Cartography.

MOOC

Exercise
Exploring Data Classification

Section 2 Exercise 2
04/2019
 Cartography. MOOC

Exploring Data Classification

Instructions
Use this guide and ArcGIS Pro to reproduce the results of the exercise on your own.
Note: The version of ArcGIS Pro that you are using for this course may produce slightly
different results from the screen shots that you see in the course materials.

Time to complete
Approximately 30-45 minutes.

Software requirements
ArcGIS Pro 2.3.2
ArcGIS Pro Standard license (or higher)
Note: For students using their existing ArcGIS Online organizational account, refer to this
Common Question (https://bit.ly/2UAo4xK) to ensure you have the required privileges.

Introduction
All maps are made from data. Part of making a good map is being able to understand and
work with numbers and to appreciate how your manipulation of the data plays a vital role in
the message that your map communicates.
For a lot of topographic mapping, you're symbolizing data that has been surveyed, which
encodes meaning into the coordinates by symbolizing them as points, lines, and areas, often
of different types.
For thematic mapping (https://bit.ly/2OjZvyc), you're often dealing with a dataset that
represents a variable of interest. Your map will likely show certain trends, such as where the
place with the highest or lowest value is, or where certain areas share similar characteristics.
The key is understanding that how you manipulate the data can tell different stories. It is
important to ensure that you are not inadvertently telling a false story.
This exercise uses ArcGIS Pro to explore alternative methods of classifying numerical data for
thematic mapping. Data classification is not unique to thematic mapping, but the techniques
explored here can be used to understand and classify data more generally. You will create a
range of choropleth maps (https://bit.ly/2Max21z) to illustrate how changing the classification
changes the map.

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Step 1: Download the exercise data file

In this step, you will download and save the exercise data file.

a Open a new web browser tab or window.

b Go to https://bit.ly/2qnpg6p and download the exercise data file.

Note: The complete URL to the exercise data file is http://cartperiod.maps.arcgis.com/home/
item.html?id=3e3a38dc4f1d48cab13eadd02fbb1230. The file size is 14 MB.

c Save the file in a location that you will remember.

Step 2: Open an ArcGIS Pro project

You will open the exercise project in ArcGIS Pro to get started.

a If you left ArcGIS Pro open at the end of the previous exercise, browse to and open the
Sec2Ex2_ExploringDataClassification.ppkx file.
Note: If you closed ArcGIS Pro at the end of the previous exercise, start ArcGIS Pro again and,
if necessary, sign in to ArcGIS Pro using your course ArcGIS credentials as documented in
your credentials table. If you do not have a credentials table, complete the two exercises in
Section 1 that are required for all students.

b Browse to and open the Sec2Ex2_ExploringDataClassification.ppkx file.

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The project opens to the UK Election 2015 election map, which includes a single layer
showing the electoral constituencies for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland, and the Dark Gray Canvas basemap layer (which is not turned on).
The project also contains numerical election data for each of the constituencies. You will
classify this data using a variety of methods to visualize the results of the 2015 UK election.

c From the Project tab, click Save As, and type a name for your map, such as
Sec2Ex2_ExploringDataClassification_yourfirstandlastname.aprx.

d Save your map in the same location that you saved the project data.
Note: It is important to save your work regularly in ArcGIS Pro. Remember to save periodically
as you go through this exercise.

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Step 3: Determine the spatial reference of the data

Before classifying the data, you should examine its spatial reference to determine which
coordinate system and projection the data is specified in. This information often helps in later
steps where the coordinate system and projection play an important part of the analysis or
cartography.

a In the Contents pane, double-click the Constituencies layer to open the Layer Properties
dialog box.
Note: You can also right-click the layer name and choose Properties.

b From the Source tab, view the data source information for the layer.

c Scroll down, if necessary, and click Spatial Reference to expand that section.

