MASTER

OF
TOURISM & TRAVEL
MANAGEMENT
(MTTM)
 DISSERTATION PROPOSAL PROFORMA
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Programme Code: MTTM Course Code: MTTM-16

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 DISSERATION PROPOSAL

THEME: “TOURISM IMPACTS”

TOPIC: ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF TOURISM

ABSTRACT
Tourism as an industry has been travelling with the wild pace of technological
advancements and aboard are people from different places and cultures interacting
with increasing ease since, the globe had been shrunk into a village
Tourism is an important sector to any country for the development of the economy. But
tourism industry is directly related to the environment. The quality of the environment,
both natural and man-made, is essential to tourism. However, the relationship of
tourism with the environment is complex. It involves many activities that can have
adverse environmental effects.

Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of general infrastructure such as
roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops,
golf courses and marinas. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually
destroy environmental resources on which it depends. On the other hand, tourism has
the potential to create beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to
environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of
environmental values and it can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas
and increase their economic importance. In this paper, we describe that the effects of
tourism on natural resources, environmental pollution, physical environment and tourist
activities in the national park. In addition, we explain environmental impacts of tourism
on global scale, positive impacts of tourism and, finally, how tourism can contribute to
environmental conservation

INTRODUCTION
The environment can be greatly affected by tourism in cases where the attraction is a
vista of nature’s beauty, visits of people in large numbers could mean huge amounts of
treading and pollution of materials such as plastic waste, bottles, which in the long run
could be disruptive to the habitats of both faunal and floral life. Assessments into the
capacity of people an area can safely bear environmentally, security and facility-wise are
important in the protection and preservation of these vistas beaming with nature’s
beauty. The responsibility falls on hosts, who must make it a point to inform and
educate visitors on acceptable behaviours and dangers posed by going against the
advised codes of conduct, such as disposing waste haphazardly.

Tourism is one of the biggest and fastest growing sectors in the global economy and has
significant environmental, cultural, social and economic effects, both positive and
negative. Tourism can be a major tool for economic development but, if not properly
planned it can have destructive effects on biodiversity and pristine environments, and
can result in the misuse of natural resources such as freshwater, forests and marine life.
At a number of sites tourism development has resulted in serious water shortage
affecting both local communities and industry, forests have been depleted and coral
reefs have been damaged.

The adverse impact that tourism can have on the environment both undermines the
basic resource for tourism in coastal areas and heavily affects other non-tourist
economic activities. To avoid these impacts tourism needs to be

Planned, managed and undertaken in a way that is environmentally sustainable, socially

beneficial and economically viable.

Negative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is greater than the
environment' stability to cope with this use within acceptable limits of change.
Uncontrolled conventional tourism poses potential threats to many natural areas
around the world. It can put enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts such as
soil erosion, increased pollution, discharges into the sea, natural habitat loss, increased
pressure on endangered species and heightened vulnerability to forest fires. It often
puts a strain on water resources, and it can force local populations to compete for the
use of critical resources.

Sustainable tourism development always needs to respect the environment and refer to
accepted principles of sustainability. It must be planned to make balanced use of the
resources of any site, thus avoiding negative effects, reducing visitor satisfaction, or
adversely impacting the local society, economy and culture. Sometimes it may be
difficult to quantify limits, but they are essential for sustainable tourism .Thus, if it is to
maintain the main elements on which it is based, the tourism sector needs to invest in
the maintenance of the natural environment. If properly planned, tourism can become a
positive force for conservation and environmental protection, and economic
development.
RATIONALE BEHIND THE PROPOSED TOPIC:

1. Tourism creates catastrophe situation all over the world and this collapse
condition can extinguish regional collaboration and communication. Everybody
should be conscious about the negative impact of tourism and take the proper
steps to lessen the problem specially each government of each country and
international authority in regarding of tourism industry.

2. While tourists are predominantly from the wealthier countries of the world,
tourism and travel is nonetheless an increasingly widespread experience for
people in many countries. So studying the impact of tourism on development has
direct implications for the way visitors think about and conduct themselves in
travel to other places. It provides useful opportunities to develop understanding
of economic, social and cultural differences. Helping students to become
understanding ‘travelers’ rather than simply ‘tourists’ can have real benefits if it
leads people to assess how they behave when travelling and how they relate to
people from other cultures.

3. Increased world tourism means that there should be no shortage of people and
resources on this topic. Visitors can give firsthand accounts of the developing
world and developed: people from developing countries can give a different
perspective on the impact of tourism; and tourist promotion agencies and
literature allow the study of the public image of tourism to the overseas
consumer. All these provide resources for close study of the tourist industry and
experience.

4. Tourism is a major growth industry worldwide, and its positive and negative
effects are evident everywhere. This means that the study of tourism in the
developing world can be related to the students’ experience of tourism wherever
they live, and in many cases responses to issues can be compared with similar
issues in students’ own locations. This comparison can provide a bridge between
people in many countries, with great potential for empathy and understanding.

