx
    b
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    n
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    ei
    r
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    oe
    l
    r
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    hr
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    h
    r
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    .
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    n
    o
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    i
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    c
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    T
    n
    tt
    r
    gb
    x
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    c
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    u
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    s
    t
    a
    n.
    sp
    ht
    ds
    s
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    I
    da
    o
    no
    n
    e
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    lr
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    er
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    ap
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    i
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    me
    c
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    i
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    r
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    g
    d
    u
    ,
    i
    ,o
    e
    e
    r
    ic
    a
    r
    n
    t
    ses
    Q179)Whatessent
    ial
    thi
    ngsausershoul
    dknowbef
    oregoi
    ngf
    or
    cl
    oudcomputingpl
    atf
    orm?

     Ausershoul
    dknowsomepar
    amet
    ersbywhi
    chhecangof
    ort
    hecl
    oud
    computi
    ngserv
    ices:
     Dataintegri
    ty:Usershoul
    dknowthedat
    aint
    egri
    tyincloudcomput
    ingi
    tisa
    measur etoensureint
    egri
    tyl
    i
    kethedat
    aisaccur
    ate,complet
    eand
    reasonable.

     Compl
    iance:
    Usershoul
    dmakesur
    ethatpr
    operr
    ulesandr
    egul
    ati
    onsar
    e
    fol
    l
    owedwhilei
    mplementi
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    hest
    ruct
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     Lossofdata:
    Usershoul
    dknowabouttheprov
    isi
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    ovi
    dedi
    ncase
    oflossofdat
    asothatbackupandr
    ecover
    ycanbepossi
    ble.

     Busi
    nesscont
    inuit
    yplans:
    usershoul
    dt hi
    nkaboutdoest
    hecl
    oudser
    vice
    prov
    idehi
    m unint
    errupt
    eddat
    aresources.

     Upti
    me:Usershoul
    dknowabouttheupt
    imethecl
    oudcomput
    ingpl
    atf
    orm
    pr
    ovi
    desandhowhelpful
    iti
    sfort
    hebusi
    ness.

     Dat
    astoragecost
    s: usershoul
    dfi
    ndoutaboutt
    hecostwhi
    chy
    ouhav
    etopay
    bef
    oreyougoforcloudcomput i
    ng.

    Q180)whati
    sSOA?Whati
    sit
    'sr
    olei
    ncl
    oudcomput
    ing?
     Resourceori
    entedAr chitectur
    e( ROA)mainlyfocusesonresource.Eachresour
    ce
    canbedirect
    lyaccessi blefrom dist
    ri
    butedcomponentwhi chi
    shandl edby
    commonappl icat
    ioni nterf
    ace.Resource-Ori
    entedSOAcani mproveweb
    standar
    dstoscaleupandt oimpr oveperf
    ormanceofcloudappl i
    cati
    ons.It
    makesuseofRepr esent at
    ionalStat
    eTransfer(REST)Webser v
    ices.
    Rol
    es:

     Sponsor
    ing,
    desi
    gni
    ngandchangemanagi
    ngt
    hepr
    ocessandi
    t'
    smet
    ri
    cs.

     Ensur
    ingt
    hatappr
    opr
    iat
    epr
    ocessdocument
    ati
    oni
    sav
    ail
    abl
    eandcur
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    .

     Def
    ini
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    i
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    obeempl
    oyedt
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     Pr
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     Revi
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    ocessenhancement
    sandf
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     Addressingissueswi
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     Wor
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    ocessmanagert
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    mprovement
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    egist
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    Q181)Expl
    ainl
    ever
    agi
    ngI
    n-memor
    yOper
    ati
    onsf
    orCl
    oudAppl
    i
    cat
    ion
    i
    ndetai
    l?
    I
    n-Memor
    yComput
    ingpr
    ovi
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    astper
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    mance(
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    andscal
    eofnever
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     Byst
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     That
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    i
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    8.Cl
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    182.Expl
    ainchar
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    eDB.
    Ans.Char
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    i zonSi
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    eDBar
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    ows:
    1)Low touch:Theservi
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    ly manages i nf
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    2)Highl
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    3)Flexible:Asy ourbusi nesschangesorappl icat


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    4)Simpl et
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    eachievedusingarelati
    onaldatabase
    cluster–whileleavi
    ngoutothercomplex,of
    ten-unuseddatabaseoperati
    ons.
    Theser vi
    ceallowsyoutoquicklyadddataandeasilyret
    ri
    eveoreditthatdata
    throughasimpl esetofAPIcal
    ls.

    5)Designed f orusewi thot herAmazonWeb Ser vi


    ce:AmazonSi mpleDB i s
    designedt ointegrateeasil
    ywi thotherAWSser vi
    cessuchasAmazonS3and
    EC2,pr ov i
    ding the infr
    astructur
    ef orcreating web-scal
    e appli
    cati
    ons.For
    exampl e,dev el
    operscanr unt hei
    rappli
    cati
    onsi nAmazonEC2andst oretheir
    dataobj ectsinAmazonS3.AmazonSi mpl eDBcant henbeusedt oquer yt he
    objectmet adataf rom wi t
    hint he appli
    cati
    on in Amazon EC2 and r eturn
    pointerst ot he objects stored i
    n Amazon S3.Dev el
    opers can also use
    AmazonSi mpl eDBwi thAmazonRDSf orapplicat
    ionsthathaverel
    ati
    onaland
    non-rel
    at i
    onaldat abaseneeds.Dat at r
    ansferredbetweenAmazonSi mpl eDB
    andot herAmazonWebSer viceswithi
    nthesameRegi onisfr
    eeofchar ge.

    6)Secure:AmazonSi mpleDB provi


    desanht tpsendpoi nttoensuresecure,
    encry
    ptedcommuni cat
    ionbetweeny ourapplicat
    ionorcli
    entandyourdomain.
    Inadditi
    on,t
    hroughint
    egrati
    onwi thAWSI denti
    tyandAccessManagement ,
    youcanestabli
    shuserorgroup-l
    evelcontr
    ol overaccesstospeci
    fi
    cSimpleDB
    domai
    nsandoper
    ati
    ons.

    7)Inexpensi
    ve:AmazonSi mpl
    eDBpassesont oy outhef i
    nanci
    albenef i
    tsof
    Amazon’ s scal
    e.You payonlyforr esources you act
    uallyconsume.For
    AmazonSi mpleDB,thi
    smeansdatast orereadsandwr itesarechar gedby
    comput eresourcesconsumedbyeachoper ati
    on,andy ouaren’
    tbilledfor
    comput eresourceswhenyouar
    en’
    tactivel
    yusingthem (i
    .e.makingrequests)

    183.Li
    stuseofAmazonEBS?
    Ans.AmazonEl
    ast
    icBl
    ockSt
    ore(
    EBS)i
    sabl
    ockst
    oragesy
    stem usedt
    ost
    ore
    persi
    stentdat
    a.Amazon EBS i ssuitabl
    ef orEC2 i
    nstancesbyprovi
    ding hi
    ghly
    avail
    ablebl
    ocklevelst or
    agev ol
    umes.I thast hr
    eetypesofvolume,i
    .e.General
    Purpose(SSD),Pr
    ovisionedIOPS( SSD),andMagnetic.Thesethr
    eevolumet y
    pes
    di
    fferinper
    for
    mance, charact
    eri
    sti
    cs,andcost.
    AmazonEBSBenef
    it
    s:
     Reli
    ableandsecur
    estorage:EachoftheEBSv ol
    umewi l
    lautomat
    ical
    l
    y
    respondtoi
    tsAvai
    l
    abi
    l
    ityZonetoprot
    ectf
    rom componentf
    ail
    ure.

     Secure:Amazon’
    sfl
    exibleaccesscontr
    olpoli
    cyal
    lowsspeci
    fyi
    ngwhocan
    accesswhichEBSvolumes.Accesscontrolpl
    usencry
    pti
    onoffer
    sastr
    ong
    defense-
    in-
    dept
    hsecurit
    ystrat
    egyfordata.

     Hi
    gherperf
    ormance:AmazonEBSusesSSD technol
    ogyt
    odel
    i
    verdat
    a
    r
    esul
    tswit
    hconsist
    entI
    /Oper
    for
    manceofappl
    i
    cation.

     Easydatabackup:Dat
    abackup can besav
    ed byt
    aki
    ng poi
    nt-
    in-
    ti
    me
    snapshot
    sofAmazonEBSv
    olumes.

    185.Di
    scusst
    hei
    ssuesassoci
    atedwi
    thGFSandt
    hei
    rsol
    uti
    ons.
    Ans:GFSi
    sser
    vingasoneoft
    hebestdat
    ast
    oraget
    ool
    sandi
    shel
    pingi
    nGoogl
    e
    AppsEnginessuccess;enhancementsar emadeconsist
    entl
    ybyt hepr
    ogrammers
    whotrytoover
    comeal ltheissues.Foll
    owingar
    etheissuesthatweref
    acedear
    li
    er
    bytheGFSdevel
    opershav ebeenov er
    come.
    1)DuringtheGFSDev el
    opmentanddepl oyment,themostprominenti
    ssuewas
    thatofinf
    rastruct
    ure.Ifprogrammer
    sdonotf ol
    lowadisci
    pli
    nedapproacht o
    thei
    rapplicati
    ondev elopmentpract
    ices,inf
    rastr
    uct
    urerequi
    rementswi l
    lbe
    mor e of t hem. Av ailabi
    li
    ty of mor e infr
    astr
    uct
    ures would pr event
    programmer sfrom i
    nterferi
    ngwit
    hothers.

    2)Someoft heconcernsthatcamet onot i


    cewer erel
    atedt
    odisksandLinux
    kernelthatcorrupt
    eddata.Fort hesol ut
    ionoft hi
    sissueGFSimplements
    checksum met hodfordetecti
    ngdat acorrupt
    ion,andsomemodifi
    cati
    onsin
    theLinuxkernelhel
    pedGFSi novercomingissues.
    3)Singlereader-wri
    terpr
    oblem wasanotherconcer ni
    ngi ssueinwhi chpagingin
    byt het hreadswoul drequirehol
    dingther eaderlockandaddr essspace
    modi fi
    cati
    oni nanmmap( )callwouldr equireholdingt hewr it
    erlock.The
    soluti
    onoft hisissueGFSr epl
    acedmmap( )callbypread( ),
    whichrequi
    resan
    extracopyoft heentir
    edatabuthelpsinovercomi ngthei ssuesofholdi
    ngt he
    readerandwr i
    terl
    ocks.

    186.Wr
    it
    eshor
    tnot
    eonAmazonS3.
    Ans:
    Amazon’
    scl
    oudst
    orageser
    viceS3i
    sabbr
    evi
    atedf
    rom si
    mpl
    est
    orageser
    vice.
    Itcontainslessernumberoff eaturesascomparedt osomepopulardistri
    butedfi
    le
    systemsi nordertooffersimpli
    cit
    y.YoucanstoredataandscaleyourstorageinS3,
    whichmayr angefrom oneByteofspacet ofi
    veTB's.Thedevel
    operassignsakeyt o
    each obj ectthrough which you can read orwr i
    te dat
    af r
    om/to single obj
    ect
    concurrently
    .
    TheAmazonS3i sideall
    ysuitedforst at
    icWebcont ent,whichusesCl oudFr ont
    contentdeli
    ver
    ynetwork( CDN)wi t
    hi tinmaxi mum cases;sour ceandwor king
    storagewit
    hcomputati
    onaldataatal argescale;andlivest or
    age,suchasbackup,
    archive,
    youcanuseitt
    ost or
    eanytypeofdat a.Anotherimpor tantpointaboutS3i s
    thatyouneedtopayonl
    yforthoseservicesthatyouareact uall
    yusing.
    Char
    act
    eri
    sti
    cs:
     Bucket
    sandobj
    ect
    sar
    eusedi
    nthedoubl
    e-l
    ayerhi
    erar
    chyofAmazonS3.

     Auni
    queURLisassi
    gnedtoeachoftheobject
    s(orbucket
    s)byt
    hedev
    eloper
    sot
    hatt
    hestor
    eddadaiseasi
    lyaccessi
    ble.

     Simple API
    s are pr
    ovi
    ded f
    orGet
    ,Putand Del
    ete oper
    ati
    ons t
    hatar
    e
    perf
    ormedthroughHTTP.

     Scali
    ngofdadaisoffer
    edtoanextr
    emelevel
    ,wher
    eyoucanstor
    eobj
    ect
    sin
    abucketwithoutli
    mi t
    sontheirnumberandscaleyour Webappl
    i
    cati
    on
    thr
    oughconcurr
    entreadandwri
    ghtoper
    ati
    ons.

     Scali
    ngofdataisoff
    eredt
    oanextr
    emelevel
    ,wher
    eyoucanst
    oreobj
    ect
    sin
    abucketwithoutli
    mitsonthei
    rnumberandscaleyourWebappli
    cati
    on
    t
    hroughconcurr
    entr
    eadandwrit
    eoper
    ati
    ons.

     Vari
    oussupportserv
    icesareoffer
    ed,such asdi f
    ferentmechani
    smsf or
    contr
    oll
    i
    ngaccesstot hestor
    eddata,encr
    ypti
    onser v
    icesinthetr
    ansi
    ti
    on
    stat
    eandint
    hestateofrest
    ,andv
    ersioni
    ngofstor
    age

    InS3,upto5TBarbit
    rar
    ycomput erfi
    l
    esassoci
    atedwithappr
    ox.
    .2KBofmet adataar
    e
    stor
    edasobj ect
    sinthebucket
    s.Thesebucketsareownedbyaccountscreatedwit
    h
    AWS.Auni quekeythatisdefi
    nedbyt heuserisusedforthei
    denti
    fi
    cati
    onofeach
    bucket.
    S3allowsyoutoexportt heAmazonmachi neImagesasbundlesfrom EC2
    toS3.
    Desi
    gnr
    equi
    rement
    sforAmazonS3:
    1.Securi
    ty-Thef i
    rstandforemostrequir
    ementfordesi
    gni
    ngandAmazonS3
    stor
    ageser vi
    cehadbeent hematterofsecur
    it
    y.Amazonprov
    idesful
    lcont
    rol
    totheclientwhoisauthori
    zedfortheaccessofstor
    eddata,
    hencemakingit
    aprefer
    abl est
    orageopti
    oninthecloud.

    2. Reli
    abi
    li
    ty-Thedata st
    oragehad to bereli
    ableand per
    sist
    ent
    .You ar e
    offer
    ed extr
    emedur abi
    l
    ityfeat
    urewith Amazon S3 so t
    hatyou can get
    benefit
    sinstor
    ingdat
    aforanydurat
    ionyoudesi
    re.

    3.Scal
    abil
    it
    y-The scali
    ng ofdata up and down warrequi
    red.You have
    possi
    bil
    i
    tyofscali
    ngthedataupanddownupt o99.
    99%inAmazonS3t hat
    enabl
    esyoutostoreasmuchdataasyourequir
    e.

    4.Speed-Supportforhigh per
    for
    mance sy
    stems r
    equi
    red t
    he Amazon S3
    st
    oragetobefastenoughformeeti
    ngt
    hedemandsofspeedandaccur
    acy
    .

    5.Cost-Thecosthadtobekepteconomi
    calf
    ormoreuserstotakeadvant
    age
    oft heservi
    ces.AmazonS3 provi
    despay
    -as-
    you-
    go opt
    iont hatl
    etsyou
    reducethecostofy
    ourst
    orage.

    6.Simpli
    ci
    ty-Many feat
    ures wer
    e excluded i
    ntent
    ional
    ly by Amazon Web
    Serv
    icesinS3toprovidet
    osimpli
    cit
    y.so,AmazonS3hadt obeverysi
    mple
    andeffi
    ci
    entf
    oreverycust
    omertogetbenefi
    tt
    edf r
    om it
    sservi
    ces.

    187.Expl
    aint
    het
    askper
    for
    medbyGoogl
    eappl
    i
    cat
    ionsengi
    ne?
    Ans:
    1.Bui
    ldanddepl oyapplicat
    ionsonaf ul
    lymanagedpl at
    for
    m.Scal etheappli
    cati
    ons
    seamlessl
    yf r
    om zer otoplanetscalewithouthavingtoworryaboutmanagi ngthe
    under
    lyi
    ng infr
    astructur
    e.Wi th zer
    o ser
    v ermanagementand zer o confi
    gurati
    on
    depl
    oyments,dev eloper
    scanf ocusonlyonbui l
    dinggreatappl
    icati
    onswithoutthe
    managementov erhead.

    2.Appenginesenabl
    edeveloper
    stost
    aymoreproducti
    veandagi
    lebysuppor
    ti
    ng
    popul
    ardev
    elopmentl
    anguagesandawider
    angeofdevel
    opert s.
    ool

    3.Theyqui
    ckl
    ybui
    l
    danddepl
    oyappl
    i
    cat
    ionsusi
    ngmanyoft
    hepopul
    arl
    anguages
    l
    ike Jav
    a,PHP,Node.j
    s,Pyt
    hon,C#,.Net
    ,Ruby.
    Getst
    art
    ed qui
    ckl
    ywi
    th zer
    o
    conf
    igur
    ati
    ondepl
    oyment
    sinAppengi
    ne.

    4.
    I
    tmanager
    esour
    cesf
    rom t
    hecommandl
    i
    ne,
    debugsour
    cecodei
    npr
    oduct
    ionand
    runAPIbackendeasil
    y,usi
    ngi
    ndust
    ry-
    leadi
    ngt
    ool
    ssuchascl
    oudSDK,
    Cloudsour
    ce
    Reposi
    tor
    ies,Vi
    sualStudi
    o.

    5.Googl
    eAppengi
    nepr
    ovi
    desmor
    einf
    rast
    ruct
    uret
    hanot
    herscal
    abl
    ehost
    ing
    serv
    icessuchasAmazonEl ast
    icComputeCl
    oud(
    EC2).
    TheAppengi
    neeli
    minat
    es
    somesy stem admini
    str
    ati
    onanddev el
    opment
    alt
    askstomakeiteasi
    ertowrit
    e
    scal
    ableappli
    cat
    ions.

    6.Googl
    eAppengi
    nei
    ncor
    por
    atest
    het
    ool
    sthaty
    ouneedt
    odev
    elop,t
    est
    ,launch
    andupdat
    etheappl
    i
    cat
    ions.

    7.I
    tpr
    ovi
    desdet
    ect
    ionofout
    agesandschedul
    edmai
    ntenancef
    orspeci
    fi
    cAPI
    sand
    ser
    vices,
    sot
    haty
    ourappl
    i
    cat
    ionsmayby
    passt
    hem ori
    nfor
    myouruser
    s.

    8.Makesi
    teasyt
    ocompar
    tment
    ali
    zey
    ourdat
    atoser
    vemanycl
    i
    entor
    gani
    zat
    ions
    f
    rom si
    ngl
    einst
    anceofy
    ourappl
    i
    cat
    ion.

    188.Descr
    ibeanysi
    xdesi
    gnpr
    inci
    plesofAmazonS3Cl
    oudcomput
    ing
    model?
    Ans.Thi
    nkAdapt
    iveandEl
    ast
    ic-
    TheAWScl
    oudar
    chi
    tect
    ureshoul
    dbesucht
    hati
    t
    suppor
    tsgr
    owthofuser
    s,t
    raff
    ic,
    ordat
    asizewit
    hnodropinperf
    ormance.I
    tshoul
    d
    al
    soall
    owforl
    i
    nearscal
    abi
    li
    tywhenandwhereanaddi
    ti
    onal
    resour
    ceisadded.
    1.Treatser
    ver
    sasdi sposabl
    er esour
    ces-Oneofthebiggestadvantagesofcl
    oud
    computingi
    sthaty oucant r
    eaty ourserver
    sasdisposabl
    eresourcesinst
    eadof
    fi
    xedcomponents.However,r
    esourcesshouldal
    way
    sbeconsistentandtest
    ed.
    2.Automate-Unl
    iketr
    adi
    ti
    onalI
    Ti nf
    rast
    ructur
    e,Cloudenabl
    esautomati
    onofa
    numberofevent
    s,impr
    ovi
    ngbothyoursystem’sst
    abil
    it
    yandtheef
    fi
    ciencyofy
    our
    organi
    zat
    ion.
    3.Implementloosecoupli
    ng-ITsyst
    emsshouldideal
    lybedesignedi
    nawayt
    hat
    reducesint
    erdependenci
    es.Yourcomponent
    sneedt obeloosel
    ycoupl
    edt
    oav
    oid
    changesorfai
    lur
    einoneoft hecomponent
    sfr
    om aff
    ecti
    ngother
    s
    4.Focus on ser vi
    ces,notser ver
    s-A wi de var
    iet
    y ofunderl
    yi
    ng technol
    ogy
    componentsar erequir
    edtodevelopmanageandoper at
    eappli
    cati
    ons.YourAWS
    cl
    oud archi
    tectur
    eshoul dlev
    eragea broad setofcompute,stor
    age,database,
    anal
    yti
    cs,appl
    icat
    ion,anddepl
    oymentser
    vices
    5.Dat abasei st hebaseofi tall-
    OnAWS,manageddat abaseser viceshel pr emov e
    constraintst hatcome wi thlicensi
    ng cost s and t he abil
    it
    yt o suppor tdi verse
    databaseengi nest hatwereapr oblem wit
    hthet raditi
    onal I
    Tinfrastr
    uct ure.
    6.Treatser v
    er sasdi sposableresources-
    Oneoft hebi ggestadv ant agesofcl oud
    comput ingi st haty oucant r
    eaty ourserversasdi sposabler esour cesi nsteadof
    fi
    xedcomponent s.Howev er,
    resourcesshouldal way sbeconsi stentandt ested.One
    wayt oenabl et hisist oimpl ementt heimmut ableinf r
    astr
    uct ur
    epat tern,whi ch
    enablesy outor eplacet heserverwithonet hathast helatestconfigur ati
    oni nstead
    ofupdat ingtheol dserver.