The spatial reference uses the British National Grid projected coordinate system based on a
Transverse Mercator projection. This option is the most common coordinate system and
projection used for UK data. If you looked at a map of a different part of the world, you would
likely see a different coordinate system and projection being used, one that is more relevant
to that specific area.

d Close the Layer Properties dialog box.

Next, you will turn on the Dark Gray Canvas basemap layer to provide geographical context
for the map.

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e In the Contents pane, turn on the Dark Gray Canvas layer, and then, if necessary, zoom
out to see all of the UK.

Now you can see how the projected coordinate system that is being used warps the rest of
the world map.

Step 4: Explore the data

To ensure that the message of your map is clear and accurate, you must understand the data
before classifying it.

a Open the Constituencies layer attribute table.

Hint: Right-click the Constituencies layer > Attribute Table.

b Examine the field names in the attribute table, and use the field descriptions in the
following table to learn more about the data.
Note: You can dock the attribute table pane in different parts of your window or make it larger
or smaller by clicking and dragging the border.

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Your goal here is to get familiar with the data, which is important before working with it or
making a map.

Field name Description

ID Alphanumeric code used to identify individual constituencies.
Constituency The name of the electoral constituency.
Headline The result of the election showing which political party won and by how
much.
Winning_MP The name of the winning member of Parliament who represents the winning
political party.
First Abbreviated name of the winning political party in that constituency.
First_Votes The number of votes for the winning political party in that constituency.
First_Share The overall share of votes for the winning political party in that constituency
(largest share wins).
Second Abbreviated name of the political party that came second in that
constituency.
Second_Votes The number of votes for the political party that came second in that
constituency.
Second_Share The overall share of votes for the political party that came second in that
constituency.
Third Abbreviated name of the political party that came third in that constituency.
Third_Votes The number of votes for the political party that came third in that
constituency.
Third_Share The overall share of votes for the political party that came third in that
constituency.
Other_Votes The number of votes for all other political parties combined in that
constituency.
Other_Share The overall share of votes for all other political parties combined in that
constituency.
Turnout The number of people who actually voted in the constituency.
Electorate The total number of eligible voters in the constituency.

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c After you have examined the data, close the attribute table.
Now that you have an idea of the data available in the layer, you will create several choropleth
maps to see how changing the data classification changes the message of the map.

Step 5: Create a map using a natural breaks classification

You will make a simple choropleth map (graduated colors (https://bit.ly/2npJJqc)) to show the
voter-turnout percentage as a proportion of the total electorate in each constituency.

a In the Contents pane, right-click the Constituencies layer and choose Copy.

b Right-click the UK Election 2015 map view item and choose Paste.

c Double-click the new layer name to open the Layer Properties dialog box.

d On the General tab, in the Name field, type Constituencies_natural breaks as the name
for the new layer and click OK.

e Turn off the Constituencies layer.

f Open the Symbology pane for the Constituencies_natural breaks layer.

Hint: With the new layer selected, click the Appearance tab and choose Symbology.
Alternatively, in the Contents pane, you can right-click the layer name and choose
Symbology. If the Symbology pane is not docked, right-click the pane title and choose Dock.
In the Symbology pane, the Primary Symbology drop-down list provides several options for
symbolizing the layer. You will first draw quantities using graduated colors, with darker colors
indicating higher percentages.

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Graduated color symbology shows a quantitative difference between mapped features by

varying the color of symbols. Data is classified into ranges that are each assigned a different
color from a color scheme (https://bit.ly/2req3YA) that represents the range. For instance, if
your classification scheme has five classes, five different symbol colors are assigned. Maps
that vary in color in this way are called choropleth maps. Choropleth maps apply different
shades of the same color so that lighter shades match lower data values and darker shades
match higher data values.

g For Primary Symbology, choose Graduated Colors.

h For Field, choose Turnout.

