MODULE IN STS

Intellectual
Revolutions
that defined
Society
https://www.tamaqua.k12.pa.us/cms/lib07/PA01000119/Centricity/Domain/119/TheScie
ntificRevolution.pdf

https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy-of-science/Science-as-a-social-activity

http://www.project2061.org/publications/sfaa/online/chap1.htm
https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-theory-in-chemistry-605932

https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-scientific-ideas-change.html

http://users.clas.ufl.edu/ufhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Teaching/03sr-definition-
concept.htm
https://www.britannica.com/science/Scientific-Revolution
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Academy-of-Sciences-French-organization
https://www.york.ac.uk/students/studying/manage/programmes/module-
catalogue/module/HIS00021H/ I will use this for a guide only for indroduction
https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/11/the-creative-scientist/382633/
https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Creativity-in-
Science/182
https://www.polymersolutions.com/blog/curiosity-great-science/
https://lumen.instructure.com/courses/170090/pages/critical-thinking-and-the-scientific-
method
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/copernicus/#AstrIdeaWrit
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/evolution-and-natural-
selection/a/darwin-evolution-natural-selection
https://www.verywellmind.com/sigmund-freud-biography-1856-1939-2795544
What is science?
Science is all about understanding how the world works, but it is also a process.
Science is a systematic way of observing the world and doing experiments to
understand its structure and behavior. Science is an idea, intellectual activity, a body of
knowledge, and personal and social activity. Let’s elaborates furthermore these ideas
about science.
Science is an idea or ideas, theories, systematic explanations and observations or
meaning an explanation because great inventions or discoveries start in small idea(s)
and due to process of study or extent effort of every scientist we have now great
inventions that help human in everyday life.
Science as an intellectual activity a systematic and practical study and systematic
observations and experimentation or meaning experimentation. Meanwhile, started in
small idea or ideas so now we’re trying to put an action of every ideas in our mind and it
is called intellectual activity which arises from personal experiences. We humans or
simple man are also called scientist. In what ways? For example in cooking, eating,
breathing, driving, playing, etc. everything is the consequence of advancement of
science and we are benefited of it.
Science as body of knowledge a subject, discipline, a field of study, or a body of
knowledge or meaning field of study. A collection of unified insights of science are
known for theories. In science, a theory is an explanation of the natural world that has
been repeatedly tested and verified using the scientific method. There are many
different examples of scientific theories in different disciplines.
Examples include:
 Physics: the big bang theory, atomic theory, theory of relativity, quantum field
theory
 Biology: the theory of evolution, cell theory, dual inheritance theory
 Chemistry: the kinetic theory of gases, valence bond theory, Lewis theory,
molecular orbital theory
 Geology: plate tectonics theory
 Climatology: climate change theory

Science as personal and social activity or knowledge and activities done by human
to develop better understanding of the world or meaning knowledge and activities.
Scientific work involves many individuals doing many different kinds of work and goes
on to some degree in all nations of the world. Men and women of all ethnic and national
backgrounds participate in science and its applications. These people—scientists and
engineers, mathematicians, physicians, technicians, computer programmers, librarians,
and others—may focus on scientific knowledge either for its own sake or for a particular
practical purpose, and they may be concerned with data gathering, theory building,
instrument building, or communicating.

Figure 1. French Academy of Sciences (French: Académie des sciences) established in

Paris in 1666 under the patronage of Louis XIV
 Scientific revolution is the name given to a period of drastic change in scientific
thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries. It replaced the Greek view of
nature that had dominated science for almost 2,000 years. The Scientific Revolution
was characterized by an emphasis on abstract reasoning, quantitative thought, an
understanding of how nature works, the view of nature as a machine, and the
development of an experimental scientific method.
The Scientific Revolution was the single most important event that fostered the
creation of a new intellectual movement in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth
centuries called the enlightenment, or, sometimes, the Age of Reason— when the
development in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry
transformed the views of society and nature.
It is the beginning with Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543), who asserted a
heliocentric (sun-centered) cosmos, it ended with Isaac Newton (1642-1727), who
proposed universal laws and a Mechanical Universe. This era bring enlightenment of
all civilization and created an impact why science is essential in human lives and the
world itself. Scientific revolution trying to provide an answer for all the problem, give
human lives purpose to live and improve lives by the help of inventions and discoveries.
Even now science is always improving and serve humanity at its best.

Scientific Revolution Diagram

This simple diagram will help you understand how human minds work and why it is
important to have critical thinking skills that probably beneficial for us. It also proven and
tested back then in the era of scientific revolution until now. Each day we encounter
different scenario in different set of time and place, we can use this to improve our
critical thinking skill. Critical thinkers rigorously question ideas and assumptions
rather than accepting them at face value. They will always seek to determine whether
the ideas, arguments and findings represent the entire picture and are open to finding
that they do not.
Critical thinkers will identify, analyze and solve problems systematically rather than
by intuition or instinct.

