DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL

HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND = 1m

1
 DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL
For Height of 3.000m
(Height from Top of Stem to Founding Level)
BASIC DATA
Formation Level = 3.000 m
Founding Level = 0.000 m 0.00
Front Ground Level = 2.000 m 0.3 3.000
MSL = 2.000 m
Highest Flood Level = 2.500 m
2.00
WALL DIMENSIONS
Width of Footing = 2.90 m
Width of Toe = 0.60 m
Width of Heel = 2.00 m
Width of Stem at top = 0.30 m
Width of Stem at bottom = 0.30 m
Height of straight portion of
= 2.00 m
stem 3.00
Depth of Toe at junction = 0.30 m
Depth of Heel at junction = 0.30 m
Min. Heel/Toe depth = 0.30 m

SOIL PARAMETERS 2.000

3
Unit weight of Soil = 2.00 t/m
Submerged weight of soil = 1.00 t/m3
f = 30 deg. 0.60 2.00
Inclination of backfill "b" = 0.00 deg. 0.30
d = 20 deg.
a = 90.0 deg. 0.3 0.30 0.30
0.000
For Stem 2.90
Ka (horz.) = 0.279 (for inclined portion)
Ka (Vert.) = 0.102

For Stability
Ka (horz.) = 0.279
Ka (Vert.) = 0.102

Foundation on Soil = Soil

Coefficient of interface friction
= 0.500
'm'
Live load Surcharge = 1.200 m
2
Net safe Bearing Capacity = 9 t/m
2
Gross safe Bearing Capacity = 11 t/m
Vertical Component of EP to
= Y
be considered

MATERIAL PROPERTIES RESULTS

Grade of Concrete = M30 Normal Case
2
Grade of Steel = Fe500 smax = 8.3 t/m OK
3 2
Density of concrete = 2.500 t/m smin = 2.0 t/m OK
2
Elastic Modulus of concrete = 3.10E+06 t/m F.O.S = 1.52 OK
Elastic Modulus of steel = 2.00E+07 t/m3 F.O.R = 3.82 OK
Yield strength of concrete = 435 Mpa
Modular ratio = 6.45
fctm = 2.50 Mpa
Permissible stress in conc. = 13.40 Mpa
Permissible stress in steel = 400 Mpa
Permissible crack width = 0.3
Cover in stem on outer face = 50 mm
Cover in stem on earth face = 75 mm
Cover in footing = 75 mm
Minimum % of steel = 0.13 As,min=0.26fctm/fyk *bd but not less than 0.13%

2
 STABILITY CHECK - DRY CONDITION

9A

13 Kah1 = 0.279 7
14

8
9

Kah2 = 0.279 5
15
16

17 6
12

11 3 2 4 10
1

VERTICAL DEAD LOADS

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

Remarks
(m) (m) (t/m3) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 1.0 0.30 2.90 2.50 2.18 1.45 3.15
2 1.0 0.00 0.30 2.50 0.00 0.75 0.00
3 0.5 0.00 0.60 2.50 0.00 0.40 0.00
4 0.5 0.00 2.00 2.50 0.00 1.57 0.00
5 1.0 2.70 0.30 2.50 2.03 0.75 1.52
6 0.5 0.70 0.00 2.50 0.00 0.90 0.00
7 1.0 2.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.90 0.00
8 0.5 0.70 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.90 0.00
9 1.0 2.70 2.00 2.00 10.80 1.90 20.52
9A 0.5 0.00 2.00 2.00 0.00 2.23 0.00
10 0.5 0.00 2.00 2.00 0.00 2.23 0.00
11 0.5 0.00 0.60 2.00 0.00 0.20 0.00
12 1.0 1.70 0.60 2.00 2.04 0.30 0.61
Total 17.04 t 25.80 t-m Mom @ Toe

VERTICAL COMPONENT OF EARTH PRESSURE &LLS

1 3.00 1 2 0.73 2.90 2.12

0.5 3.00 1 2 0.92 2.90 2.65
Total 1.65 t 4.78 t-m Mom @ Toe

EARTH PRESSURE & LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

3
(m) (m) (t/m ) (t) (m) (t-m)
15 1.0 3.00 1.00 2.00 2.01 1.50 3.01
17 0.5 3.00 1.00 2.00 2.51 1.26 3.16

Total HL 4.52 t 6.18 t-m

3
NORMAL CASE

Factor of safety against overturning = 30.58 = 4.95 OK >2.0

6.18

Factor of safety against sliding = 0.5 x 18.69 = 2.07 OK >1.5

4.52
CG from Toe = ( 25.80+4.78-6.18 ) = 1.31 m
18.69

Eccentricity = ( 1.45 - 1.31) = 0.14 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

2
Pressure at toe end = (17.04+1.65/2.9x(1+6x0.14/2.9) ) = 8.31 t/m OK
2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 7.54 t/m
2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 7.15 t/m
2
Pressure at heel end = (17.04+1.65/2.9x(1-6x0.14/2.9) ) = 4.58 t/m OK

4
 STABILITY CHECK - HFL CONDITION

9A

13 Kah1 = 0.279 7
14

8
9

Kah2 = 0.279 5
15
16

17 6
12

11 3 2 4 10
1

VERTICAL DEAD LOADS

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

(m) (m) (t/m3) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 1.0 0.30 2.90 2.50 2.18 1.45 3.15
2 1.0 0.00 0.30 2.50 0.00 0.75 0.00
3 0.5 0.00 0.60 2.50 0.00 0.40 0.00
4 0.5 0.00 2.00 2.50 0.00 1.57 0.00
5 1.0 2.70 0.30 2.50 2.03 0.75 1.52
6 0.5 0.70 0.00 2.50 0.00 0.90 0.00
7 1.0 2.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.90 0.00
8 0.5 0.70 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.90 0.00
9 1.0 2.70 2.00 2.00 10.80 1.90 20.52
9A 0.5 0.00 2.00 2.00 0.00 2.23 0.00
10 0.5 0.00 2.00 2.00 0.00 2.23 0.00
11 0.5 0.00 0.60 2.00 0.00 0.20 0.00
12 1.0 1.70 0.60 2.00 2.04 0.30 0.61
Water 1.0 0.50 0.60 1.00 0.30 0.30 0.09
Buoyancy -1.0 2.50 2.90 1.00 -7.25 1.45 -10.51
Total 10.09 t 15.38 t-m Mom@Toe

VERTICAL COMPONENT OF EARTH PRESSURE

Factor Depth Width Density Pressure Load CG @Toe Moment

(m) (m) (t/m3) (t/m2) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 0.50 1 2 0.24 0.12 2.90 0.35 LLS
1 2.50 1 1 0.12 0.31 2.90 0.88 LLS
0.5 0.50 1 2.00 0.10 0.03 2.90 0.07 EP
1 2.50 1 1 0.25 0.25 2.90 0.74 EP
0.5 2.50 0.25 0.32 2.90 0.92 EP
Total 1.02 t 2.97 t-m Mom@Toe

5
EARTH PRESSURE & LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE

Factor Depth Width Density Pressure Load CG @Toe Moment

3 2
(m) (m) (t/m ) (t/m ) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 0.50 1.00 2.00 0.67 0.33 2.75 0.92 LLS
1 2.50 1.00 2.00 0.67 1.67 1.25 2.09 LLS
0.5 0.50 1.00 2.00 0.28 0.07 2.71 0.19 EP
1.0 2.50 1.00 1.00 0.70 0.70 1.25 0.87 EP
0.5 2.50 - - 0.70 0.87 0.83 0.73 EP
Total HL 3.65 t 4.80 t-m

NORMAL CASE

Factor of safety against overturning = 18.35 = 3.82 OK >2.0

4.80

Factor of safety against sliding = 0.5 x 11.11 = 1.52 OK >1.5

3.65
CG from Toe = ( 15.38+2.97-4.80 ) = 1.22 m
11.11

Eccentricity = ( 1.45 - 1.22) = 0.23 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

Pressure at toe end = (10.09+1.02/2.9x(1+6x0.23/2.9) ) = 5.66 t/m2 OK

Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 4.90 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 4.52 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = (10.09+1.02/2.9x(1-6x0.23/2.9) ) = 2.01 t/m2 OK

6
 DESIGN FOR SLS
Frequent Combination for Crack width Check

Load factor of Dead Load = 1.00

Load factor of Earth Pressure = 1.00
Load factor of Live load surcharge = 0.00

Rare Combination for Stress Check-RC

Load factor of Dead Load = 1.00

Load factor of Earth Pressure = 1.00
Load factor of Live load surcharge = 0.80

Design of Stem Wall

Stem wall will be checked at two following location

1) Section where straight portion end
2) Section at bottom of stem wall i.e. at top of footing
As weep holes will be provided in stem, retaining wall design is goverened by Dry case only.

Section-1

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 0.94 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 1.34 t-m

Section-2

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 2.03 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 2.44 t-m

Design Moment (t-m)

Ast Provided
Section Combination Design Moment
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Frequent 0.94
1 12 200 0 200
Rare 2.01
Frequent 2.03
2 12 200 10 200
Rare 3.98

Stress Check -RC

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Section Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
width ratio in steel
Mark as Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
1 2.0 75 0.300 0.219 1.000 6.45 0.036 0.944 171.7 5.32 OK
2 4.0 75 0.300 0.219 1.000 6.45 0.046 0.930 204.3 8.47 OK

Check for Crack Width-Frequent (as per clause 12.3.4 of IRC 112-2011)

Crack width Wk = Sr,max (esm-ecm)

Maximum crack spacing = Sr,max = 3.4c+(0.425k1k2f)/rp,eff if(s <5(c+f/2))
= 1.3(h-x) if(s >5(c+f/2))
(esm-ecm) = (ssc-(kt*fct,eff/rp,eff*(1+ae*rp,eff)))/Es
>=0.6ssc/Es
rp,eff = As/Ac,eff
Ac,eff = hceff*b
hceff = Lesser of 2.5(h-d)
(h-x)/3
h/2
Coefficient related to bonded properties of reinforcement "k1" = 0.80 for deformed bars
Coefficient related to distribution of strain "k2" = 0.500 for bending
Constant related to duration of load "kt" = 0.500

7
 Design Ast Crack
Stress in
Section Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
rp,eff steel
Mark as Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
1 0.9 200 2.67 88 5.7 0.006 572 80.1 2.4E-04 0.138 OK
2 2.0 100 1.33 85 9.6 0.011 435 104.2 3.1E-04 0.136 OK

Distribution Reinforcement

As per clause 16.6.1 of IRC:112, 20% of main steel shall be provided as secondary reinforcement

2
Area of main steel = 9.6 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel required = 1.9 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel provided = 3.9 cm /m OK
10 dia @ 200 mmc/c

Reinforcement in compression face

2
Area of steel required = 1.9 cm /m
2
Area of steel provided = 3.9 cm /m OK
10 dia @ 200 mmc/c

Design of Footing

Footing will be checked both for HFL as well as LWL case

LWL Case Frequent Rare

Vertical #Moment Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load @ Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 17.04 25.80 1.0 17.0 25.8 1.0 17.0 25.8
Earth Pressure 0.92 -0.51 1.0 0.9 -0.5 1.0 0.9 -0.5
Live load surcharge 0.73 -0.89 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.6 -0.7
Total 18.0 25.3 18.5 24.6
# Restoring-Overturning Moment
Frequent Rare
CG from Toe = 1.409 1.326 m
Eccentricity = 0.041 0.124 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.220 m
deff of heel = 0.219 m Frequent Rare
Pressure at toe end = = 6.72 8.04 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 6.58 7.61 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 6.50 7.36 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 6.39 7.02 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 6.31 6.77 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 5.67 4.75 t/m2

HFL Case Frequent Rare

Vertical Moment@ Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 10.09 15.38 1.0 10.1 15.4 1.0 10.1 15.4
Earth Pressure 0.60 -0.05 1.0 0.6 -0.1 1.0 0.6 -0.1
Live load surcharge 0.43 -1.77 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.3 -1.4
Total 10.7 15.3 11.0 13.9

Frequent Rare
CG from Toe = 1.434 1.261 m
Eccentricity = 0.016 0.189 m

8
Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.220 m
deff of heel = 0.219 m Frequent Rare
Pressure at toe end = = 3.81 5.29 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 3.78 4.90 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 3.76 4.67 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 3.73 4.37 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 3.71 4.14 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 3.56 2.32 t/m2

Frequent Rare
LWL HFL LWL HFL
Case Case Case Case
Net Pressure at toe end 2.57 2.11 3.89 3.59 t/m2
Net Pressure at deff.from junction on toe slab 2.43 3.98 3.46 5.10 t/m2
Net Pressure at junction of toe and stem 2.35 5.06 3.21 5.97 t/m2
Net Pressure at junction of heel and stem 0.24 0.08 0.87 0.72 t/m2
Net Pressure at deff.from junction on heel slab 0.16 0.06 0.62 0.49 t/m2
Net Pressure at heel end -0.48 -0.09 -1.40 -1.33 t/m2

Stress Check -Rare

Ast Provided
Section
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Toe 0 200 10 200
Heel 12 200 10 200

Design of Toe

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
Case width ratio in steel
Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
LWL 0.7 75 0.300 0.220 1.000 6.45 0.031 0.953 80.0 2.03 OK
HFL 0.8 75 0.300 0.220 1.000 6.45 0.031 0.953 95.9 2.43 OK

Design of Heel

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
Case width ratio in steel
Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
LWL 4.3 75 0.300 0.219 1.000 6.45 0.046 0.930 219.9 9.12 OK
HFL 3.2 75 0.300 0.219 1.000 6.45 0.046 0.930 162.9 6.76 OK

Check for Crack Width-Frequent (as per clause 12.3.4 of IRC 112-2011)

Design of Toe

Design Ast Crack

Stress in
Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
Case rp,eff steel
Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
LWL 0.3 100 1.25 90 3.9 0.004 255 42.0 1.3E-04 0.032 OK
HFL 0.6 100 1.25 90 3.9 0.004 255 67.6 2.0E-04 0.052 OK

Design of Heel

Design Ast Crack

Stress in
Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
Case rp,eff steel
Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
LWL 1.9 100 1.23 85 9.6 0.011 255 97.0 2.9E-04 0.074 OK
HFL 1.3 100 1.23 85 9.6 0.011 255 64.4 1.9E-04 0.049 OK

9
Distribution Reinforcement

As per clause 16.6.1 of IRC:112, 20% of main steel shall be provided as secondary reinforcement

2
Area of main steel = 9.6 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel required = 1.9 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel provided = 3.9 cm /m OK
10 dia @ 200 mmc/c

Reinforcement in compression face

2
Area of steel required = 1.9 cm /m
2
Area of steel provided = 3.9 cm /m OK
10 dia @ 200 mmc/c

10
 DESIGN FOR ULS
Load Combination for ULS
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Load factor of Dead Load 1.35 1.35 1.00 1.00
Load factor of Earth Pressure 1.50 1.00 1.30 0.85
Load factor of Live load surcharge 1.20 1.20 1.00 1.00

Design of Stem Wall

Stem wall will be checked at two following location

1) Section where straight portion end
2) Section at bottom of stem wall i.e. at top of footing
As weep holes will be provided in stem, retaining wall design is goverened by Dry case only.

Section-1

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 0.94 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 1.34 t-m

Section-2

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 2.03 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 2.44 t-m

Design Moment (t-m)

Ast Provided
Section Combination Design Moment
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
ULS-1 3.01
ULS-2 2.54
1 12 200 0 200
ULS-3 2.56
ULS-4 2.14
ULS-1 5.98
ULS-2 4.96
2 12 200 10 200
ULS-3 5.08
ULS-4 4.17

Check for Section Capacity

Ultimate Compressive strain in concrete εcu3 = 0.0035

Strain in steel =fyk/Es εs = 0.0042
Depth factor for compression block λ = 0.800
Strength factor for compression block η = 1.000
Ultimate capacity of Concrete Mu = {ηkλ(1-kλ/2)fcd}*b*d2
Neutral axis depth factor k = εcu3/(εcu3 + εs)
Actual Neutral Axis depth x = fyd*Ast/(ληfcdb)
Ultimate capacity of steel Mu = fyd*Ast*(d-lx/2)

Actual
Neutral
Design Depth Effective Neutral Mu Mu
Design axis Mu
Section Bending of* Depth Axis Concret of
width depth steel Check
Mark as Moment section Provided depth e section
factor
"x"
t-m m m m k m t-m t-m t-m
1 3.01 0.300 0.219 1.000 0.456 0.023 18.8 5.1 5.06 OK
2 6.0 0.300 0.219 1.000 0.456 0.039 18.8 8.3 8.31 OK

Check for Shear As per Clause 10.3.2 of IRC 112:2011

Design Shear Resisitance VRd,c = (0.12K(80r1.fck)0.33+0.15scp)bw.d

subject to minimum of = (vmin+0.15scp)bw.d
K = 1+(200/d)0.5 < 2
r1 = Asl/bw.d < 0.02
vmin = 0.031K3/2fck1/2
Design shear force VEd = 6.18 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 5.98 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = 0.00 t
Net Design shear = 6.18 t
d = 0.22 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.956

11
vmin = 0.464
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000
r1 = 0.0044
VRd,c = 11.38 t OK

Design of Footing

Footing will be checked both for HFL as well as LWL case

LWL Case ULS-1 ULS-2
Vertical #Moment Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load @ Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 17.04 25.80 1.35 23.0 34.8 1.35 23.0 34.8
Earth Pressure 0.92 1.61 1.50 1.4 2.4 1.00 0.9 1.6
Live load surcharge 0.73 -3.01 1.20 0.9 -3.6 1.20 0.9 -3.6
Total 25.3 33.6 24.8 32.8

ULS-3 ULS-4
Load Vertical #Moment LF Factored Factored LF Factored Factored
Dead Load 17.04 25.80 1.00 17.0 25.8 1.00 17.0 25.8
Earth Pressure 0.92 1.61 1.30 1.2 2.1 0.85 0.8 1.4
Live load surcharge 0.73 -3.01 1.00 0.7 -3.0 1.00 0.7 -3.0
Total 19.0 24.9 18.6 24.2
# Restoring-Overturning Moment

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

CG from Toe 1.332 1.324 1.313 1.303 m
Eccentricity 0.118 0.126 0.137 0.147 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.220 m
deff of heel = 0.219 m ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Pressure at toe end = = 10.83 10.78 8.40 8.35 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 10.28 10.20 8.10 7.84 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 9.96 9.86 7.93 7.54 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 9.52 9.40 7.69 7.14 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 9.19 9.06 7.52 6.84 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 6.58 6.32 6.12 4.45 t/m2

HFL Case ULS-1 ULS-2

Vertical Moment@ Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 10.09 15.38 1.35 13.6 20.8 1.35 13.6 20.8
Earth Pressure 0.60 -0.05 1.50 0.9 -0.1 1.00 0.6 -0.1
Live load surcharge 0.43 -1.77 1.20 0.5 -2.1 1.20 0.5 -2.1
Total 15.0 18.6 14.7 18.6

ULS-3 ULS-4
Load Vertical Moment@ LF Factored Factored LF Factored Factored
Dead Load 10.09 15.38 1.00 10.1 15.4 1.00 10.1 15.4
Earth Pressure 0.60 -0.05 1.30 0.8 -0.1 0.85 0.5 0.0
Live load surcharge 0.43 -1.77 1.00 0.4 -1.8 1.00 0.4 -1.8
Total 11.3 13.5 11.0 13.6

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

CG from Toe 1.234 1.261 1.199 1.230 m
Eccentricity 0.216 0.189 0.251 0.220 m

12
Base Pressure Distribution (Unit:t/m2)

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.220 m
deff of heel = 0.219 m ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Pressure at toe end = 7.50 7.07 5.92 5.53 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab 6.89 6.55 5.39 5.08 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem 6.54 6.24 5.08 4.82 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem 6.06 5.83 4.66 4.46 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab 5.71 5.53 4.36 4.20 t/m2
Pressure at heel end 2.87 3.09 1.87 2.07 t/m2

