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    Topic 2 Mechanics PDF

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    Gonzalo Pastor
    1) To resolve forces at an angle, we can decompose them into horizontal and vertical components using trigonometry. The component of the force is equal to the total force multiplied by the cosine or sine of the angle, depending on the direction. 2) SUVAT equations describe motion with constant acceleration and can be used to solve for displacement, velocity, acceleration, time, or initial velocity given other variables. Projectile motion involves resolving forces into horizontal and vertical components which follow independent paths. 3) Newton's laws of motion describe the relationship between forces and motion. The first law describes inertia, the second law relates force and acceleration, and the third law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Topic 2 Mechanics PDF

    Uploaded by

    Gonzalo Pastor
    45 views7 pages
    1) To resolve forces at an angle, we can decompose them into horizontal and vertical components using trigonometry. The component of the force is equal to the total force multiplied by the cosine or sine of the angle, depending on the direction. 2) SUVAT equations describe motion with constant acceleration and can be used to solve for displacement, velocity, acceleration, time, or initial velocity given other variables. Projectile motion involves resolving forces into horizontal and vertical components which follow independent paths. 3) Newton's laws of motion describe the relationship between forces and motion. The first law describes inertia, the second law relates force and acceleration, and the third law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

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    Topic 2 Mechanics - www.ibfreestudentnotes.blogspot.com.pdf

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    1) To resolve forces at an angle, we can decompose them into horizontal and vertical components using trigonometry. The component of the force is equal to the total force multiplied by the cosine or sine of the angle, depending on the direction. 2) SUVAT equations describe motion with constant acceleration and can be used to solve for displacement, velocity, acceleration, time, or initial velocity given other variables. Projectile motion involves resolving forces into horizontal and vertical components which follow independent paths. 3) Newton's laws of motion describe the relationship between forces and motion. The first law describes inertia, the second law relates force and acceleration, and the third law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    45 views7 pages

    Topic 2 Mechanics PDF

    Uploaded by

    Gonzalo Pastor
    1) To resolve forces at an angle, we can decompose them into horizontal and vertical components using trigonometry. The component of the force is equal to the total force multiplied by the cosine or sine of the angle, depending on the direction. 2) SUVAT equations describe motion with constant acceleration and can be used to solve for displacement, velocity, acceleration, time, or initial velocity given other variables. Projectile motion involves resolving forces into horizontal and vertical components which follow independent paths. 3) Newton's laws of motion describe the relationship between forces and motion. The first law describes inertia, the second law relates force and acceleration, and the third law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    Topic 2 Mechanics

    Resolving forces

    When a force is at an angle we can resolve it to know what portion of that force would
    act in a horizontal or vertical direction. To resolve this think that you have to multiply it
    by something smaller than 1 to know this magnitude. Therefore your resolved force must
    look a bit like this:
    𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
    GOLDEN RULE: If we know the angle between the force and the component we want,
    we use Cos and if not we use Sin of theta. To remember, think of the line of the angle, if
    this is Connected to where you want to resolve then you use Cos.

    Things to consider
    Displacement
    For questions always decide where zero displacement is. Then decide which way is
    negative and which way is positive.

    Velocity
    If your object is moving in what you call positive direction, then the opposite is the
    negative.

    Acceleration
    The direction of the force tells us the sign of the acceleration.

    SUVAT equations
    Suvat equations for motion in a straight line, remember acceleration is constant in vertical
    motion.
    𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
    𝑣−𝑢
    𝑎=
    𝑡

    1|Page
    𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
    1
    𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
    2
    𝑢+𝑣
    𝑠= 𝑡 (𝑠 = 𝑣̅ · 𝑡)
    2

    𝑢 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
    TIP: Always write down suvat in your exam paper and fill in what you have and don’t.

    Projectiles
    Projectiles are just a combination of suvat and resolving forces.
    Remember that horizontal and vertical motion are totally independent. We can resolve
    both individually. The one that links both is time and the acceleration in the horizontal
    component is always zero.

