20 Basic Ubuntu Commands for Beginner:

1. sudo

sudo (SuperUser DO) Linux command allows you to run programs or other commands with
administrative privileges, just like “Run as administrator” in Windows. This is useful when, for
example, you need to modify files in a directory that your user wouldn’t normally have access to.

2. apt-get

apt-get is the one of the most important Ubuntu commands every beginner must know. It is used
to install, update, upgrade and remove any package. apt-get basically works on a database of
available packages. Here is the list of different apt-get commands:

1. sudo apt-get update

apt-get update with super user privileges is the first command you need to run in any Linux
system after a fresh install. This command updates the database and let your system know if
there are newer packages available or not.

2. sudo apt-get upgrade

After updating the package database, next step is to to upgrade the installed packages. For
upgrading all the packages with available updates you can use this command.

And if you like to upgrade a particular package, you should tweak the above command a little:

sudo apt-get upgrade <package-name>

Replace the <package-name> with your desired package.

3. sudo apt-get install

If you know the name of the package, then you can easily install a program using this command:

sudo apt-get install <package-name>

Replace the <package-name> with your desired package.

If you are not sure about the package name, you can type a few letters and press tab and it will
suggest all the packages available with those letters. Thanks for auto-completion feature.

4. sudo apt-get remove

When it comes to removing the installed program apt-get remove command suits your need. You
only have to know the exact package name of the software you want to uninstall.

If you don’t know the package name, use below ubuntu basic command to list all the packages
installed on your system and then copy the package name from the list:

dpkg --list

Now run the apt-get remove command as sudo in order to remove the software:

sudo apt-get remove <package-name>

Replace the <package-name> with the one you copied from the dpkg list.

apt-get remove command only removes the software from your system but not the configuration
or data files of the package. These files help in keeping the same settings when you want to
reinstall the same software.

5. sudo apt-get purge

apt-get purge command is used when you want to remove a software completely from your
system with its configuration or data files so that no longer personalized settings will be
available during reinstallation.

Run the apt-get purge command as sudo in order to remove the software completely:

sudo apt-get purge <package-name>

Replace the <package-name> with the application that you want to remove or copied from the
dpkg list.

6. sudo apt-get autoremove

apt-get autoremove command is used to remove any unnecessary packages. Unnecessary means,
whenever you install an application, the system will also install the software that this application
depends on. It is common in Ubuntu that applications share the same libraries. When you remove
the application the dependency will stay on your system.

So run apt-get autoremove as sudo after uninstalling a package to remove unwanted software
dependencies.
So apt-get autoremove will remove those dependencies that were installed with applications and
that are no longer used by anything else on the system.

3. ls

ls (list) command lists all files and folders in your current working directory. You can also
specify paths to other directories if you want to view their contents.

4. cd

cd (change director”) Linux command also known as chdir used to change the current working
directory. It’s one of the most used basic Ubuntu commands. Using this command is easy, just
type cd followed by the the folder name. You can use full paths to folders or simply the name of
a folder within the directory you are currently working. Some common uses are:

 cd /  – Takes you to the root directory.

 cd .. – Takes you up one directory level.
 cd –  – Takes you to the previous directory.

Here are some examples to how to use cd command in Ubuntu:

Example 1: cd home – open home folder in current directory.

Example 2: cd Linux\ Drive – open Linux Drive named folder in directory. Here you can see I
use backslash because the folder name has spaces so for each space you use “backslash+space”.
Like, if your folder name is “am a programmer” then the cd command will be, “cd am\ a\
programmer”.

5. pwd

pwd (print working directory) Ubuntu command displays the full pathname of the current
working directory.

6. cp

cp (copy) Linux command allows you to copy a file. You should specify both the file you want
to be copied and the location you want it copied to – for example, cp xyz /home/myfiles would
copy the file “xyz” to the directory “/home/myfiles”.

7. mv

mv (move) command allows you to move files. You can also rename files by moving them to the
directory they are currently in, but under a new name. The usage is the same as cp – for example
mv xyz /home/myfiles would move the file “xyz” to the directory “/home/myfiles”.

8. rm

rm (remove) command removes the specified file.

 rmdir (“remove directory”) – Removes an empty directory.

 rm -r (“remove recursively”) – Removes a directory along with its content.

9. mkdir

mkdir (make directory) command allows you to create a new directory. You can specify where
you want the directory created – if you do not do so, it will be created in your current working
directory.
10. history

history command displays all of your previous commands up to the history limit.

11. df

df (display filesystem) command displays information about the disk space usage of all mounted
filesystems.

12. du

du (directory usage) command displays the size of a directory and all of its subdirectories.

13. free
free – Displays the amount of free space available on the system.

14. uname -a

uname -a – Provides a wide range of basic information about the system.

15. top

top – Displays the processes using the most system resources at any given time. “q” can be used
to exit.

16. man

man command displays a “manual page”. Manual pages are usually very detailed, and it’s
recommended that you read the man pages for any command you are unfamiliar with. Some uses
are :

 man man – Provides information about the manual itself.

 man intro – Displays a brief introduction to Linux commands.

17. info

Similar to man, but often provides more detailed or precise information.

18. <command name> -h or <command name> –help

This command is a third alternative to get help. While not as detailed as the info or man pages,
this will provide a quick overview of the command and its uses.

For example: man -h or man -help

19. passwd

passwd Ubuntu basic command is used to change user password using Terminal. What you have
to do is run the below command, where is the username whose password has to change:

passwd <user>

20. whatis

whatis command shows a brief description of what is the functionality of specific built-in Linux
command.

whatis <command>

Some examples are:

  whatis cd
 whatis man
 whatis help

Above commands will display the purpose of cd, man and help commands.

Ubuntu Terminal Shortcuts:

To further ease up your skill, these Ubuntu Terminal keyboard shortcuts would help.

Ubuntu Terminal
Function
Shortcuts
Ctrl + Shift + T Open new tab on current terminal
Ctrl + Shift + W Close the current tab
Ctrl + A Move cursor to beginning of line
Ctrl + E Move cursor to end of line
Ctrl + U Clears the entire current line
Ctrl + K Clears the command from the cursor right
Ctrl + W Delete the word before the cursor
Allows you to search your history for commands matching what you
Ctrl + R
have typed
Ctrl + C Kill the current process
Ctrl + Z Suspend the current process by sending the signal SIGSTOP
Ctrl + L Clears the terminal output
Alt + F Move forward one word
Alt + B Move backward one word
Ctrl + Shift + C Copy the highlighted command to the clipboard
Ctrl + Shift + V or Shift
Paste the contents of the clipboard
+ Insert
To scroll through your command history, allowing you to quickly
Up/Down Arrow keys
execute the same command multiple times
Used to complete the command you are typing. If more than one
command is possible, you can press it multiple times to scroll through
TAB
the possible completions. If a very wide number of commands are
possible, it can output a list of all possible completions.

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