Terna Engineering College

Computer Engineering Department

Program: Sem IV

Course: Computer Graphics

Faculty: Sneha Bendale

LAB Manual

PART A

(PART A : TO BE REFFERED BY STUDENTS)

Experiment No.10

A.1 Aim:

Program to perform projection of a 3D object on Projection Plane : Parallel and

Perspective *.

A.2 Prerequisite:
1. C Language.
2. Geometric Concepts.
3. Concept of 2D and 3D basic Transformations.
4. Projection Concepts.

A.3 Outcome:
After successful completion of this experiment students will be able to,

Implement Parallel and Perspective projection of a 3D object on Projection Plane.

A.4 Theory:
In the 2D system, we use only two coordinates X and Y but in 3D, an extra coordinate Z
is added. 3D graphics techniques and their application are fundamental to the
entertainment, games, and computer-aided design industries. It is a continuing area of
research in scientific visualization.
Furthermore, 3D graphics components are now a part of almost every personal
computer and, although traditionally intended for graphics-intensive software such as
games, they are increasingly being used by other applications.

Parallel Projection

Parallel projection discards z-coordinate and parallel lines from each vertex on the
object are extended until they intersect the view plane. In parallel projection, we
specify a direction of projection instead of center of projection.
In parallel projection, the distance from the center of projection to project plane is
infinite. In this type of projection, we connect the projected vertices by line segments
which correspond to connections on the original object.
Parallel projections are less realistic, but they are good for exact measurements. In this
type of projections, parallel lines remain parallel and angles are not preserved. Various
types of parallel projections are shown in the following hierarchy.

Orthographic Projection
In orthographic projection the direction of projection is normal to the projection of the
plane. There are three types of orthographic projections −
Front Projection
Top Projection
Side Projection
Oblique Projection
In orthographic projection, the direction of projection is not normal to the projection of
plane. In oblique projection, we can view the object better than orthographic
projection.
There are two types of oblique projections − Cavalier and Cabinet. The Cavalier
projection makes 45° angle with the projection plane. The projection of a line
perpendicular to the view plane has the same length as the line itself in Cavalier
projection. In a cavalier projection, the foreshortening factors for all three principal
directions are equal.
The Cabinet projection makes 63.4° angle with the projection plane. In Cabinet
projection, lines perpendicular to the viewing surface are projected at ½ their actual
length. Both the projections are shown in the following figure −

Isometric Projections
Orthographic projections that show more than one side of an object are called
axonometric orthographic projections. The most common axonometric projection is an
isometric projection where the projection plane intersects each coordinate axis in the
model coordinate system at an equal distance. In this projection parallelism of lines are
preserved but angles are not preserved. The following figure shows isometric
projection −
Perspective Projection
In perspective projection, the distance from the center of projection to project plane is
finite and the size of the object varies inversely with distance which looks more
realistic.
The distance and angles are not preserved and parallel lines do not remain parallel.
Instead, they all converge at a single point called center of projection or projection
reference point. There are 3 types of perspective projections which are shown in the
following chart.
One point perspective projection is simple to draw.
Two point perspective projection gives better impression of depth.
Three point perspective projection is most difficult to draw.

The following figure shows all the three types of perspective projection −
 PART B
(PART B : TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENTS)

(Students must submit the soft copy as per following segments within two hours of the
practical. The soft copy must be uploaded on the Blackboard or emailed to the
concerned lab in charge faculties at the end of the practical in case the there is no
Black board access available)

Roll No. C14 Name: Pawan Bhadouria

Class : SE_Comps Batch : C1
Date of Experiment: Date of Submission:
Grade :
B.1 Document created by the student:

Parallel:-

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
void draw3d(int s,int x[20],int y[20],int d);
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int x[20],y[20],i,s,d;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
printf("Enter the No of sides : ");
scanf("%d",&s);
for(i=0;i< s;i++)
{
printf("(x%d,y%d) :",i,i);
scanf("%d%d",&x[i],&y[i]);
}
printf("Depth :");
scanf("%d",&d);
draw3d(s,x,y,d);
getch();
setcolor(14);
for(i=0;i< s-1;i++)
{
 line(x[i]+200,y[i],x[i+1]+200,y[i+1]);
}
line(x[i]+200,y[i],x[0]+200,y[0]);
getch();//top view
for(i=0;i< s-1;i++)
{
line(x[i],300,x[i+1],300);
line(x[i],300+d*2,x[i+1],300+d*2);
line(x[i],300,x[i],300+d*2);
line(x[i+1],300,x[i+1],300+d*2);
}
getch();//side view
for(i=0;i< s-1;i++)
{
line(10,y[i],10,y[i+1]);
line(10+d*2,y[i],10+d*2,y[i+1]);
line(10,y[i],10+d*2,y[i]);
line(10,y[i+1],10+d*2,y[i+1]);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
void draw3d(int s,int x[20],int y[20],int d)
{
int i,j,k=0;
for(j=0;j< 2;j++)
{
for(i=0;i< s-1;i++)
line(x[i]+k,y[i]-k,x[i+1]+k,y[i+1]-k);
line(x[i]+k,y[i]-k,x[0]+k,y[0]-k);
k=d;
}
for(i=0;i< s;i++)
line(x[i],y[i],x[i]+d,y[i]-d);
}
Output:-