    189.Expl
    ainauserv
    iew ofGoogl
    eApp Engi
    newi
    thsui
    tabl
    ebl
    ock
    schemat
    ic?
    Ans.
    1.Googl
    eAppEngineisaPl at
    for
    m asaSer v
    ice(
    PaaS)productthatprov
    idesWeb
    appdevel
    opersandent
    erpr
    iseswithaccesst
    oGoogle'
    sscalabl
    ehostingandti
    er1
    I
    nter
    netser
    vice.
     
    2.TheAppEngi nerequi
    rest
    hatappsbewr i
    tt
    eni nJavaorPyt
    honst or
    edatai n
    GoogleBi
    gTableanduset heGooglequer
    ylanguage.Non-
    compl
    iantappli
    cat
    ions
    requi
    remodi
    fi
    cationt
    ouseAppEngine.
    3.Googl eApp Enginepr ovi
    desmor einf
    rast
    ruct
    urethanotherscal
    ablehosti
    ng
    servi
    ces such as Amazon Elast
    ic Compute Cl
    oud (
    EC2).The App Engi
    ne al
    so
    eli
    minatessomesy stem admini
    str
    ati
    onanddev el
    opmentalt
    askstomakeiteasi
    er
    towrit
    escalabl
    eapplicat
    ions.
    4.GoogleAppEngi neisfreeupt oacer tainamountofr esour
    ceusage.User s
    exceedi
    ngtheper
    -dayorper-
    minuteusageratesforCPUresources,st
    orage,number
    ofAPIcal l
    s orrequest
    s and concurr
    entr equest
    s can payf ormor e ofthese
    resour
    ces.
    5.GoogleAppEngi ne( of
    tenref
    erredtoasGAEorsi mplyAppEngine)isaPl at
    for
    m
    as a Ser vi
    ce and cl oud computing plat
    form fordev el
    opi
    ng and hosting web
    appli
    cati
    onsi nGoogle- manageddat acenters.Appl
    icat
    ionsaresandboxedandr un
    across mul ti
    ple ser ver
    s. App Engi ne of f
    ers automati
    c scali
    ng f or web
    appli
    cati
    ons—ast henumberofr equestsincreasesforanappli
    cati
    on,AppEngi ne
    automatical
    lyallocates mor eresources forthe web appli
    cat
    ion to handlethe
    addit
    ionaldemand.
    6.Googl eAppEngi neprimar i
    l
    ysuppor t
    sGo,PHP,Jav a,Python,Node.j
    s,.NET,and
    Ruby appl i
    cati
    ons,although itcan also suppor totherl
    anguages v i
    a" custom
    runti
    mes" .Theservi
    ceisfreeupt oacertainl
    evelofconsumedr esour
    cesandonl yin
    standard environmentbutnoti nf l
    exibl
    e envir
    onment.Fees ar e charged for
    additi
    onalstorage,bandwidth,orinst
    ancehour srequi
    redbytheappl i
    cati
    on.Itwas
    fi
    rstreleased asa pr evi
    ew v ersi
    on in Apri
    l2008 and came outofpr eview in
    September2011
    7.Diff
    erenceswi t
    hot herappli
    cati
    onhostingcomparedtootherscalabl
    ehost i
    ng
    serv
    icessuchasAmazonEC2AppEngi neprovi
    desmoreinf
    rast
    ruct
    urestomakei t
    easytowr it
    escalabl
    eappl i
    cati
    ons,butcanonl
    yr unali
    mit
    edrangeofappl i
    cat
    ions
    desi
    gnedf orthati
    nfr
    astruct
    ure.
    App Engine'
    sinfr
    astr
    uctur
    er emoves many oft he syst
    em admini
    str
    ati
    on and
    devel
    opmentchall
    engesofbuildi
    ngapplicat
    ionstoscaletohundr
    edsofr equests
    persecondandbey ond.Googlehandlesdeployi
    ngcodet oacluster
    ,monitori
    ng,
    fai
    l
    over,andl
    aunchi
    ngappli
    cat
    ioninst
    ancesasnecessar y
    .
    Whil
    eot herservi
    cesletusersinstal
    landconfigurenearl
    yany* NIX compati
    ble
    sof
    tware,AppEnginerequi
    resdevel
    operstouseonlyit
    ssupport
    edlanguages,
    APIs,
    andfr
    amewor ks.Curr
    entAPIsall
    owst or
    ingandretr
    iev
    ingdataf
    rom thedocument-
    ori
    entedGoogleCloudDatastoredatabase;maki
    ngHTTPr equest
    s;sendi
    nge-mai
    l;
    manipulat
    ingimages;andcaching.GoogleCloudSQLcanbeusedf orAppEngi
    ne
    appl
    icat
    ionsrequi
    ri
    ngar el
    ati
    onalMySQLcompat i
    bledat
    abasebackend.
    Per-dayandper-
    minutequotasrestri
    ctbandwidt
    handCPUuse,numberofrequest
    s
    served,numberofconcur
    rentrequests,andcall
    stot
    hevari
    ousAPIs,andi
    ndivi
    dual
    requestsareter
    minatediftheyt akemor ethan60secondsorreturnmorethan
    32MBofdat a.

    190.Expl
    aint
    hest
    ruct
    ureofBi
    gTabl
    edat
    amodel
    ?
    Ans.
    Thet
    erm st
    ruct
    ureddat
    agener
    all
    yref
    erst
    odat
    athathasadef
    inedl
    engt
    hand
    for
    matf orbi
    gdata.Exampl
    esofstructur
    eddat ai
    ncludenumbers,dates,andgr
    oups
    ofwor dsandnumber scall
    edstrings.Mostexper t
    sagr eethatthiskindofdata
    accountsforabout20percentofthedatat hati
    soutt here.St
    ructur
    eddat ai
    sthe
    datayou’r
    eprobabl
    yusedtodeali
    ngwi t
    h.It
    ’susual
    lystor
    edi nadatabase.
    1.Sourcesofst ruct
    uredbigdata- Al
    thoughthi
    smi ghtseem l
    ikebusi
    nessasusual,
    i
    nr eali
    ty,st
    ructureddatai stakingonanew r ol
    ei nt heworldofbi gdata.The
    evolut
    ionoftechnologyprovi
    desnewersour cesofstruct
    ureddatabei
    ngproduced—
    oft
    eni nrealti
    meandi nl ar
    gev olumes.Thesourcesofdat aar edi
    videdintotwo
    categori
    es:
    2.Computer
    -ormachi
    ne-
    gener
    ated:Machi
    ne-gener
    ateddat
    agener
    all
    yref
    erst
    odat
    a
    thati
    scr
    eatedbyamachi
    newithouthumaninter
    vent
    ion.
    3.Human- gener
    ated:Thisis datathathumans,ini nteracti
    on wi
    th computers,
    suppl
    y.Someexper t
    sarguet hatathir
    dcategoryexi
    stst hati sahybri
    dbet ween
    machineandhuman.Her ethough,
    we’r
    econcernedwit
    ht hef i
    rstt
    wocategor
    ies.
    Machi
    ne-
    gener
    atedst
    ruct
    ureddat
    acani
    ncl
    udet
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ng:
    1.Sensordat
    a:Exampl esincl
    uder adi
    of r
    equencyI
    Dtags,smartmeter
    s,medical
    devi
    ces,andGlobalPosit
    ioni
    ngSy stem dat
    a.Compani
    esareint
    erest
    edinthi
    sf or
    suppl
    ychainmanagementandi nv
    ent or
    ycontr
    ol.
    2.Webl
    ogdat
    a:Whenser
    ver
    s,appl
    i
    cat
    ions,net
    wor
    ks,andsoonoper
    ate,t
    hey
    captureallki
    ndsofdataaboutthei
    racti
    vi
    ty.Thi
    scanamountt ohugevolumesof
    datat hatcanbeuseful,f
    orexample,t
    odealwi t
    hser
    vice-
    lev
    elagreementsorto
    predictsecur
    it
    ybr
    eaches.
    3.Point-
    of-
    sal
    edata:Whent hecashi
    erswipesthebarcodeofanyproductt
    haty
    ou
    arepurchasi
    ng,al
    lthatdat
    aassoci
    atedwit
    ht hepr
    oducti
    sgenerat
    ed.
    4.Fi
    nanci
    aldata:Lotsoffi
    nancialsyst
    emsarenowpr ogr
    ammat i
    c;t
    heyareoperat
    ed
    basedonpredef i
    nedrulesthatautomateprocesses.St
    ock-
    tr
    adingdataisagood
    exampleofthi
    s.Itcontai
    nsstructur
    eddatasuchast hecompanysymbolanddollar
    val
    ue.Someoft hi
    sdataismachi negener
    ated,
    andsomei shumangenerated.
    Exampl
    esofst
    ruct
    uredhuman-
    gener
    ateddat
    ami
    ghti
    ncl
    udet
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ng:
    1.Inputdat
    a:Thi
    sisanypieceofdat
    athatahumanmi ghti
    nputint
    oacomputer
    ,
    suchasname,age,income,non-
    fr
    ee-
    for
    m sur
    veyresponses,andsoon.Thi
    sdata
    canbeusefult
    ounderst
    andbasi
    ccust
    omerbehav
    ior.
    2.Cl
    ick-
    str
    eam data:Dat
    aisgener
    atedever
    ytimeyoucli
    ckalinkonawebsit
    e.Thi
    s
    dat
    acanbeanal y
    zedt odet
    ermi
    necustomerbehav
    iorandbuy
    ingpatt
    erns.
    3.Gaming-r
    elat
    eddata:Ever
    ymoveyoumakeinagamecanberecorded.Thi
    scan
    beusef
    ul i
    nunderst
    andinghowenduser
    smovethr
    oughagami
    ngport
    foli
    o.
    Def
    ini
    ngBi
    gDat
    a:Vol
    ume,
    Vel
    oci
    ty,
    andVar
    iet
    y
    Bigdataenabl
    esorgani
    zat
    ionstostor
    e,manage,andmanipul
    atev
    astamountsof
    di
    sparat
    edataattheri
    ghtspeedandattheri
    ghtti
    me.Togaint
    heri
    ghti
    nsi
    ghts,bi
    g
    datai
    stypi
    call
    ybr
    okendownbyt hr
    eecharact
    eri
    sti
    cs:
    1.Vol
    ume:
    Howmuchdat
    a
    2.Vel
    oci
    ty:
    Howf
    astdat
    aispr
    ocessed
    3.Var
    iet
    y:Thev
    ari
    oust
    ypesofdat
    a

    Q191.Expl
    aint
    hepr
    ogr
    ammi
    ngst
    ruct
    uref
    orAmazonEC2.

    ANS:
     Si mil
    artothepr ogrammi ngsuppor tprovidedbyGoogl etoitscl
    oudenv ir
    onment ,
    Amazon Web Ser v ice(AWS)of ferscl oud progr
    ammi ng supporttoi t
    scl oud
    envir
    onment ,EC2(El asti
    cComput erCl oud)Throughv ari
    oussy stems,including
    Elast
    icBlockStore( EBS) ,
    Simpl eStorageSer vi
    ce(S3),SimpleDB,etc.
     AmazonEC2hasasi mpl ewebi nt
    erface,enabli
    ngy out oconfi
    guret hecapaci t
    y
    accordi
    ngt oyourr equirement .
     Youar eall
    owedt onotonl yhav eacompl etecontrolovertheresourcesy ouuse
    forcomput i
    ngpur posebutal sor uny ourappli
    cati
    onsont heprovenenv i
    ronment
    ofamazon’ scomput ingserv i
    ces.
     Obt aini
    ngandboot ingnewser versrequi r
    elesstime.Thi smakesi tpossiblefor
    youtoscaley ourcapaci tyv er
    yf astbyusi ngAmazonEC2.
     ThebiggestadvantageofusingamazonEC2isthatyousavemoneybyr equi
    ri
    ng
    topayonlyforthecapacit
    yt haty
    ouareusingi
    nactual.Moreover,wi
    thamazon
    EC2,youareof f
    eredtool
    sforbuil
    dingappl
    i
    cati
    onsthatareresi
    l
    ientandcapabl
    e
    ofseparat
    ingthemselvesfr
    om commonscenariosoffai
    lur
    e.

    Fol
    l
    owi
    ngar
    ethebenef
    it
    sofAmazonEC2:

    1.Upanddownscal abil
    it
    yofwebservi
    ce.
    2.Completecontr
    olovercomputi
    ngresources
    3.Fl
    exibi
    li
    tyofservi
    ceforcl
    oudhosti
    ng
    4.SupportforotherAmazonWebSer vice,suchasAmazonSi
    mpl
    eSt
    orage
    Serv
    ice(S3),
    Elasti
    cBlockSt
    ore(
    EBS)andSi mpl
    eDB.
    5.Highrel
    i
    abil
    it
    yandsecur
    it
    y
    6.Costeff
    ici
    ency

    AmazonS3:Amazoncl oudst orageser vi


    ceS3i sabbr evi
    atedfrom simplest
    orage
    servi
    ce.Itcont ains l
    essernumberoff eatures as compar ed t
    o some popular
    dist
    ri
    butedfil
    est oragesy stem inor dertoof f
    ersimplicit
    y.Usercanst or
    edataand
    canscalestoragei ns3,whi chmayr angefrom 1by t
    eofspacet o5TB,whileof
    feri
    ng
    excell
    entdurabil
    it
    yf eat
    ure.Usercanhav eopt i
    ont ost oreanynumberofdat athat
    can read wri
    tten and del eted f
    rom t hes3 sy st
    em.Thedesi gn requi
    rementfor
    Amazons3i ssecur it
    y,Reliabil
    i
    ty,scalabi
    l
    ity,speed,cost,simpl
    ici
    ty.

    Elast
    ic Bl
    ockSt ore(EBS)
    :Amaz on provide RBS as it
    s persi
    stentdat a st
    orage
    solut
    ionforcloudcomputi
    ng.Highperformanceandhi ghavail
    abil
    ityforstor
    ingdata
    atlevelofblockaretheotherattr
    act
    ivef eatureofAmazon’sEBS. EBScanal sobe
    usedashostf ordat
    abasesy st
    em wher et hesizemaybev erybetween1GBand
    1TB.Str
    ippi
    ngt hedat
    aacrossv ol
    umei sal lowedforenhanci
    ngt heper f
    ormanceof
    thesystem.AmazonEBSser ver’
    sthefoll
    owi ngbenefi
    ts:

    1.Iti
    sar eliabl
    e, secure,consi stentst oragesy stem.
    2.Ithashi ghper formanceandl owl atency .
    3.Itall
    owsqui ckscal i
    ngofdat ast oragecapaci ty,bothupanddowns.
    4.Itprovidesbackupf acili
    tiesinaddi tiontor estorat
    ionandinnov at
    ionpossibi
    li
    ti
    es.
    AmazonSi mpleDB:Thei deabehi ndcr eatingamazon’ sSi
    mpl eDBwast odev elopa
    fast
    ,scal ablesy stem t hatwoul dpr ovidef ull
    ymanageddat abaseservices.Any
    amountofdat acanbest ored,retrievedandmanagedeasi l
    ythroughsimpleDBi na
    Cost-
    effectivemanner .Simpl eDBcanhandl eanylev eloft
    raf
    ficofrequestandser v
    e
    them effi
    cientl
    y.AmazonSi mpl eDBpr ovidesthef oll
    owinguses:
    1.Storingthemet adatamost l
    yinacombi nationwi t
    hS3.
    2.Quer yi
    ngf orstructured, fi
    negr aineddat ar equirements.
    3.Requi r
    ingdat awi thfl
    exi bleschema.

    Q192.Expl
    aint
    hear
    chi
    tect
    ureofAmazonEC2.
    Ans.Bel
    ow di
    agr
    am i
    sthebasi
    cst
    ruct
    ureofAWSAr
    chi
    tect
    urewher
    eitpr
    ovi
    des
    cl
    oudcomput
    ingser
    vicesaccor
    dingl
    y.

     I ti
    sconsi der
    edast hebasicstructureofAWsar chi
    tect
    ureorAWSEC2.
     EC2i salsocal ledasEl asti
    cComput ecloudwhi chwillall
    owt hecli
    entsorel se
    theuser sofusi ngv ari
    ousconf i
    gurationsintheirownpr ojectormet hodasper
    thei
    rrequirement .
     Ther ear eal sodi f
    ferentamazi ngopt i
    onssuchaspr i
    cingopt ions,indiv
    idual
    servermappi ng,conf i
    gurati
    on serveret c.S3 whi ch i
    s pr esentint he AWS
    archit
    ectureiscal l
    edasSi mpleSt orageSer vi
    ces.Byusi ngt hisS3,user scan
    easil
    yr etr
    iev
    eorel sest oredatat hroughv ar
    iousdatat ypesusi ngAppl i
    cati
    on
    Programmi ng I nt
    erface call
    s.Ther e willbe no comput ing elementf orthe
    servi
    cesaswel l.
    Ev
    erysinglekeycomponentofAWSar chitect
    ureisexplai
    nedbel ow:

    LoadBal ancing:Thel oadbal ancingcomponenti ntheAWSar chitectur


    ehel pst o
    enhancet heapplicati
    onandt heser ver
    ’seffi
    ciencyintheri
    ghtway .Accor dingt ot he
    diagrammat i
    cr epresentati
    onofAWSar chitectur
    e,thi
    sHar dwar el oadbal anceri s
    most lyusedast hecommonnet workappl i
    anceandhel pst oper form skil
    lsi nt he
    architecturesoft het r
    aditi
    onalwebappl ications.I
    talsomakessur et odel i
    vert he
    Elastic Load Bal anci
    ng Ser v
    ice,AWS t akes t he t
    raff
    ic gets distri
    buted to EC2
    instancesacr osst hevari
    ousav ai
    labl
    esour ces.Alongwiththis,
    italsodi st
    ri
    but est he
    traf
    f i
    ct ody nami cadditionandt heAmazonEC2host sremov alsf rom thel oad-
    balancingr otat
    ion.

    El
    asti
    cLoad Balanci
    ng:Thisl oad balanci
    ng can easi
    l
    yshr i
    nkand i
    ncr
    easethe
    capaci
    tyofloadbalanci
    ngbyt uningsomeoft hetraf
    ficdemandsandsuppor
    ts
    sti
    ckysessi
    onst
    ohav eadvancedr out
    ingservi
    ces.
    AmazonCl oudFront:AmazonCloudFr ontismostlyusedf orthedeli
    ver
    yofcont ent
    whichisdi rectl
    yusedf orthewebsitedeliver
    y.Thecont entint heAmazonCl oud
    Frontcanal sobet hetypeofcontentsuchasst ati
    c,dynami caswellasst r
    eami ng
    contentthatcanal sotaketheusageofgl obalnetworklocati
    onsaswel l.Fr
    om t he
    userend,t hecontentcanber equestedinanaut omaticwaybasedont henear est
    l
    ocation thatalso showst he di
    verse eff
    ecton t he perfor
    mance which willbe
    enhancingi ntheri
    ghtway .Ther
    ewi l
    lbenocommi t
    ment sint hemonthl
    ywi seand
    thecontracts.

    El
    asti
    cLoadBal ancer:El
    asti
    cLoadBal ancerismainl
    yusedt odeli
    verther equi
    red
    tr
    aff
    ictothewebser v
    ersanditalsohelpstoimprovetheperf
    ormancei nthelarge
    manner.ThisEl
    asticLoadBalanci
    ngcaneasi l
    yhaveagr owt
    hinady namicwayand
    al
    so the load-
    balanci
    ng capacit
    y can be shrunk based on t
    he certai
    nt r
    affi
    c
    condi
    ti
    ons.

    Securit
    yManagement :Ital
    somakessur etoprov i
    deasecur i
    tyfeat
    urenamel yknown
    assecur it
    ygroups.Itwi l
    lalsowor ksameast hei nboundnet workfi
    rewallandwi l
    l
    al
    sohav etospecifythepor ts,protocol
    sandalsosour ceI
    Pr angeswher eallthese
    canber eachedtot heEC2i nstances.Wit
    ht hehelpofspeci fi
    csubnet sorelseI P
    addresses,thesecur i
    tygroupscanbeconf iguredt hatcanalsoli
    mitt heaccesst o
    EC2i nst
    anceseffectiv
    ely.

    Elast
    icCache:AmazonElast
    icCacheistheeff
    ici
    entwebservi
    cewher ethememor y
    cachecanbemanagedi nthecl
    oudwithease.Thi
    scacheplay
    st hevit
    alrol
    einterms
    ofmemor ymanagementandwi l
    lalsohelptoreducetheser
    vicesloadinar eli
    able
    manner.Ital
    somakessuretoenhancetheperfor
    mancealongwi t
    hthescalabil
    it
    yon
    thetierofthedatabasebycachingtheinformati
    onwhichisusedi naf requent
    manner.

    AmazonRDS:AmazonRel ati
    onalDatabaseSer
    vicehel
    pstodeli
    vert
    hesameaccess
    thati
    ssimil
    artotheMy Sql,
    Mi cr
    osoftSQLServerdat
    abaseengi
    neorel
    seMicrosof
    t
    SQL.Theseappli
    cat
    ions,queri
    es,andtoolswi
    ll
    beusefuli
    ntheAmazonRDSaswel l
    .