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

LWL HFL LWL HFL LWL HFL LWL HFL
Case Case Case Case Case Case Case Case
Net Pressure at toe end 6.68 5.80 6.63 5.37 4.25 4.22 4.20 3.83
Net Pressure at deff.from jn. on toe slab 6.13 7.09 6.05 6.75 3.95 5.59 3.69 5.28
Net Pressure at junction of toe and stem 5.81 7.84 5.71 7.54 3.78 6.38 3.39 6.12
Net Pressure at junction of heel and stem 3.37 2.41 3.25 2.18 1.54 1.01 0.99 1.01
Net Pressure at deff.from j. on heel slab 3.04 2.06 2.91 1.88 1.37 0.71 0.69 0.73
Net Pressure at heel end 0.43 -0.78 0.17 -0.56 -0.03 -1.78 -1.70 -1.58

Bending Moment for Toe Bending Moment for Heel

Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 1.15 1.14 0.74 0.71 7.32 5.98 4.83 4.64
HFL 1.17 1.10 0.89 0.83 3.38 2.93 4.11 3.30

Shear Force at deff. for Toe Shear Force at face for Heel
Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 2.43 2.41 1.56 1.50 5.63 4.84 3.27 2.15
HFL 2.45 2.30 1.86 1.73 2.86 2.56 1.89 1.44

Bending Moment at deff. for Toe Bending Moment at face for Heel
Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 0.46 0.46 0.30 0.28 7.32 5.98 4.83 4.64
HFL 0.47 0.44 0.36 0.33 3.38 2.93 4.11 3.30

Ast Provided
Section
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Toe 0 200 10 200
Heel 12 200 10 200

Check for Section Capacity

Actual
Neutral
Design Depth Effective Neutral Mu Mu
Design axis Mu
Design Bending of* Depth Axis Concret of
width depth steel Check
of Moment section Provided depth e section
factor
"x"
t-m m m m k m t-m t-m t-m
Toe 1.17 0.300 0.220 1.000 0.456 0.016 19.0 3.6 3.58 OK
Heel 7.32 0.300 0.219 1.000 0.456 0.039 18.8 8.3 8.31 OK

Check for Shear As per Clause 10.3.2 of IRC 112:2011

Design Shear Resisitance VRd,c = (0.12K(80r1.fck)0.33+0.15scp)bw.d

subject to minimum of = (vmin+0.15scp)bw.d
K = 1+(200/d)0.5 < 2
r1 = Asl/bw.d < 0.02
vmin = 0.031K3/2fck1/2

Toe
Design shear force at deff. VEd = 2.45 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 0.47 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = 0.00 t
Net Design shear = 2.45 t
d = 0.22 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.953
vmin = 0.464
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000

13
r1 = 0.0018
VRd,c = 10.40 t OK

Heel
Design shear force at face of stem VEd = 5.63 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 7.32 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = 0.00 t
Net Design shear = 5.63 t
d = 0.22 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.953
vmin = 0.464
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000
r1 = 0.0044
VRd,c = 11.40 t OK

14
DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL
HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND = 2m

1
 DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL
For Height of 4.000m
(Height from Top of Stem to Founding Level)
BASIC DATA
Formation Level = 4.000 m
Founding Level = 0.000 m 0.00
Front Ground Level = 2.000 m 0.3 4.000
MSL = 2.000 m
Highest Flood Level = 2.500 m
2.00
WALL DIMENSIONS
Width of Footing = 3.40 m
Width of Toe = 0.80 m
Width of Heel = 2.20 m
Width of Stem at top = 0.30 m
Width of Stem at bottom = 0.40 m
Height of straight portion of
= 2.00 m
stem 4.00
Depth of Toe at junction = 0.40 m
Depth of Heel at junction = 0.40 m
Min. Heel/Toe depth = 0.30 m

SOIL PARAMETERS 2.000

3
Unit weight of Soil = 2.00 t/m
Submerged weight of soil = 1.00 t/m3
f = 30 deg. 0.80 2.20
Inclination of backfill "b" = 0.00 deg. 0.40
d = 20 deg.
a = 86.4 deg. 0.3 0.40 0.40
0.000
For Stem 3.40
Ka (horz.) = 0.297 (for inclined portion)
Ka (Vert.) = 0.130

For Stability
Ka (horz.) = 0.279
Ka (Vert.) = 0.102

Foundation on Soil = Soil

Coefficient of interface friction
= 0.500
'm'
Live load Surcharge = 1.200 m
2
Net safe Bearing Capacity = 9 t/m
2
Gross safe Bearing Capacity = 11 t/m
Vertical Component of EP to
= Y
be considered

MATERIAL PROPERTIES RESULTS

Grade of Concrete = M30 Normal Case
2
Grade of Steel = Fe500 smax = 10.6 t/m OK
3 2
Density of concrete = 2.500 t/m smin = 3.4 t/m OK
2
Elastic Modulus of concrete = 3.10E+06 t/m F.O.S = 1.52 OK
Elastic Modulus of steel = 2.00E+07 t/m3 F.O.R = 3.66 OK
Yield strength of concrete = 435 Mpa
Modular ratio = 6.45
fctm = 2.50 Mpa
Permissible stress in conc. = 13.40 Mpa
Permissible stress in steel = 400 Mpa
Permissible crack width = 0.3
Cover in stem on outer face = 50 mm
Cover in stem on earth face = 75 mm
Cover in footing = 75 mm
Minimum % of steel = 0.13 As,min=0.26fctm/fyk *bd but not less than 0.13%

2
 STABILITY CHECK - DRY CONDITION

9A

13 Kah1 = 0.279 7
14

8
9

Kah2 = 0.279 5
15
16

17 6
12

11 3 2 4 10
1

VERTICAL DEAD LOADS

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

Remarks
(m) (m) (t/m3) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 1.0 0.30 3.40 2.50 2.55 1.70 4.34
2 1.0 0.10 0.40 2.50 0.10 1.00 0.10
3 0.5 0.10 0.80 2.50 0.10 0.53 0.05
4 0.5 0.10 2.20 2.50 0.28 1.93 0.53
5 1.0 3.60 0.30 2.50 2.70 0.95 2.57
6 0.5 1.60 0.10 2.50 0.20 1.13 0.23
7 1.0 2.00 0.10 2.00 0.40 1.15 0.46
8 0.5 1.60 0.10 2.00 0.16 1.17 0.19
9 1.0 3.60 2.20 2.00 15.84 2.30 36.43
9A 0.5 0.00 2.30 2.00 0.00 2.63 0.00
10 0.5 0.10 2.20 2.00 0.22 2.67 0.59
11 0.5 0.10 0.80 2.00 0.08 0.27 0.02
12 1.0 1.60 0.80 2.00 2.56 0.40 1.02
Total 25.19 t 46.52 t-m Mom @ Toe

VERTICAL COMPONENT OF EARTH PRESSURE &LLS

1 4.00 1 2 0.98 3.40 3.32

0.5 4.00 1 2 1.63 3.40 5.53
Total 2.60 t 8.85 t-m Mom @ Toe

EARTH PRESSURE & LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

3
(m) (m) (t/m ) (t) (m) (t-m)
15 1.0 4.00 1.00 2.00 2.68 2.00 5.36
17 0.5 4.00 1.00 2.00 4.46 1.68 7.50

Total HL 7.14 t 12.86 t-m

3
NORMAL CASE

Factor of safety against overturning = 55.37 = 4.31 OK >2.0

12.86

Factor of safety against sliding = 0.5 x 27.79 = 1.95 OK >1.5

7.14
CG from Toe = ( 46.52+8.85-12.86 ) = 1.53 m
27.79

Eccentricity = ( 1.7 - 1.53) = 0.17 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

2
Pressure at toe end = (25.19+2.60/3.4x(1+6x0.17/3.4) ) = 10.62 t/m OK
2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 9.47 t/m
2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 8.89 t/m
2
Pressure at heel end = (25.19+2.60/3.4x(1-6x0.17/3.4) ) = 5.72 t/m OK

4
 STABILITY CHECK - HFL CONDITION

9A

13 Kah1 = 0.279 7
14

8
9

Kah2 = 0.279 5
15
16

17 6
12

11 3 2 4 10
1

VERTICAL DEAD LOADS

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

(m) (m) (t/m3) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 1.0 0.30 3.40 2.50 2.55 1.70 4.34
2 1.0 0.10 0.40 2.50 0.10 1.00 0.10
3 0.5 0.10 0.80 2.50 0.10 0.53 0.05
4 0.5 0.10 2.20 2.50 0.28 1.93 0.53
5 1.0 3.60 0.30 2.50 2.70 0.95 2.57
6 0.5 1.60 0.10 2.50 0.20 1.13 0.23
7 1.0 2.00 0.10 2.00 0.40 1.15 0.46
8 0.5 1.60 0.10 2.00 0.16 1.17 0.19
9 1.0 3.60 2.20 2.00 15.84 2.30 36.43
9A 0.5 0.00 2.30 2.00 0.00 2.63 0.00
10 0.5 0.10 2.20 2.00 0.22 2.67 0.59
11 0.5 0.10 0.80 2.00 0.08 0.27 0.02
12 1.0 1.60 0.80 2.00 2.56 0.40 1.02
Water 1.0 0.50 0.80 1.00 0.40 0.40 0.16
Buoyancy -1.0 2.50 3.40 1.00 -8.50 1.70 -14.45
Total 17.09 t 32.23 t-m Mom@Toe

VERTICAL COMPONENT OF EARTH PRESSURE

Factor Depth Width Density Pressure Load CG @Toe Moment

(m) (m) (t/m3) (t/m2) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 1.50 1 2 0.24 0.37 3.40 1.24 LLS
1 2.50 1 1 0.12 0.31 3.40 1.04 LLS
0.5 1.50 1 2.00 0.31 0.23 3.40 0.78 EP
1 2.50 1 1 0.25 0.76 3.40 2.59 EP
0.5 2.50 0.25 0.32 3.40 1.08 EP
Total 1.98 t 6.73 t-m Mom@Toe

5
EARTH PRESSURE & LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE

Factor Depth Width Density Pressure Load CG @Toe Moment

3 2
(m) (m) (t/m ) (t/m ) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 1.50 1.00 2.00 0.67 1.00 3.25 3.26 LLS
1 2.50 1.00 2.00 0.67 1.67 1.25 2.09 LLS
0.5 1.50 1.00 2.00 0.84 0.63 3.13 1.96 EP
1.0 2.50 1.00 1.00 0.70 2.09 1.25 2.62 EP
0.5 2.50 - - 0.70 0.87 0.83 0.73 EP
Total HL 6.27 t 10.66 t-m

NORMAL CASE

Factor of safety against overturning = 38.97 = 3.66 OK >2.0

10.66

Factor of safety against sliding = 0.5 x 19.07 = 1.52 OK >1.5

6.27
CG from Toe = ( 32.23+6.73-10.66 ) = 1.48 m
19.07

Eccentricity = ( 1.7 - 1.48) = 0.22 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

Pressure at toe end = (17.09+1.98/3.4x(1+6x0.22/3.4) ) = 7.78 t/m2 OK

Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 6.76 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 6.25 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = (17.09+1.98/3.4x(1-6x0.22/3.4) ) = 3.43 t/m2 OK

6
 DESIGN FOR SLS
Frequent Combination for Crack width Check

Load factor of Dead Load = 1.00

Load factor of Earth Pressure = 1.00
Load factor of Live load surcharge = 0.00

Rare Combination for Stress Check-RC

Load factor of Dead Load = 1.00

Load factor of Earth Pressure = 1.00
Load factor of Live load surcharge = 0.80

Design of Stem Wall

Stem wall will be checked at two following location

1) Section where straight portion end
2) Section at bottom of stem wall i.e. at top of footing
As weep holes will be provided in stem, retaining wall design is goverened by Dry case only.

Section-1

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 0.94 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 1.34 t-m

Section-2

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 4.75 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 4.39 t-m

Design Moment (t-m)

Ast Provided
Section Combination Design Moment
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Frequent 0.94
1 12 200 0 200
Rare 2.01
Frequent 4.75
2 12 200 12 200
Rare 8.27

Stress Check -RC

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Section Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
width ratio in steel
Mark as Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
1 2.0 75 0.300 0.219 1.000 6.45 0.036 0.944 171.7 5.32 OK
2 8.3 75 0.400 0.319 1.000 6.45 0.061 0.936 244.9 9.03 OK

Check for Crack Width-Frequent (as per clause 12.3.4 of IRC 112-2011)

Crack width Wk = Sr,max (esm-ecm)

Maximum crack spacing = Sr,max = 3.4c+(0.425k1k2f)/rp,eff if(s <5(c+f/2))
= 1.3(h-x) if(s >5(c+f/2))
(esm-ecm) = (ssc-(kt*fct,eff/rp,eff*(1+ae*rp,eff)))/Es
>=0.6ssc/Es
rp,eff = As/Ac,eff
Ac,eff = hceff*b
hceff = Lesser of 2.5(h-d)
(h-x)/3
h/2
Coefficient related to bonded properties of reinforcement "k1" = 0.80 for deformed bars
Coefficient related to distribution of strain "k2" = 0.500 for bending
Constant related to duration of load "kt" = 0.500

7
 Design Ast Crack
Stress in
Section Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
rp,eff steel
Mark as Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
1 0.9 200 2.67 88 5.7 0.006 572 80.1 2.4E-04 0.138 OK
2 4.8 100 1.33 113 11.3 0.010 459 140.8 4.2E-04 0.194 OK

Distribution Reinforcement

As per clause 16.6.1 of IRC:112, 20% of main steel shall be provided as secondary reinforcement

2
Area of main steel = 11.3 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel required = 2.3 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel provided = 3.9 cm /m OK
10 dia @ 200 mmc/c

Reinforcement in compression face

2
Area of steel required = 2.4 cm /m
2
Area of steel provided = 3.9 cm /m OK
10 dia @ 200 mmc/c

Design of Footing

Footing will be checked both for HFL as well as LWL case

LWL Case Frequent Rare

Vertical #Moment Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load @ Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 25.19 46.52 1.0 25.2 46.5 1.0 25.2 46.5
Earth Pressure 1.63 -1.97 1.0 1.6 -2.0 1.0 1.6 -2.0
Live load surcharge 0.98 -2.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.8 -1.6
Total 26.8 44.6 27.6 42.9
# Restoring-Overturning Moment
Frequent Rare
CG from Toe = 1.662 1.556 m
Eccentricity = 0.038 0.144 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.320 m
deff of heel = 0.319 m Frequent Rare
Pressure at toe end = = 8.41 10.18 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 8.27 9.60 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 8.17 9.21 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 8.04 8.72 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 7.94 8.34 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 7.36 6.05 t/m2

HFL Case Frequent Rare

Vertical Moment@ Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 17.09 32.23 1.0 17.1 32.2 1.0 17.1 32.2
Earth Pressure 1.31 -0.86 1.0 1.3 -0.9 1.0 1.3 -0.9
Live load surcharge 0.67 -3.07 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.5 -2.5
Total 18.4 31.4 18.9 28.9

Frequent Rare
CG from Toe = 1.706 1.527 m
Eccentricity = 0.000 0.173 m

8
Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.320 m
deff of heel = 0.319 m Frequent Rare
Pressure at toe end = = 5.41 7.27 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 5.41 6.79 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 5.41 6.47 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 5.41 6.07 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 5.41 5.75 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 5.41 3.87 t/m2

Frequent Rare
LWL HFL LWL HFL
Case Case Case Case
Net Pressure at toe end 4.26 3.71 6.03 5.57 t/m2
Net Pressure at deff.from junction on toe slab 4.09 5.27 5.42 6.65 t/m2
Net Pressure at junction of toe and stem 3.97 6.31 5.01 7.37 t/m2
Net Pressure at junction of heel and stem -0.16 -0.29 0.52 0.37 t/m2
Net Pressure at deff.from junction on heel slab -0.25 -0.28 0.14 0.06 t/m2
Net Pressure at heel end -0.79 -0.24 -2.10 -1.78 t/m2

Stress Check -Rare

Ast Provided
Section
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Toe 0 200 10 200
Heel 12 200 10 200

Design of Toe

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
Case width ratio in steel
Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
LWL 1.8 75 0.400 0.320 1.000 6.45 0.038 0.961 150.9 3.13 OK
HFL 2.0 75 0.400 0.320 1.000 6.45 0.038 0.961 163.5 3.40 OK

Design of Heel

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
Case width ratio in steel
Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
LWL 8.3 75 0.400 0.319 1.000 6.45 0.057 0.941 287.5 9.68 OK
HFL 6.6 75 0.400 0.319 1.000 6.45 0.057 0.941 231.0 7.78 OK

Check for Crack Width-Frequent (as per clause 12.3.4 of IRC 112-2011)

Design of Toe

Design Ast Crack

Stress in
Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
Case rp,eff steel
Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
LWL 1.1 100 1.25 121 3.9 0.003 255 92.0 2.8E-04 0.070 OK
HFL 1.5 100 1.25 121 3.9 0.003 255 121.3 3.6E-04 0.093 OK

Design of Heel

Design Ast Crack

Stress in
Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
Case rp,eff steel
Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
LWL 4.2 100 1.23 114 9.6 0.008 255 146.1 4.4E-04 0.112 OK
HFL 3.5 100 1.23 114 9.6 0.008 255 121.8 3.7E-04 0.093 OK

9
Distribution Reinforcement

As per clause 16.6.1 of IRC:112, 20% of main steel shall be provided as secondary reinforcement

2
Area of main steel = 9.6 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel required = 1.9 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel provided = 3.9 cm /m OK
10 dia @ 200 mmc/c

Reinforcement in compression face

2
Area of steel required = 2.4 cm /m
2
Area of steel provided = 3.9 cm /m OK
10 dia @ 200 mmc/c

10
 DESIGN FOR ULS
Load Combination for ULS
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Load factor of Dead Load 1.35 1.35 1.00 1.00
Load factor of Earth Pressure 1.50 1.00 1.30 0.85
Load factor of Live load surcharge 1.20 1.20 1.00 1.00

Design of Stem Wall

Stem wall will be checked at two following location

1) Section where straight portion end
2) Section at bottom of stem wall i.e. at top of footing
As weep holes will be provided in stem, retaining wall design is goverened by Dry case only.