5. Tourism has been closely linked to cultural and economic imperialism. For
instance, the hotel market is dominated by American multinationals like Holiday
Inn, Best Western and Sheraton. In 1991, eight of the top ten tourist hotel chains
were American, one was British and one French. Also, tourism has brought certain
images and experiences of the developing world to members of colonising
nations, and these need to be critically examined by all involved. As a result, the
study and teaching of tourism and development offers opportunities to
developing nations to inform the rest of the world about their own histories,
 culture and environments, how they should be understood, and how they can be
protected.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The specific objectives were the followings:-
a. To see the positive and negative impact of tourism on environment.
b. To develop a model to minimize the negative impact of tourism on environment. (It
might be third)
c. To determine the direct impact of tourist activities in the respective tourism areas.
(Or, try to do something better)

REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE :

Ugur Sunlu (2003) concludes in his research that the quality of the environment, both
natural and man-made is essential to tourism. However, the relationship of tourism with
the environment is complex. It involves many activities that can have adverse
environmental effects. Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of
general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including
resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas. The negative impacts of
tourism development can gradually destroy environmental resources on which it
depends.

G.R. Cessford and P.R. Dingwall state (1998) in their research that tourism industry
absolutely affects the environment. Its negative impact is very dangerous for the
environment and the future generation. For this reason planning and sustainable
tourism industry is very essential for every country.

Terry Davies and Sarah Cahill (2000) describe that this study uses a framework
developed from the industrial ecology literature to assess the impacts of the tourism
industry on the environment. Three categories of impact are discussed: direct impacts,
including impacts from the travel to a destination, the tourist activities in and of
themselves at that destination, such as hiking or boating, and from the creation,
operation, and maintenance of facilities that cater to the tourist; “upstream” impacts,
resulting from travel service providers‟ ability to influence suppliers; and “downstream”
impacts, where service providers can influence the behavior or consumption patterns of
customers.
Joseph E. Mbaiwa argues in their research that Tarred roads and other communication
facilities have also been developed in Ngami land District partly to facilitate tourism
development Tourism in the Okavango Delta also provides employment opportunities to
local communities and it is a significant source of foreign exchange for Botswana.
Despite its positive socio-economic impacts, the industry is beginning to have negative
environmental impacts in the area such as the destruction of the area’s ecology through
driving outside the prescribed trails, noise pollution and poor waste management.

Swar brooke (1999) conclude in his previous research that tourism can be seen as an
economic activity that produces a range of positive and negative impacts. However
sustainable tourism seeks to achieve the best balance between economic benefits and
social and environmental costs. In order to plan and develop tourism successfully,
economic , environmental and social aspects of tourism must be well understood.

Mowforth & Munt (2003) argues that the growth of mass tourism has led to a range of
problems, which have become more obvious over the recent years. It includes
environmental, social and cultural poverty. These problems are often connected with
mass tourism, although there is evidence from studies concerning the impacts from
tourism which suggests that new forms of tourism also suffer from similar problems.

Shaw & Williams (2004) conclude that if tourism is well planned, developed and
managed ina socially responsible manner, it can bring several types of socio-cultural
benefits. For example improve the living standards of people and help pay for
improvements to community facilities and services if the economic benefits of tourism
are well distributed. A possible way to prevent this development is to promote and
invest in sustainable tourism; an alternative form of tourism that could help to protect
the natural, cultural and social environment of a destination. This form of tourism
whether it is called eco-tourism, responsible travel or other, is a reaction of the
consequences of mass tourism.

Murphy’s (1985) publication „Tourism: A Community Approach‟ emphasized the

necessity for communities to relate tourism development to local needs and formed the
basis for numerous later studies on the various relationships between tourism and
communities(Richards & Hall, 2000).
RESEARCH PLAN & RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The study has been conducted mainly on the basis of literature survey and secondary
information. Various seminar papers and summary of discussion in those seminars, task
force reports of research organization, journals and some periodicals on environmental
impacts of tourism have been surveyed for the purpose of the study. Some
environmental analyst and expertise person has also been interviewed for the purpose
of accumulating facts and information.

CHAPTER OUTLINE:

1) Environmental Impacts

2) Importance of wildlife resources and tourism

3) Environmental impacts of tourists

4) Human–wildlife conflicts

5) Positive effects of wildlife tourism

6) Evolution of Wildlife Policy

7) Conservation Projects

8) Legislations and Enactments

9) International Conventions

10)Wildlife Tourism in Orissa

11)Wildlife Strategy – Problem Areas

12)Conclusion: Summary of the dissertation and means to achieve the projected

objectives
PRELIMINARY BIBILOGRAPHY:
[1] Hall M.C. (2001), “Trends in Ocean And Coastal Tourism: The End of The Last
Frontier?”, Ocean &Coastal Management, 44, pp. 601-618.

[2] UNEP (1995), Environmental Codes of Conduct for Tourism.

[3] UNEP (1997), Environmental Good Practice in Hotels, Case Studies (jointly with
IHRA).

[4] UNEP (1998), How the Hotel and Tourism Can Protect the Ozone Layer.

[5] UNEP (1992), Tourism Focus, quarterly bulletin included in the Industry and
Environment review and issue of the Industry and Environment review on Sustainable
Tourism.

[6] World Tourism Organization (WTO) (1995), A Practical Guide to the Development
and Use of Indicators of Sustainable Tourism.

[7] World Tourism Organization (WTO) (1997), Directory of Multilateral and Bilateral
Sources of Financing for Tourism Development.

[8] World Tourism Organization (WTO) (1998), Guide for Local Planner Authorities in
Developing Sustainable Tourism.

[9] World Tourism Organization (WTO) (1994), National and Regional Tourism Planning,
First edition.

[10] Cessford, G.R. 1997. Impacts of visitors on natural and historic resources of
conservation significance: Part 2 Research and information needs. Science and Research
Internal Report, No. 157. Department of Conservation, Wellington.29
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