    Q193.Expl
    ainGoogl
    eAppEngi
    nei
    ndet
    ail
    .
    Ans.
     Google App Engine i
    s Google'
    s platf
    orm as a ser
    vice off
    eri
    ng thatal
    l
    ows
    devel
    opers and businesses to buil
    d and r
    un applicat
    ions usi
    ng Google'
    s
    advancedinf
    rast
    ructur
    e.
     These appl
    icat
    ions ar
    er equir
    ed to be wr
    it
    ten i
    n one ofa f
    ew suppor
    ted
    l
    anguages,namely:
    Java,Python,PHPandGo.
     I
    talsorequi
    restheuseofGoogl
    equer
    ylanguageandt
    hatt
    hedat
    abaseusedi
    s
    Googl
    eBi gTabl
    e.
     Appli
    cat
    ionsmustabi
    debyt hesestandards,soappl
    icati
    onseit
    hermustbe
    devel
    opedwit
    hGAEinmindorelsemodif
    iedtomeettherequir
    ements.
     GAEisaplat
    form,soi
    tprovi
    desal
    loft
    her
    equi
    redel
    ement
    stor
    unandhostWeb
    appl
    i
    cat
    ions,beitonmobil
    eorWeb.
     Withoutthi
    sall-
    infeatur
    e,devel
    operswouldhavetosour
    cet hei
    rownser
    ver
    s,
    databasesoft
    war eandt heAPI sthatwouldmakeallofthem workpr
    oper
    ly
    together
    ,nott
    oment iontheenti
    reconf
    igur
    ati
    ont
    hatmustbedone.
     GAEtakesthi
    sburdenof fthedevel
    oper
    ssot heycanconcent
    rat
    eont
    heapp
    fr
    ontendandfunct
    ional
    i
    ty,dri
    vi
    ngbett
    eruserexperi
    ence.
     AppEngine appl
    icat
    ion are expected to be request
    -r
    eply based. Googl
    e
    AppEngineprovi
    desautomati
    cscalabil
    it
    y,per
    sist
    entdatastor
    ageser v
    ice.Dat
    a
    st
    orefeatur
    esaqueryengineandtransact
    ioncapabi
    li
    ti
    es.
     Theseappl
    icat
    ionareeasytoscaleastraf
    ficanddatastor
    ageneedst ogrowso
    theclouduserdoesnothav etowor r
    yaboutt hespikesint het
    raf
    ficordata.
    Theseappli
    cati
    onsaregeneral
    lysui
    tableforsoci
    alnetworkingst
    art
    -ups,ev
    ent-
    basedwebsit
    escater
    ingtoseasonalevent
    sorinsti
    tut
    ionsetc.
    Adv
    ant
    agesofGAEi
    ncl
    ude:
    1.Readi
    l
    yav
    ail
    abl
    eser
    ver
    swi
    thnoconf
    igur
    ati
    onr
    equi
    rement
    .
    2.Powerscal
    i
    ngf
    unct
    ional
    lthewaydownt
    o"f
    ree"whenr
    esour
    ceusagei
    smi
    nimal
    .
    3.Aut
    omat
    edcl
    oudcomput
    ingt
    ool
    s.

    194.Whatar
    ethef
    eat
    uresofAmazonSi
    mpl
    eDB?
    Ans. Amazon Si
    mpl
    eDB i
    s a di
    str
    ibut
    ed dat
    abase ser
    vice dev
    eloped
    by 
    Amazon.com i
    ntheErlangpr
    ogr
    amminglanguage.Rel
    easedonDecember13,
    2007,AmazonSimpleDBisanAmazonWebServi
    ces(AWS)componentt
    hatworks
    i
    nconj unct
    ionwit
    hAmazonSi mpl
    eStorageServi
    ce(AmazonS3)and Amazon
    El
    asti
    cComput eCl
    oud(EC2).

    AmazonSi mpleDBf
    acil
    itat
    escloudstor
    age,processingandquerypr ocessi
    ng.The
    ser
    v i
    ce is easyto use and provi
    des mostcor et radi
    ti
    onaldatabase feat
    ures,
    i
    ncludingreal
    -ti
    meprocessi
    ngandsimpli
    fiedst
    ructureddataquer
    ies.
    AmazonSi
    mpl
    eDBf
    eat
    uresi
    ncl
    ude:

     Flexi
    bi l
    it
    y :All
    owsf ortheeasyaddit
    ionofnew at t
    ri
    buteswi t
    houtpr
    edefi
    ned
    dataf ormat s
     Effi
    ciency :Providesquickandeasydatast or
    ageandretri
    eval
     Scalabi l
    i
    ty :Facil
    itatesnew domaincr eat
    iontoaccommodat eincr
    easesin
    datav olume
     Easyi ntegrati
    on:Desi gned f
    oreasyi nt
    egrat
    ion wi
    th otherAmazon Web
    servi
    ces, suchasAmazonEC2andAmazonS3
     Costef f
    ect i
    ve:User sonl
    ypayforactualconsumedresources.Amazonusage
    t
    ypesi
    ncl
    udest
    ruct
    ureddat
    ast
    orage,
    dat
    ast
    orageandmachi
    neut
    il
    izat
    ion.

    195.Expl
    ainbi
    gtabl
    easGoogl
    e'
    snosql
    syst
    em i
    ndet
    ail
    ?

    Ans.Cl
    oudBi
    gtabl
    eisGoogl
    e'
    sNoSQLBi
    gDat
    adat
    abaseser
    vice.I
    t'
    sthesame
    dat
    abaset
    hatpower
    smanycor
    eGoogl
    eser
    vices,
    incl
    udi
    ngSear
    ch,
    Anal
    yti
    cs,
    Maps,
    andGmail
    .
    Bigtabl
    eisdesignedtohandlemassiveworkl
    oadsatconsi
    stentl
    owl at
    encyandhigh
    throughput,soit'
    sagr eatchoiceforbot
    hoperat
    ionalandanalyt
    icalappl
    icat
    ions,
    i
    ncl udi
    ngIoT,useranal
    yti
    cs,andfi
    nanci
    aldat
    aanaly
    sis.
    CloudBi gtabl
    ecanbeusedt ostoreandquer yallofthefol
    lowingt y
    pesofdata:-
    Mar keti
    ngdatasuchaspur chasehist
    oriesandcustomerpreferences.mFinancial
    data such ast r
    ansacti
    on histor
    ies,stockpr i
    ces,and cur
    rencyexchange rates.
    Int
    er netofThi ngsdat a such asusager epor
    tsf r
    om energymet ersand home
    appliances.Ti
    me- ser
    iesdatasuchasCPUandmemor yusageov erti
    meformul t
    ipl
    e
    servers.
    Feat
    ures
    Cl
    oudBi
    gtabl
    eisaf
    ast
    ,ful
    l
    ymanaged,
    massi
    vel
    yscal
    abl
    eNoSQLdat
    abaseser
    vice.
    1.Hi
    ghPer f
    ormance:CloudBi
    gtabl
    ehasahigherperfor
    manceunderhighl
    oad
    t
    hanalternat
    iveproduct
    s.Whatthismeansist hatlargeappl
    i
    cati
    onsand
    wor
    kfl
    owsar efast
    er,morer
    eli
    abl
    e,andmor
    eeffi
    cientrunni
    ngonBigt
    abl
    e.
    2.Secur
    ity&Permissions:Al
    ldat
    aisencry
    ptedbot
    hin-f
    li
    ghtandatrest
    .You
    haveful
    lcont
    rol
    ov erwhohasaccesst
    othedat
    astor
    edinCloudBi
    gtabl
    e.
    3.Low LatencyStorage:CloudBi gtabl
    eut i
    l
    izesal ow-
    lat
    encystoragest
    ack,
    enabl
    ingsingl
    e-di
    gitmill
    isecondlatencyatthe99thpercent
    il
    e,compar
    edto
    morethan50xthatlatencywithalt
    ernati
    veproduct
    s.
    4.Gl
    obalAv
    ail
    abi
    l
    ity:Cl
    oudBi gt
    ableisavail
    abl
    einr egi
    onsaroundthewor
    ld,
    al
    l
    owingy
    outoplaceyourserv
    iceanddataexact
    lywhereyouwanti
    t.
    5.Full
    yManaged:Cl oudBigtableisoff
    eredasaf ul
    lymanagedser vi
    ce,meaning
    youspendy ourti
    medev elopingval
    uableappli
    cati
    onsinsteadofconfiguri
    ng
    and tuning yourdatabase f orperfor
    mance and scal abi
    li
    ty.In addit
    ion,
    Google’
    sownBi gt
    abl
    eoper ati
    onsteam monitorstheserv
    icetoensureissues
    areaddressedquickl
    y.
    6.RedundantAut oscal
    ing Stor
    age:Cloud Bi
    gtabl
    eisbuiltwit
    har edundant
    i
    nternalst
    oragest rategyforhigh dur
    abil
    i
    ty.You don’
    tneed to confi
    gure
    separat
    estorageordi sks,
    andyouonlypayfortheamountofst
    oragey ouare
    usi
    ng.
    7.Scal
    i
    ng:Dur
    ingoper
    ati
    onwi
    thoutt
    heneedf
    orar
    est
    art
    ,al
    l
    owi
    ngef
    fi
    cientuse
    ofr
    esour
    cesandhel
    pingy
    ourappl
    i
    cat
    ionsandwor
    kfl
    owsst
    ayupandr
    unni
    ng.
    8.HBaseCompat i
    ble:I
    naddit
    iontoit
    snat i
    veRPC-basedAPI,Cl
    oudBigt
    able
    prov
    ides an HBase-compati
    ble i
    nter
    face. Thi
    s enabl
    es port
    abi
    l
    ity of
    appl
    icat
    ionsbet
    weenHBaseandBigtabl
    e.
    9.SeamlessClust
    erResizi
    ng:Cl
    oudBi
    gtabl
    ecl
    ust
    ernodescanbedy
    nami
    cal
    l
    y
    addedandremov ed.

    196.Expl
    aintheservi
    cespr
    ovi
    dedbyt
    heamazoni
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    urecl
    oud
    fr
    om auserperspect
    ive?
    Ans.I
    n2006,
     
    AmazonWeb Ser
    vices(
    AWS)
     st
    art
    ed t
    o of
    ferI
    T ser
    vicest
    othe
    marketint
    hefor m ofwebser vi
    ces,whi
    chisnowadaysknownas  cl
    oudcomput i
    ng.
    Wit
    ht hi
    scl
    oud, weneednotpl anforserv
    ersandotherITinfr
    astr
    uct
    urewhichtakes
    upmuchoft i
    mei nadv ance.I
    nstead,t
    heseservi
    cescaninstantl
    yspinuphundreds
    ort
    housandsofser versinminutesanddeli
    verresul
    tsfaster
    .Wepayonl yforwhat
    weusewi thnoup- frontexpensesandnol ong-t
    erm commi tment
    s,whichmakes
    AWScosteffi
    cient.
    Today,AWSpr ov
    idesahi
    ghlyrel
    iabl
    e,scalabl
    e,l
    ow-
    costi
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    urepl
    atf
    ormin
    thecl
    oudthatpowersmul
    ti
    tudeofbusinessesi
    n190count
    ri
    esar
    oundtheworl
    d.

    Whati
    sCl
    oudComput
    ing?

    Cloudcomputing 
    isanint
    ernet-
    basedcomputi
    ngserv
    icei
    nwhichlar
    gegroupsof
    remoteserver
    sarenetworkedtoall
    owcentr
    ali
    zeddat
    astor
    age,andonl
    i
    neaccess
    tocomputerservi
    cesorr
    esources.
    Using cl
    oud computi
    ng,organi
    zati
    ons can use shared computi
    ng and st
    orage
    resour
    cesrat
    herthanbui
    ldi
    ng,oper
    ati
    ng,andimprovinginf
    rast
    ruct
    ureonthei
    rown.
    Cl
    oudcomput
    ingi
    samodel
    thatenabl
    est
    hef
    oll
    owi
    ngf
    eat
    ures.
     User
    scanpr
    ovi
    sionandr
    eleaser
    esour
    ceson-
    demand.

     Resour
    cescanbescal
    edupordownaut
    omat
    ical
    l
    y,dependi
    ngont
    hel
    oad.

     Resour
    cesar
    eaccessi
    bleov
    eranet
    wor
    kwi
    thpr
    opersecur
    it
    y.

     Cl
    oudserv
    icepr
    ovi
    der
    scanenabl
    eapay -
    as-
    you-
    gomodel,wher
    ecust
    omer
    s
    ar
    echar
    gedbasedonthet
    ypeofr
    esour
    cesandperusage.

    Ty
    pesofCl
    ouds

    Ther
    ear
    ethr
    eet
    ypesofcl
    ouds−Publ
    i
    c,Pr
    ivat
    e,andHy
    bri
    dcl
    oud.

    Publi
    cCloud:Inpubli
    ccloud,t
    het hi
    rd-
    part
    yser vi
    ceprovi
    der
    smakeresour
    cesand
    servi
    cesavail
    abletot hei
    rcustomersv i
    aI nt
    ernet.Cust
    omer’
    sdat
    a and rel
    ated
    securi
    tyi
    swiththeserv
    iceprov
    ider
    s’ownedinfrast
    ruct
    ure.
    Pri
    vateCloud:Apr
    ivat
    ecl oudalsoprovi
    desalmostsimil
    arf
    eatur
    esaspubl
    iccloud,
    butthedataandservi
    cesar emanagedbyt heorgani
    zati
    onorbythet
    hir
    dpart
    yonl y
    forthecustomer’
    sor ganizat
    ion.I
    nt hi
    st y
    peofcl oud,maj
    orcontr
    olisoverthe
    i
    nfrast
    ructur
    esosecurit
    yrelat
    edissuesaremini
    mized.

    Hy br
    idCl oud:Ahybr
    idcl
    oudisthecombi nat
    ionofbot hpri
    vat
    eandpubl i
    ccl
    oud.The
    decisiont orunonpr
    ivat
    eorpubli
    ccloudusuallydependsonv ar
    iousparamet
    ersli
    ke
    sensitiv
    ityofdataandappli
    cati
    ons,industr
    ycerti
    ficati
    onsandr equi
    redst
    andards,
    regulati
    ons,etc.

    Cl
    oudSer
    viceModel
    s

    Ther
    ear
    ethr
    eet
    ypesofser
    vicemodel
    sincl
    oud−I
    aaS,
    PaaS,
    andSaaS.

    IaaS:IaaSstandsfor 
    Infr
    ast
    ructur
    easaService.Itpr
    ovi
    desuserswi
    ththecapabil
    it
    y
    topr ovi
    sionprocessi
    ng,storage,andnet
    wor kconnect
    ivi
    tyondemand.Usingt hi
    s
    servi
    cemodel ,thecustomerscandevel
    optheirownappli
    cati
    onsont
    heseresources.

    PaaS:PaaSst andsf or 


    Platform asaSer v i
    ce.Here,theservi
    cepr ov i
    derprovi
    des
    vari
    ousser v
    icesl ikedat abases,queues,wor kflow engi
    nes,e-mails,etc.tothei
    r
    customers.Thecust omercant henuset hesecomponent sforbuildingtheirown
    appli
    cati
    ons.Theser v i
    ces,av ai
    labil
    i
    tyofresourcesanddat abackupar ehandledby
    theservi
    cepr oviderthathel pst hecust
    omer st ofocusmor eont heirappli
    cati
    on'
    s
    functi
    onal
    it
    y.

    SaaS:SaaSst andsfor 
    Sof t
    wareasaSer vice.Asthenamesuggest s,her
    et hethi
    rd-
    part
    y provi
    der s pr
    ovide end-userapplicati
    ons tot hei
    rcustomer s wit
    h some
    admini
    strat
    ivecapabili
    tyatt heappli
    cat
    ionl evel
    ,suchast heabil
    i
    t ytocreateand
    managet heirusers.Al sosomel evelofcust omizabi
    li
    tyispossi
    blesuchast he
    cust
    omer scanuset heirowncorporatel
    ogos, col
    ors,et
    c.

    Adv
    ant
    agesofCl
    oudComput
    ing

     Cost
    -Effici
    ent 
    −Bui
    ldi
    ngourownserversandt oolsisti
    me-consumi ngaswell
    asex pensiveasweneedtoorder,payfor,install
    ,andconfigureexpensiv
    e
    har
    dwar e,longbef
    oreweneedit
    .Howev er
    ,usingcl oudcomput i
    ng,weonl y
    payfortheamountweuseandwhenweuset hecomput ingresources.I
    nthi
    s
    manner ,
    cloudcomputi
    ngi
    scostef
    f i
    cient
    .
     Reliabil
    i
    ty − A cl
    oud computing pl
    atfor
    m pr ov
    ides much mor e managed,
    rel
    iable and consistent ser
    vice than an in-
    house ITi nf
    rastr
    ucture.It
    guar ant
    ees24x7and365day sofser v
    ice.Ifanyoftheser verfai
    ls,then
    host ed appl
    icati
    ons and ser
    vices can easi
    l
    ybe t r
    ansit
    ed to anyoft he
    availabl
    eservers.
     Unli
    mit
    ed Storage 
    − Cl
    oud comput
    ing pr
    ovides al
    mostunli
    mit
    ed st
    orage
    capaci
    ty,i
    .e.
    ,weneednotwor r
    yaboutr unningoutofstor
    agespaceor
    i
    ncr
    easingourcur
    rentst
    oragespaceav
    ail
    abi
    l
    ity
    .Wecanaccessasmuchor
    asl
    i
    ttl
    easweneed.
     Backup&Recov ery
     −Stori
    ngdatainthecloud,backi
    ngitupandr estor
    ingthe
    samei srel
    ativel
    yeasierthanstori
    ngi tonaphy si
    caldevice.Thecl oud
    ser
    vicepr
    ovidersalsohaveenought echnol
    ogyt orecoverourdata,sothere
    i
    stheconvenienceofrecover
    ingourdataanyti
    me.
     EasyAccesstoI nfor
    mation 
    −Oncey our egi
    steryour
    selfincloud,youcan
    accessyouraccountfrom anywhereinthewor l
    dprovidedthereisinter
    net
    connect
    ionatthatpoi
    nt.Therearevar
    iousstor
    ageandsecur i
    tyfaci
    li
    ti
    esthat
    varywit
    htheaccounttypechosen.

    Di
    sadv
    ant
    agesofCl
    oudComput
    ing

    Al
    thoughCl
    oudComput i
    ngprovi
    desawonder fulsetofadvantages,i
    thassome
    dr
    awbacksaswel
    lthatof
    tenr
    aisequest
    ionsabouti
    tseff
    ici
    ency.

    Secur
    it
    yissues

    Securi
    tyisthe majorissue in cl
    oud computing.The cloud serv
    ice prov
    iders
    i
    mpl ementt
    hebestsecuri
    tystandardsandindustr
    ycerti
    fi
    cati
    ons,however,st
    oring
    dataandimpor
    tantf
    il
    esonexternalserv
    iceprovi
    dersal
    waysbearsar i
    sk.
    AWScl oudinfr
    astr
    uctur
    eisdesi
    gnedt obethemostf l
    exi
    bleandsecur
    edcl
    oud
    network.Itpr
    ovidesscal
    abl
    eandhighl
    yrel
    iabl
    eplat
    for
    mthatenabl
    escust
    omer
    sto
    deployappli
    cati
    onsanddataqui
    ckl
    yandsecurel
    y.

    Techni
    cal
    issues

    Ascloudservi
    ceprovi
    dersofferser
    vicestonumberofcl i
    entseachday ,somet i
    mes
    the syst
    em can hav e some serious issues l
    eading to business pr ocesses
    temporari
    l
    ybeingsuspended.Addit
    ionall
    y,i
    ftheint
    ernetconnectionisof f
    linethen
    wewi l
    lnotbeabl
    etoaccessanyoft heappli
    cati
    ons,serv
    er,ordatafrom thecloud.

    Noteasyt
    oswi
    tchser
    vicepr
    ovi
    der
    s

    Cloudser v
    iceprov
    ider
    spromisesv endorst hatthecloudwillbeflexibl
    etouseand
    i
    ntegrate,howeverswit
    chi
    ngcl oudservicesi snoteasy .Mostor gani
    zati
    onsmay
    fi
    nditdiffi
    cultt
    ohostandint
    egr at
    ecurrentcl oudappli
    cati
    onsonanot herplatf
    orm.
    I
    nteroperabil
    i
    tyandsupportissuesmayar i
    sesuchasappl icat
    ionsdev elopedon
    Li
    nuxpl atf
    orm maynotworkproperl
    yonMi crosoftDevel
    opmentFr amewor k( .
    Net)
    .
    197.Expl
    aint
    heGoogl
    e’
    sdi
    str
    ibut
    edl
    ockser
    vice?
    Ans.
    1.Googl
    epr ov
    idesaChubbylockservi
    cef
    oedist
    ri
    butedsyst
    em.Chubbyi
    sused
    ext
    ensi
    vel
    yinsi
    deGoogl
    einvar
    ioussyst
    emssuchasGFS,Bi
    gTabl
    e.
    2.Thepri
    marygoalistoprovidearel
    iabl
    elockser
    vice.Chubbyi
    sNOTopt
    imi
    zedf
    or
    hi
    ghperf
    ormance,
    frequentlocki
    ngscenari
    os.

    3.Therear
    et housandsofcli
    entsthatuseChubby
    ,buttheyuseChubbyoccasi
    onal
    ly
    forcoar
    se-
    grainedlocki
    ng.General
    lysuchcoar
    segrai
    nedlocksar
    eheldforhoursor
    daysandNOTseconds.

    4.Onetypi
    caluseofChubbyi
    sformul
    ti
    pleappl
    icat
    ionsi
    stoel
    ectamast
    ert
    hef
    ir
    st
    oneget
    ti
    ngthelockwi
    nsandbecomesthemaster.

    Foll
    owi
    ngpoi
    ntsgi
    veagoodi
    deaofwhyl
    ockser
    vicewaschosenf
    ort
    heGoogl
    eeco
    syst
    em.
    1.Developerfr
    iendl
    iness:Gener
    ally
    ,itisf areasi
    erfordevel
    operstoaddl ocki
    ng
    semanti
    cs tot hei
    rcode t han consensus based mechani
    cs.Especi
    all
    yl ots of
    appl
    i
    cationsdon’tst
    artoutbigandast heygrow bi
    gger
    ,theyaddcodetoest abl
    i
    sh
    coor
    dinati
    on.Mostdev el
    opersar
    ealsofarmor efamil
    i
    arwithl
    ocki
    ngsemantics.