Section-1

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 0.94 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 1.34 t-m

Section-2

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 4.75 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 4.39 t-m

Design Moment (t-m)

Ast Provided
Section Combination Design Moment
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
ULS-1 3.01
ULS-2 2.54
1 12 200 0 200
ULS-3 2.56
ULS-4 2.14
ULS-1 12.41
ULS-2 10.03
2 12 200 12 200
ULS-3 10.58
ULS-4 8.44

Check for Section Capacity

Ultimate Compressive strain in concrete εcu3 = 0.0035

Strain in steel =fyk/Es εs = 0.0042
Depth factor for compression block λ = 0.800
Strength factor for compression block η = 1.000
Ultimate capacity of Concrete Mu = {ηkλ(1-kλ/2)fcd}*b*d2
Neutral axis depth factor k = εcu3/(εcu3 + εs)
Actual Neutral Axis depth x = fyd*Ast/(ληfcdb)
Ultimate capacity of steel Mu = fyd*Ast*(d-lx/2)

Actual
Neutral
Design Depth Effective Neutral Mu Mu
Design axis Mu
Section Bending of* Depth Axis Concret of
width depth steel Check
Mark as Moment section Provided depth e section
factor
"x"
t-m m m m k m t-m t-m t-m
1 3.01 0.300 0.219 1.000 0.456 0.023 18.8 5.1 5.06 OK
2 12.4 0.400 0.319 1.000 0.456 0.046 39.9 14.5 14.50 OK

Check for Shear As per Clause 10.3.2 of IRC 112:2011

Design Shear Resisitance VRd,c = (0.12K(80r1.fck)0.33+0.15scp)bw.d

subject to minimum of = (vmin+0.15scp)bw.d
K = 1+(200/d)0.5 < 2
r1 = Asl/bw.d < 0.02
vmin = 0.031K3/2fck1/2
Design shear force VEd = 9.91 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 12.41 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = -2.43 t
Net Design shear = 7.48 t
d = 0.32 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.792

11
vmin = 0.407
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000
r1 = 0.0035
VRd,c = 14.17 t OK

Design of Footing

Footing will be checked both for HFL as well as LWL case

LWL Case ULS-1 ULS-2
Vertical #Moment Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load @ Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 25.19 46.52 1.35 34.0 62.8 1.35 34.0 62.8
Earth Pressure 1.63 1.35 1.50 2.4 2.0 1.00 1.6 1.4
Live load surcharge 0.98 -5.36 1.20 1.2 -6.4 1.20 1.2 -6.4
Total 37.6 58.4 36.8 57.7

ULS-3 ULS-4
Load Vertical #Moment LF Factored Factored LF Factored Factored
Dead Load 25.19 46.52 1.00 25.2 46.5 1.00 25.2 46.5
Earth Pressure 1.63 1.35 1.30 2.1 1.8 0.85 1.4 1.1
Live load surcharge 0.98 -5.36 1.00 1.0 -5.4 1.00 1.0 -5.4
Total 28.3 42.9 27.5 42.3
# Restoring-Overturning Moment

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

CG from Toe 1.553 1.569 1.518 1.536 m
Eccentricity 0.147 0.131 0.182 0.164 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.320 m
deff of heel = 0.319 m ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Pressure at toe end = = 13.93 13.33 10.99 10.44 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 13.12 12.62 10.47 9.78 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 12.58 12.15 10.13 9.34 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 11.91 11.56 9.70 8.79 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 11.37 11.09 9.36 8.35 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 8.19 8.32 7.35 5.76 t/m2

HFL Case ULS-1 ULS-2

Vertical Moment@ Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 17.09 32.23 1.35 23.1 43.5 1.35 23.1 43.5
Earth Pressure 1.31 -0.86 1.50 2.0 -1.3 1.00 1.3 -0.9
Live load surcharge 0.67 -3.07 1.20 0.8 -3.7 1.20 0.8 -3.7
Total 25.8 38.5 25.2 39.0

ULS-3 ULS-4
Load Vertical Moment@ LF Factored Factored LF Factored Factored
Dead Load 17.09 32.23 1.00 17.1 32.2 1.00 17.1 32.2
Earth Pressure 1.31 -0.86 1.30 1.7 -1.1 0.85 1.1 -0.7
Live load surcharge 0.67 -3.07 1.00 0.7 -3.1 1.00 0.7 -3.1
Total 19.5 28.0 18.9 28.4

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

CG from Toe 1.492 1.548 1.441 1.507 m
Eccentricity 0.208 0.152 0.259 0.193 m

12
Base Pressure Distribution (Unit:t/m2)

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.320 m
deff of heel = 0.319 m ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Pressure at toe end = 10.39 9.39 8.34 7.44 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab 9.60 8.83 7.60 6.91 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem 9.07 8.46 7.11 6.55 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem 8.42 7.99 6.49 6.11 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab 7.90 7.62 6.00 5.75 t/m2
Pressure at heel end 4.81 5.42 3.11 3.66 t/m2

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

LWL HFL LWL HFL LWL HFL LWL HFL
Case Case Case Case Case Case Case Case
Net Pressure at toe end 9.78 8.69 9.18 7.69 6.84 6.64 6.29 5.74
Net Pressure at deff.from jn. on toe slab 8.94 9.46 8.44 8.69 6.29 7.46 5.60 6.77
Net Pressure at junction of toe and stem 8.38 9.97 7.95 9.36 5.93 8.01 5.14 7.45
Net Pressure at junction of heel and stem 3.71 2.72 3.36 2.29 1.50 0.79 0.59 0.79
Net Pressure at deff.from j. on heel slab 3.17 2.20 2.90 1.92 1.17 0.31 0.16 0.39
Net Pressure at heel end 0.04 -0.84 0.17 -0.23 -0.80 -2.54 -2.39 -1.99

Bending Moment for Toe Bending Moment for Heel

Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 2.98 2.81 2.09 1.89 11.00 9.14 6.89 8.57
HFL 2.92 2.64 2.27 2.02 6.93 6.13 8.68 6.50

Shear Force at deff. for Toe Shear Force at face for Heel
Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 4.49 4.23 3.15 2.85 7.14 6.12 3.75 4.05
HFL 4.36 3.93 3.38 3.00 4.54 4.05 4.02 2.91

Bending Moment at deff. for Toe Bending Moment at face for Heel
Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 1.07 1.01 0.75 0.68 11.00 9.14 6.89 8.57
HFL 1.05 0.95 0.82 0.73 6.93 6.13 8.68 6.50

Ast Provided
Section
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Toe 0 200 10 200
Heel 12 200 10 200

Check for Section Capacity

Actual
Neutral
Design Depth Effective Neutral Mu Mu
Design axis Mu
Design Bending of* Depth Axis Concret of
width depth steel Check
of Moment section Provided depth e section
factor
"x"
t-m m m m k m t-m t-m t-m
Toe 2.98 0.400 0.320 1.000 0.456 0.016 40.2 5.3 5.25 OK
Heel 11.00 0.400 0.319 1.000 0.456 0.039 39.9 12.4 12.40 OK

Check for Shear As per Clause 10.3.2 of IRC 112:2011

Design Shear Resisitance VRd,c = (0.12K(80r1.fck)0.33+0.15scp)bw.d

subject to minimum of = (vmin+0.15scp)bw.d
K = 1+(200/d)0.5 < 2
r1 = Asl/bw.d < 0.02
vmin = 0.031K3/2fck1/2

Toe
Design shear force at deff. VEd = 4.49 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 1.07 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = -0.42 t
Net Design shear = 4.07 t
d = 0.32 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.791
vmin = 0.407
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000

13
r1 = 0.0012
VRd,c = 13.27 t OK

Heel
Design shear force at face of stem VEd = 7.14 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 11.00 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = -1.57 t
Net Design shear = 5.57 t
d = 0.32 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.791
vmin = 0.407
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000
r1 = 0.0030
VRd,c = 13.44 t OK

14
DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL
HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND = 3m

1
 DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL
For Height of 5.000m
(Height from Top of Stem to Founding Level)
BASIC DATA
Formation Level = 5.000 m
Founding Level = 0.000 m 0.00
Front Ground Level = 2.000 m 0.3 5.000
MSL = 2.000 m
Highest Flood Level = 2.500 m
2.00
WALL DIMENSIONS
Width of Footing = 3.78 m
Width of Toe = 0.80 m
Width of Heel = 2.50 m
Width of Stem at top = 0.30 m
Width of Stem at bottom = 0.48 m
Height of straight portion of
= 2.00 m
stem 5.00
Depth of Toe at junction = 0.45 m
Depth of Heel at junction = 0.45 m
Min. Heel/Toe depth = 0.30 m

SOIL PARAMETERS 2.000

3
Unit weight of Soil = 2.00 t/m
Submerged weight of soil = 1.00 t/m3
f = 30 deg. 0.80 2.50
Inclination of backfill "b" = 0.00 deg. 0.48
d = 20 deg.
a = 86.1 deg. 0.3 0.45 0.45
0.000
For Stem 3.78
Ka (horz.) = 0.298 (for inclined portion)
Ka (Vert.) = 0.132

For Stability
Ka (horz.) = 0.279
Ka (Vert.) = 0.102

Foundation on Soil = Soil

Coefficient of interface friction
= 0.500
'm'
Live load Surcharge = 1.200 m
2
Net safe Bearing Capacity = 13 t/m
2
Gross safe Bearing Capacity = 15 t/m
Vertical Component of EP to
= Y
be considered

MATERIAL PROPERTIES RESULTS

Grade of Concrete = M30 Normal Case
2
Grade of Steel = Fe500 smax = 14.1 t/m OK
3 2
Density of concrete = 2.500 t/m smin = 4.2 t/m OK
2
Elastic Modulus of concrete = 3.10E+06 t/m F.O.S = 1.51 OK
Elastic Modulus of steel = 2.00E+07 t/m3 F.O.R = 3.34 OK
Yield strength of concrete = 435 Mpa
Modular ratio = 6.45
fctm = 2.50 Mpa
Permissible stress in conc. = 13.40 Mpa
Permissible stress in steel = 400 Mpa
Permissible crack width = 0.3
Cover in stem on outer face = 50 mm
Cover in stem on earth face = 75 mm
Cover in footing = 75 mm
Minimum % of steel = 0.13 As,min=0.26fctm/fyk *bd but not less than 0.13%

2
 STABILITY CHECK - DRY CONDITION

9A

13 Kah1 = 0.279 7
14

8
9

Kah2 = 0.279 5
15
16

17 6
12

11 3 2 4 10
1

VERTICAL DEAD LOADS

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

Remarks
(m) (m) (t/m3) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 1.0 0.30 3.78 2.50 2.83 1.89 5.34
2 1.0 0.15 0.48 2.50 0.18 1.04 0.18
3 0.5 0.15 0.80 2.50 0.15 0.53 0.08
4 0.5 0.15 2.50 2.50 0.47 2.11 0.99
5 1.0 4.55 0.30 2.50 3.41 0.95 3.24
6 0.5 2.55 0.18 2.50 0.56 1.16 0.65
7 1.0 2.00 0.18 2.00 0.70 1.19 0.83
8 0.5 2.55 0.18 2.00 0.45 1.22 0.54
9 1.0 4.55 2.50 2.00 22.75 2.53 57.44
9A 0.5 0.00 2.68 2.00 0.00 2.88 0.00
10 0.5 0.15 2.50 2.00 0.38 2.94 1.10
11 0.5 0.15 0.80 2.00 0.12 0.27 0.03
12 1.0 1.55 0.80 2.00 2.48 0.40 0.99
Total 34.47 t 71.43 t-m Mom @ Toe

VERTICAL COMPONENT OF EARTH PRESSURE &LLS

1 5.00 1 2 1.22 3.78 4.61

0.5 5.00 1 2 2.54 3.78 9.60
Total 3.76 t 14.20 t-m Mom @ Toe

EARTH PRESSURE & LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

3
(m) (m) (t/m ) (t) (m) (t-m)
15 1.0 5.00 1.00 2.00 3.35 2.50 8.37
17 0.5 5.00 1.00 2.00 6.98 2.10 14.65

Total HL 10.32 t 23.02 t-m

3
NORMAL CASE

Factor of safety against overturning = 85.63 = 3.72 OK >2.0

23.02

Factor of safety against sliding = 0.5 x 38.23 = 1.85 OK >1.5

10.32
CG from Toe = ( 71.43+14.20-23.02 ) = 1.64 m
38.23

Eccentricity = ( 1.8875 - 1.64) = 0.25 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

2
Pressure at toe end = (34.47+3.76/3.775x(1+6x0.25/3.775) ) = 14.11 t/m OK
2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 12.42 t/m
2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 11.42 t/m
2
Pressure at heel end = (34.47+3.76/3.775x(1-6x0.25/3.775) ) = 6.14 t/m OK

4
 STABILITY CHECK - HFL CONDITION

9A

13 Kah1 = 0.279 7
14

8
9

Kah2 = 0.279 5
15
16

17 6
12

11 3 2 4 10
1

VERTICAL DEAD LOADS

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

(m) (m) (t/m3) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 1.0 0.30 3.78 2.50 2.83 1.89 5.34
2 1.0 0.15 0.48 2.50 0.18 1.04 0.18
3 0.5 0.15 0.80 2.50 0.15 0.53 0.08
4 0.5 0.15 2.50 2.50 0.47 2.11 0.99
5 1.0 4.55 0.30 2.50 3.41 0.95 3.24
6 0.5 2.55 0.18 2.50 0.56 1.16 0.65
7 1.0 2.00 0.18 2.00 0.70 1.19 0.83
8 0.5 2.55 0.18 2.00 0.45 1.22 0.54
9 1.0 4.55 2.50 2.00 22.75 2.53 57.44
9A 0.5 0.00 2.68 2.00 0.00 2.88 0.00
10 0.5 0.15 2.50 2.00 0.38 2.94 1.10
11 0.5 0.15 0.80 2.00 0.12 0.27 0.03
12 1.0 1.55 0.80 2.00 2.48 0.40 0.99
Water 1.0 0.50 0.80 1.00 0.40 0.40 0.16
Buoyancy -1.0 2.50 3.78 1.00 -9.44 1.89 -17.81
Total 25.43 t 53.78 t-m Mom@Toe

VERTICAL COMPONENT OF EARTH PRESSURE

Factor Depth Width Density Pressure Load CG @Toe Moment

(m) (m) (t/m3) (t/m2) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 2.50 1 2 0.24 0.61 3.78 2.30 LLS
1 2.50 1 1 0.12 0.31 3.78 1.15 LLS
0.5 2.50 1 2.00 0.51 0.64 3.78 2.40 EP
1 2.50 1 1 0.25 1.27 3.78 4.80 EP
0.5 2.50 0.25 0.32 3.78 1.20 EP
Total 3.14 t 11.85 t-m Mom@Toe

5
EARTH PRESSURE & LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE

Factor Depth Width Density Pressure Load CG @Toe Moment

3 2
(m) (m) (t/m ) (t/m ) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 2.50 1.00 2.00 0.67 1.67 3.75 6.28 LLS
1 2.50 1.00 2.00 0.67 1.67 1.25 2.09 LLS
0.5 2.50 1.00 2.00 1.40 1.74 3.55 6.19 EP
1.0 2.50 1.00 1.00 0.70 3.49 1.25 4.36 EP
0.5 2.50 - - 0.70 0.87 0.83 0.73 EP
Total HL 9.45 t 19.65 t-m

NORMAL CASE

Factor of safety against overturning = 65.63 = 3.34 OK >2.0

19.65

Factor of safety against sliding = 0.5 x 28.57 = 1.51 OK >1.5

9.45
CG from Toe = ( 53.78+11.85-19.65 ) = 1.61 m
28.57

Eccentricity = ( 1.8875 - 1.61) = 0.28 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

Pressure at toe end = (25.43+3.14/3.775x(1+6x0.28/3.775) ) = 10.91 t/m2 OK

Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 9.49 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 8.65 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = (25.43+3.14/3.775x(1-6x0.28/3.775) ) = 4.23 t/m2 OK

6
 DESIGN FOR SLS
Frequent Combination for Crack width Check

Load factor of Dead Load = 1.00

Load factor of Earth Pressure = 1.00
Load factor of Live load surcharge = 0.00

Rare Combination for Stress Check-RC

Load factor of Dead Load = 1.00

Load factor of Earth Pressure = 1.00
Load factor of Live load surcharge = 0.80

Design of Stem Wall

Stem wall will be checked at two following location

1) Section where straight portion end
2) Section at bottom of stem wall i.e. at top of footing
As weep holes will be provided in stem, retaining wall design is goverened by Dry case only.

Section-1

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 0.94 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 1.34 t-m

Section-2

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 9.73 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 7.08 t-m

Design Moment (t-m)

Ast Provided
Section Combination Design Moment
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Frequent 0.94
1 12 200 0 200
Rare 2.01
Frequent 9.73
2 12 200 16 200
Rare 15.40

Stress Check -RC

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Section Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
width ratio in steel
Mark as Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
1 2.0 75 0.300 0.219 1.000 6.45 0.036 0.944 171.7 5.32 OK
2 15.4 75 0.475 0.392 1.000 6.45 0.080 0.932 268.2 10.59 OK

Check for Crack Width-Frequent (as per clause 12.3.4 of IRC 112-2011)

Crack width Wk = Sr,max (esm-ecm)

Maximum crack spacing = Sr,max = 3.4c+(0.425k1k2f)/rp,eff if(s <5(c+f/2))
= 1.3(h-x) if(s >5(c+f/2))
(esm-ecm) = (ssc-(kt*fct,eff/rp,eff*(1+ae*rp,eff)))/Es
>=0.6ssc/Es
rp,eff = As/Ac,eff
Ac,eff = hceff*b
hceff = Lesser of 2.5(h-d)
(h-x)/3
h/2
Coefficient related to bonded properties of reinforcement "k1" = 0.80 for deformed bars
Coefficient related to distribution of strain "k2" = 0.500 for bending
Constant related to duration of load "kt" = 0.500

7
 Design Ast Crack
Stress in
Section Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
rp,eff steel
Mark as Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
1 0.9 200 2.67 88 5.7 0.006 572 80.1 2.4E-04 0.138 OK
2 9.7 100 1.33 132 15.7 0.012 483 169.6 5.1E-04 0.246 OK

Distribution Reinforcement

As per clause 16.6.1 of IRC:112, 20% of main steel shall be provided as secondary reinforcement

2
Area of main steel = 15.7 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel required = 3.1 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel provided = 3.9 cm /m OK
10 dia @ 200 mmc/c

Reinforcement in compression face

2
Area of steel required = 3.1 cm /m
2
Area of steel provided = 5.7 cm /m OK
12 dia @ 200 mmc/c

Design of Footing

Footing will be checked both for HFL as well as LWL case

LWL Case Frequent Rare

Vertical #Moment Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load @ Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 34.47 71.43 1.0 34.5 71.4 1.0 34.5 71.4
Earth Pressure 2.54 -5.05 1.0 2.5 -5.1 1.0 2.5 -5.1
Live load surcharge 1.22 -3.76 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.0 -3.0
Total 37.0 66.4 38.0 63.4
# Restoring-Overturning Moment
Frequent Rare
CG from Toe = 1.793 1.668 m
Eccentricity = 0.095 0.219 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.370 m
deff of heel = 0.369 m Frequent Rare
Pressure at toe end = = 11.28 13.57 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 10.94 12.77 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 10.65 12.08 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 10.28 11.20 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 9.99 10.52 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 8.33 6.55 t/m2

HFL Case Frequent Rare

Vertical Moment@ Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 25.43 53.78 1.0 25.4 53.8 1.0 25.4 53.8
Earth Pressure 2.22 -2.88 1.0 2.2 -2.9 1.0 2.2 -2.9
Live load surcharge 0.92 -4.92 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.7 -3.9
Total 27.7 50.9 28.4 47.0

Frequent Rare
CG from Toe = 1.840 1.654 m
Eccentricity = 0.047 0.234 m

8
Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.370 m
deff of heel = 0.369 m Frequent Rare
Pressure at toe end = = 7.88 10.31 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 7.75 9.68 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 7.64 9.13 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 7.51 8.43 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 7.40 7.88 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 6.77 4.73 t/m2

Frequent Rare
LWL HFL LWL HFL
Case Case Case Case
Net Pressure at toe end 7.13 6.18 9.42 8.61 t/m2
Net Pressure at deff.from junction on toe slab 6.75 7.34 8.58 9.27 t/m2
Net Pressure at junction of toe and stem 6.43 8.34 7.86 9.83 t/m2
Net Pressure at junction of heel and stem 0.06 -0.22 0.98 0.70 t/m2
Net Pressure at deff.from junction on heel slab -0.22 -0.32 0.30 0.17 t/m2
Net Pressure at heel end -1.82 -0.88 -3.60 -2.92 t/m2

Stress Check -Rare

Ast Provided
Section
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Toe 10 200 10 200
Heel 12 200 12 200

Design of Toe

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
Case width ratio in steel
Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
LWL 2.8 75 0.450 0.370 1.000 6.45 0.056 0.949 103.3 2.88 OK
HFL 2.9 75 0.450 0.370 1.000 6.45 0.056 0.949 104.6 2.91 OK

Design of Heel

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
Case width ratio in steel
Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
LWL 15.3 75 0.450 0.369 1.000 6.45 0.066 0.940 389.3 13.25 OK
HFL 12.7 75 0.450 0.369 1.000 6.45 0.066 0.940 324.9 11.06 OK

Check for Crack Width-Frequent (as per clause 12.3.4 of IRC 112-2011)

Design of Toe

Design Ast Crack

Stress in
Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
Case rp,eff steel
Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
LWL 1.9 100 1.25 131 7.9 0.006 255 68.9 2.1E-04 0.053 OK
HFL 2.2 100 1.25 131 7.9 0.006 255 80.1 2.4E-04 0.061 OK

Design of Heel

Design Ast Crack

Stress in
Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
Case rp,eff steel
Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
LWL 8.4 100 1.23 128 11.3 0.009 255 214.4 6.4E-04 0.164 OK
HFL 7.6 100 1.23 128 11.3 0.009 255 194.2 5.8E-04 0.149 OK

9
Distribution Reinforcement

As per clause 16.6.1 of IRC:112, 20% of main steel shall be provided as secondary reinforcement

2
Area of main steel = 11.3 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel required = 2.3 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel provided = 3.9 cm /m OK
10 dia @ 200 mmc/c

Reinforcement in compression face

2
Area of steel required = 2.7 cm /m
2
Area of steel provided = 3.9 cm /m OK
10 dia @ 200 mmc/c

10
 DESIGN FOR ULS
Load Combination for ULS
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Load factor of Dead Load 1.35 1.35 1.00 1.00
Load factor of Earth Pressure 1.50 1.00 1.30 0.85
Load factor of Live load surcharge 1.20 1.20 1.00 1.00

Design of Stem Wall

Stem wall will be checked at two following location

1) Section where straight portion end
2) Section at bottom of stem wall i.e. at top of footing
As weep holes will be provided in stem, retaining wall design is goverened by Dry case only.

