-

First used for pottery ( 3500 B.C)

and then for transportation (3200
B.C)
5. LEEVES / FLOOD BANKS
- Collects floodwaters from the Tigris
and Euphrates (irrigation)
UNIT 1: GENERAL CONCEPTS AND HISTORICAL 6. PLOW
DEVELOPMENTS - For digging and breaking hard soil
to make planting easy
7. LUNAR CALENDAR
CHAPTER 1: Historical Antecedents of Science - Became the basis for having 12
and Technology months in a year

SCIENCE – “Scientia” meaning knowledge B. BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

- Babylon served as the center of
Mesopotamian civilization
- “bav-il” or “bav-ilim” meaning
MESOPOTAMIA
Gates of Gods
- Present day Iraq, Iran Syria, Kuwait, - Genesis 11 The Tower of Babel was
and Turkey inspired by the Temple of
- Means “between two rivers” which Etemenanki which was excavated
signifies its location within the by Robert Koldewey
- Tigris-Euphrates river system - Hanging Gardens of Babylon

BABYLONIAN INVENTIONS
A. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
- Earliest known civilization in 1. LUNAR CALENDAR
Mesopotamia - Divided a year into twelve months
- “black headed people” and each month divided into 29/30
days
SUMERIAN INVENTIONS:
2. SUNDIALS and WATER CLOCKS
1. CUNEIFORM - Used to determine time
- One of the earliest systems of
writing
- Wedge-shaped scripts pressed into AFRICA
clay tablets
2. NUMBER SYSTEM - Excelled in agriculture, metallurgy,
- Used the main base 60 and the engineering, textile production, and
auxiliary base of 10 medicine
3. SAILBOATS AFRICAN INVENTIONS
- Made of planks of wood and sails
made of cloth 1. VURHA or UTA (BOW)
4. WHEEL 2. MATLHARI or MISEVE (ARROW)
3. MUKWANGA or BANGA (KNIVES)
 4. XIHLOKA or DEMO (AXES) - MOHENJO-DARO: ruins of the Indus
5. GOJI or HUNZA Valley Civilization
- Pits lined with poison-tipped stakes
where animals as big as elephants
were captured INDUS INVENTIONS
ANCIENT EGYPT 1. METALLURGY
- Bronze, tin, copper, and lead
- Knows as “Kemet” which means
2. HANDICRAFT
Black Land
- Seal carving and carnelian products
- Had rich black soil along the river
3. BRICK HOUSES
Nile
4. COMPLEX DRAINAGE SYSTEM
- Pyramids served as tombs for the
5. WATER STORAGE SYSTEM
kings and queens of Egypt
6. WRITING SYSTEM (250-500 char)
- Egyptians believed that after death,
7. ADVANCED AGRICULTURE
the soul lives on as an immortal
- Barley, mustard, peas, cotton
entity
- MUMMIFICATION: to preserve the
body to be recognized by the soul
- DJOSER: built the first Step ANCIENT CHINA
Pyramid, Khufu, Khafre, and - Known to be one of the oldest and
Menkaure longest civilizations
- IMHOTEP: wrote texts describing - “Cina” or “Seres” which means “The
more than 200 diseases and their land where the silk comes from”
corresponding treatment - First to record astronomical
phenomena such as the solar
eclipse and a guest star supernova
EGYPTIAN INVENTIONS that created Crab Nebula
1. CANAL FOR IRRIGATION CHINESE INVENTIONS
2. SHADOOF
- Irrigation tool composed of a pole 1. ABACUS
and a bucket to lift water 2. ACUPUNCTURE
3. BREATHMINTS - Inserting needles at precise points
4. GREAT SPHINX OF GIZA to relieve pain
5. Papyrus 3. PAPER
- Used as writing surface, mats, 4. MOVABLE PRINTING PRESS
ropes, baskets, rafts 5. PORCELAIN
6. WIGS and MAKE-UP - Type of ceramic clay pottery
6. SILK
- Produced by silkworms that feed on
mulberry leaves
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
7. SERICULTURE
- Flourished in the basins of the - The cultivation and production of
Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra silk
River 8. SILK ROAD
 9. GUNPOWDER diseases and corresponding
- Initially used for fireworks (sulfur, treatments
charcoal, and potassium nitrate) - APPIUS CLAUDIUS CAECUS: built
the first Roman aqueduct