    Type 1: something launched horizontally


    Ex: Something is thrown horizontally from the top of a cliff 110m high at 12 meters per
    second.
    To resolve this kind of question you can resolve horizontally and vertically.

    Type 2: something thrown into the air at an angle


    To do these questions often times we will have to resolve a certain component of the
    velocity.

    Laws of Newton
    1st Law of Newton: If no resultant force acts on a body, it will remain at rest or at constant
    velocity.
    2nd Law of Newton: If there is a resultant force on a body then it accelerates according
    to 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎.
    3rd Law of Newton: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
    Conditions for Newton’s 3rd Law:
    - Equal in size
    - Opposite direction
    - Has to act on different bodies
    - Same type of force

    2|Page
    Free Body Diagrams
    Shows all the forces acting on an object. You do not show the resultant force (unless
    asked to!) and the forces should originate from the center of gravity. Contact forces should
    originate from the line of contact.

    Body diagrams on a point mass

    Mass on a slope

    Remember! The component of the weight along the slope is always 𝑚𝑔𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃

    3|Page
    Friction
    Solid friction: acts between surfaces.
    Fluid friction: is gas or liquid resistance (air resistance).

    Static Friction (A type of solid friction)


    Static friction is the friction or the force opposing motion when an object is stationary.
    It is given the equation of:
    𝐹𝑓 ≪ 𝜇𝑠 𝑅
    The force must be smaller because after then motion starts and its dynamic friction.

    Dynamic Friction (Also solid friction)


    This friction occurs when an object is in motion.
    𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝑑 𝑅
    Note that the coefficients are different for other materials.

    Work, Energy and Power


    Work done [𝐽]
    Work done = energy transfer
    𝑊 = 𝐹𝑠
    𝑊 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒, 𝐹 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, 𝑠 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
    Remember that the distance (component of the force) must be in the same direction of the
    force. If the force is at an angle then.
    𝑊 = 𝐹𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠 or sin depending on the angle we know.

    Hooke’s Law

    Hooke’s law states that the force exerted on a spring is proportional to its extension.
    𝐹 ∝ Δ𝑥
    𝐹 = 𝑘Δ𝑥

    4|Page
    In this case, since the force is not constant but increasing then the work done is not Fs but
    the average force times the displacement, in this case since at the start the force is zero
    1
    and at the end its F then the average force is 𝐹.
    2

    If 𝐹 = 𝑘Δ𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠 = Δ𝑥


    For a spring:
    1 1
    𝑊 = 𝐹Δ𝑥 = 𝑘Δ𝑥 2 − 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
    2 2
    Power [𝑊]
    𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
    𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
    𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
    Δ𝑊 Δ𝐸
    𝑃= =
    Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡
    𝐹𝑠 𝑠
    𝑃= 𝑏𝑢𝑡 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
    𝑡 𝑡
    ∴ 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣
    Power is often associated with motors and these have an efficiency.
    𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
    % 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = · 100
    𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

    Momentum [𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒔−𝟏 ] (p)


    Conservation of momentum: the momentum at the start is equal to the momentum at
    the end, provided no external force acts.
    𝑣−𝑢
    𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎=
    𝑡
    (𝑚𝑣 − 𝑚𝑢) Δ𝑝
    𝐹= =
    𝑡 Δt
    Impulse: the rate of change in momentum

    Force-time graphs

    5|Page
    Kinetic energy and momentum
    𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
    𝑝2 = 𝑚2 𝑣 2
    𝑝2
    = 𝑚𝑣 2
    𝑚
    𝑝2 1
    = 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝐸𝐾
    2𝑚 2
    In momentum questions there can be:
    Elastic Collision: Kinetic energy and momentum is conserved.
    Inelastic collision: There is a loss in kinetic energy and momentum is conserved.
    Even when a ball hits the ground, momentum is conserved because the world will move
    down as well but we can’t notice it

    Motion graphs

    Δ𝑠 𝑑𝑠
    𝐴𝑣𝑔 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑣̅ = ; 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
    Δ𝑡 𝑑𝑡

    6|Page
    𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑣 − 𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
    𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

    𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

    7|Page

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