    2.Eventnot
    if
    icati
    onwithdata:Inmostcases,appli
    cati
    onsneedtoaccesssmall
    amountofdatainsuchdi
    str
    ibutedenvi
    ronment
    s-whichmeansneedforwri
    ti
    ngdat
    a
    andr
    eadingi
    tinaconsist
    entmanner.Thisf
    it
    sverywell
    int
    olocki
    ngmechani
    cs.

    3.Appl
    i
    cat
    ionprogress:I
    napax osli
    kesetup,youneedmajori
    tyofappl
    icat
    ionst
    obe
    uptomakeprogress.Inacent
    rali
    zedlockservi
    cemode, ev
    enifonl
    yoneclienti
    sup,
    i
    tcanmakeprogressaslongasithascorrectaccesst
    olocksfr
    om Chubby.

    Sy
    stem Ar
    chi
    tect
    ure

    Eachcli
    entappl
    i
    cat
    ionuseschubbycli
    entsi
    deli
    braryf
    ordist
    ri
    but
    edcoordi
    nat
    ion.
    Chubbymasteri
    sel
    ectedasaleaderamong5repl
    icasusi
    ngaconsensuspr
    otocol
    l
    ikepaxos.
    Therearetwomaincomponent sint
    hesystem,chubbymasterandthechubbycli
    ent
    l
    ibrar
    y.Eachappli
    cat
    ionint
    erestedi
    ndistr
    ibut
    edcoordi
    nati
    onlinkswiththechubby
    cli
    entli
    brary
    .The cl i
    entli
    brarythen execut
    es the l
    ocki
    ng protocolon cli
    ent
    appli
    cat
    ion’
    sbehal
    f.
    1.Mast
    er:
    1.Chubbymasterconsistsofmultipl
    erepli
    cas,withoneoft hem gett
    ingel
    ect
    edas
    themasterusi
    ngdistri
    butedconsensusprotocolli
    kepaxos.Allrepl
    i
    casalsogranta
    l
    easetothemaster
    , duri
    ngwhichtheydon’telectanewmast er.
    2.Oncet hemast eri sel
    ected,itisr esponsibl
    ef orwr i
    ti
    ngt ot hedat abaseany
    persi
    stentst
    atethati tneeded,whichi st henrepl
    icatedatot herrepl
    i
    cas.A wr i
    te
    needst oberepl
    icatedatmaj or
    itybeforebei ngacknowledgedbackt ot heclient
    .A
    readcanbeser vedbackt othecl i
    entbyt hemast erasl ongast heleasehasn’ t
    expir
    ed—t hi
    sindicatest
    hatthereisnoot hermasteraround.
    3.Ift
    hemasterfails,
    consensusprotocolisagainrunt oel
    ectanewmast er.

    2.Client:Achubbycel l
    servesthousandsofcli
    ents,sothesecli
    entsareconnect ingto
    amast erforallt
    hecoor di
    nati
    onneeds.Client
    suseDNSt of i
    ndthemast er.Repli
    cas
    respondt ocli
    entsissuingDNSquer iesbyredi
    rect
    ingthecli
    entstothecur rentmaster
    .
    Oncecl i
    entfi
    ndst hemast er
    ,allrequest
    sgot othatmast er.Cl
    ientsrunt helocking
    protocolonappl i
    cati
    on’sbehalfandnot ifyappli
    cati
    onofcer tainev entssuchas
    mast erfail
    -ov
    erhasoccur r
    ed.

     Fi
    l
    ebasedi
    nter
    face
    -
    Chubbyexpor
    tsUNIXfi
    l
    esystem l
    i
    keAPIs.Fi
    l
    esanddi
    rect
    ori
    esar
    ecal
    l
    ednodes.
    Ther
    earenoli
    nksal
    l
    owedint
    hesystem.
    -
    Nodescanbeper
    manentorephemer
    al.Ephemer
    alnodesgoawayasnocl
    i
    entusi
    ng
    t
    henodegoaway.
    -Afi
    lecanbeopenedinaread/
    wri
    temodei
    ndi
    cat
    ingt
    heex
    clusi
    vi
    ty.Cl
    i
    ent
    sgeta
    handl
    etothegi
    vennode.
    -Thef
    oll
    owi
    ngmet
    adat
    aisal
    soal
    l
    ocat
    edpernode:
    1.I
    nst
    ancenumber—al
    way
    sincr
    easi
    ngf
    ort
    hesamename
    2.Cont
    entgener
    ati
    onnumber—I
    ncr
    easedany
    timecont
    enti
    sov
    erwr
    it
    ten
    3.Lockgener
    ati
    onnumber—I
    ncr
    easeswhenl
    ockt
    ransi
    ti
    onsf
    rom f
    reet
    ohel
    d
    4.Ther
    eal
    soACLsonnodeslikei
    natradi
    ti
    onalf
    il
    esy
    stem f
    orcont
    rol
    l
    ingaccess
    andanACLnumberi
    ncr
    easesonACLchanges.
    Therei
    sothermet
    adat
    awi thhandl
    esthatcli
    ent
    suse.Thishasmost
    lytodowit
    h
    caseswhenanewmasterseesahandl
    et hatwasgener
    atedbyapr
    evi
    ousmast
    er.

    198.Def
    ineSi
    mpl
    eSt
    orageSer
    vice(
    S3)
    .
    Ans.AmazonSi
    mpl
    eSt
    orageSer
    vice(
    AmazonS3)i
    sascal
    abl
    e,hi
    gh-
    speed,web-
    based cloud st
    orage ser
    vice desi
    gned f oronl
    ine 
    backup and archivi
    ng ofdata
    and appl
    i
    cati
    ons 
    onAmazonWebSer vices.AmazonS3wasdesi gnedwi thami ni
    mal
    feat
    uresetandcreatedt
    omakeweb- scalecomputi
    ngeasierfordev elopers.
     HowAmazonS3wor
    ks?
    1.AmazonS3i san objectst
    orage servi
    ce,whichdiffer
    sfrom blockandf il
    ecl
    oud
    stor
    age.
    2.2.Eachobjectisst or
    edasaf i
    l
    ewi t
    hi t
    smet adataincl
    udedandi sgivenanID
    number .
    3.3.Appli
    cati
    onsuset hi
    sIDnumbert oaccessanobj ect
    .Unlikefi
    leandblockcl
    oud
    stor
    age,adevelopercanaccessanobj ectvi
    aaRESTAPI .
    4.TheS3cl oudstorageservi
    cegivesasubscr i
    beraccesstot hesamesy stemsthat
    Amazonusest orunitsownwebsi t
    es.
    5.S3enabl escustomerstoupload,storeanddownl oadpractical
    l
    yanyfil
    eorobject
    thatisupt ofiveterabyt
    es(TB)insi ze,withthelargestsingleuploadcappedat
    fi
    ve gi
    gabyt
    es (
    GB) .

     AmazonS3st
    oragecl
    asses
    AmazonS3comesi
    nthr
    eest
    oragecl
    asses:S3St
    andar
    d,S3I
    nfr
    equentAccessand
    AmazonGl
    aci
    er.
    1.S3Standar
    d:-S3St andardissui
    tabl
    eforfrequent
    lyaccesseddatathatneedsto
    bedeli
    veredwit
    hlowl atencyandhighthr
    oughput.S3Standardtar
    getsappl
    icat
    ions,
    dynamicwebsi
    tes,contentdist
    ri
    but
    ionandbigdataworkloads.
    2.S3InfrequentAccess:
    -S3I nf
    requentAccessoffersal owerst
    oragepri
    cefordat
    a
    that
    'sneededl essoft
    en,butthatmustbequi cklyaccessibl
    e.Thisti
    ercanbeused
    forbackups,di
    sasterr
    ecoveryandlong-t
    erm datastorage.
    3.AmazonGl acier:
    -AmazonGl aci
    eristheleastexpensiv
    estorageopti
    oni
    nS3,butit
    i
    sst r
    ict
    lydesignedf orar
    chivalst
    oragebecausei ttakeslongert
    oaccessthedata.
    Glaci
    eroff
    ersv ari
    ableret
    ri
    evalrat
    esthatrangefrom minutestohours.
    Ausercanal
    soi
    mplementli
    fecycl
    emanagementpol
    i
    ciest
    ocur
    atedat
    aandmov
    eit
    t
    othemostappr
    opr
    iat
    etieroverti
    me.

     AmazonS3Feat
    ures
    1.LowcostandEasyt
    oUse  −Usi
    ngAmazonS3,
    theusercanst
    oreal
    argeamount
    ofdat
    aatveryl
    owcharges.
    2.Secur
    e −AmazonS3suppor tsdat
    atransf
    erov
    erSSLandthedataget
    sencry
    pted
    automat
    ical
    l
    yoncei ti
    suploaded.Theuserhascompl
    etecont
    rolovert
    hei
    rdataby
    confi
    gur
    ingbucketpol
    i
    ciesusingAWSIAM.
    3.Scal
    abl
    e −Usi
    ngAmazonS3,t
    her
    eneednotbeanyworryaboutst
    orageconcer
    ns.
    Wecanstoreasmuchdataaswehaveandaccessi
    tany
    time.
    4.Higherperformance −AmazonS3i sint
    egr
    atedwit
    hAmazonCloudFront,that
    di
    stri
    butescontentt
    ot heenduserswit
    hlowlat
    encyandpr
    ovi
    deshi
    ghdatatransfer
    speedswithoutanyminimum usagecommi t
    ments.
    5.I
    ntegr
    atedwi t
    hAWSservi
    ces 
    −AmazonS3integr
    atedwit
    hAWSservicesincl
    ude
    AmazonCl oudFr
    ont
    ,AmazonCLoudWat
    ch,AmazonKinesi
    s,AmazonRDS,Amazon
    Rout
    e53, AmazonVPC,AWSLambda,AmazonEBS,AmazonDynamoDB, et
    c.

    199.Def
    ineEl
    ast
    icBl
    ockSt
    ore(
    EBS)
    .
    Ans.
    1.AmazonEl
    ast
    icBl
    ockSt
    ore(
    AmazonEBS)pr
    ovi
    desbl
    ockl
    evelst
    oragev
    olumes
    forusewithEC2instances.EBSv ol
    umesbehav elikeraw, unf
    ormattedblockdevices.
    Youcanmountt hesev olumesasdev icesonyouri nst
    ances.Youcanmountmul t
    ipl
    e
    volumesonthesamei nstance, andy oucanmountav olumetomultipl
    einstancesat
    atime.Youcancreateaf i
    lesy stem ont opofthesev olumes,orusethem inanyway
    youwoul duseabl ockdev i
    ce( l
    ikeahar ddrive).Youcandy namical
    lychanget he
    confi
    gurat
    ionofav ol
    umeat tachedt oani nst
    ance.

    2.EBS v ol
    umes ar e highl
    yav ail
    able and r
    eli
    abl
    e st
    orage volumes t
    hatcan be
    attachedtoanyr unninginst
    ancet hati
    si nt
    hesameAv ail
    abil
    i
    tyZone.EBSv olumes
    thatareattachedt oanEC2i nst
    ancear eexposedasstoragevolumesthatpersi
    st
    i
    ndependent l
    yfrom thelif
    eoft heinst
    ance.WithAmazonEBS, youpayonlyforwhat
    youuse.

    3.Youcanatt
    achmult
    ipl
    evolumest othesameinstancewi
    thi
    nthel
    i
    mitsspeci
    fied
    byyourAWSaccount
    .Youraccounthasal i
    mitonthenumberofEBSvol
    umest hat
    youcanuse,
    andthet
    otalst
    orageavail
    abl
    etoyou.

    4.AmazonEBSi srecommendedwhendat amustbequi cklyaccessibleandr equi


    res
    l
    ong-term per sistence.EBS volumes are part
    icul
    arl
    ywel l-sui
    ted foruse as t he
    pri
    mar ystoragef orfi
    lesy
    stems,databases,orforanyapplicati
    onst hatrequir
    ef i
    ne
    granul
    arupdat esandaccesst or aw,unf
    ormatted,bl
    ock-levelstor
    age.AmazonEBS
    i
    swel lsuitedt obot hdatabase-st
    yleappli
    cat
    ionsthatr el
    yonr andom r eadsand
    writ
    es,andt ot hroughput-
    int
    ensiveappli
    cati
    onsthatperforml ong,conti
    nuousr eads
    andwr i
    tes.

     EBSVol
    ume 
    Types
    Therear
    efi
    vet
    ypesofEBSv
    olumes.Youcanusewhat
    everwor
    ksbestf
    ory
    ouruse
    case.

    1.Gener
    alPur
    poseSSD 
    (gp2)
    -
    Thi
    sisthev
    olumet hatEC2choosesbydef
    aul
    tasther
    ootv
    olumeofy
    ouri
    nst
    ance.
    I
    tpr
    ovi
    desabalanceofbothpri
    ceandperf
    ormance.
    -
    SSDstandsforSol
    idStateDri
    vewhichi
    smul
    ti
    plet
    imesf
    ast
    ert
    hanHDD(
    Har
    dDi
    sk
    Dri
    ve)f
    orsmalli
    nput
    /outputoper
    ati
    ons.
    -Havi
    ng i
    tast herootv ol
    umef
    ory
    ouri
    nst
    ancescan si
    gni
    fi
    cant
    lyi
    mpr
    ovet
    he
    perf
    ormanceofyourser
    ver.
    -I
    tsper
    for
    manceismeasuredinIOPS( I
    nput-
    OutputOperati
    onspersecond)
    ,means
    howmanyinputandout
    putoperat
    ionsourservercanpersecond.
    -TheseEBSv ol
    umespr ov
    idearati
    oof3IOPSperGBwi t
    htheabil
    it
    ytobur
    stupto
    3000IOPSf orextendedper
    iodsofti
    me.Theysuppor
    tupto10,000IOPSand160
    MB/ soft
    hroughput.
    -
    1IOPS — 256KB/sofreadorwri
    teoperat
    ion.
     
    -
    IOPSrefertooper
    ati
    onsonblocksthatar
    eupt o256KBi
    nsi
    ze.

    2.Pr
    ovi
    sionedI
    OPSSSD 
    (i
    o1)
    -
    Thisisthefast
    estandmostexpensiveEBSvol
    ume.Theyaredesi
    gnedf
    orI
    /O
    i
    ntensi
    veappl
    i
    cati
    onssuchasl
    argeRel
    ati
    onal
    orNoSQLdat
    abases.
    -
    Thesi
    zeofthi
    svolumer
    angesf
    rom 4Gi
    Bto16Ti
    Bandt
    heI
    OPSr
    angesf
    rom 100
    I
    OPSto32,
    000IOPS.
    -
    Theysupportupt
    o500MB/
    soft
    hroughputandcanbeusedasr
    ootv
    olumef
    oran
    EC2i
    nstance.
    -
    Here,
    youar
    echar
    gedf
    ort
    hepr
    ovi
    sionedI
    OPSal
    ongwi
    tht
    hest
    oragespaceofy
    our
    v
    olume.

    3.Thr
    oughputOpt
    imi
    zedHDD 
    (st
    1)
    -
    Thesearelow-
    costmagnet
    icst
    oragev
    olumeswhi
    chdef
    ineper
    for
    mancei
    nter
    ms
    ofThr
    oughput
    .
    -Thesear
    edesi gnedforl
    arge,sequent
    ialworkl
    oadsli
    keBigDat
    a,Datawar
    ehouses,
    andlogprocessing.Youwi
    llprobabl
    yusethesev ol
    umesfory
    ourHadoopcl
    ust
    er.
    -Theypr
    ovi
    dethr
    oughputofupt
    o500MB/
    sandcannotbeusedasr
    ootv
    olumef
    or
    anEC2inst
    ance.

    4.Col
    dHDD 
    (sc1)
    -Theseareevencheapermagnet
    icst
    oraget
    hanThroughputOpt
    imi
    zed.Theyar
    e
    designedf
    orl
    arge,
    sequent
    ial
    col
    dworkl
    oadsl
    i
    keafi
    leserver
    .
    -Theyar
    egoodf
    ori
    nfr
    equent
    lyaccessedwor
    kloadsandpr
    ovi
    det
    hroughputofupt
    o
    250MB/ s.
    -
    Theyal
    socannotbeusedasr
    ootv
    olumes.

    5.Magnet
    ic(
    standar
    d)
    -Theseareprevi
    ousgenerati
    onmagnet
    icdr
    ivest
    hatar
    esui
    tedf
    orwor
    kloadswher
    e
    dataisaccessedinf
    requent
    ly.
    -
    Thei
    rsi
    zecanbeupt
    o1Ti
    Bandonav
    eraget
    heypr
    ovi
    deat
    hroughputof100MB/
    s.
    -
    Thesecanbeusedasr
    ootv
    olumesf
    orEC2i
    nst
    ances.
     AmazonEBSBenef
    it
    s
    1.Rel
    i
    abl
    eandsecur
    est
    orage 
    −Eachoft
    heEBSv
    olumewi
    l
    laut
    omat
    ical
    l
    yrespond
    t
    oit
    sAv
    ail
    abi
    l
    ityZonet
    opr
    otectf
    rom componentf
    ail
    ure.
    2.Secure 
    −Amazon’sfl
    exi
    bleaccesscontrolpoli
    ciesall
    owstospeci
    fywhocan
    accesswhichEBSvol
    umes.Accesscont
    rolplusencrypt
    ionof
    fer
    sastr
    ongdef
    ense-
    i
    n-depthsecur
    it
    yst
    rat
    egyf
    ordata.
    3.Higherperfor
    mance 
    −AmazonEBSusesSSDt echnol
    ogyt
    odel
    i
    verdat
    aresul
    ts
    wit
    hconsistentI
    /Operf
    ormanceofappl
    i
    cat
    ion.
    4.Easydat
    abackup 
    −Databackupcanbesav
    edbyt
    aki
    ngpoi
    nt-
    in-
    ti
    mesnapshot
    s
    ofAmazonEBSvolumes.
    200.Expl
    aint
    hear
    chi
    tect
    ureofGoogl
    eFi
    l
    eSy
    stem.
    Ans.Googl
    ehasdesi
    gnedadi
    str
    ibut
    edf
    il
    esy
    stem,namedGFS,f
    ormeet
    ingi
    ts
    exacti
    ngdemandsofprocessi
    nglar
    geamount sofdat
    a.Obj
    ect
    ivesofGFS ar
    e
    avai
    labi
    li
    ty,
    per
    for
    mance,
    rel
    i
    abil
    i
    tyandscal
    abi
    l
    ity
    .
    GFSi s 
    clusters 
    ofcomput ers.A cl
    ust
    erissimplyanetworkofcomputer
    s.Each
    clustermi ghtcontainhundredsorev
    enthousandsofmachi
    nes.I
    neachGFScl
    ust
    ers
    therearet hreemai nenti
    ti
    es:
    1.
      
      
      
    Cli
    ent
    s
    2.
      
      
      
    Mast
    erser
    ver
    s
    3.
      
