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National Seminar on Maize for Crop Diversification under Changing Climatic Scenario
National Seminar
On
Maize for Crop Diversification under Changing Climatic Scenario
February 9-10, 2020
Maize Technologist Association of India
In Collaboration with
ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana and
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
Souvenir and Book of Abstracts
Compiled and edited by
Dharam Paul Chaudhary
Shanti Devi Bamboriya
Abhijit K. Das
Pardeep Kumar
Sumit Kumar Aggarwal
Ramesh Kumar
Sujay Rakshit
Sponsors
Platinum sponsors
Gold Sponsors
Silver Sponsors
Wng W
Wng W ֠W II
n , WR ⺄ 110012
INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

KRISHI ANUSANDHAN BHAWAN II
PUSA, NEW DELHI 110 012
. WW n⺄
⺄ W 䁕ā 〲 ֠ W ⿨࿿퍐˓쁄 ๲ :91 11 25842068, ࿀瞄 ๲ :91 11 25841976
Ph.: 91 11 25842068(O), Fax: 91 11 25841976
Dr Anand Kumar Singh
email: [email protected]
Deputy Director General
[email protected]
(Hort Sci )
Message
Corn or maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important food crop at global level. In
India also, strong R&D has resulted into significant improvements in maize productivity and
production during the last two decades. The systematic efforts and emphasis on single cross
hybrids with matching technologies on crop production and protection have led to
enhancement in production and productivity maize at all India level. Further, specialty corns
or maize such as, baby corn and sweet corn with short to medium duration cropping period
can play important role in diversification in peri urban and urban agricultural systems and
nutrition garden. Recognizing the importance of maize in the changing climatic scenario and
the significant role it may play towards crop diversification, the Indian Institute of Maize
Research has taken several R&D programmes for science and technology driven support to
farmers and other stakeholders. The Institute is working on various R&D aspects concerning
remodeling the cropping systems to usher in an ever green revolution in the country including
the North Western Plain Zones.
I am happy to know that a National Seminar on “Maize for Crop Diversification

under Changing Climatic Scenario” is being organized on 9 & 10 February 2020 by Maize
Technologist Association of India, ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana in
collaboration of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
I hope the R&D issues concerning production and utilization of maize will be
discussed at length in the proposed National Seminar and a road map for maize based
sustainable agricultural progress in the country prepared. I congratulate the organizers and
extend my best wishes for success of the event.
(Anand Kumar Singh)

u ⺄ January 31, 2020
࿿퍐 ( ˓ )
Dr P K Chakrabarty ARS, FNAAS
Member (Plant sciences)
Message
I am delighted to learn that a National Seminar on “Maize for Crop Diversification

under Changing Climatic Scenario” is being organized at Ludhiana during 9 10
February, 2020, jointly by Maize Technologist Association of India, ICAR Indian
Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana and Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
The intensive agriculture being practiced in the Indo Gangatic plain zone to meet
nutritional and food security needs has, resulted in surface and ground water depletion,
soil degradation, nutrient depletion and environmental pollution. The major challenge
now being faced by the government and agricultural scientists is to diversify the
intensive rice cultivation. Maize based cropping system holds immense potential in this
regard. Maize is a globally important crop having high yield potentials. It is very much
suitable for many Indian terrains and cropping systems where it not only has potential to
cut down on surface water depletion but also can enhance farm productivity and
farmer’s income through diversification of crops and increasing total factor productivity.
State like West Bengal has lots of potential in replacing Boro rice cultivation with maize
cultivation cutting down on the surface irrigation. Similarly the crop can also be grown
as intercrop with winter vegetables like peas, etc. fetching farmers additional income
from same land. Maize can also serve as a substitute for sugarcane in UP where it is
surplus in production and thus can aid in rationing of water while increasing production
of maize. States like TN which imports maize for poultry from Haryana may cultivate the
crop sharing areas under cotton.
Recent report of invasive fall army worm in maize however, posed a new challenge in
large scale cultivation of the crop in India. This pest along with other biotic and abiotic
causes can pose serious challenge to production and needs serious interventions. I am
hopeful that the deliberations to be held in the upcoming National Seminar will
definitely serve to design new road map for the better future of this crop.
I wish the National Seminar a great success.
P K Chakrabarty
Foundation Day
cum Inaugural
Address
National Seminar on ‘’Maize for Crop Diversification under Changing Climatic Scenario’’, Ludhiana, Feb 09-10, 2020
MAIZE FOR CROP DIVERSIFICATION UNDER CHANGING CLIMATE

SCENARIO
Sh Suresh Kumar, IAS (retd)

Chief Principal Secretary, Govt. of Punjab
Maize is an important food crop after wheat and rice in the world. It is not
only a food crop, but also as an industrial crop, besides its use for feed and fodder
purposes. Globally, maize is cultivated in 170 countries on over 185 million hectares
with a productivity of 5.62 t/ha. USA and China contribute around 35 and 21 per cent
of total global production, respectively. India ranks fourth in area and sixth in the
production.
The importance of maize in Asia’s cropping systems has grown rapidly in
recent years, with several countries showing impressive growth in its production and
productivity. There is scope for further expansion of maize area in the region with
innovations in crop improvement, management and diversification. International and
national institutions engaged in maize research and developments are also
emphasizing technology targeting and partnerships involving all stakeholders through
capacity development to effectively up scale innovations for greater impact. Some of
the innovations like single cross maize hybrids, quality protein maize (QPM),
genetically modified (GM) maize, conservation agriculture (CA), small farm
mechanization, transplanted maize, technologies for winter and spring maize, baby
corn, sweet corn, biofuel production, etc. offer exciting opportunities for future
growth and development of maize in the region.
Maize production has shown a tremendous growth in the country, which was
possible mostly due to area expansion and adoption of improved production
technologies. It is mainly used as food, feed, fodder and also has huge application as
industrial raw material. Current production of maize in India is around 28 million
MTs, of which roughly 62% is used as feed, 18% for industrial purposes, around 10%
for export, 6% as food and 4% for other purposes including seed. The increased
production has been achieved due to increasing demand particularly in feed industry.
Presently, around 15 MMTs of maize is used as animal feed and country’s demand for
this would be about 32 MMTs by 2025. Indian starch industry is growing rapidly
which would require 15 MMTs by 2025 from the present level of 4.25 MMTs. From a
net importer of maize till late 1980s, India has emerged as maize grain exporter and
would have the opportunity to export about 10 MMTs of maize by 2025.
Punjab played a key role in making the country self reliant in food production
through Green Revolution. Hard working, dynamic and resilient farmers of the state
have transformed the nation from a ‘food deficit’ to ‘food surplus’ country. However,
the extensive cultivation of high yielding wheat and rice has caused overexploitation
of the precious natural resources namely water and soil. To address this, the state
needs to diversify from rice cultivation to other high yielding kharif crops. Maize is
the most suitable alternative and there is a need to rework government’s strategies and
programs to achieve significant enhancement in maize cultivation in the state.
The impact of climate change on agricultural production is the most prominent
in the tropics and subtropics. South Asia is particularly vulnerable for multiple
stresses due to tropical climatic conditions. India is also facing extreme weather
events like flooding, high temperature, drought, reduction in wet days, and reduction
in sunshine etc. due to accelerated climate change.
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Kharif maize dominates the maize scenario, where more than 80% of the area
is rainfed, which is the main reason for lower maize productivity in India. Drought is
observed is a major constraint across the rainfed environments. Directly and indirectly
cereal crops, viz., wheat, rice and maize account for approximately 50% of human
food calories. Among these top cereals, water requirement of maize is the lowest (500
mm) as compared to that of rice (2100 mm) and wheat (650 mm). Further, cultivation
of rice during kharif season over a period of 5 decades has led to one of the major
serious concerns of lowering ground water table in Punjab. Punjab is thus facing the
challenge of long term sustainability of agriculture, which can be addressed through
diversification of the rice with maize. Being a less water demanding crop, shifting
from rice to maize could immediately address the issue of declining water table.
Burning of rice straw is another major issue particularly in Punjab and the
nation as a whole due to the very short window available between harvesting of rice
and sowing of wheat. It can be addressed by shifting from rice to maize cultivation.
The productivity of maize in kharif-dominated states like in Rajasthan (1.6 t/ha) and
Gujarat (1.6 t/ha) is quite low. Cultivation of composites and local landraces in these
regions is one of the main reasons of such lower yield. Yield capacity of single cross
hybrids (SCH) is much higher than composites, synthetics and OPVs. Thus, more and
more farmers’ fields should be covered under SCH to get a handsome return. Again,
seed companies including public and private sector produce only 50 60 thousand
tonnes of single cross hybrids (SCH) seed, which can cover about 25 30% of acreage
under maize. Timely availability of improved seed is still an issue. Adoption of
improved cultivation practices needs to be up scaled. Thus timely availability of
hybrid seeds of high yielding varieties to the farmers has to be ensured to achieve
maize as a credible option to replace rice cultivation.
With climate changes, diseases like PFSR and BLSB and insect pests like
stem borer are becoming more serious. A new invasive pest, fall armyworm is posing
new threat to the food security of the country. Therefore, development of high
yielding climate resilient hybrids with in built resistance and tolerance to diseases,
pests and various abiotic stresses and adaption of such varieties by farmers are
required.
Maize is used worldwide for bioethanol production. In India, we are importing
crude oil to meet our energy demand. Ethanol is not only a greener form of energy but
also lets India to reduce its energy imports. In the year 2018 19, requirement of
ethanol was 511 crore litres but the availability was about 30% of the total demand.
This can attain blending target of 5.5%, whereas it is fixed at 20% by 2020. This
further highlights that in the coming years, the demand for ethanol and consequently
for maize, is going to rise exponentially. We should thus focus on producing more
ethanol as it will help to cut imports, increase farmers’ income and promote local
industry.
Cultivation of maize can address a number of other issues to promote
ecological balance and environmental sustainability. Maize based conservation
agriculture can help in maintaining the soil fertility and soil ecosystem. The adoption
of zero tillage resource conservation in maize cultivation will help to improve
environmental quality by reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. Maize
cultivation will also enable the farmers to achieve reduced cost of electricity on water
pumping, reduced risk of terminal heat stress in wheat due to advanced planting,
reduced groundwater pollution because of less use of pesticide in maize production
etc. The required technologies like suitable high yielding single cross hybrid maize
cultivars, efficient weed management system, machineries for mechanized cultivation
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of maize and conservation agriculture practices are available to promote maize as an