ROMAN INVENTIONS
AEGEAN CIVILIZATION
1. RECTAL SPECULUM
ANCIENT GREECE
2. BONE LEVERS
- Known as “Hellas “ or “Ellada” 3. CUPPING VESSELS
which means Greece in Greek 4. CONCRETE
- Characterized by the expansion of 5. COLOSSEUM
villages and the development of 6. PANTHEON
marketplaces and meeting places 7. BALLISTA
- Commercial sea trading was the 8. GREEK FIRE
primary source of income
- GREEK PHILOSOPHY: most
renowned contribution (e.g. Plato, MESOAMERICA
Aristotle, Socrates)
OLMEC CIVILIZATION
- THALES OF MILETUS: precisely
predicted the solar eclipse on May - The earliest know Mesoamerican
28, 585 B.C. and also founded civilization established at the
Milesian School northeastern part of Mexico
- HIPPOCRATES: Father of Western
Medicine; The Hippocratic Oath MAYA CIVILIZATION

GREEK INVENTIONS - Considered as one of the most

scientifically advanced individuals
1. WATER MILLS - Considered pagans
2. PERACHORA WHEEL - DRESDEN CODEX: contains accurate
3. AQUEDUCTS predictions of solar eclipses,
4. CLEPSYDRA celestial writings, and astronomical
- water clock made by Ctesibius tables of the Maya
5. WATER ALARM CLOCK
6. ODOMETER MAYAN INVENTIONS
- Made by Archimedes of Syracuse 1. MAYA HIEROGLYPHICS
- Used to measure the distance 2. CODICES
covered by a vehicle 3. CALENDAR ROUND
- 365 day solar year and 260 day
sacred year
ANCIENT ROME 4. LONG COUNT
- Measured days by cycles or sets
- AUGUSTUS CAESAR: First emperor
5. HUIPILES
- GALEN: first to describe and
- Tunics made by women
diagnose symptoms of different
AZTEC CIVILIZATION BYZANTINE INVENTIONS:

- Persisted for 2oo years before the 1. HANDHELD TREBUCHET

Spaniards conquered their lands - Cheiromangana
- Present day Mexico City - Alteration of the counterweight
trebuchet
AZTEC INVENTIONS
2. TIDAL MILL
1. SUN STONE
2. NAHUATL
ISLAMIC EMPIRE

- The Koran encouraged the

INCA CIVILIZATION
development of science by allowing
- Also known as the Incan Empire believers to seek knowledge and
- The largest Mesoamerican observe nature for signs of Allah
civilization through scientific studies
- Quechua: official language - THE HOUSE OF WISDOM: housed a
community of intellectuals and
INCAN INVENTIONS scientists
1. CRANIAL SURGERIES - THE GOLDEN AGE OF ISLAMIC
2. AMPUTATIONS SCIENCE: began in the 8th century
3. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS and continued until the 13th
4. QUIPU - IBN AL-HAYTHAM / ALHAZEN:
- Set of strings used for recording Father of Modern Optics; devised
information such as tax records, the Law of Refraction
census records, and calendar - ABU ALI AL-HUSSEIN IBN SINA /
information AVICENNA: published The Canon of
Medicine which described the
anatomy of the human eye
MIDDLE AGES - ABU QASIM KHALAF IBN ABBAS AL
- “Dark Ages” because it implies a ZAHRAWI / AL ZAHRAWI: Father of
time devoid of progress and Surgery; Published The Clearance of
innovation Medical Science for Those Who
- ALARIC I: Invaded Rome thrice Cannot Compile It which had
which led to its downfall procedures and surgeries for EET
- MUHAMMAD IBN MUSA AL-
KHWARIZMI: developed Algebra
- AL BIRUNI: determined the radius
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
of the Earth by observing the height
- Byzantium remained after the of a mountain in Nandana
collapse of the Roman Empire - JABIR IBN HAYYAN: Father of
- Was called Byzantine Empire Chemistry
because it was based on the need
to identify its distinct qualities at
the time
MEDIEVAL EUROPE MEDIEVAL INVENTIONS:

- CHARLES THE GREAT/ 1. AXE

CHARLEMAGNE: founded the 2. DANE AXE
Carolingian Empire; taught 3. MAGNETIC COMPASS
astronomy as practical art and 4. CROSSBOW
theoretical discipline 5. THREE-FIELD SYSTEM
- CRUSADES: series of religious wars - Division of a single piece of land
sanctioned by the Latin church to into three smaller plots to grow
curb the spread of Islamic faith in seasonal crops
Europe 6. SPECTACLES
- POPE URBAN II: stated the 7. MAGNETS
importance of reclaiming lands 8. SPINNING WHEELS
from Muslim occupation 9. ASTROLATES
- STUDIUM GENERALE: first medieval 10. CLOCKS
universities
- CHRISTIAN SCHOLASTICISM:
method of critical thought that MODERN AGES
integrated religious theology with
scientific truth RENAISSANCE
- FRANCISCANS AND DOMINICANS: - “Rebirth”
spearheaded the methodology of - JOHANEES GUTENBERG: invented
scholasticism throughout Europe the Printing Press
- ROGER BACON: created the - DANTE: Father of Italian Poetry;
Scientific Method made the Divine Comedy
- ALCHEMY: ancient branch of - FRANCESCO PETRARCA /
natural philosophy that mainly PETRARCH: Father of Humanism
seeks to convert base metals into - LEONARDO DA VINCI: Mona Lisa,
noble metals Vitruvian Man, The Last Supper
- ASTROLOGY: establishes the - MICHELANGELO: Painted the
connection between the position of ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
heavenly and celestial bodies to the - RAPHAEL: The School of Athens and
dwellings of human life and the The Sistine Madonna
natural world - SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: marked
- NICHOLAS ORESME: established the rise of modern science during
the Mean Speed Theorem / the early modern ages
Theorem on Uniform Acceleration - NICOLAUS COPERNICUS:
- JOHN BURIDAN: created Impetus, a Heliocentric Theory
theorem that described how a body - GALILEO GALELEI: proved
in motion continues to stay in Copernicus’ theory
motion through the body’s intrinsic - SIR ISAAC NEWTON: eradicated
and natural quality heliocentrism
- CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
 TEXTILE