      
      
    Chunkser
    ver
    s.
    Cli
    ent 
    canbeot hercomput er
    sorcomput erappli
    cati
    onsandmakeaf i
    lerequest
    .
    Requestscanrangefrom retr
    iev
    ingandmanipulati
    ngexist
    ingfi
    l
    estocr
    eat
    ingnew
    fi
    l
    esont hesyst
    em.Client
    scanbet houghtascustomersoftheGFS.
    Mast
    erSer
    ver
     i
    sthecoor
    dinat
    orf
    ort
    hecl
    ust
    er.I
    tst
    aski
    ncl
    ude:
    -
    1.
     Maintai
    ningan oper
    ati
    onlog,thatkeepstr
    ackoftheacti
    vi
    tiesofthecl
    ust
    er.The
    operati
    onloghel pskeepservi
    cei nt
    err
    upti
    onstoami ni
    mum i fthemasterserv
    er
    crashes,ar epl
    acementser
    v erthathasmoni t
    oredtheoperati
    onlogcantakei t
    s
    pl
    ace.
    2.
     Themasterserveralsokeepstrackof metadat
    a,whichi
    sthei
    nfor
    mati
    onthat
    descr
    ibeschunks.Themetadatatell
    sthemast erser
    vertowhi
    chf
    il
    esthechunks
    bel
    ongandwher etheyf
    itwi
    thi
    ntheov er
    all
    fil
    e.
    ChunkSer ver
    s arethewor khor
    sesoftheGFS.Theyst ore64-MBf i
    lechunks.The
    chunkser versdon'tsendchunkst othemast erserver
    .Inst
    ead,theysendrequested
    chunksdi r
    ectlytotheclient.TheGFScopieseverychunkmul t
    ipl
    etimesandstor esi
    t
    ondi f
    ferentchunkser vers.Eachcopyiscall
    eda  r
    epli
    ca.Bydefault
    ,theGFSmakes
    threerepli
    casperchunk,butuser scanchanget hesetti
    ngandmakemor eorf ewer
    repli
    casifdesired.
     Managementdonet
    oov
    erl
    oadi
    ngsi
    ngl
    emast
    eri
    nGoogl
    eFi
    l
    eSy
    stem

    Havingasi nglemast erenablesthemast ertomakesophi sti


    catedchunkpl acement
    and r epli
    cati
    on decisionsusi ng globalknowl edge.Howev er,theinvolvementof
    mast eri nr eads and wr i
    tes mustbe mi nimized so thatitdoes notbecome
    a 
    bot tleneck.Cli
    entsnev erreadandwr it
    efil
    edat athroughthemast er.Instead,a
    cl
    ientasks t he mast erwhi ch chunk ser v
    ersi tshould contact
    .Itcaches t hi
    s
    i
    nformat i
    onf orali
    mi tedti
    meandi nteractswiththechunkserversdir
    ectlyformany
    subsequentoper at
    ions.
     Gener
    alscenar
    ioofcl
    i
    entr
    equesthandl
    i
    ngbyGFS

    Fil
    er equestsfoll
    owastandardwor kfl
    ow.Areadr equestissi
    mple;theclientsends
    ar equesttothemasterservertofi
    ndoutwheretheclientcanf
    indapar t
    icularfi
    l
    eon
    thesy stem.Theser verrespondswiththelocati
    onf ortheprimaryreplicaoft he
    respectivechunk.Thepri
    mar yrepl
    icahol
    dsal easef rom t
    hemast erserverforthe
    chunki nquestion.
    Ifnor epli
    cacur r
    entl
    yhol dsalease,themast erserverdesignat
    esachunkast he
    pri
    mar y.Itdoest hi
    sbycompar i
    ngtheI Paddressoft hecl
    ienttot headdressesof
    thechunkser v
    er scontai
    ningther epl
    icas.Themast erserverchoosest hechunk
    serverclosesttot hecli
    ent.Thatchunkser v
    er'
    schunkbecomest heprimary.  
    The
    cli
    entthencont actstheappropri
    atechunkserverdi
    rectly
    ,whichsendst herepli
    cato
    thecli
    ent.
    Wr i
    terequestsar eal i
    ttl
    emor ecompl i
    cat
    ed.Thecl i
    entsti
    llsendsar equesttothe
    mast erserver
    , whi
    chr epli
    eswi t
    hthelocat
    ionoftheprimaryandsecondar yrepl
    icas.
    Thecl i
    entstoresthi
    si nformati
    oninamemor ycache.Thatway ,i
    fthecli
    entneedsto
    refertot hesamer epli
    cal at
    eron,itcanbypasst hemast erserver.I
    fthepr i
    mar y
    repli
    cabecomesunav ai
    lableorther epl
    i
    cachangest hent heclientwil
    lhav eto
    consultthemast erserveragainbefor
    econtacti
    ngachunkser v er
    .
    Thecl i
    entthensendst hewri
    tedatat oalltherepl
    icas,starti
    ngwiththecl osest
    repl
    icaandendingwi t
    hthefur
    thestone.Itdoesn'
    tmat t
    eriftheclosestrepl
    icaisa
    pri
    mar yorsecondar
    y.Googl
    ecompar esthi
    sdatadeli
    verymet hodtoapipeli
    ne.
    Oncet
    her
    epl
    i
    casr
    ecei
    vet
    hedat
    a,t
    hepr
    imar
    yrepl
    i
    cabegi
    nst
    oassi
    gnconsecut
    ive
    seri
    alnumber stoeachchanget ot hefil
    e.Changesarecalledmut at
    ions.Theser ial
    number sinstr
    uctther epl
    icasonhow t oordereachmut at
    ion.Thepr i
    mar ythen
    appli
    est hemut at
    ionsinsequent ialordertoi t
    sowndat a.Theni tsendsawr i
    te
    requesttot hesecondaryr epli
    cas,whi chfol
    low thesameappl i
    cati
    onpr ocess.I f
    everyt
    hingworksasi tshould,allt
    her epli
    casacrossthecl
    uster i
    ncorporatethenew
    data.Thesecondaryrepli
    casr eportbacktothepr i
    maryoncetheapplicationprocess
    i
    sov er.
    Atthattime,t hepri
    mar yrepli
    car eportsbackt ot hecl ient.Iftheprocesswas
    successf
    ul,itendshere.Ifnot,t
    hepr i
    mar yrepl
    i
    cat el
    lsthecl i
    entwhathappened.For
    example,ifonesecondar yrepl
    icafail
    edt oupdat ewi thapar t
    icul
    armut at
    ion,the
    pri
    maryreplicanotif
    iesthecl i
    entandr etri
    esthemut ati
    onappl i
    cati
    onsev er
    almor e
    ti
    mes.Ifthesecondar yrepli
    cadoesn'tupdat ecorrectly
    ,t hepr i
    mar yrepl
    i
    cat el
    lsthe
    secondaryr epli
    catost artoverfrom t hebeginningoft hewr iteprocess.Ifthat
    doesn'
    twor k,themasterserverwil
    lidentif
    ytheaffectedr eplicaasgarbage.

    201.Expl
    aint
    hest
    ruct
    ureofBi
    gTabl
    edat
    amodel
    .
    Ans.Goggl
    ecr
    eat
    edBi
    gTabl
    ewi
    thanai
    mtodev
    elopaf
    ast
    ,rel
    i
    abl
    e,ef
    fi
    cient
    ,and
    scal
    abl
    est
    oragesy
    stem t
    hatcoul
    dpr
    ocessconcur
    rentr
    equest
    satahi
    ghspeed.
    Mill
    ionsofusersaccessbi
    l
    li
    onsofWebpagesandmanyhundr edTB' s ofsat
    ell
    i
    te
    i
    mages.Al otofsemi-
    str
    uct
    ureddat
    aisgenerat
    edfr
    om Googl eorwebaccessbyt he
    users.Thi
    sdataneedstobestor
    ed,managed,andprocessedforret
    rievi
    nginsi
    ghts.
    Thisrequi
    redthedat
    amanagementsyst
    emst ohaveveryscalabi
    l
    ity.
    Googl
    e’sai
    m behi
    nddevel
    opingBigTabl
    ewastoprovi
    deahighl
    yeffi
    cientsystem
    formanagi
    nghugeamountofdat
    asothati
    tcoul
    dhel
    pthecl
    oudstor
    ageser v
    ices.
    I
    trequi
    redf
    orconcur
    rentprocessest
    hatcoul
    dupdat
    evar
    iousdat
    apiecessothat
    t
    hemostr ecentdat
    acould beaccessed easi
    l
    ywithafastspeed.Thedesign
    r
    equir
    ement
    sofBigTablehadbeenasfol
    lows:
    1.Hi
    ghSpeed

    2.Rel
    i
    abi
    l
    ity

    3.Scal
    abi
    l
    ity

    4.Ef
    fi
    ciency

    5.Hi
    ghper
    for
    mance

    6.Exami
    nat
    ionofchangesoccur
    ri
    ngi
    nthedat
    aov
    eraper
    iodoft
    ime
    BigTablei
    sapopul ar,di
    str
    ibuteddatastoragesyst
    em thatishi
    ghlyscal
    abl
    eand
    managesitsel
    fasitsown.Itinvolv
    esthousandsofserver
    s,t
    erabyt
    esofdatast
    orage
    forin-
    memor yoperati
    ons,mill
    ionsofread/wri
    ter
    equestsbyusersinasecond,and
    petabyt
    esofdatathatisstor
    edondi sks.
    Thisself-
    managi
    ngserv
    iceshel
    pi ndynamicaddi
    ti
    onandr
    emov
    alofser
    ver
    sthat
    arecapabl
    eofadj
    ust
    ingl
    oadimbalancebythemsel
    ves.
    BigTabl
    ehasgotext remepopular
    it
    yatGoogleasitst
    oresal
    mostal
    lki
    ndofdata,
    suchasWebi ndexes,
    personal
    i
    sedsear
    ches,Googl
    eearth,
    Googl
    eAnal
    yst
    s,Googl
    e
    fi
    nance,
    etc.
    BigTabl
    eisar r
    angedasasor tedmapspr eadi
    nmul
    ti
    pledi
    mensi
    onsandi
    nvol
    ves
    spar
    se,di
    str
    ibutesandper
    sist
    encefeat
    ures.
    TheBi
    gTabl e’sdatamodelpr i
    mari
    lycombinesthreedimensions:row,columnand
    ti
    me;t
    hefirsttwodimensionsarestr
    ingtypes,
    wher eastheti
    medi mensionistaken
    asa64-bi
    tinteger
    .Theresult
    ingcombinat
    ionofthesedimensi
    onsi sastri
    ngtype.

    202.Expl
    aint
    hepr
    ogr
    ammi
    ngonAmazonEC2.
    Ans.AmazonEl
    ast
    icComput
    eCl
    oud(
    AmazonEC2)pr
    ovi
    desscal
    abl
    ecomput
    ing
    capaci
    tyintheAmazonWebSer
    vices(AWS)cl
    oud.UsingAmazonEC2el i
    mi nates
    yourneedtoinv
    esti
    nhar
    dwar
    eupf r
    ont
    ,soyoucandevelopanddepl
    oyappl
    ications
    fast
    er.
    YoucanuseAmazonEC2t olaunchasmanyorasf ewv i
    rt
    ualser
    versasyouneed,
    confi
    guresecur
    it
    yandnetworking,andmanagest
    orage.AmazonEC2enablesyouto
    scal
    eupordownt ohandl
    echangesi nr
    equi
    rement
    sorspikesinpopul
    ari
    ty,
    reduci
    ng
    yourneedtofor
    ecasttr
    aff
    ic.
    AmazonEC2hasasi mpleWebi nter
    face,enabli
    ngy outoconfigur
    et hecapacity
    accor
    dingt oyourrequi
    rements.Youareal l
    owedt onotonlyhaveacompl et
    econtrol
    overt
    her esourcesyouuseforcomput i
    ngpur posesbutalsorunyourappli
    cati
    onson
    thepr
    ov enenvironmentofAmazon’ scomput i
    ngservi
    ces.
    Obt
    aini
    ngandbooti
    ngnewserver
    srequi
    rev
    eryl
    esst
    ime.Thi
    smakesi
    tpossi
    blef
    or
    y
    outoscal
    eyourcapaci
    tyv
    eryf
    astusi
    ngAmazonEC2.
    Thebiggestadvant
    age,t
    hough,ofusi
    ngi nactual
    .AmazonEC2ist
    hatyousav
    e
    moneybyr equi
    ri
    ngt
    opayonlyfort
    hecapaci
    tythatyouar
    eusi
    ngi
    nact
    ual
    .
    Fol
    l
    owi
    ngar
    ethebenef
    it
    sofAmazonEC2:
    1.Upanddownscal
    abi
    l
    ityofwebser
    vices

    2.Compl
    etecont
    rol
    overcomput
    ingr
    esour
    ces

    3.Fl
    exi
    bil
    i
    tyofser
    vicesf
    orcl
    oudhost
    ing

    4.SupportforotherAmazonwebserv
    ices,suchasAmazonSi
    mpl
    eSt
    orage
    Serv
    ice(S3),
    Elast
    icBl
    ockSt
    ore(
    EBS),andSi
    mpleDB

    5.Hi
    ghr
    eli
    abi
    l
    ityandsecur
    it
    y

    6.Costef
    fi
    ci
    ency

    AmazonS3:  (Si
    mpl eStorageServi
    ce)i
    sascal abl
    e,high- speed,l
    ow-costweb-based
    serv
    icedesignedf oronl
    inebackupandar chi
    vi
    ngofdat aandappl i
    cati
    onprograms.
    Ital
    lowst oupload,store,anddownloadanyt ypeoff i
    lesupt o5TBi nsize.Thi s
    serv
    iceallowsthesubscr i
    berst
    oaccessthesamesy stemst hatAmazonusest orun
    i
    tsownwebsi tes.Thesubscr i
    berhascont r
    olov ert heaccessi bi
    li
    tyofdata,i.e.
    pri
    vatel
    y/publ
    icl
    yaccessible.
    AmazonEl ast
    icBlockStore (
    EBS) :i
    sablockstor
    agesystem usedtost
    orepersi
    stent
    data.AmazonEBSi ssuit
    ablef orEC2instancesbyprovidi
    nghighl
    yavail
    abl
    eblock
    l
    evelst or
    agev ol
    umes.I thast hr
    eetypesofv olume,i
    .e.GeneralPurpose(SSD),
    Provisi
    oned IOPS (SSD),and Magnet ic.These thr
    ee v ol
    ume types dif
    feri n
    performance,
    character
    ist
    ics,andcost.
    SimpleDB:Thecoredat
    abasef uncti
    onali
    tyar
    eser
    vedbySi mpl
    eDBf orst
    ori
    ngt he
    textdataandqueryi
    ngit.BenefitofusingSimpl
    eDB i
    st hatyoudonotr equire
    perfor
    mi ngt
    hej
    oinsorcompl ext r
    ansacti
    onsast
    hesystem offer
    snon-rel
    ati
    onal
    struct
    ure.

    203.Expl
    aint
    hear
    chi
    tect
    ureofAmazonEC2.

    Ans.SameasQ.
    192
    204.Whati
    sBucket
    ?Whatt
    ypeofst
    oragedoesi
    tpr
    ovi
    de?
    Ans.AmazonS3'
    scl
    oud-
    basedst
    oragesy
    stem al
    l
    owsy
    out
    ost
    oredat
    aobj
    ect
    s
    ranginginsizefrom 1byteupt o5GBinaf latnamespace.InS3,st
    oragecontainer
    s
    arereferr
    edt oasbucket s,andbucketsservethefunctionofadirectory
    ,alt
    hough
    thereisnoobj ecthi
    erar
    chyt oabucket,andyousaveobj ect
    sandnotf i
    lestoit
    .Iti
    s
    i
    mpor t
    antthaty oudonotassoci at
    etheconceptofaf i
    le-
    syst
    em withS3,because
    fi
    lesar enotsupported;onlyobject
    sarestored.Addit
    ionall
    y,y
    oudonot“ mount”a
    bucketasy oudoaf i
    l
    e-system.
    TheS3sy stem al l
    owsy out oassi gnanamet oabucket ,butt hatnamemustbe
    uniqueint heS3
    namespaceacr ossal lAWScust omer s.Accesst oanS3bucketi sthrought heS3
    WebAPI( eitherwi thSOAPorREST)andi sslowr elati
    vet oar eal
    -worlddi skstorage
    system.S3' sper formancel imit
    si tsuset onon- operationalf unct i
    onssuchasdat a
    archiv
    ingandr etrievalordi skbackup.TheRESTAPIi spr efer r
    edt ot heSOAPAPI ,
    becausei tiseasi ert owor kwi t
    hlar gebi naryobjectswi t
    hREST.
    Youcandot hef ol l
    owingwi thS3bucket sthrought heAPI s:
    •Create,edit,ordel et
    eexi sti
    ngbucket s
    •Uploadnewobj ectstoabucketanddownl oadt hem
    •Searchf orandf indobj ectsandbucket s
    •Findmet adat aassoci atewi t
    hobj ectsandbucket s
    •Speci f
    ywher eabucketshoul dbest or ed
    •Makebucket sandobj ectsav ai
    lableforpubl i
    caccess
    AmazonS3pr ov ideslargequant iti
    esofr eli
    ablest oraget hati shi ghl
    ypr otect
    edbut
    towhi chy ouhav el owbandwi dt
    haccess.S3excel sinappl icationswher estorageis
    archiv
    al i
    nnat ur e.Forexampl e,youf i
    ndS3i nusebyl argephot oshar i
    ngsi tes.

    205.Whati
    sthedi
    ff
    erencebet
    weenAmazonSi
    mpl
    eDBandAmazon
    RDS?
    Ans.
    9.Adopt
    ionandUseofCl
    oud

    Q206)Expl
    aint
    headopt
    ionphasesbySMBs?
     ASurv
    eybyMcKi
    nsey&Companyshowsthatt
    wo-t
    hir
    doft hecl
    oudpur
    chase
    madebySBMsar
    emeanttorepl
    aceanexi
    sti
    ngappl
    icat
    ion.Thi
    sposi
    ti
    onthe

    AmazonRDS AmazonSi
    mpl
    eDB

    AmazonAur or
    a,
    My SQL,MariaDB,
    Dat
    abaseengi
    ne OracleDatabase, NoSQL(
    wit
    hli
    mit
    edcapaci
    ty)
    SQLSer ver
    ,
    PostgreSQL

    I
    nstanceswi
    th64
    Notspeci
    fi
    ed,
    sof
    twar
    easa
    Comput
    ingr
    esour
    ces vCPUand244GB
    ser
    vice
    RAM

    6TBperi
    nst
    ance, 10GBperdomai
    n,25
    Dat
    ast
    oragef
    aci
    l
    iti
    es(
    max)
    20.
    000I
    OPS Wri
    tes/
    Sec

    Mai
    ntenanceWi
    ndows 30mi
    nut
    esperweek Noef
    fect

    Asanaddi
    ti
    onal
    Mul
    ti
    -AZr
    epl
    i
    cat
    ion Bui
    l
    t-i
    n
    ser
    vice

    Tabl
    es(
    perbasi
    cst
    ruct
    ural Def
    inedbythe
    250
    uni
    t) dat
    abaseengi
    ne

    Convent
    ional Simpledat
    abaseforsmal
    l
    Mai
    nusagef
    eat
    ure
    dat
    abase recor
    dsorauxi
    li
    aryrol
    es

    cl
    oudt
    heCl
    oudasanal
    ter
    nat
    ivet
    o“on-
    premi
    se”
    .
     Theremaini
    ngone-
    thi
    rdisgearedtowar
    dsmar ketexpansi
    on,r
    efl
    ect
    ingt
    he
    desi
    reofSMBstoaccessappl
    i
    cati
    ontheycoul
    dnotaffect
    edin-
    house.
     Whenaskedinwhichappli
    cati
    onareast
    heycl oudseecloudsoluti
    onsbeing
    usedwit
    hinthei
    rorgani
    zat
    ions,sur
    veyrespondentsexpressedthegreat
    est
    needf
    orstor
    agespaceanddatabackup/
    resil
    iency
    .
     Ov
    eral
    l
    ,ther
    espondent
    swer
    ewi
    l
    li
    ngt
    oconsi
    derpur
    chasi
    ngcl
    oudsol
    uti
    ons
    fora boardrange ofITinf
    rast
    ructur
    e and business appl
    i
    cat
    ion needs;
    howev
    er,act
    ualconsi
    der
    ati
    onl
    evelremainsj
    ustover50%.
     ThePhasest hatonehast ogot hroughwhil
    eselect
    ingandtransi
    ti
    oni
    ngthe
    serv
    icestothecloud.Throughouttheadopt
    ionpr
    ocess,youneedtofocuson
    theareasoftr
    ust,secur
    it
    y,legal
    ,compli
    anceandorgani
    zati
    onali
    ssues.

    PHASE1:
    ANALYSI
    S
    I
    denti
    fypossibl
    ecloudappl
    icat
    ioncandi
    dates;t
    hei
    mpactofmigr
    ati
    onto
    thecl
    oud;anddoananal y
    sisoftheexist
    ingsyst
    ems,appl
    i
    cati
    onsand
    busi
    nessprocesses.
    PHASE2:
    PLANNI
    NG
    Set
    st hedirect
    ionsandobj ect
    ivesf oradopti
    ngcl oudcomputing.The
    management team chooses t he pl at
    for
    m f or depl
    oyment and the
    i
    nfr
    astruct
    urefi
    nance,
    plans,
    secur i
    tyandlegal
    issues.
    PHASE3:
    ADOPTI
    ON
    Wor konappl i
    cati
    onsint
    egr
    ati
    onwi t
    hcloudpl at
    form andinf
    rast
    ructure,
    outsour
    cing str
    ategi
    es,SLAs,securi
    ty poli
    cies and legalcompliance
    management .Thisphasesetsthestagef ormi grat
    ionsoftheselected
    appli
    cat
    ions.
    PHASE4:
    MIGRATI
    ON
    Helpswithmigrat
    ionofuserdataandappli
    cati
    onstothecl
    oud.Theuser
    s
    startusi
    ngthecl oudser
    vices.Themanagementmustensur eadequat
    e
    techni
    calandusersuppor
    tduringmi
    grat
    ionprocess.
    PHASE5:
    MANAGEMENT
    Ident
    if
    y,documentandevangel
    iz
    ebestpr acti
    ces.Thecl
    oudpl
    atf
    orm and
    servi
    cesmustbeadequat el
    ymaintained.Localandremot
    esuppor
    tand
    monitori
    ngteamsmustbeputinplace.

    Q207)Di
    scusst
    hev
    ari
    ousmi
    grat
    ioni
    ssuesoft
    heor
    gani
    zat
    iont
    owar
    ds
    cl
    ouds?
     Alt
    houghSMBsar eeagertousepubli
    ccloudservicesduetoeconomi cand
    competi
    ti
    veadvantagestheyoff
    er,theyencounterissues.SMBst hatare
    usi
    ngpubli
    ccl
    oudshav ecomeacrosssever
    alconcernsduri
    ngthei
    rissue.
     These are ar
    ound secur
    it
    yprivacyofdat a 24/7 avai
    l
    abil
    it
    yofser vices,
    potenti
    alsl
    owperfor
    manceduri
    ngpeakusage,attacksbyothercl
    oudtenants,
    techni
    calsuppor
    tandcompl i
    ance,regul
    ati
    onsandunaut hori
    zedaccesst o
    servi
    ces.
     These issues ar
    e shar
    ed by ent
    erpr
    ise as wel
    l
    .The use ofthe same
    i
    nfrast
    ructurebyot
    hersi
    ncl
    udi
    ngcompet i
    torsi
    sanunt
    ir
    edconceptf
    oral
    l.
     Wit
    hSaaS,cust omershaveal
    mostnov isi
    bil
    i
    tyt
    ot heimplement
    edsecur
    it
    y
    pol
    ici
    es and patches,hy
    per
    visor
    s set
    ti
    ngs,and under
    lyi
    ng har
    dwar
    e and
    sof
    tware.
     Everyti
    me, anSNMst ri
    estousecl oudser
    vices,
    itmustdoari
    gorousmar
    ket
    resear
    ch,negoti
    ateoperat
    ingexpensesadtogoov ert
    hesl
    am t
    erms.
     Thecl
    oudvendormustini
    ti
    atepenal
    typayment
    s,butt
    heonusofi
    nit
    iat
    ingt
    he
    adj
    ust
    mentisoft
    enlef
    ttothecustomer.

    Q.
    208)Expl
    ainv
    ari
    ousmi
    grat
    iont
    echni
    ques.
    1.Ther
    e arevari
    ous ways by which an i
    n-house ort
    radi
    ti
    onal
    l
    y host
    ed
    appl
    i
    cat
    ioncanmovedtoapri
    vateorpubl
    iccl
    oud.