Perspective:-

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>

main()
{

int x1,y1,x2,y2,gd,gm;
int ymax,a[4][8];
float par[4][4],b[4][8];
int i,j,k,m,n,p;
int xp, yp, zp, x, y, z;

a[0][0] = 100; a[1][0] = 100; a[2][0] = -100;

a[0][1] = 200; a[1][1] = 100; a[2][1] = -100;

a[0][2] = 200; a[1][2] = 200; a[2][2] = -100;

a[0][3] = 100; a[1][3] = 200; a[2][3] = -100;
a[0][4] = 100; a[1][4] = 100; a[2][4] = -200;
a[0][5] = 200; a[1][5] = 100; a[2][5] = -200;

a[0][6] = 200; a[1][6] = 200; a[2][6] = -200;

a[0][7] = 100; a[1][7] = 200; a[2][7] = -200;

detectgraph(&gd,&gm);
initgraph(&gd,&gm, "c:\\tc\\bgi");

ymax = getmaxy();
xp = 300; yp = 320; zp = 100;

for(j=0; j<8; j++)

{
x = a[0][j]; y = a[1][j]; z = a[2][j];

b[0][j] = xp - ( (float)( x - xp )/(z - zp)) * (zp);

b[1][j] = yp - ( (float)( y - yp )/(z - zp)) * (zp);
}

/*- front plane display -*/

for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
x1=(int) b[0][j]; y1=(int) b[1][j];
x2=(int) b[0][j+1]; y2=(int) b[1][j+1];
line( x1,ymax-y1,x2,ymax-y2);

}
x1=(int) b[0][3]; y1=(int) b[1][3];
x2=(int) b[0][0]; y2=(int) b[1][0];
line( x1, ymax-y1, x2, ymax-y2);

/*- back plane display -*/

setcolor(11);
for(j=4;j<7;j++)
{
x1=(int) b[0][j]; y1=(int) b[1][j];
x2=(int) b[0][j+1]; y2=(int) b[1][j+1];
line( x1, ymax-y1, x2, ymax-y2);

}
x1=(int) b[0][7]; y1=(int) b[1][7];
x2=(int) b[0][4]; y2=(int) b[1][4];
line( x1, ymax-y1, x2, ymax-y2);

setcolor(7);
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
x1=(int) b[0][i]; y1=(int) b[1][i];
x2=(int) b[0][4+i]; y2=(int) b[1][4+i];
line( x1, ymax-y1, x2, ymax-y2);
}

getch();

Output:-
B.3 Observations and learning:

PARALELL PROJECTION :

A parallel projection is a particular case of projection in mathematics and graphical

projection in technical drawing. Parallel projections can be seen as the limit of
a central or perspective projection, in which the rays pass through a fixed point called
the center or viewpoint, as this point is moved towards infinity. Put differently, a parallel
projection corresponds to a perspective projection with an infinite focal length (the
distance between the lens and the focal point in photography) or "zoom". In parallel
projections, lines that are parallel in three-dimensional space remain parallel in the two-
dimensional projected image.
PRESPECTIVE PROJECTION :

Perspective (from Latin: perspicere "to see through") in the graphic arts is an

approximate representation, generally on a flat surface (such as paper), of an image as it
is seen by the eye. The two most characteristic features of perspective are that objects
are smaller as their distance from the observer increases; and that they are subject
to foreshortening, meaning that an object's dimensions along the line of sight are
shorter than its dimensions across the line of sight.

B.4 Conclusion:

Thus we have successfully implemented 3D object on Projection Plane:- Parallel and

Perspective.

B.5 Question of Curiosity

Q.1] Differentiate between Parallel and Perspective Projections.

Ans:

Perspective projections:-
1.Size varies inversely with distance- looks realistic
2. Distance and angles are not (in general) preserved
3.Parallel lines do not (in general) remain parallel
Parallel projection:-
1.Less realistic looking
2. Good for exact measurements
3.Parallel lines remain parallel.
4. Angles not (in general) preserved.