INVENTIONS: - JOHN KAY: invented the Flying

Shuttle
1. FUEL
- JAMES HARGREAVES: invented the
2. BLAST FURNACE
Saxon Wheel
3. SHEEP FARMING
- RICHARD ARKWRIGHT: invented
4. SCYTHE
the Water Frame
5. CANALS FOR INLAND TRANSPORT
- SAMUEL CROMPTON: invented the
6. MASTS, SAILS, AND STERNPOST
Spinning Mule
RUDDERS
- EDMUND CARTWRIGHT: invented
7. MARINER’S COMPASS, QUADRANT,
the Power Loom to increase cotton
AND FORESTAFF
production of cotton from
8. WHEEL BARROW AND WOODEN
plantations
TRACKS
- ELI WHITNEY: invented the Cotton
- Led to the development of a railway
Gin to multiply the amount of
system
cotton that could be cleaned
- THOMAS SAINT: patented for a
mechanized sewing machine
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - BARTHELEMY THIMONNIER:
- th
Began in the 18 century invented the chain stitch
- Shift from agricultural to industrial
processes
- ARNOLD TOYNBEE: popularized TRANSPORTATION
“Industrial Revolution”
- THOMAS NEWCOMEN: invented
- ENGLAND: first country to be
the Steam Engine to prevent
industrialized
flooding in Cornwall mines
- FACTORY SYSTEM: implemented to
- DENIS PAPIN: invented the
increase production level of yields
pressure cooker which inspired
Newcomen
IRON AND STEEL
- JAMES WATT: perfected and
- TOBERN BERGMAN: discovered the
patented the steam engine
role of carbon in steel
- MATTHEW BOULTON: partnered
- HENREY BESSEMER AND WILLIAM
with Watt
KELLY: improved methods of
- RICHARD TREVITHICK: developed
manufacturing steel from iron
the first locomotive
- ROBERT MUSHET: discovered an
- GEORGE STEPHENSON: Father of
alloy of iron that combined carbon
Railways; designed the Blucher
and manganese which made carbon
- ROBERT FULTON: developed the
content reach the level required for
North River Steamboat / Clermont
steel production
ALL OF THESE LED TO CAPITALISM AKA - CAROLUS LINNAEUS: Father of
WIDESPREAD OF DISEASES LACK OF Taxonomy; developed the Binomial
HEALTH CARE SERVICES WHICH LED TO Nomenclature
LIBERALISM, SOCIALISM, - GEORGES CUVIER: Theory of
CONSTITUTIONALISM, AND Catastrophism
INDIVIDUALISM - CHARLES LYELL: Principle of
Uniformitarianism
- JEAN-BAPTISTE DE LAMARCK:
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE Theory of Inheritance and Acquired
18TH AND 19TH CENTURY Characteristics
- CHARLES DARWIN: Evolution
- CHARLES-AUGUSTIN DE COULOMB: - GREGOR MENDEL: Father of
Physical science; Coulomb’s Law Genetics
- JOSEPH PRIESTLY: discovered
oxygen gas through collecting
colorless gas from heated mercury
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 20TH
- ANTOINE LAVOISIER: named
CENTURY
Oxygen; Father of Modern
Chemistry; Law of Conservation of - MAX PLANCK: Quantum Theory
Mass - ALBERT EINSTEIN: Theory of
- JOHN DALTON: Atomic Theory Relativity; Photoelectric effect
- HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED: - ERWIN SCHRODINGER: Quantum
discovered magnetic fields Mechanics
- MICHAEL FARADAY: constructed - ROBERT GODDARD: launched the
the crude electric motor first successful rocket
- JAMES CLERK MAXWELL: - JAMES CHADWICK: discovered the
electromagnetic radiation neutron
- GEORGE JOHNSTONE STONEY: - OSWALD AVERY: genes and
electrons had fundamental chromosomes are carried by DNA
quantities of electricity cells
- WILLIAM CROOKES: cathode rays - FRANCIS CRICK AND JAMES
- HEINRICH GEISSLER: vacuum tube WATSON: proposed the double
used by Crookes helix model of DNA
- EUGEN GOLDSTEIN: discovered - ALEXANDER FLEMING: discovered
protons Penicillin
- WILLIAM ROENTGEN: discovered X- - HOWARD FLOREY AND ERNST
rays CHAIN: developed the first
- J.J THOMSON: discovered electrons antibiotic
- HENRI BECQUEREL: discovered - NIELS JERNE: anti-body formation
radioactivity process
- MARIE AND PERRIE CURIE - JONAS SALK: developed the first
- ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL: polio vaccine
patented the telephone - ALBERT SABIN: made the oral polio
- ELISHA GRAY, PHILIP REIS, vaccine
THOMAS EDISON: telegraph system
- LUC MONTAGNIER AND ROBERT digital computer (Atanasoff-Berry
GALLO: discovered HIV and AIDS Computer)
- DOLLY THE SHEEP: first cloned - DYNAMIC RANDOM-ACCESS
animal MEMORY: model of main memory
- ORVILLE AND WILBUR WRIGHT: systems of modern computers
launched the first manned aircraft - ENGINEERING RESEARCH
- HENRY FORD: automobiles ASSOCIATES: Project Goldberg;
- SPUTNIK: first artificial satellite mechanism called the Magnetic
- NASA: spearheaded programs Drum Memory System
Mercury and Apollo - TOMMY HAROLD FLOWERS:
invented the Colossus
- HOWARD AIKEN: invented the
COMPUTER AND THE AGE OF Harvard Mark 1 built by IBM
INFORMATION - FREDERIC WILLIAMS and TOM
KILBURN: made the Small Scale
- CHARLES BABBAGE: first calculated Experimental Machine
the systems of computers - WILLIAM SHOCKLEY: produced
- CLAUDE E. SHANNON: information transistors
can be coded in 1s and 0s; Father of - JACK KILBY: first to create and
Information Theory patent the integrated circuit chip
- WARREN WEAVER: Shannon- (brain of computers)
Weaver Model of Communication - IBM STRETCH COMPUTER: first IBM
revolved around the idea of Pulse supercomputer that ran through
Code Modulation (used for resistors; pioneered the use of
telegraphs) bytes
- TRANSACTION MODEL: sender and - JAMES RUSSEL: CDs
receiver - TIM BERNERS-LEE: created the
- INTERACTIVE MODEL: similar to the World Wide Web
transactional model but is used in
studying new media (e.g. internet)
- ALEC H. REEVES: used the Pulse-
Code Modulation for voice
communications
- SIGSALY: secure speech system
used in the World War II
- ALAN TURING: introduced the
Universal Turing Machine or The
Computing Machine; Father of the
Modern Computer
- KONRAD ZUSE: created the Z3
which was the first Turing-complete
digital computer
- JOHN ATANASOFF AND CLIFFORD
BERRY: created the first electronic