    2.Thedecisionrequireseval
    uat
    ingr equi
    rement
    srel
    atedt
    otheusercommunit
    y,
    appli
    cati
    onar chit
    ectur
    e,compliance,costofhosti
    nginthecloud,v
    alueof
    exist
    inginfr
    astruct
    ure,andITst affskil
    l
    stosupportt
    hemigrati
    onandnew
    platf
    orms.

    3.Li
    stsv
    ari
    ousmi
    grat
    iont
    echni
    ques

     Appl
    i
    cat
    ionRe-
    host
    ing

     Appl
    i
    cat
    ionRe-
    fact
    ori
    ng

     Appl
    i
    cat
    ionRev
    isi
    onandOpt
    imi
    zat
    ion

     Appl
    i
    cat
    ionRe-
    archi
    tect
    ureandRe-
    bui
    l
    ding

     Repl
    acementofappl
    i
    cat
    ion

    4.Appl
    i
    cat
    ionRe-
    host
    ing

    Tar
    getpl
    atf
    ormi
    sIaaS.
    Mov
    etheappl
    i
    cat
    ionandcodet
    oacl
    oudi
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    ure

    Adv
    ant
    agesofappl
    i
    cat
    ionRe-
    host
    ingar
    e
     Useofv
    irt
    ual
    i
    zedr
    esour
    cepool

     Reducedcapi
    tal
    expenses.

     Useofashar
    edI
    Tadmi
    nist
    rat
    iont
    eam.
     Noneedt
    ore-
    desi
    gnorr
    e-wr
    it
    ecode.

     Fast
    ermi
    grat
    iont
    imel
    i
    ne.

    Di
    sadv
    ant
    agesofappl
    i
    cat
    ionRe-
    host
    ing
     Appl
    icat
    ionisnotnati
    velywri
    tt
    enforuseonacloudandtheref
    orecan
    missoncloudbenefi
    ts,suchasdy
    namicrecour
    seuse,
    scalabi
    li
    ty,
    etc.

    5.Appl
    i
    cat
    ionRe-
    fact
    ori
    ng

     Tar
    getpl
    atf
    ormi
    sPaas.

     Migrat
    ion t
    o and hostand ol
    d appl
    icat
    ion on a PaaS provi
    der’
    s
    i
    nfrast
    ruct
    ure(
    PaaS mustbecompat
    ibl
    ewithandmeett heappli
    cati
    on
    needs).

    Adv
    ant
    ageofRe-
    fact
    ori
    ng
     Uses a famil
    i
    ar l
    anguage,appl
    i
    cat
    ion desi
    gn,and dev
    elopment
    envi
    ronment
    .

    Di
    sadv
    ant
    agesofRe-
    fact
    ori
    ng
     PaaSmayl
    ackusef
    ulf
    eat
    ures.

     Lock-
    int
    oPaaSVendor
    .

     Ri
    sksdur
    ingoraf
    termi
    grat
    ionpr
    ocess.

    6.Appl
    i
    cat
    ionRev
    isi
    onandOpt
    imi
    zat
    ion

     Tar
    getpl
    atf
    orm canbeI
    aaSorPaas

    Modif
    yexist
    ingappli
    cat
    ioncodet omakeitsuit
    abl
    eforapubl
    i
    cor
    pr
    ivat
    ecl
    oud; t
    hen,
    re-
    host/
    re-
    fact
    oritf
    ornewdepl
    oyment
    .

    Adv
    ant
    ageofRev
    isi
    onandOpt
    imi
    zat
    ion
     Bet
    terper
    for
    mance.

    Di
    sadv
    ant
    agesofAppl
    i
    cat
    ionRev
    isi
    onandOpt
    imi
    zat
    ion
     Lot
    sofdev
    elopmentt
    imeandmanpower
    .

    7.Appl
    i
    cat
    ionRe-
    archi
    tect
    ureandr
    e-bui
    l
    ding

    Tar
    getpl
    atf
    ormi
    sPaaS
     Di
    scar
    dol
    dcodeandappl
    i
    cat
    ion.
     Desi
    gnanewar
    chi
    tect
    ure.

     Dev
    elopanewappl
    i
    cat
    ion

     Mi
    grat
    edat
    atonewappl
    i
    cat
    ion

     Testandgo

    Adv
    ant
    agesofRe-
    archi
    tect
    ureandr
    e-bui
    l
    ding
     I
    mpr
    ovedscal
    abi
    l
    itybyusi
    ngser
    viceor
    ient
    edar
    chi
    tect
    ure

     I
    mproved modular
    it
    y and agi
    l
    ity f
    or easi
    er modul
    e based
    managementandupgr
    ades.

     Useofnew,
    eff
    ici
    entt
    ool
    sandt
    empl
    ates.

    Di
    sadv
    ant
    agesofRe-
    archi
    tect
    ureandr
    e-bui
    l
    ding
     Requi
    resl
    otsi
    nvest
    menti
    nti
    meandmanpower
    .

     Lock-
    inl
    ossf
    ami
    l
    iar
    it
    yofol
    dcodeandf
    ramewor
    k.

    8.Repl
    acementoft
    heappl
    i
    cat
    ion

     Tar
    getpl
    atf
    ormi
    sSaaS

     Discard ol
    d appli
    cat
    ion sel
    ect a SaaS ser
    vice t
    hat meet
    st he
    requir
    ement,andcopytheolddat
    aforuseform wit
    hint
    henew SaaS
    servi
    ce.

    Adv
    ant
    agesofRepl
    acementAppl
    i
    cat
    ion
     ReducedI
    Tinv
    est
    ment
    .

     OpExbi
    l
    li
    ng.

    Di
    sadv
    ant
    agesofRepl
    acementAppl
    i
    cat
    ion
     Vect
    orl
    ock-
    in.

     Newuseol
    diti
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    urer
    e-needst
    obef
    ound.

     Usermayl
    ookati
    tjustasal
    ear
    ningcur
    veonl
    y.

    209)E
    Q. xpl
    aint
    hephasesdur
    ingmi
    grat
    ionofanappl
    i
    cat
    iont
    oanI
    aas
    cl
    oud
     St
    ep1:
    Sel
    ectmi
    grat
    ionscenar
    io
     Thefir
    ststepi
    nourpr
    oposedmet
    hodol
    ogyi
    sthesel
    ect
    ionoft
    hemi
    grat
    ion
    scenar
    io.
     Fort hi
    spur pose,weuset hetencl ouddat
    ami grat
    ionscenari
    osidenti
    fi
    ed
    databasel ayeroutsourci
    ng,usinghighl
    y-
    scal
    abledatastores,geogr
    aphical
    repl
    icati
    on, shar i
    ng, cloud bur sti
    ng, worki
    ng on dat a copy, data
    synchronizat
    ion,backup,ar
    chiv
    ing,anddatai
    mpor tf
    rom t
    hecloud(FR6).

     These mi
    grat
    ion scenar
    ios coverbot
    h mi
    grat
    ion di
    rect
    ions bet
    ween on-
    premi
    seandoff-
    premise(FR2).
     Basedont heselect
    ionoft hemigrat
    ionscenari
    o,ami grat
    ionstrategyis
    formul
    ated byconsi
    dering pr
    oper
    ti
    es such as l
    ive ornon-l
    ive migrat
    ion,
    completeorpar
    ti
    almi gr
    ati
    on,andpermanentortemporarymi gr
    ati
    ont othe
    cloud.
     Duringthi
    sstep,potenti
    alconf
    li
    ctsbet weenthemigr
    ati
    onscenarioselect
    ed
    and the refi
    ned mi gr
    ati
    on strategy shoul
    d be expl
    ici
    tl
    y addressed by
    proposi
    ng solut
    ionst otheuser ,e.g.
    ,thechoiceofadi ff
    erentmi gr
    ati
    on
    scenari
    o.
     Anexampleofaconfl
    i
    ctisthesel
    ect
    ionoft hemigr
    ati
    onscenar
    iocloud
    bur
    sti
    ngandt
    hechoi
    ceofaper
    manentmigr
    ati
    ontothecl
    oudi
    nthestrat
    egy.
     The purpose oft hi
    s mi gr
    ati
    on scenar
    iois by defi
    nit
    ion t
    o mi grat
    et he
    databaselayertothecloudinordertocoverpeakloadsandmi grateitback
    aft
    erwards;choosingtheref
    orepermanentmigrat
    ionaspar tofthest rat
    egy
    cannotbesat i
    sfi
    ed.
     Step2:Describedesir
    edcl ouddatahost
    ingsol
    utionThespeci
    fi
    cati
    onof
    functi
    onalandnon-f
    uncti
    onalrequi
    rement
    swithrespectt
    othetargetdat
    a
    storeordat
    aservi
    ceisthefocusoft
    hesecondst
    ep.
     Wedef i
    neclouddatahosti
    ngsol ut
    ionastheconcr
    eteconfi
    gurati
    onofa
    cl
    ouddatastoreorCl
    ouddataserv
    iceint
    ermsofasetofconcr
    etefunct
    ional
    andnon-
    functi
    onalpr
    oper
    ti
    es(FR1).
     Therefore,we deri
    ved an i
    nit
    ialsetofpr oper
    ti
    es grouped i
    nto di
    ff
    erent
    categori
    esbased ont heanalysisofcurrentdatastoreand dataservice
    offer
    ings ofestabl
    ished cl
    oud prov
    ider
    s such as Amazon,Googl e,and
    Microsoft.Tabl
    e1pr ovi
    desanexcerptofthecategor
    iesandcor r
    esponding
    properti
    esweconsider.
     Thesecat
    egor
    iescov
    erbot
    hrel
    ati
    onal
    andNoSQLsol
    uti
    ons
     (
    FR3,
    FR5)
    .
     St
    ep3:
    Sel
    ectcl
    ouddat
    ast
    oreordat
    aser
    vice
     Theconcr etet
    argetdat ast
    or eordataservi
    cef ort
    hemigrationi
    sselectedi
    n
    stepthreebymappi ngt heproperti
    esofthecl ouddat
    ahostingsoluti
    on
    speci
    fiedinthepreviousstept othesetofav ail
    abl
    edatastoresanddat a
    servi
    cesthathavebeencat egori
    zedaccordingt ot
    hesamenon- functi
    onal
    andfunctionalpr
    oper t
    ies.
     I
    mplementingthi
    sst eprequiresdatastor
    esanddat aservi
    cestobe
    pr
    eviousl
    yspecif
    iedaccordingt othesetoffuncti
    onalandnon-f
    unct
    ional
    pr
    operti
    eseit
    herdirectl
    ybyt hecloudprovi
    ders,orbytheusersoft
    he
    methodol
    ogy.
     Themanagementandconfigurat
    ioncapabi
    l
    iti
    esr
    equi
    redfort
    hisspecif
    icat
    ion
    canhoweverbeusedatalaterti
    metoalsomakenewclouddatastoresand
    dat
    aservi
    cesavai
    labl
    e(FR4).
     St
    ep4:
    Descr
    ibesour
    cedat
    ast
    oreordat
    aser
    vice
     Asitisnotsuffi
    cienttoconsideronlywherethedatahastobemi grat
    edto,i
    n
    st
    epf ourthefuncti
    onalandnon- funct
    ionalpr
    operti
    esoft
    hesourcedat ast
    ore
    ordataservi
    cear ealsodescribedinordertoident
    if
    yandsol
    vepot ent
    ial
    migrati
    onconfli
    cts,e.g.
    ,thedatabasetechnol
    ogyused,orwhet
    hert he
    l
    ocationison-
    pr emiseorof f
    -premise(FR5)
    .
     Step5: I
    dentif
    ypatternstosol
    vepotenti
    almigrat
    ionconfl
    ict
    sTheusageof
    cl
    oudt echnologyleadstochal
    lengessuchasincompat i
    bil
    it
    ieswit
    hthe
    databaselayerpreviousl
    yusedortheaccident
    aldiscl
    osi
    ngofcr i
    ti
    caldat
    a,
    e.
    g.,bymov ingthem t ot
    hepubli
    ccloud.
     Incompati
    bil
    it
    iesint
    hedatabaselayermayref
    ertoinconsist
    enciesbet
    ween
    thefunct
    ional
    iti
    esofanexisti
    ngtr
    aditi
    onal
    databaselay
    erandt he
    charact
    eri
    sti
    csofanequivalentcl
    ouddatahosti
    ngsoluti
    on.
     Therefor
    e,inthefi
    ft
    hst epconfl
    i
    ctsarei
    denti
    fi
    edbycheckingthe
    compat i
    bil
    i
    tyoftheproperti
    esofthetar
    getdatast
    oreselect
    edinst
    epthr
    ee
    wit
    ht hepropert
    iesofthesourcedatast
    oreorserv
    iceusedbeforet
    he
    migrati
    on(FR5).
     Asawaytoaddr
    esstheseconf
    li
    cts,
    inprev
    iousworkStar
    chetal.(
    2013c)we
    hav
    edef
    inedasetofcl
    ouddatapatt
    ernsasthebestpr
    acti
    cestodealwit
    h
    t
    hem t
    hatcanber
    eusedher
    e.
     St
    ep6:
    Ref
    act
    orappl
    i
    cat
    ionar
    chi
    tect
    ure
     Asthemi gr
    ati
    onoft hedatabaselayeral
    sohasanimpactontheremai
    ning
    appl
    icat
    ionlay
    ersthemet hodologyshouldal
    soprov
    idegui
    deli
    nesandhint
    s
    onwhatt obeconsideredfortheref
    actor
    ingoft
    heappli
    cati
    on.
     Special
    focusshouldbegi
    venont headaptat
    ionoft
    henetwork,
    thedat
    a
    accesslayer
    ,andthebusi
    nesslogi
    clayeroft
    heappli
    cat
    ion,
    dependi
    ngont
    he
    outcomesoft hepr
    evi
    oussteps(FR7).
     Net
    worki
    ngadaptat
    ionmightrequi
    ref
    orexampl
    ether
    econf
    igur
    ati
    onofopen
    por
    tsi
    ntheent
    erpri
    sefi
    rewall
    .
     Althought hecl
    ouddatast
    oremightbeful
    l
    ycompatibl
    ewit
    hthedatastor
    e
    previousl
    yused,themigr
    ati
    onrequi
    resatl
    eastachanget
    othedatabase
    connect i
    onstri
    ngint
    hedataaccesslay
    er.
     Theimpactofthedatabaselayermigr
    ati
    ontothecloudonthebusi
    nessl
    ogi
    c
    l
    ayerdependsonseveralaspects,
    suchasthemigrati
    onscenar
    ioandthe
    i
    ncompatibi
    li
    ti
    esofthesourceandt ar
    getdat
    astore.
     Incaseofswi tchi
    ngfrom arelati
    onaldatabasetoaNoSQLdat aservi
    ce,t
    he
    businesslogicneedstobesi gnif
    icant
    lyadaptedasthecharact
    eri
    sti
    csof
    thesetwot echnol
    ogiesarediffer
    entforex ampl
    ewithrespectt
    otransact
    ion
    support,r
    elati
    onaldatabaseschemav s.schema-
    fr
    eeorschema- l
    essNoSQL
    soluti
    on,andqualit
    yofser v
    ices.
     St
    ep7:
    Migr
    atedat
    a
     Thefi
    nalst
    ep,migr
    atingthedat
    a,entai
    l
    stheconfi
    gurat
    ionoft
    heconnecti
    ons
    tot
    hesourceandtargetdatast
    oresorser
    vicesbyr
    equiri
    ngi
    nputonthe
    l
    ocati
    on,
    credent
    ial
    s,etc.fr
    om t
    heuser.
     Thisst
    epshouldalsoprovi
    deadapter
    sforthecorr
    espondingsourceand
    tar
    getstor
    es,bri
    dgingpossi
    blei
    ncompati
    bil
    it
    iesbet
    weent hem,and/orreuse
    ofthedataexportandi
    mporttool
    soffer
    edbyt hedi
    ff
    erentcloudprovi
    ders.
     Asthelaststepi
    sdeali
    ngwi t
    hpotenti
    all
    yconf
    ident
    iali
    nfor
    mati
    on,i
    nor dert
    o
    pr
    eventotheruser
    sfrom accessi
    ngthedataatoolsupport
    ingt
    heproposed
    methodologyhastosupportther
    equir
    edsecuri
    tymechanisms(NFR1).

    Q210.Di
    scusst
    hedi
    ff
    icul
    ti
    esf
    acedbySMBsi
    nthei
    rgr
    owt
    hofbusi
    ness.
    -
    1.Lackofr
    esour
    ces:
    -
    Str
    ategi
    zi
    ngandi
    mpl
    ement
    ingCl
    oudi
    nther
    ightwayi
    scr
    it
    ical
    forbusi
    nesssuccess.
    Lackofr
    esourcesorpartner
    ingwi
    thstar
    tupshav
    ingali
    tt
    leornoexperti
    set
    oCl
    oud
    i
    mplementat
    ionorstrat
    egycouldhur
    tthebott
    om-li
    neofsmallbusi
    nessesi
    n
    addi
    ti
    ontoexorbi
    tantcosts.
    2.Scal
    abi
    l
    ityofcomput
    ingr
    esour
    cesandbusi
    nessgr
    owt
    h.
    -Cloudcomputi
    ngof f
    ersexcel
    lentoppor
    tuni
    tyforSMBst oscal
    ether
    esour
    cesf
    or
    rapidbusi
    nessgrowth.Scal
    abil
    itypl
    aysacri
    ti
    cal chal
    l
    engeever
    ySMBplanni
    ngto
    mov ethedatat
    oCl oud.Upscali
    nganddownscal i
    ngyourI
    Trequir
    ement
    swhenand
    asneededisimperativ
    eforassuredbusi
    nessgr owth.
    -
    Theopt
    ionofi
    ncr
    easi
    nganddecreasingcomputingrequi
    redresourcespower
    s
    SMBswit
    hahugeadvant
    ageoverafixedplan,
    leadi
    ngt osubstant
    ialgr
    owth.
    -Onl
    yar el
    iabl
    eanddedicatedCloudser
    vicepr
    ovi
    dercanf
    ormul
    ateadef
    ined
    str
    ategythatensur
    esscalabi
    li
    ty.
    3.Rel
    i
    abi
    l
    ityanddat
    asecur
    it
    y
    -
    Compani
    es,especi
    all
    ySMBs, areaf
    raidoft
    herel
    i
    abi
    l
    ityandsecur
    it
    yaspectofgoi
    ng
    t
    otheCl
    oud.Thereisabsol
    utelynoreasont
    o.
    -I
    twoul dtakealar
    geamountofI TSt afftoimplementtheleveloflockdownof
    physicalresour
    cesthattheCloudsecurityprovi
    des.Notonlyjustt
    hat,theCloud
    provi
    deseasysecur i
    tyimplementat
    ionl i
    keencr y
    pti
    onofdatai ntr
    ansitandatrest
    ,
    rul
    ebasedf l
    owofdatainasecur efashioningressandegresswhicht akesalot
    i
    nfrastructur
    eandmanpowert oputinpl ace.
    -Ther
    eli
    abi
    li
    tyofpopularCl
    oudpr
    ovi
    der
    sli
    keAWSandAzur
    eispr
    obabl
    ybet
    tert
    han
    anypr
    ivat
    edatacentre.
    4.
    Migr
    ati
    onofexi
    sti
    ngappl
    i
    cat
    ions
    -
    Acommonreasonwhymostsmall
    businessesmov ethei
    rexi
    sti
    ngappsol
    uti
    onst
    o
    t
    heCl
    oudi
    stodriv
    egreat
    erpr
    oduct
    ivi
    tyatreducedcosts.
    i
    -t
    'shar
    dtomi
    grat
    etheexi
    sti
    ngappl
    i
    cat
    ionst
    oSaaSandf
    indi
    ngcr
    eat
    iveway
    sto
    i
    ncr
    emental
    lymovingt
    heappsol
    uti
    onst
    oSaaSmodel
    isr
    ecommendedf
    orav
    oidi
    ng
    maj
    ordi
    srupti
    ons.
    -Whil
    emovingt
    oSaaSmodel isanamazingopt
    ionformanysmall
    busi
    nessowners,
    executi
    ngt
    heprocesswi
    thoutexper
    tcar
    eandforet
    houghtcoul
    dbedet
    riment
    al.