The Turnout field contains the number of people who actually voted in the constituency.
Choosing Turnout for the field will display the data totals. However, you should not map totals
with a choropleth map because the areas and base population data differ between areas,
which makes comparing areas across the map problematic. To create a final map that
supports visual comparison like-for-like across the whole map, you must first account for
underlying geographical and population differences. You can achieve this by normalizing the
data, either by calculating a new field or by selecting a field to normalize against. Normalizing
divides each data value by a common denominator, turning totals into rates. Mapping rates
will result in a map that supports visual comparisons between areas.

i For Normalization, choose Electorate.

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Because you want to show the percentage of voter turnout as a proportion of the total
electorate, you normalize against the Electorate field, which contains the total number of
eligible voters in the constituency.

Choropleth map symbolized with graduated colors, using the natural breaks (Jenks) data classification method.

The default classification method, natural breaks (Jenks) (https://bit.ly/2OWsglO), and the
number of classes are applied.
Now you have a default choropleth map showing the percentage turnout classified into five
classes by the natural breaks method. Lower turnout is shown with lighter symbols, and higher
turnout is shown with darker symbols, as you can see in the legend.

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Looking at the map and the legend, what patterns do you see? What message does the
classification communicate? With all of the different classification methods, you'll likely see
areas of high rates relative to low rates. However, there are always subtle differences in the
resulting maps. So, for instance, does a particular technique make it easy to see the highest
and lowest areas, or does it cause these areas to become grouped with other areas? How is
the data distributed across the whole map? Are there sharp changes between some areas that
need further demarcating, or are the changes more gradual across space? Keep these and
other questions in mind as you go through the exercises, because changing the classification
method changes not only the map but also the map's message.
The natural breaks (Jenks) classification method uses classes based on the groupings inherent
in the data. This method identifies the class breaks that best group similar values and
maximize the differences between classes. It divides the features into classes whose
boundaries are set where there are relatively big differences in the data values.

j At the bottom of the Symbology pane, notice the labels associated with the symbols.

The labels show the proportion of turnout as a value between 0 and 1. However, a
percentage would be more meaningful. You can change the labels to show a percentage by
clicking each label and typing a new value and the percent symbol (for example, 0.5940

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becomes 59.4%). You could label each class in many different ways, including showing class
intervals (0–59.4, 50.5–64.4, and so on), but for now, you will just make a simple change to
the default.

k Update the labels for the symbols to percentages using the following values:

• Change ≤0.594002 to ≤59.4%

• Change ≤0.643998 to ≤64.4%
• Change ≤0.684001 to ≤68.4%
• Change ≤0.723005 to ≤72.3%
• Change ≤0.818995 to ≤81.9%

l In the Contents pane, examine the map legend and notice how the percentages make the
data and symbology more meaningful.

m Save the map.

Hint: On the ArcGIS Pro ribbon, click the Project tab, and then click Save.

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When using graduated color symbology, you can select the different view modes in the
Symbology pane to see your data classification in different ways.

View Description
mode
Classes Allows you to manage the symbol, values, descriptive labels, and grouping of
the symbol classes.
Histogram Offers a visual tool for editing the classes and understanding how the data is
represented by different classification methods.
Scales Allows you to specify the scale ranges in which each symbol class draws (this tool
is not particularly useful for this exercise).

n In the Symbology pane, click the Histogram tab to see how the data is distributed.
Ensure that you check the histogram view for this map and all subsequent classification maps
to see how the data distribution relates to the different classification schemes.

o Experiment with changing the number of classes by changing the classes drop-down in
the Symbology pane.
Do fewer classes help simplify and clarify the message of the map? Do more classes give a
different message? A good rule of thumb is to limit the number of classes to between four
and seven. Too few and you lose a great deal of variation in how the data is presented. Too
many and it becomes hard to see subtle differences between areas classified slightly
differently.
Note: For more information about data classification, refer to The Basics of Data Classification
(https://bit.ly/2aMWAzN).
Now you will explore different classification techniques and see how they affect the way the
data appears on the map. Remember that you can pan and zoom the map as you do this. As
you change settings, you will notice that the legend in the Contents pane updates and that
the changes are automatically applied to the map.
Note: Refer to ArcGIS Pro Help for more information about data classification methods (https:
//bit.ly/2ql2WeF).
As you make changes, consider the visual impression of the data's pattern and distribution.
Ask yourself what each method shows and what the key aspect of the highlighted data is.
Differences will sometimes be pronounced and, other times, subtle. All have consequences
for how people read and interpret the pattern.