alternative crop for crop diversification. For this, our agriculture scientists and
researchers and more importantly ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana
deserve appreciation for their commendable work.
To mitigate the serious effects of climate change, systematic and stepwise
strategy involving research and policy changes is required, so that future demand of
maize for food, feed, fodder, and raw materials for industries is fulfilled. The most
climate change vulnerable pockets of the country where water scarcity is likely to be a
problem in the near future need to be identified using the most advanced information
system at district and sub district levels so that the high yielding drought tolerant
single cross hybrid technology recommended for a particular area could be used to
replace the more water consuming crops like rice. Often there is a yield gap in the
potential and actual yield of maize in farmers field, which hinders in wider adoption
by the farmers. It is some time attributed to low plant population in farmers field, thus
designing new plant architecture for high density planting is an obvious breeding
target to break the maize productivity plateau. The end product of maize is hybrids
which is a product of a cross between two inbred lines, therefore development of
suitable inbred lines in the shortest period of time using accelerated breeding
approach like doubled haploid (DH) technology can help to accelerate the maize yield
than that of other crops in no time and ensure high remuneration to maize farmers. As
the demand for ethanol is going to increase, focused research on newer methods for
production of ethanol more efficiently and identification of maize hybrids more prone
to ethanol production is also required.
Appropriate policy and programme interventions from the government can
definitely make an impact in favour of crop diversification through maize. One of the
major stimuli to farmers is assured market through government procurement of maize
at minimum support price (MSP) as in the case of rice and wheat. Development of
proper infrastructure is another aspect, which can promote maize diversification
particularly for specialty corns like sweet corn, baby corn and popcorn as the demand
for these is increasing day by day in the country. The silage prepared from maize of
best quality is highly preferred over silage of other crops. Hence, the cultivation of
fodder and silage maize is another avenue to bring crop diversification. Establishment
of linkages between the specialty corn (baby corn and sweet corn), fodder and silage
cultivation farms and dairy farms could further boost livestock industry and will also
ensure better remuneration to maize farmers.
One of the major drawbacks of maize cultivation is lesser mechanization of
maize farming as compared to rice and wheat. Promotion of mechanized maize
cultivation through arrangement of machines like combine harvester, dehusker, maize
sheller and maize grain dryers etc. to the farmers on custom hire basis, will help to
achieve the goal. Establishment of end user industries like food, feed and starch
industries and storage facilities would promote entrepreneurship and attract
investment in agriculture and create competition in the market. Deficiency price
support, differential interest rates for cheaper credit and competitive crop insurance
schemes that will help in encouraging maize cultivation over other crops, need to be
introduced to ensure adequate margins and incomes to the maize farmers. And if the
government wakes up to these realities of farming as a main source of livelihood for
the majority of our population, the country can perhaps achieve the target of raising
farmers' income and reducing the stress natural resources much faster.
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Lead Lectures
MAIZE FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN CHANGING CLIMATE
Baldev S Dhillon1, Surinder K Sandhu2 and J S Chawla3

1
Vice Chancellor, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
2
Principal Maize Breeder, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
3
Incharge, Maize Section, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
Climate change and its affect on agricultural production are intertwined.