Reexami
Reflect Rethink
ne
 Figure. 2 Scientific Revolution Diagram

So first you need to reflect or practice reflective practice it is simplest form,

thinking about or reflecting on what you do. It is closely linked to the concept of learning
from experience, in that you think about what you did, and what happened, and decide
from that what you would do differently next time. After that, you need to rethink or
reconsidering, or reconsideration, it is the process of reviewing a decision or conclusion
that has previously been made to determine whether the initial decision should be
changed. So decision making is present by rethinking for your future action towards a
scenario that probably happen again. Lastly reexamine, to consider or inspect it again.
Just like a scientist who's studying an unfamiliar bacteria will examine it, and then
reexamine it again and again. By reexamining, you can reexamine your previous action
or decision in different viewpoint that will help you to verify the wrong action you made,
learn from it and think clearly for your own sake.
In these days of learning, you need to start enhance your beautiful mind by
practicing this simple step or process for you to be beneficial for every action you make.
Remember the three (3) steps; reflect, rethink and reexamine every action you made for
you to achieve the best within you.
Let’s now move on and proceeds to another diagram which is the influences of
scientific revolution. As you can see there is three (3) influences that triggers the
scientific revolution, the human, science ideas, and society.

Influences of Scientific Revolution Diagram

Science Ideas

Humans Society

Influences
of
Scientific
Revolution
 Figure. 3 Influences of Scientific Revolution Diagram

The first influencer is humans, but why do you think human is one of the
influencer? Human is the mind of scientific revolution meaning they are the one who
started it and control everything. Human has a lot of needs and wants in life and ability
to think through it each human have an idea how to improve their life and answer every
questions that always pop-up in their mind. They’re curious and eager to study those
ideas in their mind. Talking about ideas, the second influencer is science ideas. Idea is
idea but once you exert an effort just like a scientist and philosophers, the idea will be
great discoveries or inventions we use today. For example, Nicolaus Copernicus was a
Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric, sun-centered, model of the solar
system. Copernicus’s theory suggested that Ptolemy was wrong and that the sun, not
the Earth was at the center of the solar system. This theory comes from small idea of
Copernicus eventually proved this theory and contributed in human knowledge, until
now this discovery imparted in every school. Lastly is society, the third influencer,
society is made up of individuals who have agreed to work together for mutual benefit.
Each scholars working together to find a ways to help the people inside society, for
example the invention of tire that eventually use for transportation of goods and use by
the people for any type of vehicles. When society become wider automatically the
problem will be also. That is why scientific revolution bloom and until now working for
the betterment of human society.
Previously, you have already learned human being is naturally born scientist and we
humans have the ability to think, reflect, and reexamine and influences of scientific
revolution diagram gave us a background how scientific revolution boom and its
connection to each other. Now, you will learn the characteristics of scientist and
discover some intellectuals and their revolutionary ideas.
Scientist is a person who observes and wonders, ask questions, conduct an
experiments, explores the world around them, uses tools, listens to ideas and shares
ideas just like you. There are three (3) main characteristic of scientist or known as 3’C
which are the creativity, curiosity and critical thinking.
But why do you think scientist need to be creative? Science is creative in much the
same way that art, music, or literature are creative, in that scientists have to use their
imagination to come up with explanations. These explanations are well informed – they
are not mere guesses – but there is no escaping the fact that they are ultimately
products of the imagination. Aside from that society needs creative scientists for
continued innovation and according to Einstein, "The greatest scientists are artists as
well.”
Second is curiosity, as scientists, we wonder all the time. Curiosity is one of the
greatest strengths we possess. All the best scientists in the world share this curiosity for
the world around them. Even in your everyday life, curiosity is a powerful tool for
everyday learning and opportunity and without curiosity, we might be tempted to just
accept things on a surface level and never dig deeper.
Lastly, the most important the critical thinking. Critical thinking is considered
important in psychological science because it enables one to analyze, evaluate, explain,
and restructure thinking, thereby decreasing the risk of adopting, acting on, or thinking
with a false premise. Within the framework of the scientific method and scientific
skepticism, the process of critical thinking involves acquiring information and evaluating
it to reach a well-justified conclusion or answer.

INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR IDEAS

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) was a

mathematician and astronomer who proposed that
the sun was stationary in the center of the universe
and the earth revolved around it. Disturbed by the
failure of Ptolemy’s geocentric model of the
universe to follow Aristotle’s requirement for the
uniform circular motion of all celestial bodies and
determined to eliminate Ptolemy’s equant, an
imaginary point around which the bodies seemed
to follow that requirement, Copernicus decided that
he could achieve his goal only through a heliocentric model. He thereby created a
concept of a universe in which the distances of the planets from the sun bore a direct
relationship to the size of their orbits. At the time Copernicus’s heliocentric idea was
very controversial; nevertheless, it was the start of a change in the way the world was
viewed, and Copernicus came to be seen as the initiator of the Scientific Revolution.

Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) was a British naturalist who

proposed the theory of biological evolution by natural selection.
Darwin defined evolution as "descent with modification," the idea that
species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a
common ancestor. The mechanism that Darwin proposed for evolution
is natural selection because resources are limited in nature, organisms with heritable
traits that favor survival and reproduction will tend to leave more offspring than their
peers, causing the traits to increase in frequency over generations.

Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist

who is perhaps most known as the founder of
psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is defined as a
set of psychological theories and therapeutic
techniques. The core idea at the center of
psychoanalysis is the belief that all people
possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires,
and memories. He developed a set of therapeutic
techniques centered on talk therapy that involved
the use of strategies such as transference, free
association, and dream interpretation.

Those are intellectuals who greatly contributed in field of science until now their
discoveries continually develop by scientist in our modern world. Do you feel inspire