Section-1

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 0.94 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 1.34 t-m

Section-2

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 9.73 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 7.08 t-m

Design Moment (t-m)

Ast Provided
Section Combination Design Moment
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
ULS-1 3.01
ULS-2 2.54
1 12 200 0 200
ULS-3 2.56
ULS-4 2.14
ULS-1 23.10
ULS-2 18.23
2 12 200 16 200
ULS-3 19.73
ULS-4 15.35

Check for Section Capacity

Ultimate Compressive strain in concrete εcu3 = 0.0035

Strain in steel =fyk/Es εs = 0.0042
Depth factor for compression block λ = 0.800
Strength factor for compression block η = 1.000
Ultimate capacity of Concrete Mu = {ηkλ(1-kλ/2)fcd}*b*d2
Neutral axis depth factor k = εcu3/(εcu3 + εs)
Actual Neutral Axis depth x = fyd*Ast/(ληfcdb)
Ultimate capacity of steel Mu = fyd*Ast*(d-lx/2)

Actual
Neutral
Design Depth Effective Neutral Mu Mu
Design axis Mu
Section Bending of* Depth Axis Concret of
width depth steel Check
Mark as Moment section Provided depth e section
factor
"x"
t-m m m m k m t-m t-m t-m
1 3.01 0.300 0.219 1.000 0.456 0.023 18.8 5.1 5.06 OK
2 23.1 0.475 0.392 1.000 0.456 0.064 60.3 24.6 24.56 OK

Check for Shear As per Clause 10.3.2 of IRC 112:2011

Design Shear Resisitance VRd,c = (0.12K(80r1.fck)0.33+0.15scp)bw.d

subject to minimum of = (vmin+0.15scp)bw.d
K = 1+(200/d)0.5 < 2
r1 = Asl/bw.d < 0.02
vmin = 0.031K3/2fck1/2
Design shear force VEd = 14.48 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 23.10 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = -4.04 t
Net Design shear = 10.44 t
d = 0.39 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.714

11
vmin = 0.381
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000
r1 = 0.0040
VRd,c = 17.35 t OK

Design of Footing

Footing will be checked both for HFL as well as LWL case

LWL Case ULS-1 ULS-2
Vertical #Moment Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load @ Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 34.47 71.43 1.35 46.5 96.4 1.35 46.5 96.4
Earth Pressure 2.54 -0.44 1.50 3.8 -0.7 1.00 2.5 -0.4
Live load surcharge 1.22 -8.37 1.20 1.5 -10.0 1.20 1.5 -10.0
Total 51.8 85.7 50.5 85.9

ULS-3 ULS-4
Load Vertical #Moment LF Factored Factored LF Factored Factored
Dead Load 34.47 71.43 1.00 34.5 71.4 1.00 34.5 71.4
Earth Pressure 2.54 -0.44 1.30 3.3 -0.6 0.85 2.2 -0.4
Live load surcharge 1.22 -8.37 1.00 1.2 -8.4 1.00 1.2 -8.4
Total 39.0 62.5 37.9 62.7
# Restoring-Overturning Moment

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

CG from Toe 1.654 1.700 1.602 1.656 m
Eccentricity 0.234 0.187 0.285 0.231 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.370 m
deff of heel = 0.369 m ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Pressure at toe end = = 18.82 17.37 15.01 13.72 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 17.66 16.46 14.14 12.88 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 16.66 15.68 13.38 12.15 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 15.38 14.68 12.41 11.22 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 14.38 13.90 11.66 10.50 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 8.63 9.41 7.32 6.34 t/m2

HFL Case ULS-1 ULS-2

Vertical Moment@ Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 25.43 53.78 1.35 34.3 72.6 1.35 34.3 72.6
Earth Pressure 2.22 -2.88 1.50 3.3 -4.3 1.00 2.2 -2.9
Live load surcharge 0.92 -4.92 1.20 1.1 -5.9 1.20 1.1 -5.9
Total 38.8 62.4 37.7 63.8

ULS-3 ULS-4
Load Vertical Moment@ LF Factored Factored LF Factored Factored
Dead Load 25.43 53.78 1.00 25.4 53.8 1.00 25.4 53.8
Earth Pressure 2.22 -2.88 1.30 2.9 -3.7 0.85 1.9 -2.4
Live load surcharge 0.92 -4.92 1.00 0.9 -4.9 1.00 0.9 -4.9
Total 29.2 45.1 28.2 46.4

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

CG from Toe 1.609 1.695 1.543 1.644 m
Eccentricity 0.279 0.193 0.344 0.244 m

12
Base Pressure Distribution (Unit:t/m2)

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.370 m
deff of heel = 0.369 m ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Pressure at toe end = 14.82 13.03 11.99 10.38 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab 13.78 12.33 11.02 9.72 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem 12.89 11.73 10.19 9.15 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem 11.74 10.97 9.12 8.42 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab 10.86 10.37 8.29 7.85 t/m2
Pressure at heel end 5.72 6.92 3.51 4.58 t/m2

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

LWL HFL LWL HFL LWL HFL LWL HFL
Case Case Case Case Case Case Case Case
Net Pressure at toe end 14.67 13.12 13.22 11.33 10.86 10.29 9.57 8.68
Net Pressure at deff.from jn. on toe slab 13.47 13.37 12.27 11.92 9.95 10.61 8.68 9.31
Net Pressure at junction of toe and stem 12.43 13.59 11.46 12.43 9.16 10.89 7.93 9.85
Net Pressure at junction of heel and stem 5.15 4.02 4.45 3.24 2.19 1.40 1.00 1.40
Net Pressure at deff.from j. on heel slab 4.17 3.14 3.69 2.65 1.45 0.58 0.29 0.74
Net Pressure at heel end -1.52 -1.93 -0.74 -0.73 -2.83 -4.14 -3.81 -3.07

Bending Moment for Toe Bending Moment for Heel

Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 4.46 4.04 3.29 2.89 15.40 13.11 14.93 15.35
HFL 4.25 3.74 3.36 2.90 11.26 10.17 16.70 11.95

Shear Force at deff. for Toe Shear Force at face for Heel
Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 6.05 5.48 4.47 3.92 9.15 7.96 5.21 6.38
HFL 5.69 5.00 4.49 3.87 6.67 6.00 6.73 4.59

Bending Moment at deff. for Toe Bending Moment at face for Heel
Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 1.29 1.17 0.95 0.83 15.40 13.11 14.93 15.35
HFL 1.23 1.08 0.97 0.84 11.26 10.17 16.70 11.95

Ast Provided
Section
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Toe 10 200 10 200
Heel 12 200 12 200

Check for Section Capacity

Actual
Neutral
Design Depth Effective Neutral Mu Mu
Design axis Mu
Design Bending of* Depth Axis Concret of
width depth steel Check
of Moment section Provided depth e section
factor
"x"
t-m m m m k m t-m t-m t-m
Toe 4.46 0.450 0.370 1.000 0.456 0.032 53.7 12.0 11.97 OK
Heel 16.70 0.450 0.369 1.000 0.456 0.046 53.4 16.9 16.91 OK

Check for Shear As per Clause 10.3.2 of IRC 112:2011

Design Shear Resisitance VRd,c = (0.12K(80r1.fck)0.33+0.15scp)bw.d

subject to minimum of = (vmin+0.15scp)bw.d
K = 1+(200/d)0.5 < 2
r1 = Asl/bw.d < 0.02
vmin = 0.031K3/2fck1/2

Toe
Design shear force at deff. VEd = 6.05 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 1.29 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = -0.65 t
Net Design shear = 5.40 t
d = 0.37 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.735
vmin = 0.388
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000

13
r1 = 0.0021
VRd,c = 14.64 t OK

Heel
Design shear force at face of stem VEd = 9.15 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 15.40 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = -2.50 t
Net Design shear = 6.65 t
d = 0.37 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.735
vmin = 0.388
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000
r1 = 0.0031
VRd,c = 15.16 t OK

14
DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL
HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND = 4m

1
 DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL
For Height of 6.000m
(Height from Top of Stem to Founding Level)
BASIC DATA
Formation Level = 6.000 m
Founding Level = 0.000 m 0.00
Front Ground Level = 2.000 m 0.3 6.000
MSL = 2.000 m
Highest Flood Level = 2.500 m
2.00
WALL DIMENSIONS
Width of Footing = 4.70 m
Width of Toe = 1.00 m
Width of Heel = 3.10 m
Width of Stem at top = 0.30 m
Width of Stem at bottom = 0.60 m
Height of straight portion of
= 2.00 m
stem 6.00
Depth of Toe at junction = 0.60 m
Depth of Heel at junction = 0.60 m
Min. Heel/Toe depth = 0.30 m

SOIL PARAMETERS 2.000

3
Unit weight of Soil = 2.00 t/m
Submerged weight of soil = 1.00 t/m3
f = 30 deg. 1.00 3.10
Inclination of backfill "b" = 0.00 deg. 0.60
d = 20 deg.
a = 85.0 deg. 0.3 0.60 0.60
0.000
For Stem 4.70
Ka (horz.) = 0.304 (for inclined portion)
Ka (Vert.) = 0.142

For Stability
Ka (horz.) = 0.279
Ka (Vert.) = 0.102

Foundation on Soil = Soil

Coefficient of interface friction
= 0.500
'm'
Live load Surcharge = 1.200 m
2
Net safe Bearing Capacity = 14 t/m
2
Gross safe Bearing Capacity = 16 t/m
Vertical Component of EP to
= Y
be considered

MATERIAL PROPERTIES RESULTS

Grade of Concrete = M30 Normal Case
2
Grade of Steel = Fe500 smax = 15.0 t/m OK
3 2
Density of concrete = 2.500 t/m smin = 6.8 t/m OK
2
Elastic Modulus of concrete = 3.10E+06 t/m F.O.S = 1.66 OK
Elastic Modulus of steel = 2.00E+07 t/m3 F.O.R = 3.88 OK
Yield strength of concrete = 435 Mpa
Modular ratio = 6.45
fctm = 2.50 Mpa
Permissible stress in conc. = 13.40 Mpa
Permissible stress in steel = 400 Mpa
Permissible crack width = 0.3
Cover in stem on outer face = 50 mm
Cover in stem on earth face = 75 mm
Cover in footing = 75 mm
Minimum % of steel = 0.13 As,min=0.26fctm/fyk *bd but not less than 0.13%

2
 STABILITY CHECK - DRY CONDITION

9A

13 Kah1 = 0.279 7
14

8
9

Kah2 = 0.279 5
15
16

17 6
12

11 3 2 4 10
1

VERTICAL DEAD LOADS

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

Remarks
(m) (m) (t/m3) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 1.0 0.30 4.70 2.50 3.53 2.35 8.28
2 1.0 0.30 0.60 2.50 0.45 1.30 0.59
3 0.5 0.30 1.00 2.50 0.38 0.67 0.25
4 0.5 0.30 3.10 2.50 1.16 2.63 3.06
5 1.0 5.40 0.30 2.50 4.05 1.15 4.66
6 0.5 3.40 0.30 2.50 1.28 1.40 1.79
7 1.0 2.00 0.30 2.00 1.20 1.45 1.74
8 0.5 3.40 0.30 2.00 1.02 1.50 1.53
9 1.0 5.40 3.10 2.00 33.48 3.15 105.46
9A 0.5 0.00 3.40 2.00 0.00 3.57 0.00
10 0.5 0.30 3.10 2.00 0.93 3.67 3.41
11 0.5 0.30 1.00 2.00 0.30 0.33 0.10
12 1.0 1.40 1.00 2.00 2.80 0.50 1.40
Total 50.57 t 132.26 t-m Mom @ Toe

VERTICAL COMPONENT OF EARTH PRESSURE &LLS

1 6.00 1 2 1.46 4.70 6.88

0.5 6.00 1 2 3.66 4.70 17.21
Total 5.13 t 24.09 t-m Mom @ Toe

EARTH PRESSURE & LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

3
(m) (m) (t/m ) (t) (m) (t-m)
15 1.0 6.00 1.00 2.00 4.02 3.00 12.05
17 0.5 6.00 1.00 2.00 10.04 2.52 25.31

Total HL 14.06 t 37.36 t-m

3
NORMAL CASE

Factor of safety against overturning = 156.35 = 4.19 OK >2.0

37.36

Factor of safety against sliding = 0.5 x 55.69 = 1.98 OK >1.5

14.06
CG from Toe = ( 132.26+24.09-37.36 ) = 2.14 m
55.69

Eccentricity = ( 2.35 - 2.14) = 0.21 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

2
Pressure at toe end = (50.57+5.13/4.7x(1+6x0.21/4.7) ) = 15.03 t/m OK
2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 13.67 t/m
2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 12.86 t/m
2
Pressure at heel end = (50.57+5.13/4.7x(1-6x0.21/4.7) ) = 8.67 t/m OK

4
 STABILITY CHECK - HFL CONDITION

9A

13 Kah1 = 0.279 7
14

8
9

Kah2 = 0.279 5
15
16

17 6
12

11 3 2 4 10
1

VERTICAL DEAD LOADS

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

(m) (m) (t/m3) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 1.0 0.30 4.70 2.50 3.53 2.35 8.28
2 1.0 0.30 0.60 2.50 0.45 1.30 0.59
3 0.5 0.30 1.00 2.50 0.38 0.67 0.25
4 0.5 0.30 3.10 2.50 1.16 2.63 3.06
5 1.0 5.40 0.30 2.50 4.05 1.15 4.66
6 0.5 3.40 0.30 2.50 1.28 1.40 1.79
7 1.0 2.00 0.30 2.00 1.20 1.45 1.74
8 0.5 3.40 0.30 2.00 1.02 1.50 1.53
9 1.0 5.40 3.10 2.00 33.48 3.15 105.46
9A 0.5 0.00 3.40 2.00 0.00 3.57 0.00
10 0.5 0.30 3.10 2.00 0.93 3.67 3.41
11 0.5 0.30 1.00 2.00 0.30 0.33 0.10
12 1.0 1.40 1.00 2.00 2.80 0.50 1.40
Water 1.0 0.50 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.25
Buoyancy -1.0 2.50 4.70 1.00 -11.75 2.35 -27.61
Total 39.32 t 104.90 t-m Mom@Toe

VERTICAL COMPONENT OF EARTH PRESSURE

Factor Depth Width Density Pressure Load CG @Toe Moment

(m) (m) (t/m3) (t/m2) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 3.50 1 2 0.24 0.85 4.70 4.01 LLS
1 2.50 1 1 0.12 0.31 4.70 1.43 LLS
0.5 3.50 1 2.00 0.71 1.25 4.70 5.85 EP
1 2.50 1 1 0.25 1.78 4.70 8.36 EP
0.5 2.50 0.25 0.32 4.70 1.49 EP
Total 4.50 t 21.16 t-m Mom@Toe

5
EARTH PRESSURE & LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE

Factor Depth Width Density Pressure Load CG @Toe Moment

3 2
(m) (m) (t/m ) (t/m ) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 3.50 1.00 2.00 0.67 2.34 4.25 9.96 LLS
1 2.50 1.00 2.00 0.67 1.67 1.25 2.09 LLS
0.5 3.50 1.00 2.00 1.95 3.42 3.97 13.57 EP
1.0 2.50 1.00 1.00 0.70 4.88 1.25 6.10 EP
0.5 2.50 - - 0.70 0.87 0.83 0.73 EP
Total HL 13.19 t 32.45 t-m

NORMAL CASE

Factor of safety against overturning = 126.06 = 3.88 OK >2.0

32.45

Factor of safety against sliding = 0.5 x 43.82 = 1.66 OK >1.5

13.19
CG from Toe = ( 104.90+21.16-32.45 ) = 2.14 m
43.82

Eccentricity = ( 2.35 - 2.14) = 0.21 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

Pressure at toe end = (39.32+4.50/4.7x(1+6x0.21/4.7) ) = 11.82 t/m2 OK

Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 10.76 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 10.12 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = (39.32+4.50/4.7x(1-6x0.21/4.7) ) = 6.82 t/m2 OK

6
 DESIGN FOR SLS
Frequent Combination for Crack width Check

Load factor of Dead Load = 1.00

Load factor of Earth Pressure = 1.00
Load factor of Live load surcharge = 0.00

Rare Combination for Stress Check-RC

Load factor of Dead Load = 1.00

Load factor of Earth Pressure = 1.00
Load factor of Live load surcharge = 0.80

Design of Stem Wall

Stem wall will be checked at two following location

1) Section where straight portion end
2) Section at bottom of stem wall i.e. at top of footing
As weep holes will be provided in stem, retaining wall design is goverened by Dry case only.

Section-1

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 0.94 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 1.34 t-m

Section-2

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 16.78 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 10.11 t-m

Design Moment (t-m)

Ast Provided
Section Combination Design Moment
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Frequent 0.94
1 16 200 0 200
Rare 2.01
Frequent 16.78
2 16 200 16 200
Rare 24.87

Stress Check -RC

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Section Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
width ratio in steel
Mark as Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
1 2.0 75 0.300 0.217 1.000 6.45 0.047 0.928 99.2 4.25 OK
2 24.9 75 0.600 0.517 1.000 6.45 0.104 0.933 256.3 9.95 OK

Check for Crack Width-Frequent (as per clause 12.3.4 of IRC 112-2011)

Crack width Wk = Sr,max (esm-ecm)

Maximum crack spacing = Sr,max = 3.4c+(0.425k1k2f)/rp,eff if(s <5(c+f/2))
= 1.3(h-x) if(s >5(c+f/2))
(esm-ecm) = (ssc-(kt*fct,eff/rp,eff*(1+ae*rp,eff)))/Es
>=0.6ssc/Es
rp,eff = As/Ac,eff
Ac,eff = hceff*b
hceff = Lesser of 2.5(h-d)
(h-x)/3
h/2
Coefficient related to bonded properties of reinforcement "k1" = 0.80 for deformed bars
Coefficient related to distribution of strain "k2" = 0.500 for bending
Constant related to duration of load "kt" = 0.500

7
 Design Ast Crack
Stress in
Section Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
rp,eff steel
Mark as Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
1 0.9 200 2.67 84 10.1 0.012 483 46.3 1.4E-04 0.067 OK
2 16.8 100 1.33 165 20.1 0.012 479 173.0 5.2E-04 0.248 OK

Distribution Reinforcement

As per clause 16.6.1 of IRC:112, 20% of main steel shall be provided as secondary reinforcement

2
Area of main steel = 20.1 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel required = 4.0 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel provided = 5.7 cm /m OK
12 dia @ 200 mmc/c

Reinforcement in compression face

2
Area of steel required = 4.0 cm /m
2
Area of steel provided = 5.7 cm /m OK
12 dia @ 200 mmc/c

Design of Footing

Footing will be checked both for HFL as well as LWL case

LWL Case Frequent Rare

Vertical #Moment Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load @ Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 50.57 132.26 1.0 50.6 132.3 1.0 50.6 132.3
Earth Pressure 3.66 -8.11 1.0 3.7 -8.1 1.0 3.7 -8.1
Live load surcharge 1.46 -5.17 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.2 -4.1
Total 54.2 124.2 55.4 120.0
# Restoring-Overturning Moment
Frequent Rare
CG from Toe = 2.290 2.166 m
Eccentricity = 0.060 0.184 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.519 m
deff of heel = 0.517 m Frequent Rare
Pressure at toe end = = 12.42 14.55 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 12.24 13.98 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 12.05 13.37 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 11.82 12.67 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 11.63 12.06 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 10.65 9.03 t/m2

HFL Case Frequent Rare

Vertical Moment@ Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 39.32 104.90 1.0 39.3 104.9 1.0 39.3 104.9
Earth Pressure 3.34 -4.69 1.0 3.3 -4.7 1.0 3.3 -4.7
Live load surcharge 1.16 -6.60 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.9 -5.3
Total 42.7 100.2 43.6 94.9

Frequent Rare
CG from Toe = 2.349 2.178 m
Eccentricity = 0.001 0.172 m

8
Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.519 m
deff of heel = 0.517 m Frequent Rare
Pressure at toe end = = 9.09 11.31 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 9.09 10.89 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 9.08 10.44 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 9.08 9.92 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 9.08 9.48 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 9.07 7.24 t/m2

Frequent Rare
LWL HFL LWL HFL
Case Case Case Case
Net Pressure at toe end 8.27 7.39 10.40 9.61 t/m2
Net Pressure at deff.from junction on toe slab 8.02 8.25 9.76 10.06 t/m2
Net Pressure at junction of toe and stem 7.75 9.18 9.07 10.54 t/m2
Net Pressure at junction of heel and stem -0.48 -0.72 0.37 0.12 t/m2
Net Pressure at deff.from junction on heel slab -0.65 -0.70 -0.21 -0.30 t/m2
Net Pressure at heel end -1.50 -0.58 -3.12 -2.41 t/m2

Stress Check -Rare

Ast Provided
Section
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Toe 10 200 12 200
Heel 16 200 12 200

Design of Toe

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
Case width ratio in steel
Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
LWL 5.0 75 0.600 0.519 1.000 6.45 0.074 0.952 105.1 2.72 OK
HFL 5.0 75 0.600 0.519 1.000 6.45 0.074 0.952 104.7 2.71 OK

Design of Heel

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
Case width ratio in steel
Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
LWL 24.4 75 0.600 0.517 1.000 6.45 0.093 0.940 319.5 10.83 OK
HFL 20.8 75 0.600 0.517 1.000 6.45 0.093 0.940 272.0 9.21 OK

Check for Crack Width-Frequent (as per clause 12.3.4 of IRC 112-2011)

Design of Toe

Design Ast Crack

Stress in
Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
Case rp,eff steel
Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
LWL 3.6 100 1.23 175 9.6 0.005 255 76.1 2.3E-04 0.058 OK
HFL 4.0 100 1.23 175 9.6 0.005 255 84.3 2.5E-04 0.065 OK

Design of Heel

Design Ast Crack

Stress in
Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
Case rp,eff steel
Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
LWL 14.4 100 1.20 169 15.7 0.009 255 188.3 5.6E-04 0.144 OK
HFL 13.4 100 1.20 169 15.7 0.009 255 175.4 5.3E-04 0.134 OK

9
Distribution Reinforcement

As per clause 16.6.1 of IRC:112, 20% of main steel shall be provided as secondary reinforcement

2
Area of main steel = 15.7 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel required = 3.1 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel provided = 3.9 cm /m OK
10 dia @ 200 mmc/c

Reinforcement in compression face

2
Area of steel required = 3.6 cm /m
2
Area of steel provided = 3.9 cm /m OK
10 dia @ 200 mmc/c

10
 DESIGN FOR ULS
Load Combination for ULS
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Load factor of Dead Load 1.35 1.35 1.00 1.00
Load factor of Earth Pressure 1.50 1.00 1.30 0.85
Load factor of Live load surcharge 1.20 1.20 1.00 1.00

Design of Stem Wall

Stem wall will be checked at two following location

1) Section where straight portion end
2) Section at bottom of stem wall i.e. at top of footing
As weep holes will be provided in stem, retaining wall design is goverened by Dry case only.