Temperature and moisture extremes, unseasonal rainfall, droughts, floods, cloud
bursts and cyclonic storms etc. are becoming more frequent. The impacts of climate
volatility on our cropland area; cropping systems and their productivity; on severity
and alteration of biotic and abiotic stresses, have emerged as serious challenges for
scientific community and policy makers. The ost recent example of the threats due to
climate change and volatility is the spread of desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, in
western parts of India in winters of 2019 20. The locust attack in India used to subside
by mid November but it has persisted in winter months due to favourable weather for
its breeding. The prolonged monsoon and development of unusual weather
disturbances in the form of continuous cyclonic winds over parts of Rajasthan and
Punjab may be the possible reasons (Locust Warning Organization, personal comm.).
As per Dr. Mohammad Ashraf, Vice Chancellor, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, the current locust outbreak of locust in Pakistan was unanticipatedand was
initially expected to subside by mid November. However, the outbreak has persisted
due to climate change induced favourable weather conditions allowing the locust to
breed.
There are many other examples of changes in incidence and severity of pests.
One of these is the deadly polyphagous pest fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera
frugiperda, with a strong preference for maize. It is native to tropical and subtropical
regions of the America and has invaded maize in India, as recently as May 2018.
Since its first report from Karnataka, it has spread to almost all the states (except
Himalayan region).
Pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens, a key insect pest of paddy, was earlier
restricted to the peninsular India. Its incidence was reported in other crops also. In
Punjab, it used to appear in paddy but not in wheat, till recently. Both pink stem borer
and army worm have infested early sown wheat in Punjab in November December
2019 and 2020. Though, the changing cropping system, i.e. predominance of paddy
wheat crop rotation, may have hastened the incidence of some pests, yet the major
factor underlying the new threats is climate change aided biological and ecological
adaptation of the pests to the conditions in new areas. In this scenario, we need to shift
our agriculture towards more resilience and sustainability to ensure national food and
nutritional security and farmers’ livelihood. Maize can play an important role in this.
Maize (Zea mays L.), the queen of cereals, surpasses all other cereals and food
crops in its ability to adapt to diverse agro ecological niches and being cultivated
from 58oN to 55oS latitude. In India, it is traditionally a kharif season crop, but it is
now cultivated in spring season too. The expansion started in 1960s or may be 50s,
first to rabi and then to spring season. Further, maize, being a C4 plant, is
physiologically highly efficient. The demand for maize is expected to increase in
coming years, the major drivers for which in India include demand for feed for
expanding livestock and poultry sector and fodder; processed foods like corn flakes,
bakery products, fine cereals and maize based concentrates due to changing lifestyle;
4
and raw material for expanding industrial sector (starch, ethanol, rubber, paper,
cosmetics, pharmaceuticals etc.).
In India, maize is the third most important cereal crop after rice and wheatand
accounts for around 10 per cent of total food grain production in the country. It was
grown over an area of about 9.38 million ha, contributing 28.7 million t in 2017 18
and engaging about 15 million farmers. The national productivity was 3.06 t/ha. In
Punjab, it was grown on 386 thousand ha during 1965 66 and had peak acreage of 577
thousand ha during 1975 76. In 2017 18, it was cultivated on 114 thousand ha and
had a productivity of 3.71 t/ha. The productivity at the national level and that of state
is lower than of many countries, even after duly considering the different agro
ecologies, which underlines the need to reorient our research strategies.
In Punjab, the area under paddy cultivation has continuously increased since
green revolution (293 thousand ha in 1960 61 to 3.10 million ha in 2018 19). Besides
improved technologies, Government policies (assured minimum support price and
procurement, provision of subsidy on inputs etc.) aimed at National food security
have contributed to this expansion. This has reduced on farm diversity which is a
must to provide resilience under climate change. The paddy dominant agriculture is
also disinheriting the state of its groundwater resources. Besides this loss, the
lowering groundwater table necessitates the farmers to spend more funds for
installation and operation of deeper tubewells. With a little in house demand in the
state, >85% of paddy produce is moving out of state, leading to severe soil nutrient
mining and deterioration in soil health. There is environmental pollution due to
mismanagement of paddy straw. With surplus availability of food grains, there is
likelihood of diminishing demand of paddy from Punjab.
Diversification of agriculture provides a solution to most of these concerns.
Kharif maize, with less water requirement than paddy, has been recognized as one of
the feasible alternatives to replace predominant wheat paddy with maize paddy
cropping cycle. Besides water saving, maize wheat cropping system gives about 10%
higher wheat productivity than paddy wheat rotation. But poor competitiveness of
maize vs. paddy due to lower and unstable yields, demand and market price, paddy
cultivation oriented infrastructure, mechanization, markets and processing are major
issues facing a large scale cultivation of maize.
As the nation move towards doubling the farmer’s income by 2022 and to
achieve maize production target of about 50 60 million tonnes by 2030, there is a
clarion call to devise research strategies to design maize for higher production and
sustainable agriculture. In today’s era, new sciences of genomics, proteomicsand
precision agriculture provide an unprecedented opportunity to harness the full genetic
potential of maize plant. Some of the important research and development strategies
are discussed below. However, better predictions of future climatic patterns and
understanding of the biological responses to the same will be a key issue in realisation
of the fruits of our research and development efforts.
Maize grain productivity

Undoubtedly, we have made significant progress in enhancing productivity
which rose from 1 to 3 t/ha during 1965 66 to 2017 18 at the national level. To further
enhance productivity, however, some traits need to be given greater emphasis.
Development of longer maturity duration hybrids than those presently availableand
incorporation of temperate germplasm from US and other regions having high genetic
potential and rapid grain filling, needs to be emphasized. Development of hybrids
well adapted to high density planting is a key area. In this venture, narrow erect
5
leaves, sparse tassel branching, shorter anthesis silking interval and prolificacy are
important traits. With combine harvesting, lodging resistance has gained importance
for which strong root system and stem, medium ear placement and stay green traits
are needed. The long duration hybrids should also have rapid dry down of ears/grains.
Maize as green fodder and silage crop

Maize is an important green as well as dry fodder as digestibility of its fodder
is better than sorghum, bajra and other non forage crops. Maize does not have any
anti quality factor unlike some other fodder crops. But maize has not got required
attention on this front. PAU bred J1006, a fodder purpose variety released in 1989, is
a ruling variety even today along with an introduction, African Tall. To breed fodder
maize, high biomass, fast growth, prolificacy and digestibility are most important
traits. For increasing biomass, tall landraces need to be funnelled in.
Maize is also preferred for silage making over other fodders as maize plant is
easy to chaff, requires less labourand its silage is soft. In an evaluation by the
National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) of PAU bred hybrids, PMH 1 was
reported as very good for silage making. Development of dual purpose maize
varieties is a good potential area. In dual purpose varieties, stay green is also an
important trait. For fodder maize research, the collaboration among Indian Maize
Research Institute (IIMR) AICRP, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Instituteand
NDDB (in Punjab between PAU and Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal
Sciences University) needs to be strengthened. Focusing on maize breeding for fodder
is very important for the promotion of dairy industry which is essentially required for
diversification of agriculture.
Biofortified maize
With nation not only having achieved food security but overflowing
foodgrains in godowns, it is high time to focus on nutritional security. Development
of high yielding, high lysine and tryptophan maize, commonly known as Quality
Protein Maize (QPM) and biofortified maize enriched in provitamin A holds
significant promise. The nutrient rich maize grains should be used make functional
foods and value added items as the demand of such nutraceutical products is
increasing with improving living standards, increasing health awareness and
urbanization. Niches/hubs will need to be created particularly in urban and peri urban
areas. Further, the high carotene content of yellow grained maize feed is considered
useful towards imparting yellow colour to egg yolk thereby enhancing its importance
in poultry industry. However, cultivation of nutrient rich maize would be possible
only if these are made agronomically viable.
Speciality maize
There is a good possibility diversifying maize cultivation by promoting
speciality maize types, namely baby corn, pop corn, sweet corn and waxy corn. These
are high value crops and therefore helpful in increasing farm income. Baby corn and
sweet corn also provide green fodder after the harvest of the ears. In baby corn,
prolificacy and male sterility are important traits. In pop corn, popping ratio is 20
25:1 which needs to be upgraded. Waxy maize having nearly 100% amylopectin
compared to 75% amylopectin and 25% amylase in normal maize kernels, is gaining
popularity as instant energy source. There is a significant export market for waxy
maize in Europe and Asia.
6
Major constraint in the commercial cultivation of speciality maize types, like

that in biofortified, is their poor agronomic performance as compared to normal corn.
Thus, research efforts need to be strengthened for which resources need to be
generated through Research Industry interface. In addition, infrastructure facilities
like small scale processing units, cold chains, storage facilities and strong linkage of
farmers and industry are need to be addressed.
Tolerance to abiotic stresses

Abiotic stresses like water logging, drought and heat cause significant yield
losses in maize. Water logging stress is one of the major limiting factors in its
productivity in tropical and subtropical regions and its importance has increased with
changing rainfall pattern characterized by erratic, heavy rains. Continued rains during
flowering cause pollen washand rains accompanied with wind storms lead to lodging
of the crop. A secondary effect of water logging is a deficit of essential
macronutrients like N, Pand K. Fifteen percent of all maize growing areas of South
East Asia face water logging problem, which may lead to yield loss in the range of
about 25–30% annually. It may be noted that erratic, heavy rains cause much less
damage to paddy crop and thus, these are hindering crop diversification.
Drought is another serious stress. It affects all stages of plant growth but pre
anthesis and grain filling periods are more sensitive, resulting in a significant
reduction in grain yield. The delay in silking increases anthesis silking interval and
decreases male–female flowering synchrony resulting in poor seed set and yield. Heat
stress, which generally accompanies drought, leads to top firing, tassel blast, killing
of pollen, drying of silk and hence, poor seed set and yield.
Increasing global temperature and frequency of erratic rainfall necessitates the
need to strengthen research on tolerance to drought/heat and water logging stresses in
maize. CIMMYT germplasm having drought and heat tolerance may be extensively
evaluated in our environments. For water logging tolerance research on root traits
must be strengthened. Genomic regions identified for water logging tolerance can be
helpful in marker assisted breeding for incorporating flood tolerance in high yielding
cultivars. Further, other mitigation strategies need to be devised to meet the
challenges of these stresses.
Tolerance to biotic stresses