    Q211.
    Listt
    hegui
    del
    i
    nesSMBsmustf
    oll
    owt
    ogetmostoutoft
    hei
    r
    cl
    oud.
    Ans:
    Whi
    l
    eper
    for
    mingt
    hepl
    anni
    ngi
    nadopt
    ionofcl
    oudi
    nbusi
    ness,
    ever
    yindi
    vi
    dual
    i
    nbusinesshavethei
    rdiff
    erentopi
    nions.Ov
    erall
    ,respondentswil
    l
    ingtoconsi
    der
    pur
    chasingofcl
    oudsoluti
    onsandneedsar erecordedandt akeni
    ntoaccountt
    o
    i
    denti
    fytheact
    ualrequi
    rementofcloudadopti
    oni nbusiness.
    1.StartSmall
    -Fir
    stl
    y,t
    heorgani
    zati
    onmustpr ovi
    deti
    meempl oyeestogetfamil
    iar
    witht heser
    vicesprovi
    dedbycloud.Thiscanbepossi
    blebyusingsi
    ngleappli
    cati
    on
    atat imeandbygi vi
    ngsomeweeksf oremploy
    eestogetaccustomedtothe
    environment.
    -
    Oncetheyareatease,
    organi
    zati
    oncanaddGui
    deli
    nesforensuri
    ngneedsofcl oud
    St
    artSmallThi
    nkBigAbil
    i
    tytoexpor
    tdat
    aServi
    ceLevel
    Agr eementInexpensi
    ve
    Cl
    oudOprionAdopti
    onandUseofCloudbySmallandMedium Businesses(SMBS)
    535morecl
    oudser
    vicest
    otr
    ainempl
    oyeescompl
    etel
    ybyt
    heser
    vicesof
    fer
    edby
    cl
    oud.
    2.Thi
    nkBig-Whil
    epurchasi
    ngt heserv
    icesofcloud,organi
    zati
    onhast oensurethat
    thecloudserv
    icesadoptedbyitcanbescaledupt oadesi r
    edlevelacrossti
    me
    zones,ty
    pesofservi
    cesandcanser veempl oy
    eesandcust omersal i
    ke.Ift
    hey
    cannot,t
    henorgani
    zati
    onr equir
    edtokeeplookingforrequi
    redserv
    ices.
    Abi
    3. l
    ityt
    oExpor
    tdat
    a–Theor
    gani
    zat
    ionmustpur
    chasesucht
    ypeofcl
    oudser
    vices
    whichisablet
    oexporti
    ndif
    fer
    entst
    andar
    df ormatsmost l
    yusedbytheorgani
    zat
    ion
    sothatorgani
    zat
    ioncanbeabl
    etoshif
    tdi
    fferentcl
    oudsaccordi
    ngtothe
    requi
    rementorcanbeablet
    obackupthedataatdiff
    erentcl
    oudserv
    ers.
    Fort
    his,theorgani
    zati
    onrequi
    redtoexpor
    tthei
    rdatatocommonappl
    i
    cat
    ionssuch
    asMicrosoftWord/Excel
    ordatabasefi
    l
    esforOracl
    e,MySQLet
    c.
    4.Ser
    viceLev
    elAgr
    eement(
    SLA)
    -TheSer
    viceLev
    elAgr
    eement(
    SLA)descr
    ibest
    he
    refundforservi
    ceoutage,termi
    nati
    onprocedur
    es,fees,backupandBusi
    ness
    Cont i
    nui
    tyPlanni
    ng(BCP)t hatwil
    lbepr
    ov i
    dedbythev endor.Or
    gani
    zat
    ionmust
    readandunder st
    andtheter mstoknowtheimpactoft heusageofcl
    oudserv
    icesi
    n
    businessoftheorganizat
    ion.
    5.I
    nexpensi
    veCloudOpti
    ons-Severalfr
    eecloudcomput i
    ngopti
    onsexistf
    oremai l
    s,
    documentmanagementandev enCRM andERP.Or gani
    zati
    onjustneedtopayonly
    i
    tsusageexceedsinnumberofusercountorst or
    agespace.Somecl oudserv
    ices
    provi
    dersal
    sooffer
    sthefreet
    ri
    al per
    iodstotheusers.Theorgani
    zati
    onmustr ev
    iew
    servi
    cesbefor
    edecidi
    ngtobuytheseser v
    ices.

    Q.212]Whatar
    epubli
    ccloudadopti
    onphasesf orSMBs?Whatar
    e
    cl
    oudadopti
    onvendorr
    olesandresponsi
    bil
    i
    tiestowar
    dsSMBs?
    Answer
    :PUBLI
    CCLOUDADOPTI
    ONPHASESFORSMBS
     Thereisastrongdemandforcloudadopti
    onbySMBf orcloud-
    basedser
    ver
    capaci
    ty,i
    nformat
    ionanddatabasemanagement,securi
    ty,syst
    em anduser
    accessmanagement,ERP,
    CRM andcollabor
    ati
    ontool
    s.
     Fi
    gureshowsthephasesthatonehast
    ogot
    hroughwhi
    l
    esel
    ect
    ingand
    tr
    ansi
    ti
    oni
    ngt
    heserv
    icest
    ocloud.
     Throughouttheadopti
    onprocess,youneedtof ocusont
    hear
    easoft
    rust
    ,
    securi
    ty,
    legal
    ,compl
    ianceandorgani
    zat
    ional
    issues.
    1.Anal
    ysi
    sPhase:
     Anal
    ysi
    sphasei
    sthef
    ir
    stphase.
     Whi
    l
    eadopti
    ngcloudinorgani
    zat
    ion,theorgani
    zati
    onmustfi
    rstanal
    yze
    t
    heneedt
    ousethecloudandatwhatext entthecompanyi
    sabletoshif
    t
    t
    ocl
    oudandabl
    et obeart
    hecostofcloudservi
    ces.
     Or
    gani
    zat
    ion mustal
    so i
    dent
    if
    ypossi
    ble cl
    oud appl
    i
    cat
    ion candi
    dat
    es
    suchas,t
    heimpactofmigrat
    ingt
    ot hecloudanddoananal
    ysi
    soft
    he
    exi
    sti
    ngsyst
    ems,appl
    i
    cat
    ionsandbusinesspr
    ocesses.
    2.Pl
    anni
    ng:
     Pl
    anni
    ngist hemostcr
    uci
    alphasei
    nadopt
    ionbef
    orepur
    chasi
    ngofany
    cl
    oudser
    vices.
     Planni
    ngphasehel
    pst
    osett
    hedi
    rect
    ionandobj
    ect
    ivesf
    oradopt
    ingcl
    oud
    computing.
     Themanagementt eam choosestheplatf
    ormsf ordepl
    oymentandt
    he
    i
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    uref
    inance,pl
    ans,secur
    it
    yandlegali
    ssues.
     Improper planni
    ng may l eads to i
    ncr
    ease i
    n cost or unsui
    tabl
    e
    est
    ablishmentofrequi
    redservi
    ces.
    3.Adopt
    ion:
     Adopti
    onphasei sconcer
    nedwi
    thpur
    chasi
    ngoft
    heser
    vicespl
    anned
    dur
    ingplanni
    ngphase.
     I
    nt hisphase,f i
    rstl
    yt hev endorfort
    heparti
    cularser
    viceisselect
    edand
    theseservicesar etakenf rom sel
    ect
    edcloudv endor
    .Inthisphase,work
    on application int
    egr at
    ion wi t
    h cl
    oud platf
    or ms and infr
    astr
    ucture,
    outsour
    cing st r
    ategies,SLAs,secur i
    ty pol
    ici
    es and legalcompl i
    ance
    managementi sdone.
     Thisphaseset
    st hest
    agef
    ormi
    grat
    ionoft
    hesel
    ect
    edappl
    i
    cat
    ionsand
    systemstot
    hecloud.

    4.Mi
    grat
    ion:
     Aft
    eradopt
    ingt
    hecloudservi
    cesf
    rom vendor
    s,t
    heor
    gani
    zat
    ionr
    equi
    res
    toshi
    ftt
    hei
    rworki
    ngovercl
    oudser
    vices.
     Migr
    ati
    onphasehel
    pswithmigr
    ati
    onofuserdataandappl
    i
    cat
    iont
    othe
    cl
    oud.Theuser
    sst
    artusi
    ngt
    hecloudser
    vices.
     The managementmustensure adequat
    etechni
    caland usersuppor
    t
    dur
    ingt
    hemi gr
    ati
    onpr
    ocess.
    5.Management
    :
     Managementi
    sthel
    astphaseandi
    songoi
    ngpr
    ocessest
    hatnev
    erend.
     Thi
    sphasei
    nvol
    vedt
    oident
    if
    ydocumentandev
    angel
    i
    zebestpr
    act
    ices.
     Thecl
    oudplat
    form andser
    vicesmustbeadequat
    elymai
    ntai
    ned.Local
    andr
    emotesuppor
    tandmonitori
    ngt
    eamsmustbeputinpl
    ace.
    Fi
    gur
    e:Rol
    esofi
    ndi
    vi
    dual
    andor
    gani
    zat
    ional
    user
    sandt
    hei
    rint
    eract
    ionwi
    thcl
    oudpr
    ovi
    der

     Cloudser
    vicesar
    edemandedbycomput
    ingandI
    Tadmi
    nist
    rat
    ors,sof
    twar
    e
    vendor
    sandenduser
    s.
     Theabov
    efi
    gur
    eint
    roducesf
    ivel
    evel
    ofcl
    oudpl
    ayer
    s.
     Atthe top level,i
    ndi
    vi
    dualuser
    s and or
    gani
    zati
    onaluser
    s demand v
    ery
    di
    ff
    erentservices.Theappl
    i
    cati
    onprovi
    der
    satt heSaaSlevelser
    vemainl
    y
    i
    ndiv
    idualusers.
     Mostbusi
    nessor
    gani
    zat
    ionsar
    eser
    vicedbyI
    aaSandPaaSpr
    ovi
    der
    s.
     The infr
    ast ruct
    ure serv
    ices (I
    aaS) provide the comput e,st or
    age and
    communi cat i
    onresour
    cest obothappl
    icati
    onsandor ganizati
    onaluser
    s.The
    cl
    oud env i
    r onmentis defi
    ned byt he PaaS orplatform pr ov
    ider
    s.Cloud
    ser
    vices r ely on new adv ances in machi ne vi
    rtual
    izati
    on,SOA,gr i
    d
    i
    nfr
    astructur emanagementandpoweref fi
    ciency.
     Consumerspurchasesuchservi
    cesintheform ofI
    aaS,PaaSorSaaS.Many
    cl
    oud ent
    repreneurs ar
    e sel
    l
    ing val
    ue added uti
    l
    ity ser
    vices t
    o massi
    ve
    numberofusers.
     Thecloudindust
    ryleveragesthegrowi
    ngdemandbymanyent er
    pri
    sesand
    busi
    nessuserstooutsourcethei
    rcomputi
    ngandst
    oragej
    obst
    oprofessi
    onal
    prov
    ider
    s.
     Theprov
    iderservi
    cechar
    gesar
    eoftenmuchl
    owert
    hant
    hecostf
    oruser
    sto
    repl
    acet
    heirobsol
    eteser
    ver
    sfr
    equent
    ly.
    Fi
    veMaj
    orCl
    oudPl
    atf
    ormsandt
    hei
    rSer
    viceOf
    fer
    ings
     Theabovefi
    gureshowsIaaS,PaaSandSaaSmodelswhi
    chal
    lowtheuser
    sto
    accessser
    vicesovert
    heint
    ernetr
    ely
    ingent
    ir
    elyont
    hei
    nfr
    ast
    ruct
    uresof
    cl
    oudservi
    cepr ov
    ider
    s.
     Thesemodel
    sar
    eof
    fer
    edbasedonv
    ari
    ousSLAsbet
    weent
    hepr
    ovi
    der
    sand
    theuser
    s.
     SLAsar emor ecommoni nnetworkservi
    cesastheyaccountfortheQoS
    charact
    erist
    icsofnetworkser
    vices.Forcl
    oudcomput i
    ngserv
    ices,i
    tis
    dif
    fi
    culttofi
    ndar easonabl
    eprecedentfornegot
    iat
    inganSLA.
     TheSLAf orcl
    oudcomputingaddr
    essser
    viceav
    ail
    abi
    l
    ity
    ,dat
    aint
    egr
    it
    y,
    pri
    vacyandsecuri
    typr
    otecti
    on.

    Q.
    213]Expl
    ainaudit
    ingandRegul
    ator
    yst
    andar
    dsr
    elev
    antt
    oadopt
    ionof
    cl
    oudcomputing.
    Answer
    :Theaudi
    ti
    ng&r
    egul
    ati
    ngst
    andar
    dscur
    rent
    lyi
    nef
    fectar
    e:
    1.Gr
    amm LeachBl
    i
    leyAct
    (GLB)
    2.Sar
    banesOxl
    eyAct
    (SOX)
    3.Heal
    thI
    nsur
    ancePr
    obabi
    l
    ity&Account
    abi
    l
    ityAct
    (HI
    PAA)
    4.Pay
    mentFor
    dIndust
    ryDat
    aSecur
    it
    ySt
    andar
    ds(
    PCI
    -DSS)
    1)GLBAct
    :
     TheGLBacti sapplicabletofinanci
    ali
    nstit
    uti
    onswhichi
    ncludesnon-
    bank
    mortgagelenders,l
    oanbr okers,somefinanci
    alori
    nvest
    mentadv i
    sor
    s,debt
    coll
    ector
    s,taxretur
    npr epares,banksandrealest
    ateset
    tl
    ementservi
    ce
    provi
    ders.
     GLB’ssafeguar
    drul
    erequir
    esfinancial i
    nsti
    tut
    ionst
    odevel
    opawri
    ttenpl
    an
    thatdescri
    beshowthecompanyi spr eparedforandpl
    anst
    ocont
    inueto
    protectcl
    i
    ent’
    snon-
    publi
    cpersonalinf or
    mat i
    on.
    2)SOX
     I
    tisappl
    i
    cabl
    etopubl
    i
    cit
    yownedcompani
    est
    opr
    eventcor
    por
    atef
    rauds.
     I
    tisi
    ntendedt
    omakecor
    por
    ater
    epor
    ti
    ngmor
    etr
    anspar
    ent
    .
     I
    tspr
    ovi
    si
    onsai
    mto
     Reduceorel
    i
    minat
    econf
    li
    ctsofi
    nter
    estofi
    ndependentf
    inanci
    al
    audi
    tor
    s.
     I
    mproveov er
    sightbyboar
    dsofdi
    rect
    or’
    saudi
    tcommi
    tt
    eesof
    i
    ndependentfi
    nancial
    audi
    tor
    s.
     I
    ncr
    easeover
    sightbytheSecur
    it
    iesandExchangeCommi
    ssi
    on(
    SEC)
    byi
    ncr
    easi
    ngitsbudget.
     Requir
    eaccountingf
    orempl
    oyeest
    ockopt
    ioncompensat
    ionasan
    operat
    ingexpense.
    3)HI
    PAA
     HI
    PAA’spr
    ivacyRul
    eest
    abli
    shesr
    egul
    ati
    onsf
    ort
    heuseanddi
    scl
    osur
    eof
    pr
    otect
    edHealt
    hInf
    ormat
    ion(PHI
    ).
     PHIi
    sanyinfor
    mati
    onheldbyacover
    edenti
    tyt
    hatconcer
    nsheal
    thst
    atus,
    pr
    ovi
    sionofheal
    thoccurt
    hatcanbel
    inkedt
    oanindi
    vi
    dual.
    4)PCI
    -DSS
     I
    tdefi
    nescontr
    olobject
    ives&requi
    rementf
    orcompl
    ianceformerchant
    sthat
    pr
    ocess,st
    oreortr
    ansmitpaymentcardhol
    der
    spri
    mar yaccountnumber
    whi
    chis16digit
    s.
     Itpr
    ovi
    desmerchantswit
    hself-
    Assessmentquest
    ionnai
    re(
    SAQ)whi
    chisa
    vali
    dat
    iont
    ool
    sintendedtoassi
    stmerchant
    sandser vi
    cepr
    ovi
    der
    sthei
    r
    compli
    ancewi
    ththePCIOSS.
     PCIissuedapr
    ior
    it
    izedappr
    oach.Fr
    amewor
    kwhi
    chf
    ocusesonf
    oll
    owi
    ng
    Securi
    tymil
    est
    ones.
    o I
    fyoudon’
    tneedi
    t,don’
    tst
    orei
    t.
    o Secur
    etheper
    imet
    er
    o Moni
    tor&cont
    rol
    accesst
    oyoursy
    stem
    o Pr
    otectst
    oredcar
    dhol
    derdat
    a
    o Fi
    nal
    i
    zer
    emai
    ningcompl
    i
    anceef
    for
    ts&ensur
    e
    Q214.Howdoy
    oumi
    grat
    ememor
    y,f
    il
    esandnet
    wor
    kresour
    ces?
     Sincecluster
    shav eahighinit
    ial
    costofowner
    ship,i
    ncludi
    ngspace,
    power
    condit
    ioning,andcooli
    ngequipment,l
    easi
    ngorsharingaccesst
    oacommon
    cl
    usterisanat tr
    acti
    vesolut
    ionwhendemandsv aryoverti
    me.
     Sharedcl
    ustersof
    fereconomiesofscal
    eandmor eef
    fect
    iveuti
    l
    izati
    onof
    resour
    cesbymul t
    ipl
    exi
    ng.Earl
    yconfi
    gurat
    ionandmanagementsy st
    ems
    focusonexpressi
    veandscalabl
    emechanismsf ordef
    ini
    ngcluster
    sfor
    specif
    ict
    ypesofservi
    ce,andphysi
    call
    yparti
    ti
    onclust
    ernodesamongt hose
    types.
    Whenonesystem mi
    grat
    est
    oanot
    herphy
    sical
    node,
    weshoul
    dconsi
    dert
    he
    f
    oll
    owi
    ngissues:

    Memor
    yMi
    grat
    ion
    a)Thisisoneoft hemostimport
    antaspectsofVM mi grati
    on.Movingthe
    memor yi nst
    ance ofa VM f r
    om one phy si
    calhostt o anothercan be
    approached in anynumberofway s.The techni
    ques empl oy
    ed f
    orthis
    purposedependupont hechar
    acter
    ist
    icsofappli
    cat
    ion/
    wor kl
    oadssuppor
    ted
    bytheguestOS. 
    b)Memorymigr
    ati
    oncanbei nar angeofhundr
    edsofmegaby
    test
    oaf ew
    gi
    gabyt
    esi
    nat ypi
    calsy
    stem t
    oday,andi
    tneedst
    obedoneinaneff
    ici
    ent
    manner
    .
    c)The 
    Int
    ernetSuspend-Resume(I
    SR)
     t
    echniqueexpl
    oitstemporall
    ocali
    tyas
    memoryst at
    esarelikel
    ytohav
    econsider
    ableover
    lapinthesuspendedand
    ther
    esumedi nst
    ancesofaVM.
    d)Temporall
    ocal
    it
    yref
    erstothef
    actt
    hatthememor ystat
    esdiff
    eronl
    ybythe
    amountofworkdonesinceaVM waslastsuspendedbefor
    ebeingi
    nit
    iat
    ed
    formi
    grati
    on.
    e)Toexploi
    ttemporallocal
    i
    ty,eachfi
    l
    einthef
    il
    esyst
    em i
    srepr
    esent
    edasa
    treeofsmallsubf
    il
    es.Acopyoft hi
    str
    eeexi
    stsi
    nbotht
    hesuspendedand
    resumedVM inst
    ances.
    f
    ) Theadv antageofusi
    ngatree-basedrepr
    esent
    ati
    onoff
    il
    esi
    sthatt
    hecaching
    ensuresthet r
    ansmissi
    onofonl ythosefi
    leswhi
    chhavebeenchanged.The
    ISRtechniquedealswithsit
    uationswherethemigr
    ati
    onofli
    vemachinesis
    notanecessi t
    y.

    Fi
    l
    esy
    stem mi
    grat
    ion
    Anot
    herwayi
    stohav
    eagl
    obal
    fil
    esy
    stem acr
    ossal
    lmachi
    neswher
    eaVM coul
    dbe
    l
    ocated.Thi
    swayremovestheneedtocopyf
    il
    esf
    rom onemachi
    net
    oanot
    her
    becauseall
    fil
    esar
    enet
    work-accessi
    ble.
    a)Adist
    ri
    butedf
    il
    esystem i
    susedinISRser
    vingasat
    ranspor
    tmechani
    sm f
    or
    pr
    opagati
    ngasuspendedVM st
    ate.
    b)Theactualfi
    lesystemst hemselvesarenotmappedont othedist
    ri
    butedfil
    e
    syst
    em.Instead,theVMM onl yaccessesi
    tslocalf
    il
    esy st
    em.Ther elev
    ant
    VM fi
    lesareexpl
    icit
    lycopiedint
    ot hel
    ocalf
    il
    esystem f
    orar esumeoperati
    on
    andtakenoutofthelocalfil
    esystem f
    orasuspendoperat
    ion.
    c)Thisappr oachr eli
    evesdeveloper
    sf r
    om t hecomplexit
    iesofi mplement
    ing
    severaldifferentfi
    lesystem cal
    lsf
    ordiff
    erentdi
    str
    ibutedfi
    lesystems.I
    talso
    essentiall
    ydi sassociat
    estheVMM f r
    om anyparti
    culardist
    ri
    but
    edf i
    lesyst
    em
    semant ics.
    d) However,t
    hisdecoupl
    ingmeanst hattheVMM hastost
    oret
    hecont
    ent
    sof
    eachVM’ svir
    tualdi
    sksinit
    slocalfi
    les,whi
    chhav
    etobemovedar
    oundwit
    h
    theotherst
    ateinfor
    mationoft
    hatVM.
    Net
    wor
    kmi
    grat
    ion
    a)Ami grat
    ingVM shoul
    dmaint
    ainal
    lopennet workconnect
    ionswit
    houtr
    ely
    ing
    onforwardingmechani
    smsontheori
    ginalhostoronsupportfr
    om mobi
    li
    tyor
    redi
    recti
    onmechanisms.
    b) Toenableremot esystemst ol
    ocateandcommunicatewit
    haVM,eachVM
    mustbeassi gnedav i
    rtualI
    Paddressknowntootherent
    it
    ies.Thi
    saddr
    ess
    canbedi sti
    nctfrom theI Paddressofthehostmachinewher et
    heVM is
    curr
    entl
    ylocated.EachVM canalsohaveitsowndi
    sti
    nctvi
    rt
    ualMACaddress.
    c)TheVMM mai ntai
    nsamappingofthevirt
    ualI
    PandMACaddressest
    otheir
    corr
    espondi
    ng VMs.Ingeneral
    ,ami grati
    ng VM i
    ncl
    udesal
    lthepr
    otocol
    stat
    esandcarr
    iesit
    sIPaddr
    esswit
    hit.
    d)Ifthe source and desti
    nat
    ion machinesofa VM mi gr
    ati
    on aret
    ypicall
    y
    connected to a si
    ngleswitched LAN,an unsol
    i
    cit
    ed ARP repl
    yfr
    om t he
    migrat
    inghostisprovidedadvert
    isi
    ngthatt
    heIPhasmovedtoanewlocati
    on.
    e)Thissolvestheopennet workconnect
    ionpr obl
    em byr econf i
    guringallthe
    peerstosendf utur
    epacket stoanewlocation.Alt
    houghaf ewpacket sthat
    havealreadybeentransmit
    tedmightbelost,
    therearenoot herpr oblemswith
    thi
    smechani sm.Alternat
    ivel
    y,onaswitchednet work,themi grati
    ngOScan
    keepi t
    sor i
    ginalEt
    hernetMAC addressandr el
    yont henet workswi t
    cht o
    detecti
    tsmov etoanewpor t
    .

