CADM Unit Geometric Modeling - Surfaces

Geometric Modeling Approaches
The basic geometric modelling

approaches available to designers on
CAD/CAM systems are:
1.Wire-frame modeling.
2.Surface modeling.
3.Solid modeling.
What type of
model is this?
CAD Software applications
CAD software can be divided based upon the
technology used:
1. 2-D drawing. Its applications include,
➢ Mechanical part drawing
➢ Printed-circuit board design and layout
➢ Facilities layout
2. Basic 3-D drawing (such as wire-frame modelling)
3. Sculptured surfaces (such as surface modelling)
4. 3-D solid modelling
5. Engineering analysis
Geometric Modeling
Geometric modelling refers to a set
of techniques concerned mainly
with developing efficient
representations of geometric
aspects of a design.
Therefore, geometric modelling is a
fundamental part of all CAD tools.
Geometric modeling is the
basis for many
applications such as…
•Mass property calculations.
•Mechanism analysis.
•Finite-element modelling.
•NC programming.
Requirements of geometric
modelling include:
• Completeness of the part representation.
• The modelling method should be easy

to use by designers.
• Rendering capabilities (which means

how fast the entities can be accessed
and displayed by the computer).
Wire-frame Modeling
• Wire-frame modelling uses points and curves (i.e.
lines, circles, arcs), and so forth to define objects.
• The user uses edges and vertices of the part to form

a 3-D object
Wire-frame model part

Example
Surface Modeling
Surface modeling is more sophisticated
than wireframe modeling in that it defines
not only the edges of a 3D object, but also
its surfaces.
In surface modeling, objects are

defined by their bounding faces.
SURFACE ENTITIES
Similar to wireframe entities, existing CAD/CAM systems
provide designers with both analytic and synthetic surface
entities.
Analytic entities include :
•Plane surface,
•Ruled surface,
•Surface of revolution, and
•Tabulated cylinder.
Synthetic entities include
•The bicubic Hermite spline surface,
•B-spline surface,
•Rectangular and triangular Bezier patches,
•Rectangular and triangular Coons patches, and
•Gordon surface.
Plane surface. This is the simplest surface. It requires
three noncoincident points to define an infinite plane.
Ruled (lofted) surface. This is a linear surface. It interpolates
linearly between two boundary curves that define the surface
(rails). Rails can be any wireframe entity. This entity is ideal to
represent surfaces that do not have any twists or kinks.
Surface of revolution. This is an axisymmetric surface
that can model axisymmetric objects. It is generated
by rotating a planar wireframe entity in space about
the axis of symmetry a certain angle.
Tabulated cylinder. This is a surface generated
by translating a planar curve a certain distance
along a specified direction (axis of the cylinder).
Bezier surface. This is a surface that approximates
given input data. It is different from the previous
surfaces, that it is a synthetic surface. Similarly to the
Bezier curve, it does not pass through all given data
points. It is a general surface that permits, twists, and
kinks. The Bezier surface allows only global control of
the surface.
B-spline surface. This is a surface that can
approximate or interpolate given input data. It is
a synthetic surface. It is a general surface like
the Bezier surface but with the advantage of
permitting local control of the surface.
A Complex surface Engineering model
Solid Modeling
Solid models give designers a complete
descriptions of constructs, shape, surface,
volume, and density.
In CAD systems, there are number of
representation schemes for solid
modeling include:
1. Primitive creation functions.
2. Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
3. Sweeping
4. Boundary Representation (B-REP)
Primitive creation
functions:
These functions
retrieve a solid of a
simple shape from
among the primitive
solids stored in the
program in advance
and create a solid of
the same shape but of
the size specified by
the user.
Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
CSG uses primitive
shapes as building
blocks and Boolean
set operators (U
union, difference,
and 
intersection) to
construct an object.
Sweeping
Sweeping Sweeping is a
modeling function in
which a planar closed
domain is translated or
revolved to form a
solid. When the planar
domain is translated, the
modeling activity is
called translational
sweeping; when the
planar region is
revolved, it is called
swinging, or rotational
sweeping.
Boundary Representation
Objects are represented by their bounded faces.

B-Rep Data Structure

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Geometric Modeling Approaches

The basic geometric modelling

• The modelling method should be easy

• Rendering capabilities (which means

• The user uses edges and vertices of the part to form

Wire-frame model part

In surface modeling, objects are

Objects are represented by their bounded faces.

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