A number of diseases and insect pests affect maize crop at different growth
stages across the seasonsand biotic stress pattern is getting affected by climate change
(some examples mentioned earlier). Maize stem borer, Chilo partellus, is already a
serious pest and now FAW has emerged as a very serious one. The increased
incidence of banded leaf and sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani, also needs
an urgent attention. Its wide host range and non availability of resistant donors further
aggravate the situation.
Quarantine measures are the first line of defence in plant protection and should
be strictly followed. The experience with FAW has again brought its importance in
focus. Further, strengthening research on the development of seed capsule having in
built resistance/tolerance to biotic/abiotic stresses is need of the hour. Our research
efforts on disease resistance have been generally successful. But, those for insect pest
resistant do not lead to expected progress. Long and consistent breeding efforts in
maize stem borer could improve genetic resistance only to a very moderate level. It
should be a matter of great concern. Apparently we need to concentrate on evaluation
of larger set germplasm and allele mining thereinand application of other molecular
7
technologiesand if need be, to make use of transgenic approach. This is also true to
some extent for abiotic stresses. Development of IPM modules, using sustainable pest
control measures and validation of IPM modules at farmers’ fields is ultimately the
key challenge to maize researchers.
Development of medium capacity fast drying maize dryers

Combine harvested maize produce, having >25% moisture content, faces
major marketing issues and is generally sold by farmers at low price. Farmers can not
delay the harvesting until moisture content attains an acceptable level for safe storage,
because wheat crop is to be sown after maize. This problem may aggravate with the
cultivation of long duration hybrids which must be developed to compete with paddy
crop. A portable maize dryer of 3 ton capacity has been developed by PAU to dry
maize grains. The grains with a moisture content of 25% can be reduced to 15% in 6
8 hours using this dryer, but the experience so far indicates that its capacity is not
enough. On the other hand, large capacity imported drier installed at some maize
markets have also not proved to be of great utility. Thus, there is a need to develop
medium capacity, fast drying (as viability is not an issue unless seed is being dried)
dryers and to make them available to farmers on cooperative basis.
Agronomic interventions to reduce yield gaps

National maize productivity is 3.06 t/ha whereas experimental yields of
improved hybrids hover around 6.5 7.5 t/ha. To make maize a commercially viable
crop, this wide gap needs to be plugged in through large scale front line
demonstrations of the high yielding varieties, along with the improved production and
protection technologies particularly during Kharif season. Some of the factors which
need to be emphasized are the cultivation of varieties adapted to the given agro
ecology (e.g. single cross hybrids in ecologies having favourable environment), use of
good quality seed, precision sowing, weed controland taking care of the crop facing
biotic/abiotic stress. This should get priority as these efforts will have immediate
impact.
New breeding methods and approaches

Breeding methods namely modified S1 recurrent selection, recurrent
selfed‐plant mass selection and comprehensive recurrent selection have higher
genetic gain per year compared to population improvement methods available earlier.
These may be applied for the improvement of populations and development of base
germplasm to be used to derive inbred lines.
Rapid progress has been made in the developed world for development of
inbred lines through doubled haploid (DH) technology using haploid inducer stocks.
This approach shortens the time span required for the line development by 3 4
generations. However, the haploid inducer stocks have poor adaptation to tropical
climate. Second generation tropicalized haploid inducer stocks developed by
CIMMYT need to be used with vigour and must be improved for adaptation to our
agro ecologies. ICAR has developed winter nursery facility for taking an off season
crop. But many breeding programmes in the developed world are raising three crops
per year. IIMR AICRP should consider developing of a similar facility to speed up
inbred line development and undertaking other breeding activities.
Molecular breeding and exploring wild resources
8
Major advances are being made in molecular breeding, genomics, gene mining,
editingand transgenics. Good work is going on in genomics and molecular markers
are being routinely applied in some crops in our country. The efforts on the
identification of desirable genes/ QTLs and their funnelling into maize gene pool must
be expanded. The decision on transgenics need to be taken on case to case basis
rationally considering the source of transgene (animal or plant kingdom), its
expression (whether it produces toxin or not), trait under investigation (resistance to
biotic or abiotic stress, chemical composition or agronomic trait), effect on micro and
macro environment etc. Needless to mention, biosafety regulations must be ensured,
all aspects must be evaluated thoroughly and considered seriously but there should not
be generalized skepticism regarding biosafety.
The availability of new molecular tools has potential to accelerate
introgression breeding and have enhanced interest in the identification and
exploitation of desirable genes in landraces and wild relatives. The research at Indian
Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi has rekindled the hope of exploiting the
useful variability in Sikkim Primitive race of maize known since long to have gene(s)
for prolificacy. Teosintes are a valuable source for broadening and enriching the
maize gene pool. Given the close genetic relationship between maize and teosinte
(Zea mays ssp. mexicana), research for the transfer of resistance to leaf and sheath
blight is underway at PAU. Besides, teosinte is an excellent source for enhancing
fodder production potential of maize. Backcross derivatives from Z. mays × Z.
mays ssp. mexicana crosses have shown useful variation for maize stem borer
resistance. This subspecies also seem to survive drought through escape mechanism
owing to very short vegetative growth period and probably has drought resistance
genes. Other teosintes, namely Zea perennis and Zea diploperennis showed resistance
to biotic stresses and Zea luxurians and Zea nicaraguensis are adapted to frequent
rainfalls and possess unique flooding resistance traits.
Seed production and public private partnership

It is agreed that use of quality seeds of appropriate variety alone can
significantly increase crop yields. To facilitate good quality seed production, we must
develop vigorous, high yielding inbred lines, seed parent with large number of bold
grains and pollen parent be a profuse pollen producer. Further, public sector research
institutions neither have resources for large scale hybrid seed production nor it is their
mandate. Thus, a strong public private partnership is needed for this extremely
important task.
Strengthening All-India Maize Improvement Project

Maize has the credit of being the crop in which All India Crop Improvement
Project, now generally known as AICRP, launched in 1957, gave outstanding
performance. The AICRPs are now operating across disciplines and serving as
backbone of the National Agricultural Research System. These are characterized by
sharing of ideas and inputs/germplasm by multi disciplinary, multi location teams to
develop products and technologies and evaluate the same for their wide and specific
adaption/application in shortest possible time. These projects need to be strengthened
(in maize to the level of paddy, if we want to compete with paddy) as their relevance
has increased in today’s scenario of climate volatility, frequent abiotic stresses and
sudden outbreaks of diseases and insect pests. Further the AICRP on maize may
consider reorganizing to focus on exploitation of temperate germplasm in temperate
and especially in subtropical regions of India.
9
INCREASING MAIZE PRODUCTIVITY, CLIMATE RESILIENCE AND

NUTRITIONAL QUALITY IN THE TROPICS – CHALLENGES AND
OPPORTUNITIES
B M Prasanna
Director, Global Maize Program, CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat
Improvement Center) & CGIAR Research Program MAIZE
[email protected]
1 Introduction
Achieving sustainable food and nutritional security, i.e., the basic right of the
people to produce and/or purchase the nutritionally balanced food they need, without
harming the social and biophysical environment, has to be the funademental goal of
any nation. Over the last seven decades, India made immense progress towards food
security of the population. Since 1950, the population almost tripled, but food grain
production had more than quadrupled. India is now among the largest producers of
rice, wheat, pulses, fruits, vegetables, milk, cotton, horticultural crops, dairy and
poultry, aquacultureand spices. Agricultural production in India is valued at US$ 401
billion in 2017, which is more than that of the USA (US$ 279 billion). India’s global
trade in agricultural produces also fetches higher revenue for the country than the
services and the manufacturing sectors, ranked 11th and 12th, respectively (Singh,
2019). The growth in Indian agriculture over the last 16 years was 350 per cent
higher than the one achieved in the erstwhile period of 30 years (Shroff, 2019).
Despite this impressive progress, there is no scope for complacency. It is
estimated that by 2030, Indian population would be 1.52 billion; by 2050, it would be
approximately 1.7 billion, which will be the highest in the world and about 400
million more than China, the most populous nation today (Singh, 2019). By 2050,
India needs to step up production of all agricultural commodities by around 30 per
cent in food grains and to more than 300 percent in vegetable oils to meet the needs
of increased population and rising living standards (Singh, 2019). Also, by 2050, to
meet the diverse demands of the population, it has been estimated that land
productivity has to be increased by 4 times, water productivity by 3 timesand labour
productivity by 6 times (Chand, 2012). All this has to be achieved with lesser natural
resources, low carbon emission technologiesand without major environmental and
ecological footprints.
2 Building Resilience in Farming Communities to Climate-induced Risks