Q2.] List various types of Projections and its sub types.

Ans:

Projection in computer graphics means the transformation of a three-dimensional (3D)

area into a two-dimensional (2D) area. The plane in the area into which we transform
(project) objects is called the 'Table'. The most frequently used projections are: 
 parallel
 central
 axonometric

Q3.] Implement Projections:Parallel and Perspective.

Ans:

Parallel:-

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
void draw3d(int s,int x[20],int y[20],int d);
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int x[20],y[20],i,s,d;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
printf("Enter the No of sides : ");
scanf("%d",&s);
for(i=0;i< s;i++)
{
printf("(x%d,y%d) :",i,i);
scanf("%d%d",&x[i],&y[i]);
}
printf("Depth :");
 scanf("%d",&d);
draw3d(s,x,y,d);
getch();
setcolor(14);
for(i=0;i< s-1;i++)
{
line(x[i]+200,y[i],x[i+1]+200,y[i+1]);
}
line(x[i]+200,y[i],x[0]+200,y[0]);
getch();//top view
for(i=0;i< s-1;i++)
{
line(x[i],300,x[i+1],300);
line(x[i],300+d*2,x[i+1],300+d*2);
line(x[i],300,x[i],300+d*2);
line(x[i+1],300,x[i+1],300+d*2);
}
getch();//side view
for(i=0;i< s-1;i++)
{
line(10,y[i],10,y[i+1]);
line(10+d*2,y[i],10+d*2,y[i+1]);
line(10,y[i],10+d*2,y[i]);
line(10,y[i+1],10+d*2,y[i+1]);
}
getch();
closegraph();
}
void draw3d(int s,int x[20],int y[20],int d)
{
int i,j,k=0;
for(j=0;j< 2;j++)
{
for(i=0;i< s-1;i++)
line(x[i]+k,y[i]-k,x[i+1]+k,y[i+1]-k);
line(x[i]+k,y[i]-k,x[0]+k,y[0]-k);
k=d;
}
for(i=0;i< s;i++)
line(x[i],y[i],x[i]+d,y[i]-d);
}

Perspective:-

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>

main()
{

int x1,y1,x2,y2,gd,gm;
int ymax,a[4][8];
float par[4][4],b[4][8];
int i,j,k,m,n,p;
int xp, yp, zp, x, y, z;

a[0][0] = 100; a[1][0] = 100; a[2][0] = -100;

a[0][1] = 200; a[1][1] = 100; a[2][1] = -100;

a[0][2] = 200; a[1][2] = 200; a[2][2] = -100;

a[0][3] = 100; a[1][3] = 200; a[2][3] = -100;

a[0][4] = 100; a[1][4] = 100; a[2][4] = -200;

a[0][5] = 200; a[1][5] = 100; a[2][5] = -200;

a[0][6] = 200; a[1][6] = 200; a[2][6] = -200;

a[0][7] = 100; a[1][7] = 200; a[2][7] = -200;

detectgraph(&gd,&gm);
initgraph(&gd,&gm, "c:\\tc\\bgi");

ymax = getmaxy();
xp = 300; yp = 320; zp = 100;

for(j=0; j<8; j++)

{
x = a[0][j]; y = a[1][j]; z = a[2][j];
b[0][j] = xp - ( (float)( x - xp )/(z - zp)) * (zp);
b[1][j] = yp - ( (float)( y - yp )/(z - zp)) * (zp);
}

/*- front plane display -*/

for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
x1=(int) b[0][j]; y1=(int) b[1][j];
x2=(int) b[0][j+1]; y2=(int) b[1][j+1];
line( x1,ymax-y1,x2,ymax-y2);

}
x1=(int) b[0][3]; y1=(int) b[1][3];
x2=(int) b[0][0]; y2=(int) b[1][0];
line( x1, ymax-y1, x2, ymax-y2);

/*- back plane display -*/

setcolor(11);
for(j=4;j<7;j++)
{
x1=(int) b[0][j]; y1=(int) b[1][j];
x2=(int) b[0][j+1]; y2=(int) b[1][j+1];
line( x1, ymax-y1, x2, ymax-y2);

}
x1=(int) b[0][7]; y1=(int) b[1][7];
x2=(int) b[0][4]; y2=(int) b[1][4];
line( x1, ymax-y1, x2, ymax-y2);

setcolor(7);
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
x1=(int) b[0][i]; y1=(int) b[1][i];
x2=(int) b[0][4+i]; y2=(int) b[1][4+i];
line( x1, ymax-y1, x2, ymax-y2);
}

getch();
}

************************