Section-1

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 0.94 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 1.34 t-m

Section-2

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 16.78 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 10.11 t-m

Design Moment (t-m)

Ast Provided
Section Combination Design Moment
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
ULS-1 3.01
ULS-2 2.54
1 16 200 0 200
ULS-3 2.56
ULS-4 2.14
ULS-1 37.30
ULS-2 28.91
2 16 200 16 200
ULS-3 31.92
ULS-4 24.37

Check for Section Capacity

Ultimate Compressive strain in concrete εcu3 = 0.0035

Strain in steel =fyk/Es εs = 0.0042
Depth factor for compression block λ = 0.800
Strength factor for compression block η = 1.000
Ultimate capacity of Concrete Mu = {ηkλ(1-kλ/2)fcd}*b*d2
Neutral axis depth factor k = εcu3/(εcu3 + εs)
Actual Neutral Axis depth x = fyd*Ast/(ληfcdb)
Ultimate capacity of steel Mu = fyd*Ast*(d-lx/2)

Actual
Neutral
Design Depth Effective Neutral Mu Mu
Design axis Mu
Section Bending of* Depth Axis Concret of
width depth steel Check
Mark as Moment section Provided depth e section
factor
"x"
t-m m m m k m t-m t-m t-m
1 3.01 0.300 0.217 1.000 0.456 0.041 18.5 8.6 8.61 OK
2 37.3 0.600 0.517 1.000 0.456 0.082 104.8 41.5 41.54 OK

Check for Shear As per Clause 10.3.2 of IRC 112:2011

Design Shear Resisitance VRd,c = (0.12K(80r1.fck)0.33+0.15scp)bw.d

subject to minimum of = (vmin+0.15scp)bw.d
K = 1+(200/d)0.5 < 2
r1 = Asl/bw.d < 0.02
vmin = 0.031K3/2fck1/2
Design shear force VEd = 19.89 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 37.30 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = -6.37 t
Net Design shear = 13.52 t
d = 0.52 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.622

11
vmin = 0.351
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000
r1 = 0.0039
VRd,c = 21.44 t OK

Design of Footing

Footing will be checked both for HFL as well as LWL case

LWL Case ULS-1 ULS-2
Vertical #Moment Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load @ Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 50.57 132.26 1.35 68.3 178.6 1.35 68.3 178.6
Earth Pressure 3.66 -1.22 1.50 5.5 -1.8 1.00 3.7 -1.2
Live load surcharge 1.46 -12.05 1.20 1.8 -14.5 1.20 1.8 -14.5
Total 75.5 162.3 73.7 162.9

ULS-3 ULS-4
Load Vertical #Moment LF Factored Factored LF Factored Factored
Dead Load 50.57 132.26 1.00 50.6 132.3 1.00 50.6 132.3
Earth Pressure 3.66 -1.22 1.30 4.8 -1.6 0.85 3.1 -1.0
Live load surcharge 1.46 -12.05 1.00 1.5 -12.1 1.00 1.5 -12.1
Total 56.8 118.6 55.1 119.2
# Restoring-Overturning Moment

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

CG from Toe 2.149 2.210 2.089 2.161 m
Eccentricity 0.201 0.140 0.261 0.189 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.519 m
deff of heel = 0.517 m ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Pressure at toe end = = 20.19 18.47 16.11 14.56 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 19.35 17.90 15.53 13.98 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 18.44 17.28 14.91 13.36 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 17.38 16.57 14.18 12.64 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 16.48 15.95 13.56 12.01 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 11.94 12.88 10.45 8.90 t/m2

HFL Case ULS-1 ULS-2

Vertical Moment@ Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 39.32 104.90 1.35 53.1 141.6 1.35 53.1 141.6
Earth Pressure 3.34 -4.69 1.50 5.0 -7.0 1.00 3.3 -4.7
Live load surcharge 1.16 -6.60 1.20 1.4 -7.9 1.20 1.4 -7.9
Total 59.5 126.7 57.8 129.0

ULS-3 ULS-4
Load Vertical Moment@ LF Factored Factored LF Factored Factored
Dead Load 39.32 104.90 1.00 39.3 104.9 1.00 39.3 104.9
Earth Pressure 3.34 -4.69 1.30 4.3 -6.1 0.85 2.8 -4.0
Live load surcharge 1.16 -6.60 1.00 1.2 -6.6 1.00 1.2 -6.6
Total 44.8 92.2 43.3 94.3

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

CG from Toe 2.129 2.231 2.057 2.177 m
Eccentricity 0.221 0.119 0.293 0.173 m

12
Base Pressure Distribution (Unit:t/m2)

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.519 m
deff of heel = 0.517 m ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Pressure at toe end = 16.23 14.17 13.10 11.25 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab 15.50 13.79 12.37 10.83 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem 14.71 13.37 11.59 10.38 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem 13.80 12.90 10.67 9.87 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab 13.01 12.49 9.89 9.42 t/m2
Pressure at heel end 9.09 10.43 5.97 7.18 t/m2

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

LWL HFL LWL HFL LWL HFL LWL HFL
Case Case Case Case Case Case Case Case
Net Pressure at toe end 16.04 14.53 14.32 12.47 11.96 11.40 10.41 9.55
Net Pressure at deff.from jn. on toe slab 15.12 14.66 13.68 12.95 11.31 11.54 9.76 10.00
Net Pressure at junction of toe and stem 14.14 14.81 12.98 13.47 10.61 11.69 9.06 10.48
Net Pressure at junction of heel and stem 5.08 4.00 4.27 3.10 1.88 0.87 0.34 0.87
Net Pressure at deff.from j. on heel slab 4.20 3.23 3.68 2.71 1.29 0.12 -0.26 0.32
Net Pressure at heel end -0.21 -0.56 0.73 0.78 -1.70 -3.68 -3.25 -2.47

Bending Moment for Toe Bending Moment for Heel

Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 7.70 6.94 5.76 4.98 29.95 25.98 21.72 24.05
HFL 7.31 6.40 5.75 4.93 24.45 22.14 27.45 18.90

Shear Force at deff. for Toe Shear Force at face for Heel
Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 7.49 6.73 5.60 4.85 13.55 11.88 6.46 8.34
HFL 7.02 6.11 5.52 4.70 10.84 9.74 9.13 6.06

Bending Moment at deff. for Toe Bending Moment at face for Heel
Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 1.78 1.61 1.33 1.15 29.95 25.98 21.72 24.05
HFL 1.69 1.48 1.33 1.14 24.45 22.14 27.45 18.90

Ast Provided
Section
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Toe 10 200 12 200
Heel 16 200 12 200

Check for Section Capacity

Actual
Neutral
Design Depth Effective Neutral Mu Mu
Design axis Mu
Design Bending of* Depth Axis Concret of
width depth steel Check
of Moment section Provided depth e section
factor
"x"
t-m m m m k m t-m t-m t-m
Toe 7.70 0.600 0.519 1.000 0.456 0.039 105.6 20.6 20.58 OK
Heel 29.95 0.600 0.517 1.000 0.456 0.064 104.8 32.9 32.93 OK

Check for Shear As per Clause 10.3.2 of IRC 112:2011

Design Shear Resisitance VRd,c = (0.12K(80r1.fck)0.33+0.15scp)bw.d

subject to minimum of = (vmin+0.15scp)bw.d
K = 1+(200/d)0.5 < 2
r1 = Asl/bw.d < 0.02
vmin = 0.031K3/2fck1/2

Toe
Design shear force at deff. VEd = 7.49 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 1.78 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = -1.03 t
Net Design shear = 6.46 t
d = 0.52 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.621
vmin = 0.350
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000

13
r1 = 0.0018
VRd,c = 18.54 t OK

Heel
Design shear force at face of stem VEd = 13.55 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 29.95 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = -5.61 t
Net Design shear = 7.94 t
d = 0.52 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.621
vmin = 0.350
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000
r1 = 0.0030
VRd,c = 19.80 t OK

14
DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL
HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND = 5m

1
 DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL
For Height of 7.500m
(Height from Top of Stem to Founding Level)
BASIC DATA
Formation Level = 7.500 m
Founding Level = 0.000 m 0.00
Front Ground Level = 2.500 m 0.3 7.500
MSL = 2.500 m
Highest Flood Level = 2.750 m
2.00
WALL DIMENSIONS
Width of Footing = 5.65 m
Width of Toe = 1.50 m
Width of Heel = 3.40 m
Width of Stem at top = 0.30 m
Width of Stem at bottom = 0.75 m
Height of straight portion of
= 2.00 m
stem 7.50
Depth of Toe at junction = 0.75 m
Depth of Heel at junction = 0.75 m
Min. Heel/Toe depth = 0.30 m

SOIL PARAMETERS 2.500

3
Unit weight of Soil = 2.00 t/m
Submerged weight of soil = 1.00 t/m3
f = 30 deg. 1.50 3.40
Inclination of backfill "b" = 0.00 deg. 0.75
d = 20 deg.
a = 84.6 deg. 0.3 0.75 0.75
0.000
For Stem 5.65
Ka (horz.) = 0.305 (for inclined portion)
Ka (Vert.) = 0.145

For Stability
Ka (horz.) = 0.279
Ka (Vert.) = 0.102

Foundation on Soil = Soil

Coefficient of interface friction
= 0.500
'm'
Live load Surcharge = 1.200 m
2
Net safe Bearing Capacity = 15.5 t/m
2
Gross safe Bearing Capacity = 18 t/m
Vertical Component of EP to
= Y
be considered

MATERIAL PROPERTIES RESULTS

Grade of Concrete = M30 Normal Case
2
Grade of Steel = Fe500 smax = 17.6 t/m OK
3 2
Density of concrete = 2.500 t/m smin = 9.2 t/m OK
2
Elastic Modulus of concrete = 3.10E+06 t/m F.O.S = 1.64 OK
Elastic Modulus of steel = 2.00E+07 t/m3 F.O.R = 3.85 OK
Yield strength of concrete = 435 Mpa
Modular ratio = 6.45
fctm = 2.50 Mpa
Permissible stress in conc. = 13.40 Mpa
Permissible stress in steel = 400 Mpa
Permissible crack width = 0.3
Cover in stem on outer face = 50 mm
Cover in stem on earth face = 75 mm
Cover in footing = 75 mm
Minimum % of steel = 0.13 As,min=0.26fctm/fyk *bd but not less than 0.13%

2
 STABILITY CHECK - DRY CONDITION

9A

13 Kah1 = 0.279 7
14

8
9

Kah2 = 0.279 5
15
16

17 6
12

11 3 2 4 10
1

VERTICAL DEAD LOADS

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

Remarks
(m) (m) (t/m3) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 1.0 0.30 5.65 2.50 4.24 2.83 11.97
2 1.0 0.45 0.75 2.50 0.84 1.88 1.58
3 0.5 0.45 1.50 2.50 0.84 1.00 0.84
4 0.5 0.45 3.40 2.50 1.91 3.38 6.47
5 1.0 6.75 0.30 2.50 5.06 1.65 8.35
6 0.5 4.75 0.45 2.50 2.67 1.95 5.21
7 1.0 2.00 0.45 2.00 1.80 2.03 3.65
8 0.5 4.75 0.45 2.00 2.14 2.10 4.49
9 1.0 6.75 3.40 2.00 45.90 3.95 181.31
9A 0.5 0.00 3.85 2.00 0.00 4.37 0.00
10 0.5 0.45 3.40 2.00 1.53 4.52 6.91
11 0.5 0.45 1.50 2.00 0.68 0.50 0.34
12 1.0 1.75 1.50 2.00 5.25 0.75 3.94
Total 72.86 t 235.05 t-m Mom @ Toe

VERTICAL COMPONENT OF EARTH PRESSURE &LLS

1 7.50 1 2 1.83 5.65 10.34

0.5 7.50 1 2 5.72 5.65 32.32
Total 7.55 t 42.66 t-m Mom @ Toe

EARTH PRESSURE & LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

3
(m) (m) (t/m ) (t) (m) (t-m)
15 1.0 7.50 1.00 2.00 5.02 3.75 18.83
17 0.5 7.50 1.00 2.00 15.69 3.15 49.44

Total HL 20.72 t 68.27 t-m

3
NORMAL CASE

Factor of safety against overturning = 277.71 = 4.07 OK >2.0

68.27

Factor of safety against sliding = 0.5 x 80.41 = 1.94 OK >1.5

20.72
CG from Toe = ( 235.05+42.66-68.27 ) = 2.60 m
80.41

Eccentricity = ( 2.825 - 2.60) = 0.23 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

2
Pressure at toe end = (72.86+7.55/5.65x(1+6x0.23/5.65) ) = 17.63 t/m OK
2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 15.83 t/m
2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 14.92 t/m
2
Pressure at heel end = (72.86+7.55/5.65x(1-6x0.23/5.65) ) = 10.83 t/m OK

4
 STABILITY CHECK - HFL CONDITION

9A

13 Kah1 = 0.279 7
14

8
9

Kah2 = 0.279 5
15
16

17 6
12

11 3 2 4 10
1

VERTICAL DEAD LOADS

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

(m) (m) (t/m3) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 1.0 0.30 5.65 2.50 4.24 2.83 11.97
2 1.0 0.45 0.75 2.50 0.84 1.88 1.58
3 0.5 0.45 1.50 2.50 0.84 1.00 0.84
4 0.5 0.45 3.40 2.50 1.91 3.38 6.47
5 1.0 6.75 0.30 2.50 5.06 1.65 8.35
6 0.5 4.75 0.45 2.50 2.67 1.95 5.21
7 1.0 2.00 0.45 2.00 1.80 2.03 3.65
8 0.5 4.75 0.45 2.00 2.14 2.10 4.49
9 1.0 6.75 3.40 2.00 45.90 3.95 181.31
9A 0.5 0.00 3.85 2.00 0.00 4.37 0.00
10 0.5 0.45 3.40 2.00 1.53 4.52 6.91
11 0.5 0.45 1.50 2.00 0.68 0.50 0.34
12 1.0 1.75 1.50 2.00 5.25 0.75 3.94
Water 1.0 0.25 1.50 1.00 0.38 0.75 0.28
Buoyancy -1.0 2.75 5.65 1.00 -15.54 2.83 -43.89
Total 57.70 t 191.44 t-m Mom@Toe

VERTICAL COMPONENT OF EARTH PRESSURE

Factor Depth Width Density Pressure Load CG @Toe Moment

(m) (m) (t/m3) (t/m2) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 4.75 1 2 0.24 1.16 5.65 6.55 LLS
1 2.75 1 1 0.12 0.34 5.65 1.90 LLS
0.5 4.75 1 2.00 0.97 2.29 5.65 12.96 EP
1 2.75 1 1 0.28 2.66 5.65 15.01 EP
0.5 2.75 0.28 0.38 5.65 2.17 EP
Total 6.83 t 38.59 t-m Mom@Toe

5
EARTH PRESSURE & LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE

Factor Depth Width Density Pressure Load CG @Toe Moment

3 2
(m) (m) (t/m ) (t/m ) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 4.75 1.00 2.00 0.67 3.18 5.13 16.30 LLS
1 2.75 1.00 2.00 0.67 1.84 1.38 2.53 LLS
0.5 4.75 1.00 2.00 2.65 6.29 4.75 29.87 EP
1.0 2.75 1.00 1.00 0.77 7.29 1.38 10.02 EP
0.5 2.75 - - 0.77 1.05 0.92 0.97 EP
Total HL 19.66 t 59.69 t-m

NORMAL CASE

Factor of safety against overturning = 230.03 = 3.85 OK >2.0

59.69

Factor of safety against sliding = 0.5 x 64.53 = 1.64 OK >1.5

19.66
CG from Toe = ( 191.44+38.59-59.69 ) = 2.64 m
64.53

Eccentricity = ( 2.825 - 2.64) = 0.19 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

Pressure at toe end = (57.70+6.83/5.65x(1+6x0.19/5.65) ) = 13.67 t/m2 OK

Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 12.47 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 11.88 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = (57.70+6.83/5.65x(1-6x0.19/5.65) ) = 9.18 t/m2 OK

6
 DESIGN FOR SLS
Frequent Combination for Crack width Check

Load factor of Dead Load = 1.00

Load factor of Earth Pressure = 1.00
Load factor of Live load surcharge = 0.00

Rare Combination for Stress Check-RC

Load factor of Dead Load = 1.00

Load factor of Earth Pressure = 1.00
Load factor of Live load surcharge = 0.80

Design of Stem Wall

Stem wall will be checked at two following location

1) Section where straight portion end
2) Section at bottom of stem wall i.e. at top of footing
As weep holes will be provided in stem, retaining wall design is goverened by Dry case only.