The negative impacts of frequently occuring climatic extremes/variabilities on
agricultural production are most often felt by the resource constrained smallholders
in the tropics, be it in Africa, Asia or Latin America. Abiotic stresses, especially
drought, heat, flooding/waterlogging, soil acidityand combinations of various abiotic
stresses have a huge negative impact on the rainfed crop yields. For instance, in
South and South East Asia, more than 80 percent of the maize growing area is rainfed
and prone to various climatic extremes/variabilities. While we tend to focus mostly
on abiotic stresses in the context of climate change, it is equally important to consider
the changing spectrum of pathogens and insect pests due to increase in temperatures.
In the future, pest species are likely to differ in their responses to global warming,
with changes in their relative impacts both geographically and among various crops.
Deutsch et al. (2018) highlighted that global yield losses of three of the most
important cereal staples – rice, maize and wheat – are projected to increase by 10 to
10
25% per degree of global mean surface warming. Crop losses will be most acute in
areas where increase in temperatures may lead to increases in both population growth
and metabolic rates of insects.
Building climate resilience in the smallholder farming systems requires
implementation of an intenisve multi disciplinary and multi institutional strategy.
This should include extensive awareness creation and widespread adoption of
climate resilient crop varieties and climate smart agronomic management practices,
strengthening of local capacitiesand much stronger focus on sustainability. An array
of agricultural production technologies and practices, including stress tolerant
improved crop varieties, conservation agriculture practicesand agroforestry systems,
that aim to mitigate climate induced risks and foster resilience have been developed
through national and international AR4D initiatives over the past two decades. In
addition, institutional interventions (e.g., index based agricultural insurance) that
seek to mitigate risk and build resilience through other mechanisms could play a
complementary role to climate smart agricultural production technologies/practices
(Hansen et al., 2019).
CIMMYT and partners in Africa, Latin America and Asia are intensively
engaged in developing and deploying climate resilient improved varieties adapted to
the tropics (Cairns and Prasanna, 2018). CIMMYT has used two major approaches
for developing sources of abiotic stress tolerance that have been widely used in maize
breeding programs in SSA, Asia and Latin America. The first was constitution of
drought tolerant populations for undertaking recurrent selections and derivation of
elite inbred lines. The DTP Y, DTP Wand La Posta Sequia are examples of such
populations. The second approach was full sib recurrent selection under managed
drought stress within elite populations to increase the frequency of drought tolerance
alleles in germplasm already adapted to the lowland tropics (e.g., Edmeades et al.,
1999). Both approaches have generated several inbred lines that have become
important sources of drought and heat tolerance in maize (Cairns et al., 2012). Thus,
population formation and improvement have resulted in an increase in the frequency
of drought adaptive alleles and identification of superior sources of drought tolerance
(Edmeades et al., 2017).
An array of elite maize varieties with drought tolerance (Figure 1), disease
resistance and other farmer preferred traits have been developed by CIMMYT and
deployed by seed companies across sub Saharan Africa (SSA). Between 2007 and
2018, CIMMYT and partners in SSA released more than 250 climate resilient maize
varieties in 13 African countries. In 2019, more than 85,000 tons of certified seed of
DTMA/STMA derived multiple stress tolerant maize varieties were produced and
commercialized by over 100 small and medium enterprise seed company partners
across SSA, covering an estimated 3.3 million hectaresand benefiting about 5.5
million farm households or over 33 million people (Cairns and Prasanna, 2018). Asia
needs to emulate this success story from Africa in terms of extensive deployment of
climate resilient crop varieties through intensive and focused initiatives and strong
public private partnerships.
Through the USAID funded Heat Tolerant Maize for Asia (HTMA) project, a
large heat stress phenotyping network, comprising 23 sites in four Asian countries
(India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan) has been established. Several CIMMYT
derived drought tolerant and heat tolerant CIMMYT derived elite maize varieties
have been released during 2016 2018 through public and private sector partners in
South Asiaand several more are in pipeline. Tesfaye et al. (2017, 2018) highlighted
the potential benefits of incorporating drought, heat and combined drought and heat
11
tolerance into improved maize varieties in the climate vulnerable tropical

environments.
Figure 1 CIMMYT derived drought tolerant maize hybrid (right) versus drought
susceptible commercial check (left) under managed drought stress phenotyping at
Kiboko, Kenya.
For new climate resilient crop varieties to contribute towards smallholders’

adaptation to climate variability, it is important to further strengthen the formal and
informal seed systems. Delivering low cost improved seed to smallholder farmers
with limited purchasing capacity and market access requires stronger public private
partnershipsand enhanced support to the committed local seed companies, especially
in terms of information on access to new products, adequate and reliable supplies of
early generation (breeder and foundation) seedand training on quality seed
production, quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC)and seed business management.
While enhanced adoption of climate resilient crop varieties is undoubtedly important,
one must not ignore the need for complementary uptake of other climate smart,
sustainable intensification practices. Intensive and deliberate efforts are needed to
provide smallholder farmers with usable climate risk information and skills to build
their comprehensive adaptive capacity.
3 Increasing Genetic Gain for Climate Resilient Traits

“Genetic gain” in simple terms refers to the gain in population mean achieved
through each breeding cycle. Breeding being a cyclical process of crossing,
evaluating, selecting and crossing again, the efficiency (both in terms of time and cost)
with which breeding programs can make considerable shift in population mean from
one cycle to the other determines the extent of genetic gains. Regardless of the trait of
interest, or the breeding methods employed, genetic gain represented by “ΔG” serves
as a simple universal expression for expected genetic improvement (Falconer and
Mackay, 1996).
12
Increasing genetic gain in maize grain yield in the stress prone environments
of the tropics is indeed a challenge, but possible nevertheless with a clear product
development and deployment strategy (Cairns and Prasanna, 2018). Conventional
maize breeding, although successful, is a relatively slow and resource intensive
process. The increasing demand for high yielding, multiple stress tolerant and
nutritionally enriched maize varieties warrants accelerated breeding that makes use of
modern tools and technologies, including doubled haploids, molecular markers, high
throughput and reliable phenotyping, off season nurseries and decision support tools.
The “breeder’s equation” provides the focus around which new technologies can
contribute to increased genetic gains (Figure 2).
Figure 2 Some of the key components for increasing genetic gains for maize yields
in the stress prone environments of the tropics.
3 1 Genomic-assisted Breeding for Increasing Genetic Gain and Accelerating

Improved Varietal Development
Diverse conventional breeding methods have been applied over the decades
(and continue to be used) by breeding institutions, including intra and
interpopulation improvement schemes, inbreeding and hybridization,
backcrossingand the use of selection indices. With the aim to increase genetic gains
and accelerate product development, molecular markers are now being increasingly
used by crop breeding programs globally. At CIMMYT, molecular markers are being
used at various stages of the maize breeding process, including germplasm
characterization, mapping of genes/QTL that control important traits, population
improvement through marker assisted recurrent selection, genomic selection for
improving complex traits, Quality Assessment/Quality Control (QA/QC) etc.
Genomic interventions could begin at the pre breeding stage by tapping into the
extensive genetic variations that exist within landraces and exotic germplasm; the
“Seeds of Discovery” project that involves intensive characterization of a wide array
of maize landracesand developing a “Maize Molecular Atlas” is an important
13
example (https://seedsofdiscovery.org/maize/maize molecular atlas/).