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Step 6: Create a map using a quantile classification

In a quantile classification, each class contains an equal number of features. A quantile
classification is well suited to linearly distributed data. Quantile classification assigns the same
number of data values to each class, resulting in no empty classes or in classes with too few or
too many values.
Because features are grouped in equal numbers in each class, the resulting map won't
necessarily reflect the underlying data distribution. Similar features might be placed in
adjacent classes, and features with widely different values might be put in the same class. You
can minimize this distortion by increasing the number of classes, although this introduces
other trade-offs.

a In the Contents pane, right-click the Constituencies_natural breaks layer and choose
Copy.

b Right-click the UK Election 2015 map view item and choose Paste.

c Name the new layer Constituencies_quantile.

d Turn off the Constituencies_natural breaks layer.

e In the Symbology pane for the Constituencies_quantile layer, change Method to Quantile.

What differences or similarities do you notice with the change in classification method? What
patterns are visible? What is the key aspect of the data that is highlighted with this
classification method? Remember, you can vary the number of classes to see how that
changes things.
Hint: In the Contents pane, turn the Constituencies_natural breaks and
Constituencies_quantile layers on and off to see the differences between the maps.

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Choropleth map symbolized with graduated colors, using the quantile data classification method.

f Save the map.

Hint: On the ArcGIS Pro ribbon, click the Project tab, and then click Save.

g Examine the histogram view for this map to see how the classification method has been
applied across the data distribution.

Step 7: Create a map using an equal interval classification

The equal interval classification (https://bit.ly/2vUK6gx) divides the range of data values into
equal-sized subranges. ArcGIS Pro will automatically determine the class breaks based on the
value range. For example, if you specify three classes for a field whose values range from 0 to
300, the application will create three classes with ranges of 0–100, 101–200, and 201–300.

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Equal interval is best applied to familiar data ranges, such as percentages and temperature.
This method emphasizes the amount of an attribute value relative to other well-known values.

a In the Contents pane, copy the Constituencies_natural breaks layer, and then paste it into
the Contents pane.

b Name the new layer Constituencies_equal interval.

c Turn off the Constituencies_quantile layer.

d In the Symbology pane, change Method to Equal Interval.

Choropleth map symbolized with graduated colors, using the equal interval data classification method.

What is the key aspect of the data that is highlighted with this classification method?
Remember, you can vary the number of classes to see how things change.

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e Examine the histogram view for this map to see how the classification method has been
applied across the data distribution.

f Save the map.

Hint: On the ArcGIS Pro ribbon, click the Project tab, and then click Save.
You explored three of the most common classification methods, but there are many more. We
encourage you to explore other methods on your own.

Conclusion
You have explored a range of classification techniques and learned that there are numerous
ways to classify a single dataset. Therefore, there is ample opportunity to represent the data
well or poorly, objectively or persuasively.
For any dataset that you classify, first determine which method of classification will most
effectively communicate your message without obfuscating the truth.
You'll use this same dataset in a future exercise to create different thematic maps and study
color and symbology in more detail. However, for now, the most important lesson to
understand is that data can be manipulated to tell different stories.

Stretch Goal
Continue exploring the classification of numerical data with the following stretch goal:

• Classify some of the other data in the UK Election 2015 dataset. Observe how the
different classification techniques can be used to tease out aspects of different data.

Note: Any fields with "_Share" in their names are already percentages and do not need to be
normalized.
Post your questions and observations about this stretch goal in the Lesson Forum. Be sure to
include the #stretch hashtag in your post title. We'd love to hear about any experimenting
you did beyond the steps of the original exercise!

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