Section-1

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 0.94 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 1.34 t-m

Section-2

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 33.73 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 15.96 t-m

Design Moment (t-m)

Ast Provided
Section Combination Design Moment
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Frequent 0.94
1 16 180 0 180
Rare 2.01
Frequent 33.73
2 16 180 20 180
Rare 46.50

Stress Check -RC

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Section Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
width ratio in steel
Mark as Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
1 2.0 75 0.300 0.217 1.000 6.45 0.049 0.924 89.6 4.07 OK
2 46.5 75 0.750 0.665 1.000 6.45 0.139 0.930 262.6 10.79 OK

Check for Crack Width-Frequent (as per clause 12.3.4 of IRC 112-2011)

Crack width Wk = Sr,max (esm-ecm)

Maximum crack spacing = Sr,max = 3.4c+(0.425k1k2f)/rp,eff if(s <5(c+f/2))
= 1.3(h-x) if(s >5(c+f/2))
(esm-ecm) = (ssc-(kt*fct,eff/rp,eff*(1+ae*rp,eff)))/Es
>=0.6ssc/Es
rp,eff = As/Ac,eff
Ac,eff = hceff*b
hceff = Lesser of 2.5(h-d)
(h-x)/3
h/2
Coefficient related to bonded properties of reinforcement "k1" = 0.80 for deformed bars
Coefficient related to distribution of strain "k2" = 0.500 for bending
Constant related to duration of load "kt" = 0.500

7
 Design Ast Crack
Stress in
Section Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
rp,eff steel
Mark as Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
1 0.9 180 2.40 84 11.2 0.013 459 41.8 1.3E-04 0.058 OK
2 33.7 90 1.20 204 28.6 0.014 497 190.5 5.7E-04 0.284 OK

Distribution Reinforcement

As per clause 16.6.1 of IRC:112, 20% of main steel shall be provided as secondary reinforcement

2
Area of main steel = 28.6 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel required = 5.7 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel provided = 6.3 cm /m OK
12 dia @ 180 mmc/c

Reinforcement in compression face

2
Area of steel required = 5.7 cm /m
2
Area of steel provided = 6.3 cm /m OK
12 dia @ 180 mmc/c

Design of Footing

Footing will be checked both for HFL as well as LWL case

LWL Case Frequent Rare

Vertical #Moment Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load @ Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 72.86 235.05 1.0 72.9 235.1 1.0 72.9 235.1
Earth Pressure 5.72 -17.12 1.0 5.7 -17.1 1.0 5.7 -17.1
Live load surcharge 1.83 -8.49 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.5 -6.8
Total 78.6 217.9 80.0 211.1
# Restoring-Overturning Moment
Frequent Rare
CG from Toe = 2.773 2.638 m
Eccentricity = 0.052 0.187 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.669 m
deff of heel = 0.667 m Frequent Rare
Pressure at toe end = = 14.68 16.99 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 14.45 16.16 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 14.27 15.49 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 14.07 14.74 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 13.88 14.08 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 13.14 11.35 t/m2

HFL Case Frequent Rare

Vertical Moment@ Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 57.70 191.44 1.0 57.7 191.4 1.0 57.7 191.4
Earth Pressure 5.34 -10.71 1.0 5.3 -10.7 1.0 5.3 -10.7
Live load surcharge 1.49 -10.39 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.2 -8.3
Total 63.0 180.7 64.2 172.4

Frequent Rare
CG from Toe = 2.867 2.684 m
Eccentricity = 0.000 0.141 m

8
Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.669 m
deff of heel = 0.667 m Frequent Rare
Pressure at toe end = = 11.16 13.07 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 11.16 12.57 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 11.16 12.17 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 11.16 11.72 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 11.16 11.31 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 11.16 9.67 t/m2

Frequent Rare
LWL HFL LWL HFL
Case Case Case Case
Net Pressure at toe end 9.53 8.96 11.84 10.87 t/m2
Net Pressure at deff.from junction on toe slab 9.18 10.04 10.88 11.45 t/m2
Net Pressure at junction of toe and stem 8.89 10.91 10.11 11.92 t/m2
Net Pressure at junction of heel and stem -1.31 -1.47 -0.63 -0.91 t/m2
Net Pressure at deff.from junction on heel slab -1.45 -1.42 -1.25 -1.27 t/m2
Net Pressure at heel end -2.01 -1.24 -3.80 -2.73 t/m2

Stress Check -Rare

Ast Provided
Section
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Toe 10 180 12 180
Heel 16 180 12 180

Design of Toe

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
Case width ratio in steel
Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
LWL 12.7 75 0.750 0.669 1.000 6.45 0.089 0.956 186.2 4.44 OK
HFL 12.6 75 0.750 0.669 1.000 6.45 0.089 0.956 185.5 4.43 OK

Design of Heel

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
Case width ratio in steel
Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
LWL 40.3 75 0.750 0.667 1.000 6.45 0.112 0.944 366.6 11.44 OK
HFL 34.5 75 0.750 0.667 1.000 6.45 0.112 0.944 313.8 9.80 OK

Check for Crack Width-Frequent (as per clause 12.3.4 of IRC 112-2011)

Design of Toe

Design Ast Crack

Stress in
Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
Case rp,eff steel
Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
LWL 9.6 90 1.11 203 10.6 0.005 255 140.5 4.2E-04 0.108 OK
HFL 10.8 90 1.11 203 10.6 0.005 255 158.8 4.8E-04 0.121 OK

Design of Heel

Design Ast Crack

Stress in
Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
Case rp,eff steel
Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
LWL 27.1 90 1.08 208 17.5 0.008 255 246.3 7.4E-04 0.188 OK
HFL 25.8 90 1.08 208 17.5 0.008 255 234.4 7.0E-04 0.179 OK

9
Distribution Reinforcement

As per clause 16.6.1 of IRC:112, 20% of main steel shall be provided as secondary reinforcement

2
Area of main steel = 17.5 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel required = 3.5 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel provided = 4.4 cm /m OK
10 dia @ 180 mmc/c

Reinforcement in compression face

2
Area of steel required = 4.5 cm /m
2
Area of steel provided = 6.3 cm /m OK
12 dia @ 180 mmc/c

10
 DESIGN FOR ULS
Load Combination for ULS
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Load factor of Dead Load 1.35 1.35 1.00 1.00
Load factor of Earth Pressure 1.50 1.00 1.30 0.85
Load factor of Live load surcharge 1.20 1.20 1.00 1.00

Design of Stem Wall

Stem wall will be checked at two following location

1) Section where straight portion end
2) Section at bottom of stem wall i.e. at top of footing
As weep holes will be provided in stem, retaining wall design is goverened by Dry case only.

Section-1

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 0.94 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 1.34 t-m

Section-2

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 33.73 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 15.96 t-m

Design Moment (t-m)

Ast Provided
Section Combination Design Moment
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
ULS-1 3.01
ULS-2 2.54
1 16 180 0 180
ULS-3 2.56
ULS-4 2.14
ULS-1 69.75
ULS-2 52.88
2 16 180 20 180
ULS-3 59.81
ULS-4 44.63

Check for Section Capacity

Ultimate Compressive strain in concrete εcu3 = 0.0035

Strain in steel =fyk/Es εs = 0.0042
Depth factor for compression block λ = 0.800
Strength factor for compression block η = 1.000
Ultimate capacity of Concrete Mu = {ηkλ(1-kλ/2)fcd}*b*d2
Neutral axis depth factor k = εcu3/(εcu3 + εs)
Actual Neutral Axis depth x = fyd*Ast/(ληfcdb)
Ultimate capacity of steel Mu = fyd*Ast*(d-lx/2)

Actual
Neutral
Design Depth Effective Neutral Mu Mu
Design axis Mu
Section Bending of* Depth Axis Concret of
width depth steel Check
Mark as Moment section Provided depth e section
factor
"x"
t-m m m m k m t-m t-m t-m
1 3.01 0.300 0.217 1.000 0.456 0.045 18.5 9.5 9.48 OK
2 69.7 0.750 0.665 1.000 0.456 0.116 173.4 75.5 75.52 OK

Check for Shear As per Clause 10.3.2 of IRC 112:2011

Design Shear Resisitance VRd,c = (0.12K(80r1.fck)0.33+0.15scp)bw.d

subject to minimum of = (vmin+0.15scp)bw.d
K = 1+(200/d)0.5 < 2
r1 = Asl/bw.d < 0.02
vmin = 0.031K3/2fck1/2
Design shear force VEd = 29.57 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 69.75 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = -9.94 t
Net Design shear = 19.63 t
d = 0.67 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.548

11
vmin = 0.327
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000
r1 = 0.0043
VRd,c = 27.22 t OK

Design of Footing

Footing will be checked both for HFL as well as LWL case

LWL Case ULS-1 ULS-2
Vertical #Moment Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load @ Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 72.86 235.05 1.35 98.4 317.3 1.35 98.4 317.3
Earth Pressure 5.72 -6.78 1.50 8.6 -10.2 1.00 5.7 -6.8
Live load surcharge 1.83 -18.83 1.20 2.2 -22.6 1.20 2.2 -22.6
Total 109.1 284.6 106.3 287.9

ULS-3 ULS-4
Load Vertical #Moment LF Factored Factored LF Factored Factored
Dead Load 72.86 235.05 1.00 72.9 235.1 1.00 72.9 235.1
Earth Pressure 5.72 -6.78 1.30 7.4 -8.8 0.85 4.9 -5.8
Live load surcharge 1.83 -18.83 1.00 1.8 -18.8 1.00 1.8 -18.8
Total 82.1 207.4 79.6 210.5
# Restoring-Overturning Moment

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

CG from Toe 2.607 2.709 2.525 2.645 m
Eccentricity 0.218 0.116 0.300 0.180 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.669 m
deff of heel = 0.667 m ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Pressure at toe end = = 23.79 21.12 19.16 16.77 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 22.47 20.44 18.23 15.98 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 21.41 19.90 17.48 15.34 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 20.23 19.28 16.64 14.63 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 19.17 18.74 15.89 13.99 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 14.85 16.50 12.83 11.40 t/m2

HFL Case ULS-1 ULS-2

Vertical Moment@ Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 57.70 191.44 1.35 77.9 258.4 1.35 77.9 258.4
Earth Pressure 5.34 -10.71 1.50 8.0 -16.1 1.00 5.3 -10.7
Live load surcharge 1.49 -10.39 1.20 1.8 -12.5 1.20 1.8 -12.5
Total 87.7 229.9 85.0 235.3

ULS-3 ULS-4
Load Vertical Moment@ LF Factored Factored LF Factored Factored
Dead Load 57.70 191.44 1.00 57.7 191.4 1.00 57.7 191.4
Earth Pressure 5.34 -10.71 1.30 6.9 -13.9 0.85 4.5 -9.1
Live load surcharge 1.49 -10.39 1.00 1.5 -10.4 1.00 1.5 -10.4
Total 66.1 167.1 63.7 171.9

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

CG from Toe 2.622 2.767 2.527 2.698 m
Eccentricity 0.203 0.058 0.298 0.127 m

12
Base Pressure Distribution (Unit:t/m2)

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.669 m
deff of heel = 0.667 m ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Pressure at toe end = 18.87 15.98 15.41 12.80 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab 17.88 15.70 14.32 12.35 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem 17.09 15.48 13.44 11.99 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem 16.20 15.24 12.46 11.59 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab 15.41 15.02 11.58 11.23 t/m2
Pressure at heel end 12.18 14.12 8.00 9.76 t/m2

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

LWL HFL LWL HFL LWL HFL LWL HFL
Case Case Case Case Case Case Case Case
Net Pressure at toe end 18.64 16.67 15.97 13.78 14.01 13.21 11.62 10.60
Net Pressure at deff.from jn. on toe slab 17.20 16.76 15.17 14.58 12.95 13.20 10.70 11.23
Net Pressure at junction of toe and stem 16.04 16.84 14.52 15.23 12.10 13.19 9.97 11.74
Net Pressure at junction of heel and stem 4.85 3.58 3.91 2.61 1.26 -0.17 -0.75 -0.17
Net Pressure at deff.from j. on heel slab 3.84 2.83 3.41 2.44 0.56 -1.00 -1.34 -0.65
Net Pressure at heel end -0.30 -0.22 1.35 1.72 -2.32 -4.40 -3.75 -2.64

Bending Moment for Toe Bending Moment for Heel

Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 19.99 17.43 15.05 12.45 44.81 39.64 38.02 38.66
HFL 18.82 16.04 14.85 12.35 39.34 35.91 45.93 31.00

Shear Force at deff. for Toe Shear Force at face for Heel
Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 14.89 12.94 11.20 9.27 16.99 15.10 10.71 12.84
HFL 13.89 11.78 10.97 9.07 14.38 13.05 14.67 9.87

Bending Moment at deff. for Toe Bending Moment at face for Heel
Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 6.14 5.35 4.62 3.82 44.81 39.64 38.02 38.66
HFL 5.77 4.92 4.56 3.79 39.34 35.91 45.93 31.00

Ast Provided
Section
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Toe 10 180 12 180
Heel 16 180 12 180

Check for Section Capacity

Actual
Neutral
Design Depth Effective Neutral Mu Mu
Design axis Mu
Design Bending of* Depth Axis Concret of
width depth steel Check
of Moment section Provided depth e section
factor
"x"
t-m m m m k m t-m t-m t-m
Toe 19.99 0.750 0.669 1.000 0.456 0.043 175.5 29.6 29.59 OK
Heel 45.93 0.750 0.667 1.000 0.456 0.071 174.5 47.5 47.55 OK

Check for Shear As per Clause 10.3.2 of IRC 112:2011

Design Shear Resisitance VRd,c = (0.12K(80r1.fck)0.33+0.15scp)bw.d

subject to minimum of = (vmin+0.15scp)bw.d
K = 1+(200/d)0.5 < 2
r1 = Asl/bw.d < 0.02
vmin = 0.031K3/2fck1/2

Toe
Design shear force at deff. VEd = 14.89 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 6.14 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = -2.75 t
Net Design shear = 12.14 t
d = 0.67 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.547
vmin = 0.327
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000

13
r1 = 0.0016
VRd,c = 22.27 t OK

Heel
Design shear force at face of stem VEd = 16.99 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 44.81 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = -8.89 t
Net Design shear = 8.10 t
d = 0.67 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.547
vmin = 0.327
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000
r1 = 0.0026
VRd,c = 23.19 t OK

14
DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL
HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND = 6m

1
 DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL
For Height of 8.500m
(Height from Top of Stem to Founding Level)
BASIC DATA
Formation Level = 8.500 m
Founding Level = 0.000 m 0.00
Front Ground Level = 2.500 m 0.3 8.500
MSL = 2.500 m
Highest Flood Level = 2.750 m
2.00
WALL DIMENSIONS
Width of Footing = 6.45 m
Width of Toe = 2.00 m
Width of Heel = 3.60 m
Width of Stem at top = 0.30 m
Width of Stem at bottom = 0.85 m
Height of straight portion of
= 2.00 m
stem 8.50
Depth of Toe at junction = 0.85 m
Depth of Heel at junction = 0.85 m
Min. Heel/Toe depth = 0.30 m

SOIL PARAMETERS 2.500

3
Unit weight of Soil = 2.00 t/m
Submerged weight of soil = 1.00 t/m3
f = 30 deg. 2.00 3.60
Inclination of backfill "b" = 0.00 deg. 0.85
d = 20 deg.
a = 84.4 deg. 0.3 0.85 0.85
0.000
For Stem 6.45
Ka (horz.) = 0.306 (for inclined portion)
Ka (Vert.) = 0.146

For Stability
Ka (horz.) = 0.279
Ka (Vert.) = 0.102

Foundation on Soil = Soil

Coefficient of interface friction
= 0.500
'm'
Live load Surcharge = 1.200 m
2
Net safe Bearing Capacity = 15.5 t/m
2
Gross safe Bearing Capacity = 18 t/m
Vertical Component of EP to
= Y
be considered

MATERIAL PROPERTIES RESULTS

Grade of Concrete = M30 Normal Case
2
Grade of Steel = Fe500 smax = 17.4 t/m OK
3 2
Density of concrete = 2.500 t/m smin = 11.6 t/m OK
2
Elastic Modulus of concrete = 3.10E+06 t/m F.O.S = 1.63 OK
Elastic Modulus of steel = 2.00E+07 t/m3 F.O.R = 4.00 OK
Yield strength of concrete = 435 Mpa
Modular ratio = 6.45
fctm = 2.50 Mpa
Permissible stress in conc. = 13.40 Mpa
Permissible stress in steel = 400 Mpa
Permissible crack width = 0.3
Cover in stem on outer face = 50 mm
Cover in stem on earth face = 75 mm
Cover in footing = 75 mm
Minimum % of steel = 0.13 As,min=0.26fctm/fyk *bd but not less than 0.13%

2
 STABILITY CHECK - DRY CONDITION

9A

13 Kah1 = 0.279 7
14

8
9

Kah2 = 0.279 5
15
16

17 6
12

11 3 2 4 10
1

VERTICAL DEAD LOADS

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

Remarks
(m) (m) (t/m3) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 1.0 0.30 6.45 2.50 4.84 3.23 15.60
2 1.0 0.55 0.85 2.50 1.17 2.43 2.83
3 0.5 0.55 2.00 2.50 1.38 1.33 1.83
4 0.5 0.55 3.60 2.50 2.48 4.05 10.02
5 1.0 7.65 0.30 2.50 5.74 2.15 12.34
6 0.5 5.65 0.55 2.50 3.88 2.48 9.65
7 1.0 2.00 0.55 2.00 2.20 2.58 5.67
8 0.5 5.65 0.55 2.00 3.11 2.67 8.29
9 1.0 7.65 3.60 2.00 55.08 4.65 256.12
9A 0.5 0.00 4.15 2.00 0.00 5.07 0.00
10 0.5 0.55 3.60 2.00 1.98 5.25 10.40
11 0.5 0.55 2.00 2.00 1.10 0.67 0.73
12 1.0 1.65 2.00 2.00 6.60 1.00 6.60
Total 89.55 t 340.08 t-m Mom @ Toe

VERTICAL COMPONENT OF EARTH PRESSURE &LLS

1 8.50 1 2 2.07 6.45 13.38

0.5 8.50 1 2 7.35 6.45 47.39
Total 9.42 t 60.77 t-m Mom @ Toe

EARTH PRESSURE & LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

3
(m) (m) (t/m ) (t) (m) (t-m)
15 1.0 8.50 1.00 2.00 5.69 4.25 24.19
17 0.5 8.50 1.00 2.00 20.16 3.57 71.96

Total HL 25.85 t 96.15 t-m

3
NORMAL CASE

Factor of safety against overturning = 400.84 = 4.17 OK >2.0

96.15

Factor of safety against sliding = 0.5 x 98.97 = 1.91 OK >1.5

25.85
CG from Toe = ( 340.08+60.77-96.15 ) = 3.08 m
98.97

Eccentricity = ( 3.225 - 3.08) = 0.15 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

2
Pressure at toe end = (89.55+9.42/6.45x(1+6x0.15/6.45) ) = 17.41 t/m OK
2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 16.13 t/m
2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 15.58 t/m
2
Pressure at heel end = (89.55+9.42/6.45x(1-6x0.15/6.45) ) = 13.27 t/m OK

4
 STABILITY CHECK - HFL CONDITION

9A

13 Kah1 = 0.279 7
14

8
9

Kah2 = 0.279 5
15
16

17 6
12

11 3 2 4 10
1

VERTICAL DEAD LOADS

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

(m) (m) (t/m3) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 1.0 0.30 6.45 2.50 4.84 3.23 15.60
2 1.0 0.55 0.85 2.50 1.17 2.43 2.83
3 0.5 0.55 2.00 2.50 1.38 1.33 1.83
4 0.5 0.55 3.60 2.50 2.48 4.05 10.02
5 1.0 7.65 0.30 2.50 5.74 2.15 12.34
6 0.5 5.65 0.55 2.50 3.88 2.48 9.65
7 1.0 2.00 0.55 2.00 2.20 2.58 5.67
8 0.5 5.65 0.55 2.00 3.11 2.67 8.29
9 1.0 7.65 3.60 2.00 55.08 4.65 256.12
9A 0.5 0.00 4.15 2.00 0.00 5.07 0.00
10 0.5 0.55 3.60 2.00 1.98 5.25 10.40
11 0.5 0.55 2.00 2.00 1.10 0.67 0.73
12 1.0 1.65 2.00 2.00 6.60 1.00 6.60
Water 1.0 0.25 2.00 1.00 0.50 1.00 0.50
Buoyancy -1.0 2.75 6.45 1.00 -17.74 3.23 -57.20
Total 72.31 t 283.37 t-m Mom@Toe

VERTICAL COMPONENT OF EARTH PRESSURE

Factor Depth Width Density Pressure Load CG @Toe Moment

(m) (m) (t/m3) (t/m2) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 5.75 1 2 0.24 1.40 6.45 9.05 LLS
1 2.75 1 1 0.12 0.34 6.45 2.16 LLS
0.5 5.75 1 2.00 1.17 3.36 6.45 21.69 EP
1 2.75 1 1 0.28 3.22 6.45 20.74 EP
0.5 2.75 0.28 0.38 6.45 2.48 EP
Total 8.70 t 56.12 t-m Mom@Toe

5
EARTH PRESSURE & LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE

Factor Depth Width Density Pressure Load CG @Toe Moment

3 2
(m) (m) (t/m ) (t/m ) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 5.75 1.00 2.00 0.67 3.85 5.63 21.66 LLS
1 2.75 1.00 2.00 0.67 1.84 1.38 2.53 LLS
0.5 5.75 1.00 2.00 3.21 9.22 5.17 47.64 EP
1.0 2.75 1.00 1.00 0.77 8.82 1.38 12.13 EP
0.5 2.75 - - 0.77 1.05 0.92 0.97 EP
Total HL 24.79 t 84.93 t-m

NORMAL CASE

Factor of safety against overturning = 339.50 = 4.00 OK >2.0

84.93

Factor of safety against sliding = 0.5 x 81.01 = 1.63 OK >1.5

24.79
CG from Toe = ( 283.37+56.12-84.93 ) = 3.14 m
81.01

Eccentricity = ( 3.225 - 3.14) = 0.08 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

Pressure at toe end = (72.31+8.70/6.45x(1+6x0.08/6.45) ) = 13.55 t/m2 OK

Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 12.94 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 12.68 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = (72.31+8.70/6.45x(1-6x0.08/6.45) ) = 11.57 t/m2 OK

6
 DESIGN FOR SLS
Frequent Combination for Crack width Check

Load factor of Dead Load = 1.00

Load factor of Earth Pressure = 1.00
Load factor of Live load surcharge = 0.00

Rare Combination for Stress Check-RC

Load factor of Dead Load = 1.00

Load factor of Earth Pressure = 1.00
Load factor of Live load surcharge = 0.80

Design of Stem Wall

Stem wall will be checked at two following location

1) Section where straight portion end
2) Section at bottom of stem wall i.e. at top of footing
As weep holes will be provided in stem, retaining wall design is goverened by Dry case only.