CIMMYT maize breeding teams in Africa, Asia and Latin America use an
array of modern tools/technologies for accelerating improved varietal development
and for increasing genetic gain for grain yield in stress prone environments of the
tropics (Cairns and Prasanna, 2018). These tools include the doubled haploid (DH)
technology (Prasanna et al., 2012; Chaikam et al., 2019), low cost and high
throughput phenotyping using proximal and remote sensors (Makanza et al., 2018a,b),
genomics assisted breeding (Nair et al. 2018)and breeding information management
system, including decision making tools. With the rapid reduction in genotyping
costs, new genomic selection technologies have become available in several crops
that allow the crop breeding cycle to be greatly reduced, facilitating inclusion of
information on genetic effects for multiple stresses in selection decisions (Xu et al.,
2017).
Molecular technologies offer the ability to expand the size of a breeding
program, thereby increasing selection intensity, without increasing phenotyping
requirements. Genotypic information can be used to select germplasm prior to the
phenotyping stages and the capability to increase this phenotypically untested layer
will allow the total number of genotypes within a breeding program to be expanded
(Cooper et al., 2014). When carefully implemented, molecular strategies can also
reduce cycle time by two to three years (Gilliham et al. 2017).
Within the CGIAR Research Program (CRP) on Maize (abbreviated as
“MAIZE”), three strategies are currently in use: forward breeding (FB), marker
assisted backcrossing (MABC)and genomic selection (GS).
 FB is a simple form of population enrichment using markers tightly linked to
genomic regions of high importance. FB is typically used to enrich breeding
populations for favourable alleles of large effect genes or QTL influencing
resistance to important diseases or contributing to nutritional quality.
 MABC is used to introgress markers closely linked to major genes or a few loci
from a donor parent (DP) to a recipient parent (RP), producing higher quality and
improved versions of recipient lines in less time than conventional backcrossing
using phenotype alone. Using tightly linked flanking markers, a target gene can be
transferred with minimum linkage drag in two to three backcross generations.
 GS, a widely adopted technology in advanced crop breeding organizations, uses
genome wide sequence information to estimate all marker effects and to select for
individuals with high genetic estimated breeding values (GEBVs). GS
effectiveness is a product of the quality of the training population with both
genotypic and phenotypic data used to estimate the marker effects in the predicted
population. GS is especially useful for improving complex traits.
3 1 1 Forward breeding: Over the past 25 years there has been extensive research
into understanding the genetic basis of grain yield under different environments (e.g.,
Xu et al. 2017); yet, majority of these studies remain in the literature, unrealised
within breeding programs (Bernardo, 2016). In the last decade, deployment of
molecular markers has increased significantly in the public sector for identification of
genes/QTL associated with important traits. Within the CIMMYT maize breeding
programs, marker technology is now routinely deployed for four traits – resistance to
MSV and MLN, haploid induction rate (Nair et al., 2017)and provitamin A
enrichment (Prasanna et al., 2020). Validation of markers for kernel Zincand
resistance to Turcicum Leaf Blight (TLB)and Grey Leaf Spot (GLS) in various
14
breeding materialsand marker discovery efforts for tolerance to Striga and Fall
Armyworm are presently underway.
3 1 2 Marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC): MABC is widely used for trait

integration in elite genetic backgrounds, especially by maize breeding programs
which maintain separate trait development and breeding pipelines. The most
important commercial application of MABC in maize is to bring large effect
transgenes into elite inbred lines in instances where the use of forward bred
transgenic elite lines would limit germplasm use to geographies where the technology
is accepted. As a conventional breeding strategy, repeated backcrossing in general is
less effective than strategies based on bi parental F2 or BC1 population structure since
the improved recipient parent is further improved with only one additional target trait
while a 50 75% bi parental population structure would enable several traits to be
improved simultaneously.
In a situation where an important trait need emerges rapidly and available trait
donors are non adapted and lack elite performance for other critical traits, a repeated
backcross plan can be effective. This was the case for maize lethal necrosis (MLN), a
devastating disease that is endemic in eastern Africa since 2011. Most of the elite
Africa adapted CIMMYT maize inbred lines used in commercial products were
highly susceptible to MLNand commercial hybrids in Kenya showed 70 100% yield
loss under heavy MLN pressure. CIMMYT quickly identified resistance sources to
MLN; however, these were not well adapted to eastern Africa. Since the elite
germplasm pool was highly susceptible to MLN and important donor lines were non
elite and/or non adapted, CIMMYT successfully undertook a large scale MABC
effort to transfer MLN resistance into more than 30 elite, but MLN susceptible
CIMMYT lines (Figure 3).
Figure 3 Conversion of elite but MLN susceptible lines in Africa into MLN
resistant versions using MABC.
MABC has also successfully used for developing and deploying nutritionally
enriched maize varieties (Prasanna et al. 2020). For example, at the ICAR Indian
Agricultural Research Institute, marker assisted introgression of opaque2 has recently
15
led to the commercial release of three QPM hybrids viz., ‘Pusa HM4 Improved’,
‘Pusa HM8 Improved’ and ‘Pusa HM9 Improved’ (Hossain et al. 2018a). These
hybrids possessed 3.49% and 0.84% lysine and tryptophan in protein, respectively.
Also, pyramiding of opaque2 and opaque16 showed an increase of 64% lysine and
86% tryptophan over o2 based QPM hybrids. ‘Pusa Vivek QPM9 Improved’, India’s
first provitamin A rich maize hybrid, was developed through introgression of crtRB1.
This hybrid showed 8.15 μg/g of provitamin A compared to 1 2 μg/g in normal maize
(Muthuswamy et al. 2014; Hossain et al. 2018b).
3 1 3 Genomic selection: CIMMYT’s maize GS strategy currently centers on a

dynamic training set concept which seeks to use genotype and phenotype information
from close relatives to get genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) of untested
lines on a population by population basis (Vivek et al., 2017). In 2017, two
CIMMYT maize breeding programs, one in Mexico and one in Kenya, piloted GS,
where half of the testcrosses were placed in first year yield phenotyping trials as
training sets while advancement decisions for the remaining half were based on
GEBVs as prediction sets. In general, different bi parental populations were
approximately equally represented in both the prediction set and the training set.
Customized training sets were initially attempted by clustering lines based on
genotype and pedigree into sub groups; however, given limited number of available
lines in the prediction set and relatedness of experimental lines within testers,
prediction was simply done within testers and within breeding programs.
3 2 Reducing Breeding Cycle Time