    Q215.Wr i
    tethe name oftop t
    en obstacl
    es and oppor
    tuni
    ti
    es f
    or
    adopt
    ionandgrowthofcl
    oudcomput
    ing?
    Ans:
    Obst
    acl
    es:
    1.Av
    ail
    abi
    l
    ity/Busi
    nesscont
    inui
    ty.
    2.Dat
    aLock-
    In.
    3.Dat
    aConf
    ident
    ial
    i
    tyandAudi
    tabi
    l
    ity
    .
    4.Dat
    aTr
    ansf
    erBot
    tl
    enecks.
    5.Per
    for
    manceunpr
    edi
    ctabi
    l
    ity
    .
    6.Scal
    abl
    est
    orage.
    7.Bugsi
    nlar
    geDi
    str
    ibut
    edsy
    stems.
    8.Scal
    i
    ngqui
    ckl
    y.
    9.Reput
    ati
    onf
    ateshar
    ing.
    10.
    Sof
    twar
    eLi
    censi
    ng.

    Oppor
    tuni
    ti
    es:
    1.Usemul
    ti
    plecl
    oudpr
    ovi
    der
    s.
    2.St
    andar
    dizeAPI
    s;Compat
    ibl
    eSW t
    oenabl
    eSur
    georHy
    bri
    dCl
    oudComput
    ing.
    3.Depl
    oyencr
    ypt
    ion,
    VLANs,
    Fir
    ewal
    l
    s.
    4.FedExi
    ngdi
    sks;
    HigherBW Swi
    tches.
    5.I
    mpr
    ovedVM suppor
    t;Fl
    ashmemor
    y;GangSchedul
    eVMs.
    6.I
    nventscal
    abl
    est
    ore.
    7.I
    nventDebuggert
    hatr
    eli
    esonDi
    str
    ibut
    edVMs.
    8.I
    nventAut
    o-Scal
    ert
    hatr
    eli
    esonML;
    Snapshot
    sforConser
    vat
    ion.
    9.Of
    ferr
    eput
    ati
    on-
    guar
    dingser
    vicesl
    i
    ket
    hosef
    oremai
    l
    .
    10.
    Pay
    -for
    -usel
    i
    censes.

    Q216)Expl
    aint
    hecl
    oudser
    vicet
    asksandt
    rends

    ● CloudTasksisaf ull
    ymanagedser vi
    cethatallowsustomanaget he
    executi
    on,di
    spatch,anddel i
    ver
    yofalargenumberofdi str
    ibut
    edtasks.Usi
    ng
    CloudTasks,wecanper form workasynchronouslyout
    sideofauseror
    servi
    ce-
    to-
    servi
    cer equest
    .
    ● CloudTaskslet
    sussepar ateoutpi
    ecesofwor kthatcanbeperfor
    med
    i
    ndependentl
    y,outsideofy ourmainappl
    icati
    onf l
    ow,andsendthem offtobe
    processed, asynchr onousl y,usinghandl erst hatwehav ecr eated.These
    i
    ndependentpi ecesofwor kar ecalledt asks
    ● Forexampl e, youneedt oupdat eadat abaseaspar tofprocessi ngauser
    request,butupdat escanbet i
    me- consumi ng.Of fl
    oadingthatdet ailasat ask
    all
    owsy out or eturnfrom t her equestmor equi ckly .
    ● Theof fl
    oadedt askisaddedt oaqueue, whichper si
    ststhet askunt i
    li
    tis
    successf ullyexecut ed.Thequeuecanal soactasaki ndofdi spat chf l
    ow
    control,
    basedony ourini ti
    alconfigur ati
    on.
    ● Oncet asksar eadded, thequeuedi spat chest hem andmakessur etheyar e
    rel
    iablypr ocessedbyy ourwor kers.Compl exit
    iesassoci atedwi tht hat
    process, suchasuser -f
    aci nglatencycost s,servercr ashes,resour ce
    consumpt ionl i
    mi t
    at i
    ons, andr etr
    ymanagement ,arehandledbyt heser v
    ice.
    ● Thet askst hemsel v esar emadeupofauni quenameandconf igur ati
    on
    i
    nformat ionand, opt i
    onal l
    y,anydat af rom t heiniti
    al r
    equest ,call
    edt he
    payload, necessar yt opr ocesst her equest .Ast hepay loadissenti nthe
    requestbody ,taskst hati ncludepay loadsmustusePOSTorPUTast hei
    r
    HTTPmet hod
    ● UsersofAppEngi nest andar denv ir
    onmentf i
    rstgener ati
    onr untimesshoul d
    accesst heCl oudTasksser viceviat heAppEngi neTaskQueueAPI

    Featur
    es
    1. Usi
    ngCloudTasks,youcandispatchasy
    nchr
    onouswor
    kit
    emswi
    tht
    he
    fol
    l
    owingcontr
    ols:
    2.Schedulespeci
    ficdeli
    ver
    yti
    mes
    3.Managedel i
    veryrat
    es
    4.Conf i
    gur
    eretr
    ybehav i
    or
    5.Accessandmanagei ndi
    vi
    dualtasksi
    naqueue
    6.Enabletaskdedupli
    cati
    on

    Workf
    lows
    Thegener
    alwor
    kfl
    owi
    sasf
    oll
    ows:

    ● Youcreat eawor kert opr ocesst hetasks.


    ● Youcreat eaqueue.
    ● Youcreat etaskspr ogrammat icall
    yandaddt hem tot
    hequeue.
    ● TheCloudTasksser vicer et
    urnsanOKt otheorigi
    nati
    ngappli
    cati
    on.Thi
    s
    i
    ndicatest hatthetaskhasbeensuccessf ull
    ywr i
    tt
    entoCloudTasksstor
    age,
    makingt hecr eat
    et askr equestbot hhighl
    yav ai
    l
    ableanddurabl
    e.
    ● Thetasksar epassedt othewor ker.
    ● Thewor kerpr ocessest het ask.
    ● Tocompl etethesequence, thewor kerret
    urnsa2xxsuccessstatuscodeto
    theCloudTasksser vice.

    CLOUDCOMPUTI
    NGTRENDS
    ● CloudComput i
    nghaschangedthewaythebusi
    nessenv ironmentoperates.
    ● Theenterpr
    isesarestr
    ivi
    nghardtoprov
    idecheap,advancedandsecur e
    servi
    cestogr owthemsel
    vesinthi
    scompetingworld.
    ● Today,t
    hecl oudhascomeal ongwayandhasbeenwi delyacknowledgedby
    analy
    stsandent er
    pri
    sesasthedriv
    ingf
    orcetoalt
    ertheI Tlandscape.

    Her
    ear
    eaf
    ewemer
    gingcl
    oudt
    echnol
    ogyt
    rends:

    1.Hybr
    idCloudSol ution
    ● Hybridcl oudi slikelyt obecomet hedomi nantbusinessmodel infut
    uresince
    i
    tenabl esamoder nisedi nfrastruct urewithtwoormor edeliverymodels.
    ● Hy bridcloudenv i
    ronmentconnect sami xofpubliccloud,privatecl
    oudand
    on-premi sesi nf r
    ast ructureev olvingt osuitt
    heuni queneedsofan
    organisat i
    on.
    ● Hybridcl oudal lowst heent erprisest ouseunl i
    mitedr esourcest opr
    ocessthe
    fl
    uctuat i
    ngwor kloads.
    ● Thehy br i
    dcl oudsol utionismor epopul aramongmedi calorganisat
    ionsto
    keepf ullcont r
    ol ov ersensi t
    ivedat a.
    ● Itenabl esor gani sationst opr otectt heirmostconf i
    dentialdataontheirt
    erms.
    Inotherwor ds,Or gani zati
    onst hemsel v
    esdecidet hedat astorageand
    conditionst osecur et hedat a

    2.Art
    if
    icialI
    ntelli
    gencePl at
    form
    ● Ar ti
    fi
    cialIntell
    igenceisexpect edtoaidt hewor ldmai nlyinprovi
    ding
    intell
    igentbusi nessfunct i
    onali
    ti
    esinf uture.
    ● Theamal gamat i
    onofbot har t
    if
    ici
    alintell
    igenceandcl oudcomput i
    ngis“The
    Intell
    igentCl oud”.
    ● I tiscapabl eofpr ocessingbigdatawi thgr eatereff
    iciencyandspeed.
    ● Thet wocr i
    ticalpil
    lar
    sofAIar edataandcomput e.Artifi
    cial
    int
    ell
    i
    gencehas
    aut omat edbusi nesseswi throboti
    cpr ocessaut omat ion.
    ● I tautomat eshumant asksinorganisationsandusedf orhir
    ingemployeesfor
    aj ob.Itisincreasinglyadoptedi ni
    ndust ri
    est oreducehumanwor kl
    oads.

    3.Ser
    verlessComput ing
    ● Ser verlessar chitectureisevent-
    dr i
    ven.
    ● Inot herwor ds, foreachr equest,astateisgener
    ated, andoncet he
    architectureser vest heappl i
    cat
    ion,ast at
    eisdest
    roy ed.
    ● Sincet heSer v erlessf unct
    ionsareaccessedaspr i
    v ateAPIs,youneedtoset
    anAPIGat eway .
    ● Thei ndust ri
    esar el everagi
    ngSer verlesscomputi
    ngt osuppor tawidev
    ari
    ety
    ofdy nami callychangi ngneedsi ncludingIoT,
    mobileapplicat
    ionsandweb-
    basedappl ications.
    4.EdgeComput i
    ng
    ● Edgecomput ingisshi f
    tingt hecomput i
    ngf uncti
    onscl osetothesource-
    edgeoft henet wor k.
    ● Itdramat i
    cal lyreducest hecompl exi
    tyofi nterconnectedsystemsmaki ngit
    mucheasi ert ogat herandanal ysedat ai nr ealti
    me
    ● Ithasadi stributedandopen- endedar chi t
    ecturet hatdecent
    rali
    sesthe
    processingl oad.
    ● Edgecomput ingenabl esi ndustrialequi pmentt omakeaut onomousdeci si
    ons
    withouthumani ntervention.
    ● Iti
    st hebui l
    dingbl ockf orsmar tfactoriesequi ppedwi t
    htemper at
    ure,moti
    on
    andcl i
    mat esensor scapabl eofcont rollinglight,cooli
    ngandot her
    envir
    onment al f
    act ors.

    5.BackupandDi sasterRecovery
    ● Theincreasi ngusageofdat aisdriv
    ingt headoptionofbackupanddi sast
    er
    recoverysof twareamongor ganisat
    ions.
    ● Thet houghtt hathardwarefail
    urecanr esul
    tincompani escompromi si
    ngits
    confidentialdataleadstotheriseofdisasterrecoverysoftwareinthemar ket
    .
    ● Dat abackupcan’ tbeconsider
    edasa“ setandf orget”solut
    ion.
    ● Itrequiresr egularmaint
    enanceandt estingtoensur eanappr opr
    iatefaci
    l
    ity
    andeasi lyaccessi bl
    etothecompany

    6.Cl
    oudSecur i
    ty
    ● Cloudcomput i
    ngsecurit
    yisasetofpoli
    cies,control
    s,t
    echnol
    ogiesand
    proceduresworki
    ngtogethert
    oprotectcl
    oud- basedsyst
    ems,dataand
    i
    nfrastr
    uctur
    e.
    ● Thedeliver
    yofcloudsecuri
    tydependsoni ndi
    v i
    dualcl
    oudprovi
    derorcl
    oud
    securi
    tyopti
    onsinplace.

    ● Cloudsecurityi
    smai nl
    yresponsibl
    eforsecur i
    ngthedat aandf i
    ghti
    ngagainst
    hackers.
    ● Cloudbackupensur esyourdataisprotectedfrom externalthreatswit
    houta
    needtohav eanantivir
    usplan
    ● Thesecur i
    tylay
    erincloudconsistsofnetwor ksecuri
    ty,phy si
    calsecur
    ity
    ,
    measur i
    ngendpointsecuri
    tyandcommuni cationencryption.
    ● Thetraff
    icmov estoandf r
    om thecloudt hroughpubli
    cchannel s.
    ● Theencr y
    ptionli
    keSSLi svi
    talt
    omai ntaini
    ngt heint
    egrityofdat a.

    Q217)Describeperformanceevaluati
    onfunct
    ionsandf eatur
    esofcloudplat
    forms
    ● Cl oudcomput i
    ngresour
    cesmustbecompat i
    ble,highperfor
    manceand
    powerf ul
    .Highperfor
    mancei soneofthecloudadv antageswhichmustbe
    sati
    sfactoryforeachser
    vice.
    ● Hi gherperformanceofserv i
    cesandanythi
    ngrelatedtocloudhaveinf
    luence
    onuser sandser vicepr ovider s.Hence, perfor manceev al uat i
    onf orcl oud
    prov ider sanduser si simpor tant .
    ● Ther ear emanymet hodsf orper formancepr edictionandev al uation; weuse
    thef ol lowi ngmet hodsi nourev aluat ion:
    ● Ev aluat ionbasedoncr iteri
    aandchar acteri
    st i
    cs
    ● Ev aluat ionbasedonsi mul at ion
    ● Anot hercat egor ywhi chcanbeconsi deredf orev aluatingcl oudper for mance
    iscl assi ficationoft hr eel ay ersofcl oudser v icesev aluat i
    on.
    Fact
    orsaf fect iveonper for mance:
    ● Nowaday s, thet erm“ per for mance”i smor et hanacl assi cconceptand
    includesmor eext ensi veconcept ssuchasr el i
    abi li
    ty,ener gyef f
    iciency ,
    scal abi li
    tyandsoon.
    ● Duet ot heext entofcl oudcomput ingenv i
    ronment sandt hel argenumberof
    ent erpr isesandnor mal user swhoar eusi ngcl oudenv ironment ,manyf actors
    canaf fectt heper formanceofcl oudcomput ingandi tsr esour ces.
    Someoft hei mpor t
    antf act or sconsi deredar easf ollows:
    ● Secur ity,thei mpactofsecur i
    tyoncl oudper formancemayseem l ight l
    y
    strange, butt hei mpactofsecur ityonnet wor ki nfrastruct urehasbeenpr ov en.
    ● Stor agecapaci ty,Phy si cal memor ycanal sobeef f
    ect i
    v eont heper f
    or mance
    criteria.Thi sf actorwi llbemor eef fect iveinev al uatingt heper formanceof
    cloud
    ● Diskcapaci ty,canal sohav eanegat iv eorposi ti
    v eimpactonper formancei n
    cloud.
    ● Faul tt oler ance, thisf act orwi llhav especi alef fectonper for manceofcl oud
    env ironment .Asanexampl e, i
    fadat acent eri si ndef icientandi sabl et o
    prov idet hemi nimum ser vices, thiscani ncreaseper formance.
    ● Av ailabi li
    ty ,witheasyaccesst ocl oudser vi
    cesandt heser vicesar eal way s
    avai labl e,per formancewi ll bei ncr ease.
    ● Numberofuser s,ifadat acent erhasal otofuser sandt hi snumberi sgr eater
    thant hatoft her atedcapaci ty,thiswi l
    lreduceper formanceofser vi
    ces.
    ● Locat ion, dat acent ersandt heirdi stancef r
    om auser ’
    sl ocat ionar eal soan
    impor tantf actort hatcanbeef fect i
    v eonper for mancef rom t heuser s’view.

    Per
    for
    manceEv al
    uat ionCr i
    teri
    a:
    ● Ther eisaser iesofcr it
    eri
    af orevaluati
    onofal lf
    actorsaffectingper f
    ormance
    ofcloudcomput ingsomeofwhi chareasf oll
    ows:
    ● Av erager esponset imeperuni ttime,thiscri
    ter
    ionwi l
    lcoveral l
    factor s
    complet ely
    ● Net wor kcapaci t
    ypersecond( Mbps) orunitt
    ime, t
    hemosti mpor tantfactor
    associatedwi t
    ht hiscri
    teri
    oni snetwor kbandwidth,avai
    labil
    ityandscal abil
    i
    ty.
    ● Av eragewai ti
    ngt imeperuni ttime
    ● Wor kl
    oad( request s)tobeser vi
    cedpersecond( Mbps)orauni toft i
    me
    ● Thr oughput( Req/Sec) ,t
    hiscrit
    erionwi l
    lberecoveredrecov ery,bufferi
    ng
    capacityandpr ocessingpowerf actors
    ● Theaver
    agetimeofpr ocessi
    ng(exe/sec)
    ● Per
    cent
    ageofCPUut i
    l
    izati
    on
    ● Thenumberofrequestsexecut
    edperunittime
    ● Thenumberofrequestsperunitt
    imebuffer
    ● Thenumberofrej
    ectedrequestsperuni
    ttime

    Feat
    uresofCl
    oudComput
    ing

    Fol
    l
    owi
    ngar
    ethechar
    act
    eri
    sti
    csofCl
    oudComput
    ing:

    1.Resour
    cesPool
    i
    ng

    ● Itmeanst hattheCloudproviderpulledthecomput i
    ngresour cestopr ovi
    de
    servi
    cestomul t
    ipl
    ecustomer swit
    ht hehelpofamul t
    i-
    tenantmodel .
    ● Therearedi f
    ferentphy
    sicalandv i
    rtualresourcesassi
    gnedandr eassigned
    whichdependsont hedemandoft hecust omer .
    ● Thecust omergener al
    lyhasnocont rolorinfor
    mati
    onov erthelocationofthe
    provi
    dedr esourcesbutisabletospeci fylocati
    onatahigherlevelof
    abstr
    acti
    on

    2.On-
    DemandSel
    f-
    Ser
    vice

    ● I
    tisoneofthei mportantandvaluabl
    efeatur
    esofCloudComput i
    ngast he
    usercancontinuousl
    ymoni t
    ortheserverupt
    ime,capabi
    li
    ti
    es,andallot
    ted
    networkst
    orage.
    ● Withthi
    sfeature,t
    heusercanalsomoni tort
    hecomput i
    ngcapabil
    i
    ties.

    3.EasyMai
    ntenance

    ● Theser v
    ersareeasi l
    ymai
    ntai
    nedandthedownt i
    meisv er
    ylowandev enin
    somecases, thereisnodownti
    me.
    ● CloudComput ingcomesupwi thanupdateeverytimebygr adual
    l
    ymakingi t
    better
    .Theupdat esaremorecompati
    blewiththedevicesandper f
    ormfaster
    thanolderonesal ongwi
    ththebugswhicharefixed.

    4.Lar
    geNet
    wor
    kAccess

    ● Theusercanaccessthedataofthecloudoruploadthedatatothecl
    oud
    fr
    om anywherej
    ustwiththehel
    pofadev i
    ceandaninter
    netconnecti
    on.
    Thesecapabi
    li
    ti
    esareavail
    abl
    ealloverthenetworkandaccessedwitht
    he
    hel
    pofinter
    net.

    5.Av
    ail
    abi
    l
    ity
    ● Thecapabil
    i
    tiesoftheCloudcanbemodifi
    edaspertheuseandcanbe
    extendedal
    ot .I
    tanal
    yzesthest
    orageusageandall
    owstheusert
    obuyext
    ra
    CloudSecuri
    tyifneededforaver
    ysmallamount.

    6.Aut
    omat
    icSy
    stem

    ● Cloudcomput i
    ngaut omati
    call
    yanalyzesthedataneededandsuppor
    tsa
    met er
    ingcapabi
    li
    tyatsomel evelofservi
    ces.
    ● Wecanmoni t
    or,control
    ,andreportt
    heusage.Itwil
    lprovi
    detr
    anspar
    encyf
    or
    thehostaswel l
    ast hecustomer.

    7.Economi
    cal

    ● Iti
    stheone-ti
    mei nvestmentast
    hecompany(host
    )hast obuyt
    hestor
    age
    andasmal lpartofitcanbeprov
    idedt
    othemanycompani eswhi
    chsavet
    he
    hostfrom monthlyoryearl
    ycost
    s.
    ● Onlytheamountwhi chisspenti
    sonthebasi
    cmaintenanceandafewmore
    expenseswhichar everyl
    ess.

    8.Secur
    it
    y

    ● CloudSecurit
    y,i
    soneoft hebestf eatur
    esofcl oudcomputing.
    ● Itcreatesasnapshotoft hedatastoredsot hatthedat
    amaynotgetl ost
    evenifoneoftheserversgetsdamaged.
    ● Thedat aisst
    oredwithi
    nt hestoragedevices,whichcannotbehackedand
    uti
    li
    zedbyanyot herperson.
    ● Thest orageserv
    iceisquickandr el
    iabl
    e.

    9.Payasy
    ougo

    ● I
    ncloudcomput i
    ng,t
    heuserhastopayonlyfort
    heser
    viceorthespacethey
    haveut
    il
    ized.
    ● Therei
    snohi ddenorextr
    achargewhichist
    obepaid.
    ● Theser
    viceiseconomicalandmostoftheti
    mesomespacei sal
    lot
    tedfor
    fr
    ee.

    10.Measur
    edSer
    vice

    ● CloudComput ingresourcesusedtomonitorandthecompanyusesitfor
    recor
    ding.
    ● Thisresour
    ceut i
    li
    zati
    oni sanal
    yzedbysupporti
    ngcharge-
    per-
    usecapabi
    li
    ti
    es.
    ● Thismeanst hattheresourceusageswhichcanbeeithervi
    rt
    ualser
    ver
    i
    nstancesthatarerunninginthecloudar
    eget t
    ingmonitor
    edmeasuredand
    repor
    tedbytheserv
    iceprovi
    der.
    ● Themodel payasyougoi svar
    iabl
    ebasedonact
    ual
    consumpt
    ionoft
    he
    manufact
    uringor
    ganizat
    ion

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