Section-1

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 0.94 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 1.34 t-m

Section-2

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 49.96 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 20.63 t-m

Design Moment (t-m)

Ast Provided
Section Combination Design Moment
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Frequent 0.94
1 20 180 0 180
Rare 2.01
Frequent 49.96
2 20 180 20 180
Rare 66.46

Stress Check -RC

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Section Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
width ratio in steel
Mark as Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
1 2.0 75 0.300 0.215 1.000 6.45 0.059 0.908 58.9 3.47 OK
2 66.5 75 0.850 0.765 1.000 6.45 0.164 0.928 268.1 11.38 OK

Check for Crack Width-Frequent (as per clause 12.3.4 of IRC 112-2011)

Crack width Wk = Sr,max (esm-ecm)

Maximum crack spacing = Sr,max = 3.4c+(0.425k1k2f)/rp,eff if(s <5(c+f/2))
= 1.3(h-x) if(s >5(c+f/2))
(esm-ecm) = (ssc-(kt*fct,eff/rp,eff*(1+ae*rp,eff)))/Es
>=0.6ssc/Es
rp,eff = As/Ac,eff
Ac,eff = hceff*b
hceff = Lesser of 2.5(h-d)
(h-x)/3
h/2
Coefficient related to bonded properties of reinforcement "k1" = 0.80 for deformed bars
Coefficient related to distribution of strain "k2" = 0.500 for bending
Constant related to duration of load "kt" = 0.500

7
 Design Ast Crack
Stress in
Section Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
rp,eff steel
Mark as Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
1 0.9 180 2.40 80 17.5 0.022 411 27.5 8.3E-05 0.034 OK
2 50.0 90 1.20 213 34.9 0.016 462 201.5 6.0E-04 0.279 OK

Distribution Reinforcement

As per clause 16.6.1 of IRC:112, 20% of main steel shall be provided as secondary reinforcement

2
Area of main steel = 34.9 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel required = 7.0 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel provided = 7.5 cm /m OK
12 dia @ 150 mmc/c

Reinforcement in compression face

2
Area of steel required = 7.0 cm /m
2
Area of steel provided = 11.2 cm /m OK
16 dia @ 180 mmc/c

Design of Footing

Footing will be checked both for HFL as well as LWL case

LWL Case Frequent Rare

Vertical #Moment Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load @ Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 89.55 340.08 1.0 89.5 340.1 1.0 89.5 340.1
Earth Pressure 7.35 -24.58 1.0 7.3 -24.6 1.0 7.3 -24.6
Live load surcharge 2.07 -10.81 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.7 -8.6
Total 96.9 315.5 98.6 306.9
# Restoring-Overturning Moment
Frequent Rare
CG from Toe = 3.256 3.114 m
Eccentricity = 0.000 0.111 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.769 m
deff of heel = 0.767 m Frequent Rare
Pressure at toe end = = 15.02 16.86 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 15.02 16.26 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 15.02 15.88 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 15.02 15.46 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 15.02 15.09 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 15.02 13.70 t/m2

HFL Case Frequent Rare

Vertical Moment@ Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 72.31 283.37 1.0 72.3 283.4 1.0 72.3 283.4
Earth Pressure 6.96 -15.84 1.0 7.0 -15.8 1.0 7.0 -15.8
Live load surcharge 1.74 -12.97 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.4 -10.4
Total 79.3 267.5 80.7 257.2

Frequent Rare
CG from Toe = 3.375 3.188 m
Eccentricity = 0.000 0.037 m

8
Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.769 m
deff of heel = 0.767 m Frequent Rare
Pressure at toe end = = 12.29 12.94 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 12.29 12.77 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 12.29 12.67 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 12.29 12.56 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 12.29 12.45 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 12.29 12.08 t/m2

Frequent Rare
LWL HFL LWL HFL
Case Case Case Case
Net Pressure at toe end 9.87 10.09 11.71 10.74 t/m2
Net Pressure at deff.from junction on toe slab 9.70 11.04 10.94 11.53 t/m2
Net Pressure at junction of toe and stem 9.60 11.64 10.46 12.02 t/m2
Net Pressure at junction of heel and stem -2.40 -2.38 -1.96 -2.12 t/m2
Net Pressure at deff.from junction on heel slab -2.34 -2.33 -2.28 -2.16 t/m2
Net Pressure at heel end -2.13 -2.11 -3.45 -2.32 t/m2

Stress Check -Rare

Ast Provided
Section
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Toe 12 180 12 180
Heel 16 180 16 180

Design of Toe

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
Case width ratio in steel
Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
LWL 22.6 75 0.850 0.769 1.000 6.45 0.104 0.955 244.8 5.92 OK
HFL 22.3 75 0.850 0.769 1.000 6.45 0.104 0.955 241.9 5.86 OK

Design of Heel

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
Case width ratio in steel
Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
LWL 51.6 75 0.850 0.767 1.000 6.45 0.135 0.941 319.8 10.59 OK
HFL 44.7 75 0.850 0.767 1.000 6.45 0.135 0.941 277.1 9.17 OK

Check for Crack Width-Frequent (as per clause 12.3.4 of IRC 112-2011)

Design of Toe

Design Ast Crack

Stress in
Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
Case rp,eff steel
Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
LWL 18.4 90 1.11 203 12.6 0.006 255 199.6 6.0E-04 0.153 OK
HFL 21.2 90 1.11 203 12.6 0.006 255 229.9 6.9E-04 0.176 OK

Design of Heel

Design Ast Crack

Stress in
Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
Case rp,eff steel
Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
LWL 40.7 90 1.08 208 22.3 0.011 255 252.4 7.6E-04 0.193 OK
HFL 39.3 90 1.08 208 22.3 0.011 255 243.8 7.3E-04 0.187 OK

9
Distribution Reinforcement

As per clause 16.6.1 of IRC:112, 20% of main steel shall be provided as secondary reinforcement

2
Area of main steel = 22.3 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel required = 4.5 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel provided = 5.2 cm /m OK
10 dia @ 150 mmc/c

Reinforcement in compression face

2
Area of steel required = 5.1 cm /m
2
Area of steel provided = 6.3 cm /m OK
12 dia @ 180 mmc/c

10
 DESIGN FOR ULS
Load Combination for ULS
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Load factor of Dead Load 1.35 1.35 1.00 1.00
Load factor of Earth Pressure 1.50 1.00 1.30 0.85
Load factor of Live load surcharge 1.20 1.20 1.00 1.00

Design of Stem Wall

Stem wall will be checked at two following location

1) Section where straight portion end
2) Section at bottom of stem wall i.e. at top of footing
As weep holes will be provided in stem, retaining wall design is goverened by Dry case only.

Section-1

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 0.94 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 1.34 t-m

Section-2

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 49.96 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 20.63 t-m

Design Moment (t-m)

Ast Provided
Section Combination Design Moment
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
ULS-1 3.01
ULS-2 2.54
1 20 180 0 180
ULS-3 2.56
ULS-4 2.14
ULS-1 99.69
ULS-2 74.71
2 20 180 20 180
ULS-3 85.58
ULS-4 63.09

Check for Section Capacity

Ultimate Compressive strain in concrete εcu3 = 0.0035

Strain in steel =fyk/Es εs = 0.0042
Depth factor for compression block λ = 0.800
Strength factor for compression block η = 1.000
Ultimate capacity of Concrete Mu = {ηkλ(1-kλ/2)fcd}*b*d2
Neutral axis depth factor k = εcu3/(εcu3 + εs)
Actual Neutral Axis depth x = fyd*Ast/(ληfcdb)
Ultimate capacity of steel Mu = fyd*Ast*(d-lx/2)

Actual
Neutral
Design Depth Effective Neutral Mu Mu
Design axis Mu
Section Bending of* Depth Axis Concret of
width depth steel Check
Mark as Moment section Provided depth e section
factor
"x"
t-m m m m k m t-m t-m t-m
1 3.01 0.300 0.215 1.000 0.456 0.071 18.1 13.9 13.90 OK
2 99.7 0.850 0.765 1.000 0.456 0.142 229.5 105.5 105.47 OK

Check for Shear As per Clause 10.3.2 of IRC 112:2011

Design Shear Resisitance VRd,c = (0.12K(80r1.fck)0.33+0.15scp)bw.d

subject to minimum of = (vmin+0.15scp)bw.d
K = 1+(200/d)0.5 < 2
r1 = Asl/bw.d < 0.02
vmin = 0.031K3/2fck1/2
Design shear force VEd = 37.07 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 99.69 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = -12.69 t
Net Design shear = 24.38 t
d = 0.77 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.511

11
vmin = 0.315
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000
r1 = 0.0046
VRd,c = 31.16 t OK

Design of Footing

Footing will be checked both for HFL as well as LWL case

LWL Case ULS-1 ULS-2
Vertical #Moment Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load @ Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 89.55 340.08 1.35 120.9 459.1 1.35 120.9 459.1
Earth Pressure 7.35 -11.20 1.50 11.0 -16.8 1.00 7.3 -11.2
Live load surcharge 2.07 -24.19 1.20 2.5 -29.0 1.20 2.5 -29.0
Total 134.4 413.3 130.7 418.9

ULS-3 ULS-4
Load Vertical #Moment LF Factored Factored LF Factored Factored
Dead Load 89.55 340.08 1.00 89.5 340.1 1.00 89.5 340.1
Earth Pressure 7.35 -11.20 1.30 9.6 -14.6 0.85 6.2 -9.5
Live load surcharge 2.07 -24.19 1.00 2.1 -24.2 1.00 2.1 -24.2
Total 101.2 301.3 97.9 306.4
# Restoring-Overturning Moment

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

CG from Toe 3.075 3.204 2.978 3.131 m
Eccentricity 0.150 0.021 0.247 0.094 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.769 m
deff of heel = 0.767 m ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Pressure at toe end = = 23.74 20.66 19.28 16.51 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 22.63 20.51 18.58 16.00 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 21.94 20.42 18.15 15.68 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 21.17 20.31 17.66 15.33 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 20.48 20.22 17.23 15.01 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 17.93 19.88 15.62 13.84 t/m2

HFL Case ULS-1 ULS-2

Vertical Moment@ Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 72.31 283.37 1.35 97.6 382.6 1.35 97.6 382.6
Earth Pressure 6.96 -15.84 1.50 10.4 -23.8 1.00 7.0 -15.8
Live load surcharge 1.74 -12.97 1.20 2.1 -15.6 1.20 2.1 -15.6
Total 110.1 343.2 106.7 351.1

ULS-3 ULS-4
Load Vertical Moment@ LF Factored Factored LF Factored Factored
Dead Load 72.31 283.37 1.00 72.3 283.4 1.00 72.3 283.4
Earth Pressure 6.96 -15.84 1.30 9.1 -20.6 0.85 5.9 -13.5
Live load surcharge 1.74 -12.97 1.00 1.7 -13.0 1.00 1.7 -13.0
Total 83.1 249.8 80.0 256.9

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

CG from Toe 3.116 3.292 3.006 3.213 m
Eccentricity 0.109 0.000 0.219 0.012 m

12
Base Pressure Distribution (Unit:t/m2)

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.769 m
deff of heel = 0.767 m ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Pressure at toe end = 18.81 16.54 15.51 12.53 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab 18.15 16.54 14.50 12.48 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem 17.73 16.54 13.88 12.45 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem 17.28 16.54 13.19 12.41 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab 16.87 16.54 12.56 12.38 t/m2
Pressure at heel end 15.35 16.54 10.26 12.26 t/m2

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

LWL HFL LWL HFL LWL HFL LWL HFL
Case Case Case Case Case Case Case Case
Net Pressure at toe end 18.59 16.61 15.51 14.34 14.13 13.31 11.36 10.33
Net Pressure at deff.from jn. on toe slab 17.32 16.90 15.19 15.29 13.26 13.26 10.68 11.24
Net Pressure at junction of toe and stem 16.52 17.08 14.99 15.89 12.72 13.23 10.25 11.80
Net Pressure at junction of heel and stem 3.75 2.60 2.89 1.86 0.24 -1.49 -2.10 -1.49
Net Pressure at deff.from j. on heel slab 3.12 2.25 2.85 1.92 -0.14 -2.05 -2.36 -1.63
Net Pressure at heel end 0.78 0.95 2.73 2.14 -1.53 -4.14 -3.31 -2.14

Bending Moment for Toe Bending Moment for Heel

Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 35.80 30.67 27.33 21.98 60.10 53.43 47.95 48.78
HFL 33.53 29.71 26.56 21.65 54.82 45.83 59.93 40.02

Shear Force at deff. for Toe Shear Force at face for Heel
Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 22.10 18.89 16.86 13.56 19.92 17.79 13.46 15.98
HFL 20.63 18.24 16.35 13.28 17.56 14.71 18.76 12.79

Bending Moment at deff. for Toe Bending Moment at face for Heel
Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 13.56 11.62 10.35 8.33 60.10 53.43 47.95 48.78
HFL 12.70 11.25 10.06 8.20 54.82 45.83 59.93 40.02

Ast Provided
Section
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Toe 12 180 12 180
Heel 16 180 16 180

Check for Section Capacity

Actual
Neutral
Design Depth Effective Neutral Mu Mu
Design axis Mu
Design Bending of* Depth Axis Concret of
width depth steel Check
of Moment section Provided depth e section
factor
"x"
t-m m m m k m t-m t-m t-m
Toe 35.80 0.850 0.769 1.000 0.456 0.051 231.9 40.1 40.12 OK
Heel 60.10 0.850 0.767 1.000 0.456 0.091 230.7 69.6 69.63 OK

Check for Shear As per Clause 10.3.2 of IRC 112:2011

Design Shear Resisitance VRd,c = (0.12K(80r1.fck)0.33+0.15scp)bw.d

subject to minimum of = (vmin+0.15scp)bw.d
K = 1+(200/d)0.5 < 2
r1 = Asl/bw.d < 0.02
vmin = 0.031K3/2fck1/2

Toe
Design shear force at deff. VEd = 22.10 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 13.56 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = -4.85 t
Net Design shear = 17.25 t
d = 0.77 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.510
vmin = 0.315
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000

13
r1 = 0.0016
VRd,c = 24.70 t OK

Heel
Design shear force at face of stem VEd = 19.92 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 60.10 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = -11.97 t
Net Design shear = 7.95 t
d = 0.77 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.510
vmin = 0.315
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000
r1 = 0.0029
VRd,c = 26.96 t OK

14
DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL
HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND = 7m

1
 DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL
For Height of 9.500m
(Height from Top of Stem to Founding Level)
BASIC DATA
Formation Level = 9.500 m
Founding Level = 0.000 m 0.00
Front Ground Level = 2.500 m 0.3 9.500
MSL = 2.500 m
Highest Flood Level = 2.750 m
2.00
WALL DIMENSIONS
Width of Footing = 7.10 m
Width of Toe = 2.50 m
Width of Heel = 3.60 m
Width of Stem at top = 0.30 m
Width of Stem at bottom = 1.00 m
Height of straight portion of
= 2.00 m
stem 9.50
Depth of Toe at junction = 1.00 m
Depth of Heel at junction = 1.00 m
Min. Heel/Toe depth = 0.30 m

SOIL PARAMETERS 2.500

3
Unit weight of Soil = 2.00 t/m
Submerged weight of soil = 1.00 t/m3
f = 30 deg. 2.50 3.60
Inclination of backfill "b" = 0.00 deg. 1.00
d = 20 deg.
a = 83.9 deg. 0.3 1.00 1.00
0.000
For Stem 7.10
Ka (horz.) = 0.309 (for inclined portion)
Ka (Vert.) = 0.152

For Stability
Ka (horz.) = 0.279
Ka (Vert.) = 0.102

Foundation on Soil = Soil

Coefficient of interface friction
= 0.500
'm'
Live load Surcharge = 1.200 m
2
Net safe Bearing Capacity = 15.5 t/m
2
Gross safe Bearing Capacity = 18 t/m
Vertical Component of EP to
= Y
be considered

MATERIAL PROPERTIES RESULTS

Grade of Concrete = M30 Normal Case
2
Grade of Steel = Fe500 smax = 17.8 t/m OK
3 2
Density of concrete = 2.500 t/m smin = 13.5 t/m OK
2
Elastic Modulus of concrete = 3.10E+06 t/m F.O.S = 1.59 OK
Elastic Modulus of steel = 2.00E+07 t/m3 F.O.R = 3.94 OK
Yield strength of concrete = 435 Mpa
Modular ratio = 6.45
fctm = 2.50 Mpa
Permissible stress in conc. = 13.40 Mpa
Permissible stress in steel = 400 Mpa
Permissible crack width = 0.3
Cover in stem on outer face = 50 mm
Cover in stem on earth face = 75 mm
Cover in footing = 75 mm
Minimum % of steel = 0.13 As,min=0.26fctm/fyk *bd but not less than 0.13%

2
 STABILITY CHECK - DRY CONDITION

9A

13 Kah1 = 0.279 7
14

8
9

Kah2 = 0.279 5
15
16

17 6
12

11 3 2 4 10
1

VERTICAL DEAD LOADS

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

Remarks
(m) (m) (t/m3) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 1.0 0.30 7.10 2.50 5.33 3.55 18.90
2 1.0 0.70 1.00 2.50 1.75 3.00 5.25
3 0.5 0.70 2.50 2.50 2.19 1.67 3.65
4 0.5 0.70 3.60 2.50 3.15 4.70 14.81
5 1.0 8.50 0.30 2.50 6.38 2.65 16.89
6 0.5 6.50 0.70 2.50 5.69 3.03 17.25
7 1.0 2.00 0.70 2.00 2.80 3.15 8.82
8 0.5 6.50 0.70 2.00 4.55 3.27 14.86
9 1.0 8.50 3.60 2.00 61.20 5.30 324.36
9A 0.5 0.00 4.30 2.00 0.00 5.67 0.00
10 0.5 0.70 3.60 2.00 2.52 5.90 14.87
11 0.5 0.70 2.50 2.00 1.75 0.83 1.46
12 1.0 1.50 2.50 2.00 7.50 1.25 9.38
Total 104.80 t 450.50 t-m Mom @ Toe

VERTICAL COMPONENT OF EARTH PRESSURE &LLS

1 9.50 1 2 2.32 7.10 16.46

0.5 9.50 1 2 9.18 7.10 65.16
Total 11.50 t 81.62 t-m Mom @ Toe

EARTH PRESSURE & LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

3
(m) (m) (t/m ) (t) (m) (t-m)
15 1.0 9.50 1.00 2.00 6.36 4.75 30.22
17 0.5 9.50 1.00 2.00 25.18 3.99 100.47