One of the conceptually simplest ways to increase genetic gain is to reduce
the breeding cycle time – if selection intensity, accuracy and variability remain
constant, halving cycle time will double the genetic gain (Xu et al., 2017). Breeding
cycle times are typically 10 years or more in the tropics, compared to less than five in
temperate regions (Challinor et al. 2016). Faster product cycle times are not only
important for adaptation to the changing climates, but also for countering emerging
pests and diseases.
“Speed breeding” has emerged as a novel technique for shortening
generational cycles (Watson et al., 2018). Although establishing such facilities in
developing countries may not be so easily possible, it is important to note that there
are other possible alternatives to reduce the breeding cycle time. For example, the
conventional off season generation advancement method could be expanded to
accommodate larger populations. Another important avenue is the doubled haploid
(DH) technology in crops like maize. The integration of these innovative techniques
with genome selection and high throughput phenotyping will undoubtedly lead to
accelerated genetic gain.
Derivation and use of DH lines, compared to conventionally derived inbred
lines, offers several advantages to the maize breeding programs, including simplified
logistics and reduced costs in line development and maintenance (Prasanna et al.,
2012). Use of DH lines in conjunction with molecular markers significantly improves
genetic gains and breeding efficiency, by reducing cycle time and enhancing
selection intensity. CIMMYT has optimized the protocol for maize DH line
development in tropical genetic backgrounds, reducing significantly the time taken to
develop parental lines (Prasanna et al., 2012). Tropically adapted first generation
haploid inducers with a haploid induction rate (HIR) of 5 8% were first developed by
CIMMYT, in collaboration with the University of Hohenheim by transferring the
16
maternal haploid induction trait from the temperate haploid inducers developed by
University of Hohenheim. These tropicalized haploid inducers with better agronomic
performance than the temperate haploid inducers in tropical conditions, were released
in 2012, enabling the National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) and small and
medium enterprise (SME) private sector maize breeding programs in sub Saharan
Africa, Asia and Latin America to more easily adopt DH technology (Chaikam et al.,
2019).
Recognizing the scope to further improve the first generation tropically
adapted inducer lines (TAILs) for various traits, CIMMYT initiated the development
of second generation haploid inducers for the tropics by transferring the haploid
induction trait from first generation TAILs to elite CIMMYT Maize Lines (CMLs),
marker assisted selection for higher haploid induction rateand phenotypic selection
for superior agronomic performance (Chaikam et al., 2018). These inducer lines
(called CIM2GTAILs) have high haploid induction rates (~10 13%), better
agronomic performance in terms of plant vigor, synchrony with tropical populations,
better standability, resistance to tropical foliar diseases and resistance to ear rots
compared to first generation TAILs in trials at different locations in Mexico and
Kenya. Inducer hybrids developed using these CIM2GTAILs exhibit greater heterosis
for plant vigor and pollen production while maintaining similar haploid induction
rates as the parents and are well suited for open pollinations in isolation nurseries.
These improvements contributed to a reduction in cost of DH production by 30% in
CIMMYT’s DH production pipeline (Chaikam et al., 2019).
Through dedicated maize DH facilities in Kenya and Mexico, CIMMYT
Global Maize Program produces annually over 100,000 DH lines (up from less than
5000 in 2011) and selects the best out of these lines in breeding pipelines. Maize
breeding programs of most of the national agricultural research systems (NARS) and
small and medium enterprise (SME) seed companies in South and SE Asia are yet to
tap the benefits of DH technology. Therefore, CIMMYT is in the process of
establishing a Maize Double Haploid Platform at ARS Kunigal in Karnataka, India,
which will become functional by 2020.
3 3 High-throughput Field-based Phenotyping for Breeder-preferred Traits

Breeding trials are often extensive and therefore costly to monitor by
conventional means. Field based high throughput phenotyping methods are needed to
improve resource use efficiency of the breeding process while enabling to accurately
characterize plant phenotypes of large populations in the field. Recent advances in
sensor technology and image processing have provided new possibilities for high
throughput phenotyping of breeder preferred traits (Araus and Cairns, 2014; Araus et
al., 2018). The most common form of sensors includes conventional digital red blue
green (RGB), multispectral, hyperspectral, fluorescence and thermal cameras,
deployed from aerial platforms (unmanned aerial vehicle, UAV) or at ground level
using phenomobiles, phenopoles and hand held sensors (Araus and Kefauver, 2018).
The potential range of traits these advances open up is exceptional, particularly for
low cost options for breeder preferred traits currently used within breeding programs
to directly influence genetic gain (Araus and Kefauver, 2018).
For the CIMMYT maize breeding program, with a large phenotyping network
across multiple countries in Africa, Asia and LatAm, a hybrid approach combining
aerial sensing and ground level sensing is being utilized for implementation of new
phenotyping approaches to increase the accuracy of phenotyping while reducing field
costs. For example, canopy senescence and disease severity are usually based on
17
visual scores that are qualitative, often subjective and prone to human error. RGB
images (taken from a UAV) are being used by CIMMYT maize program in Africa to
derive a senescence index based on the ratio of senesced canopy to total canopy cover
under low nitrogen conditions. Senescence index was highly correlated with grain
yield compared to visual measurements of canopy senescence, while broad sense
heritability was equal to or higher than visual measurements (Makanza et al.,
2018a,b). The time required for phenotyping time using a UAV was, thus, reduced by
95% relative to visual measurements.
3 4 Genome Editing
The field of genome/gene editing has progressed through several phases
starting with oligo mediated genome editing in the 1980s (Carroll, 2017). The main
hurdle in widespread adoption of genome editing was the low frequency of the edited
events, which makes progress painstakingly slow. A relatively new technique,
clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR
associated protein 9 (Cas9), together referred to as CRISPR Cas9, has revolutionized
the field of genome editing because of its ease of use and a high success rate (Carroll,
2017). CRISPR Cas9 system generally leads to three different outcomes: side
directed nuclease 1 (SDN1), where after a cut by the CRISPR Cas9 of the host DNA
non homologous end joining (NHEJ) introduces random mutations during repair
leading to gene inactivation in some instances; SDN2, which involves template
mediated sequence alteration to change the gene function; and SDN3, where a DNA
fragment is inserted at a precise location in the genome (Podevin et al., 2013;
Savitashev et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2018).
In maize, a potential challenge in genome editing is the ability to transform
genetically diverse elite lines. This hurdle has been recently overcome by including
cell cycle genes in the transformation vector (Lowe et al., 2016, 2018). The ability to
transform the tropical lines has paved the way to use SDN1 or SDN2 gene editing
approaches directly in the commercial lines. In partnership with Corteva, CIMMYT
is presently exploring gene editing for quickly converting elite but MLN susceptible
lines into MLN resistant versions.
With the progress made in the development of genome editing tools (Zhang et
al., 2018), genome editing certainly promises to play a key role in speeding up trait
enrichment in crop breeding programs. Lassoued et al. (2019) presented the results of
an expert survey on the potential benefits of genome edited crops compared to those
developed through genetic modification (GM) and conventional breeding. The survey
results revealed a consensus among experts on the enhanced agronomic performance
and product quality of genome edited crops over alternatives. Nevertheless, we must
take into account government regulations and consumer acceptance around the
applications of genome editingand ultimately, commercialization of genome edited
crops.
4 Modernization of Breeding Programs

The increasing availability of breeding related information, including pedigree,
phenotypic and genotypic, coupled with environmental data, brings both
opportunities and challenges in effectively managing and utilizing such information
in breeding programs (Xu et al. 2017). This necessitates development of integrated
platforms or one stop data portals that can effectively bring together high density
genotyping, high throughput and precision phenotyping and multi dimensional
environment profiling along with a suite of decision support tools to drive modern
18
breeding programs. Data integration from multiple sources is one of the key
components in developing breeding informatics systems. Efficient breeding
informatics systems will need to include data curation tools, automated quality
control workflows, data processing pipelines, visualization tools and simple and user
friendly data analytical and mining tool kits. This is one area where the tropical maize
breeding programs are clearly lagging behind, since most of the data accumulated as
part of the breeding cycles are maintained as flat files which are not in queryable
databases; hence, breeding programs are not able to make maximum use of the data
developed through multiple breeding cycles.
Breeding informatics has been revolutionized with significant changes in data
generation, storage, scale, dimension, throughputand precision, distinctly different
from other big data in data properties, collection, treatment, analysis, mining and
utilization. Modern breeding is now becoming increasingly integrated with
programmed breeding pipeline, agricultural engineering, facilities with artificial or
controlled environments and biological modelling/simulation, to meet human
demands for high yielding, improved quality, resource use efficient and environment
friendly crop varieties. These trends will rely on artificial intelligence (AI) guided
agriculture to complete the conversion of breeding from big data driven to AI driven.
Future breeding programs, including those in maize, could become AI system based,
with strong influence of both breeding informatics and breeders’ knowledge of
germplasm.
5 Improving Resource Use Efficiency and Saving Production Costs