Total HL 31.54 t 130.68 t-m

3
NORMAL CASE

Factor of safety against overturning = 532.11 = 4.07 OK >2.0

130.68

Factor of safety against sliding = 0.5 x 116.29 = 1.84 OK >1.5

31.54
CG from Toe = ( 450.50+81.62-130.68 ) = 3.45 m
116.29

Eccentricity = ( 3.55 - 3.45) = 0.10 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

2
Pressure at toe end = (104.80+11.50/7.1x(1+6x0.10/7.1) ) = 17.76 t/m OK
2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 16.79 t/m
2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 16.40 t/m
2
Pressure at heel end = (104.80+11.50/7.1x(1-6x0.10/7.1) ) = 14.99 t/m OK

4
 STABILITY CHECK - HFL CONDITION

9A

13 Kah1 = 0.279 7
14

8
9

Kah2 = 0.279 5
15
16

17 6
12

11 3 2 4 10
1

VERTICAL DEAD LOADS

Load No. Factor Depth Width Density Load CG @Toe Moment

(m) (m) (t/m3) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 1.0 0.30 7.10 2.50 5.33 3.55 18.90
2 1.0 0.70 1.00 2.50 1.75 3.00 5.25
3 0.5 0.70 2.50 2.50 2.19 1.67 3.65
4 0.5 0.70 3.60 2.50 3.15 4.70 14.81
5 1.0 8.50 0.30 2.50 6.38 2.65 16.89
6 0.5 6.50 0.70 2.50 5.69 3.03 17.25
7 1.0 2.00 0.70 2.00 2.80 3.15 8.82
8 0.5 6.50 0.70 2.00 4.55 3.27 14.86
9 1.0 8.50 3.60 2.00 61.20 5.30 324.36
9A 0.5 0.00 4.30 2.00 0.00 5.67 0.00
10 0.5 0.70 3.60 2.00 2.52 5.90 14.87
11 0.5 0.70 2.50 2.00 1.75 0.83 1.46
12 1.0 1.50 2.50 2.00 7.50 1.25 9.38
Water 1.0 0.25 2.50 1.00 0.63 1.25 0.78
Buoyancy -1.0 2.75 7.10 1.00 -19.53 3.55 -69.31
Total 85.90 t 381.96 t-m Mom@Toe

VERTICAL COMPONENT OF EARTH PRESSURE

Factor Depth Width Density Pressure Load CG @Toe Moment

(m) (m) (t/m3) (t/m2) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 6.75 1 2 0.24 1.65 7.10 11.70 LLS
1 2.75 1 1 0.12 0.34 7.10 2.38 LLS
0.5 6.75 1 2.00 1.37 4.63 7.10 32.90 EP
1 2.75 1 1 0.28 3.78 7.10 26.80 EP
0.5 2.75 0.28 0.38 7.10 2.73 EP
Total 10.78 t 76.51 t-m Mom@Toe

5
EARTH PRESSURE & LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE

Factor Depth Width Density Pressure Load CG @Toe Moment

3 2
(m) (m) (t/m ) (t/m ) (t) (m) (t-m)
1 6.75 1.00 2.00 0.67 4.52 6.13 27.68 LLS
1 2.75 1.00 2.00 0.67 1.84 1.38 2.53 LLS
0.5 6.75 1.00 2.00 3.77 12.71 5.59 71.00 EP
1.0 2.75 1.00 1.00 0.77 10.36 1.38 14.24 EP
0.5 2.75 - - 0.77 1.05 0.92 0.97 EP
Total HL 30.49 t 116.42 t-m

NORMAL CASE

Factor of safety against overturning = 458.47 = 3.94 OK >2.0

116.42

Factor of safety against sliding = 0.5 x 96.67 = 1.59 OK >1.5

30.49
CG from Toe = ( 381.96+76.51-116.42 ) = 3.54 m
96.67

Eccentricity = ( 3.55 - 3.54) = 0.01 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

Pressure at toe end = (85.90+10.78/7.1x(1+6x0.01/7.1) ) = 13.73 t/m2 OK

Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 13.65 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 13.62 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = (85.90+10.78/7.1x(1-6x0.01/7.1) ) = 13.50 t/m2 OK

6
 DESIGN FOR SLS
Frequent Combination for Crack width Check

Load factor of Dead Load = 1.00

Load factor of Earth Pressure = 1.00
Load factor of Live load surcharge = 0.00

Rare Combination for Stress Check-RC

Load factor of Dead Load = 1.00

Load factor of Earth Pressure = 1.00
Load factor of Live load surcharge = 0.80

Design of Stem Wall

Stem wall will be checked at two following location

1) Section where straight portion end
2) Section at bottom of stem wall i.e. at top of footing
As weep holes will be provided in stem, retaining wall design is goverened by Dry case only.

Section-1

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 0.94 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 1.34 t-m

Section-2

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 69.94 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 25.71 t-m

Design Moment (t-m)

Ast Provided
Section Combination Design Moment
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Frequent 0.94
1 20 180 0 180
Rare 2.01
Frequent 69.94
2 20 180 25 180
Rare 90.51

Stress Check -RC

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Section Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
width ratio in steel
Mark as Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
1 2.0 75 0.300 0.215 1.000 6.45 0.059 0.908 58.9 3.47 OK
2 90.5 75 1.000 0.913 1.000 6.45 0.202 0.926 239.5 10.58 OK

Check for Crack Width-Frequent (as per clause 12.3.4 of IRC 112-2011)

Crack width Wk = Sr,max (esm-ecm)

Maximum crack spacing = Sr,max = 3.4c+(0.425k1k2f)/rp,eff if(s <5(c+f/2))
= 1.3(h-x) if(s >5(c+f/2))
(esm-ecm) = (ssc-(kt*fct,eff/rp,eff*(1+ae*rp,eff)))/Es
>=0.6ssc/Es
rp,eff = As/Ac,eff
Ac,eff = hceff*b
hceff = Lesser of 2.5(h-d)
(h-x)/3
h/2
Coefficient related to bonded properties of reinforcement "k1" = 0.80 for deformed bars
Coefficient related to distribution of strain "k2" = 0.500 for bending
Constant related to duration of load "kt" = 0.500

7
 Design Ast Crack
Stress in
Section Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
rp,eff steel
Mark as Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
1 0.9 180 2.40 80 17.5 0.022 411 27.5 8.3E-05 0.034 OK
2 69.9 90 1.20 219 44.7 0.020 463 185.1 5.8E-04 0.268 OK

Distribution Reinforcement

As per clause 16.6.1 of IRC:112, 20% of main steel shall be provided as secondary reinforcement

2
Area of main steel = 44.7 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel required = 8.9 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel provided = 11.3 cm /m OK
12 dia @ 100 mmc/c

Reinforcement in compression face

2
Area of steel required = 8.9 cm /m
2
Area of steel provided = 11.2 cm /m OK
16 dia @ 180 mmc/c

Design of Footing

Footing will be checked both for HFL as well as LWL case

LWL Case Frequent Rare

Vertical #Moment Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load @ Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 104.80 450.50 1.0 104.8 450.5 1.0 104.8 450.5
Earth Pressure 9.18 -35.31 1.0 9.2 -35.3 1.0 9.2 -35.3
Live load surcharge 2.32 -13.75 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.9 -11.0
Total 114.0 415.2 115.8 404.2
# Restoring-Overturning Moment
Frequent Rare
CG from Toe = 3.643 3.490 m
Eccentricity = 0.000 0.060 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.917 m
deff of heel = 0.917 m Frequent Rare
Pressure at toe end = = 16.05 17.15 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 16.05 16.78 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 16.05 16.56 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 16.05 16.33 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 16.05 16.11 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 16.05 15.48 t/m2

HFL Case Frequent Rare

Vertical Moment@ Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 85.90 381.96 1.0 85.9 382.0 1.0 85.9 382.0
Earth Pressure 8.79 -23.78 1.0 8.8 -23.8 1.0 8.8 -23.8
Live load surcharge 1.98 -16.14 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.6 -12.9
Total 94.7 358.2 96.3 345.3

Frequent Rare
CG from Toe = 3.783 3.586 m
Eccentricity = 0.000 0.000 m

8
Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.917 m
deff of heel = 0.917 m Frequent Rare
Pressure at toe end = = 13.34 13.56 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 13.34 13.56 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 13.34 13.56 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 13.34 13.56 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 13.34 13.56 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 13.34 13.56 t/m2

Frequent Rare
LWL HFL LWL HFL
Case Case Case Case
Net Pressure at toe end 10.90 11.14 12.00 11.36 t/m2
Net Pressure at deff.from junction on toe slab 10.68 11.74 11.40 11.96 t/m2
Net Pressure at junction of toe and stem 10.55 12.09 11.06 12.31 t/m2
Net Pressure at junction of heel and stem -3.45 -3.41 -3.17 -3.19 t/m2
Net Pressure at deff.from junction on heel slab -3.36 -3.32 -3.30 -3.10 t/m2
Net Pressure at heel end -3.10 -3.06 -3.67 -2.84 t/m2

Stress Check -Rare

Ast Provided
Section
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Toe 16 180 12 180
Heel 16 180 16 180

Design of Toe

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
Case width ratio in steel
Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
LWL 36.5 75 1.000 0.917 1.000 6.45 0.133 0.952 239.7 6.30 OK
HFL 36.5 75 1.000 0.917 1.000 6.45 0.133 0.952 239.6 6.29 OK

Design of Heel

Design Depth* Effective Neutral Lever Stress

Design Modular Stress
Bending Cover of Depth axis arm in
Case width ratio in steel
Moment section Provided depth factor concr.
t-m mm m m m ae m j Mpa Mpa
LWL 62.4 75 1.000 0.917 1.000 6.45 0.149 0.946 322.2 9.67 OK
HFL 56.5 75 1.000 0.917 1.000 6.45 0.149 0.946 291.7 8.76 OK

Check for Crack Width-Frequent (as per clause 12.3.4 of IRC 112-2011)

Design of Toe

Design Ast Crack

Stress in
Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
Case rp,eff steel
Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
LWL 32.6 90 1.08 208 17.5 0.008 255 214.3 6.4E-04 0.164 OK
HFL 35.8 90 1.08 208 17.5 0.008 255 235.0 7.0E-04 0.180 OK

Design of Heel

Design Ast Crack

Stress in
Bending Spacing s/(c+f/2 hceff Provide Sr,max (esm-ecm) width Check
Case rp,eff steel
Moment ) d Wk
t-m mm mm cm2 mm Mpa mm
LWL 53.6 90 1.08 208 22.3 0.011 255 276.8 8.3E-04 0.212 OK
HFL 52.3 90 1.08 208 22.3 0.011 255 269.7 8.1E-04 0.206 OK

9
Distribution Reinforcement

As per clause 16.6.1 of IRC:112, 20% of main steel shall be provided as secondary reinforcement

2
Area of main steel = 22.3 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel required = 4.5 cm /m
2
Area of distribution steel provided = 6.3 cm /m OK
10 dia @ 125 mmc/c

Reinforcement in compression face

2
Area of steel required = 6.0 cm /m
2
Area of steel provided = 6.3 cm /m OK
12 dia @ 180 mmc/c

10
 DESIGN FOR ULS
Load Combination for ULS
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Load factor of Dead Load 1.35 1.35 1.00 1.00
Load factor of Earth Pressure 1.50 1.00 1.30 0.85
Load factor of Live load surcharge 1.20 1.20 1.00 1.00

Design of Stem Wall

Stem wall will be checked at two following location

1) Section where straight portion end
2) Section at bottom of stem wall i.e. at top of footing
As weep holes will be provided in stem, retaining wall design is goverened by Dry case only.

Section-1

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 0.94 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 1.34 t-m

Section-2

Bending moment due to Dead load = 0.00 t-m

Bending moment due to Earth Pressure = 69.94 t-m
Bending moment due to Live load surcharge = 25.71 t-m

Design Moment (t-m)

Ast Provided
Section Combination Design Moment
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
ULS-1 3.01
ULS-2 2.54
1 20 180 0 180
ULS-3 2.56
ULS-4 2.14
ULS-1 135.77
ULS-2 100.80
2 20 180 25 180
ULS-3 116.64
ULS-4 85.16

Check for Section Capacity

Ultimate Compressive strain in concrete εcu3 = 0.0035

Strain in steel =fyk/Es εs = 0.0042
Depth factor for compression block λ = 0.800
Strength factor for compression block η = 1.000
Ultimate capacity of Concrete Mu = {ηkλ(1-kλ/2)fcd}*b*d2
Neutral axis depth factor k = εcu3/(εcu3 + εs)
Actual Neutral Axis depth x = fyd*Ast/(ληfcdb)
Ultimate capacity of steel Mu = fyd*Ast*(d-lx/2)

Actual
Neutral
Design Depth Effective Neutral Mu Mu
Design axis Mu
Section Bending of* Depth Axis Concret of
width depth steel Check
Mark as Moment section Provided depth e section
factor
"x"
t-m m m m k m t-m t-m t-m
1 3.01 0.300 0.215 1.000 0.456 0.071 18.1 13.9 13.90 OK
2 135.8 1.000 0.913 1.000 0.456 0.181 326.5 160.2 160.23 OK

Check for Shear As per Clause 10.3.2 of IRC 112:2011

Design Shear Resisitance VRd,c = (0.12K(80r1.fck)0.33+0.15scp)bw.d

subject to minimum of = (vmin+0.15scp)bw.d
K = 1+(200/d)0.5 < 2
r1 = Asl/bw.d < 0.02
vmin = 0.031K3/2fck1/2
Design shear force VEd = 45.40 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 135.77 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = -16.02 t
Net Design shear = 29.38 t
d = 0.91 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.468

11
vmin = 0.302
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000
r1 = 0.0049
VRd,c = 36.97 t OK

Design of Footing

Footing will be checked both for HFL as well as LWL case

LWL Case ULS-1 ULS-2
Vertical #Moment Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load @ Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 104.80 450.50 1.35 141.5 608.2 1.35 141.5 608.2
Earth Pressure 9.18 -18.85 1.50 13.8 -28.3 1.00 9.2 -18.8
Live load surcharge 2.32 -30.22 1.20 2.8 -36.3 1.20 2.8 -36.3
Total 158.0 543.6 153.4 553.1

ULS-3 ULS-4
Load Vertical #Moment LF Factored Factored LF Factored Factored
Dead Load 104.80 450.50 1.00 104.8 450.5 1.00 104.8 450.5
Earth Pressure 9.18 -18.85 1.30 11.9 -24.5 0.85 7.8 -16.0
Live load surcharge 2.32 -30.22 1.00 2.3 -30.2 1.00 2.3 -30.2
Total 119.0 395.8 114.9 404.3
# Restoring-Overturning Moment

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

CG from Toe 3.440 3.605 3.325 3.518 m
Eccentricity 0.110 0.000 0.225 0.032 m

Base Pressure Distribution

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.917 m
deff of heel = 0.917 m ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Pressure at toe end = = 24.33 21.61 19.96 16.62 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab = 23.40 21.61 19.41 16.43 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem = 22.87 21.61 19.09 16.31 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem = 22.29 21.61 18.74 16.19 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab = 21.75 21.61 18.43 16.08 t/m2
Pressure at heel end = 20.19 21.61 17.49 15.75 t/m2

HFL Case ULS-1 ULS-2

Vertical Moment@ Factored Factored Factored Factored
Load LF LF
Load Toe Load Moment Load Moment
Dead Load 85.90 381.96 1.35 116.0 515.6 1.35 116.0 515.6
Earth Pressure 8.79 -23.78 1.50 13.2 -35.7 1.00 8.8 -23.8
Live load surcharge 1.98 -16.14 1.20 2.4 -19.4 1.20 2.4 -19.4
Total 131.5 460.6 127.1 472.5

ULS-3 ULS-4
Load Vertical Moment@ LF Factored Factored LF Factored Factored
Dead Load 85.90 381.96 1.00 85.9 382.0 1.00 85.9 382.0
Earth Pressure 8.79 -23.78 1.30 11.4 -30.9 0.85 7.5 -20.2
Live load surcharge 1.98 -16.14 1.00 2.0 -16.1 1.00 2.0 -16.1
Total 99.3 334.9 95.4 345.6

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

CG from Toe 3.502 3.717 3.372 3.625 m
Eccentricity 0.048 0.000 0.178 0.000 m

12
Base Pressure Distribution (Unit:t/m2)

Pmax/min = W/b x (1+-6e/B)

deff of toe = 0.917 m
deff of heel = 0.917 m ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
Pressure at toe end = 19.28 17.91 16.09 13.43 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on toe slab 18.94 17.91 15.15 13.43 t/m2
Pressure at junction of toe and stem 18.75 17.91 14.61 13.43 t/m2
Pressure at junction of heel and stem 18.54 17.91 14.02 13.43 t/m2
Pressure at deff. from junction on heel slab 18.34 17.91 13.47 13.43 t/m2
Pressure at heel end 17.77 17.91 11.89 13.43 t/m2

ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4

LWL HFL LWL HFL LWL HFL LWL HFL
Case Case Case Case Case Case Case Case
Net Pressure at toe end 19.18 17.08 16.46 15.71 14.81 13.89 11.47 11.23
Net Pressure at deff.from jn. on toe slab 18.03 17.34 16.24 16.31 14.04 13.55 11.06 11.83
Net Pressure at junction of toe and stem 17.37 17.50 16.11 16.66 13.59 13.36 10.81 12.18
Net Pressure at junction of heel and stem 2.79 1.79 2.11 1.16 -0.76 -2.73 -3.31 -2.73
Net Pressure at deff.from j. on heel slab 2.34 1.68 2.20 1.24 -0.98 -3.19 -3.33 -2.79
Net Pressure at heel end 1.04 1.37 2.46 1.51 -1.66 -4.51 -3.40 -2.97

Bending Moment for Toe Bending Moment for Heel

Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 58.04 51.07 45.01 35.17 70.07 58.24 60.08 58.28
HFL 53.80 50.07 42.84 36.08 65.84 49.22 73.68 52.78

Shear Force at deff. for Toe Shear Force at face for Heel
Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 29.45 25.88 22.83 17.83 21.68 18.09 17.48 19.12
HFL 27.24 25.34 21.72 18.25 19.81 14.74 23.13 17.11

Bending Moment at deff. for Toe Bending Moment at face for Heel
Case
ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4 ULS-1 ULS-2 ULS-3 ULS-4
LWL 23.27 20.48 18.05 14.10 70.07 58.24 60.08 58.28
HFL 21.57 20.08 17.18 14.47 65.84 49.22 73.68 52.78

Ast Provided
Section
Dia Spacing Dia Spacing
Toe 16 180 12 180
Heel 16 180 16 180

Check for Section Capacity

Actual
Neutral
Design Depth Effective Neutral Mu Mu
Design axis Mu
Design Bending of* Depth Axis Concret of
width depth steel Check
of Moment section Provided depth e section
factor
"x"
t-m m m m k m t-m t-m t-m
Toe 58.04 1.000 0.917 1.000 0.456 0.071 329.7 66.2 66.16 OK
Heel 73.68 1.000 0.917 1.000 0.456 0.091 329.7 83.9 83.92 OK

Check for Shear As per Clause 10.3.2 of IRC 112:2011

Design Shear Resisitance VRd,c = (0.12K(80r1.fck)0.33+0.15scp)bw.d

subject to minimum of = (vmin+0.15scp)bw.d
K = 1+(200/d)0.5 < 2
r1 = Asl/bw.d < 0.02
vmin = 0.031K3/2fck1/2

Toe
Design shear force at deff. VEd = 29.45 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 23.27 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = -7.11 t
Net Design shear = 22.34 t
d = 0.92 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.467
vmin = 0.302
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000

13
r1 = 0.0019
VRd,c = 28.20 t OK

Heel
Design shear force at face of stem VEd = 23.13 t (factored)
Moment corrosponding to shear = 73.68 t (factored)
Shear due to Moment Mtand = -15.62 t
Net Design shear = 7.51 t
d = 0.92 m
bw = 1.00 m
K = 1.467
vmin = 0.302
Factored axial load = 0.000 t Not considered
scp = 0.000
r1 = 0.0024
VRd,c = 29.47 t OK

14