The future food and nutrition demand of growing population has to be met
mainly through increasing yield per unit area with lesser external inputs (labor, water
and energy) while protecting the environment (Choudhary et al., 2018a). The soil
organic carbon (SOC) contents in most cultivated soils of India is less than 5 g/kg
compared to 15 20 g/kg in uncultivated virgin soils (Bhattacharyya et al., 2000); this
is attributed to intensive tillage, removal/burning of crop residues, mining of soil
fertility and intensive monotonous cropping systems. To sustainably increase the
food production while conserving precious natural resources, we need a multi
pronged strategy that includes: (i) bridging the yield gaps through more efficient
agronomic management; (ii) diversifying the resource intensive and less efficient
crops/cropping systems with resource use efficient production systems; and (iii)
transitioning from a commodity centric approach to a market inclusive system based
management innovations (Jat et al., 2016; Lal, 2016).
“Sustainable intensification” has to be an important component of the overall
strategy for ensuring food security, poverty alleviation, health for all, rural
development, enhancing productivity, improving environmental qualityand
preserving natural resources. Developing and deploying a portfolio of sustainable
intensification practices, integrating basic elements of precision conservation
agriculture, integrated nutrient managementand scale appropriate mechanization can
immensley help in improving efficient use of resources (soil, labor, water and
nutrients) and saving production costs (Lal, 2016). For instance, scale appropriate
mechanization has tremendous potential in terms of social benefits like increased
income, employment, food security, less drudgeryand attracting youth to agriculture.
Adoption of agricultural mechanization in Africa, Asiaand Latin America has reaped
many benefits, although much remains to be done in scaling up and scaling out. For
example, farmers in many parts of Africa and Asia are saving up to 45 days of labor
19
with direct seed machinery in conservation agriculture systems, compared to

conventional methods.
6 Tackling Malnutrition and Hidden Hunger through Dietary Diversification

and Biofortification
Malnutrition takes many forms: undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies,
obesity and being overweight. Undernutrition is the largest contributor to child
mortality worldwide; nearly 25 per cent of children under the age of five are
chronically malnourished. However, in South Asia and SSA, home to three quarters
of these children, the figure is 40 per cent. More than 2 billion people suffer from
micronutrient malnutrition or “hidden hunger”. India is home to one fourth
(approximately 208 million) of the world’s total (approximately 800 million) of
under nourished people. Anaemia affects more than half of the pre school children
and more than half of the pregnant women.
Breeding nutritionally enriched crop varieties (“Biofortification”) and
improvements in soil health can raise the nutrient value of crops, as can better storage,
preservation and processing. Improved production, processing and marketing
efficiency, as well as reduction of post harvest waste, can reduce the relative prices
and/or the amount of time it takes to prepare more nutritious foods, making them
more attractive as part of the diet. Significant progress has been made in developing,
testingand deploying maize cultivars biofortified with quality protein maize (QPM),
provitamin Aand kernel zinc (Prasanna et al. 2020).
In India, molecular marker assisted backcross breeding (MABB) has been
successfully used to develop and release several nutritionally enriched maize
cultivars. A single cross QPM hybrid, “Vivek QPM 9” was first developed through
MABB and officially released in 2008, possessing 41% more tryptophan and 30%
more lysine over the original hybrid (Vivek Hybrid 9). More recently, QPM versions
of three popular non QPM hybrids, viz., “Pusa HM 4 Improved”, “Pusa HM 8
Improved” and “Pusa HM 9 Improved” have been released in 2017 for commercial
cultivation in India, possessing nearly double the concentrations of lysine and
tryptophan as compared to normal maize. Using MABB, an elite maize hybrid with a
stack of nutritional quality traits (QPM and Provitamin A), “Pusa Vivek QPM 9
Improved”, was developed by ICAR Indian Agricultural Research Institute
(IARI)and has been officially released in India in 2017 for commercial cultivation.
Three more MABB derived hybrids, including one provitamin A hybrid, “Pusa Vivek
Hybrid 27 Improved”and two QPM + provitamin A enriched hybrids, “Pusa HQPM5
Improved” and “Pusa HQPM7 Improved”, developed by ICAR IARI, have been
approved for release in India in 2019 (Prasanna et al., 2020).
CIMMYT, in collaboration with public and private sector partners in Mexico,
Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras and Colombia, has been working on
development and deployment of elite high Zinc (Zn) maize cultivars. So far, four
high Zn maize cultivars (two hybrids and two synthetics) have been released in Latin
America (Prasanna et al., 2020).
Intensive interdisciplinary work and more effective integration of national and
international research efforts are key for enhanced development and dissemination of
biofortified maize varieties. For such cultivars to succeed in the market, it is
important to understand the market dynamics. Value chains that effectively link the
farmers to the processors and the consumers need to be improved. Only through such
linkages can the value of biofortified crop cultivars be fully exploited, malnutrition
alleviatedand new markets opened (Prasanna et al., 2020).
20
7 Protecting Genetic Gain from Devastating Pathogens and Insect-pests

Pathogens and insect pests have severe and cross cutting negative impacts,
particularly affecting farmers’ incomes and livelihoods. Their capacity to rapidly
evolve and proliferate pose a huge challenge for increasing genetic gain in stress
prone environments, especially in the tropics. There is a significant need for
implementation of development and implementation of multi disciplinary, multi
institutionaland sustainable strategies for devastating diseases and pests, to counter
the threat to food and nutritional securityand the livelihoods of populations.
A most recent example of an invasive and highly destructive insect pest
affecting farmers across Africa and Asia is the Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera
frugiperda; FAW). FAW has been prevalent in the Americas for several decades but
was reported for the first time in West Africa in 2016. Within two years, FAW
incidence had already been reported in more than 40 countries across Africa. The pest
was reported for the first time in India in mid 2018and subsequently reported in
several other Asian countries. FAW attacks primarily the maize crop and has
potential to feed on more than 80 other crops, including sorghum and sugarcane.
Indiscriminate and unguided use of toxic synthetic pesticides is reported across
Africa and Asia for FAW control, which poses serious threat to environment, animal
and human health, besides affecting the natural enemies of the pest. Therefore, it is
extremely important to develop, testand urgently deploy science based, integrated
pest management (IPM) technologies/management practices, including host plant
resistance (both native genetic resistance and transgene based resistance) to FAW,
environmentally safer synthetic pesticides, biopesticides and botanicals, besides low
cost cultural control and agro ecological approaches (Prasanna et al., 2018).
8 Conclusions
We need to address with much needed urgency an array of challenges
affecting Indian agriculture, including the increasing frequency of climatic
variabilities/extremes, extensive malnutrition, reduced soil health, fragility of our
natural resource systemand devastating diseases and insect pests. Intensive multi
institutional and multi disciplinary efforts are required to discover, validate and
deploy innovative and sustainable technologies that can improve crop productivity,
reduce production costsand improve the incomes of smallholder farmers. Building
climate resilience warrants effective integration of climate resilient crop varieties,
climate smart agronomic management practicesand effective implementation of
policies to help reduce environmental and ecological footprints of agricultural
practices.
Scientific institutions must enhance the the pace, precision and efficiency of
breeding programs through judicious and effective integration of modern
tools/strategies, including high density genotyping, high throughput and precision
phenotyping, speed breeding, molecular marker assisted and genomic selection based
breedingand knowledge led decision support systems. Seed systems need to be
further strengthened to become more market oriented and dynamicand for providing
smallholders with greater access to affordable climate resilient and nutritionally
enriched improved seed. Understanding the smallholder farmers’ constraints for
adoption of modern technologies, enhancing affordability and access to quality
agricultural inputsand improving their linkages to the input and output markets
should be accorded top priority.
21
Technologically, we are living in exciting times. Genomics assisted breeding,

genome editing, speed breeding, remote sensors, satellite imagery, drones, artificial
intelligence, machine learning, decision support tools, information and
communication technologies, are only a few of the innovations that one can mention
that are impacting various spheres of life, including agriculture. For instance, remote
sensors, satellite imagery and drones can monitor plant health, soil conditions,
temperature, nitrogen utilization, disease and pest infestaton levelsand much more.
Goldman Sachs predicts that the agricultural sector will be the second largest user of
drones in the world in the next five years. Recruitment of state of the art technologies
for developing imrpoved varieties, effective trial management practicesand
mechanization and digital tools/devices are expected to enhance the rate of genetic
gain in farmers’ fields (Cobb et al., 2019). Genome editing is another powerful
technology to transform modern breeding. How well we can use such innovations for
improving the livelihoods of farmers, especially smallholders, will determine how
fast we can translate the vision of making agriculture profitable and sustainable.
Breeding programs should be constantly appraised and revised by incorporating new
innovations. Furthermore, the efficiency and effectiveness of the breeding programs
should be monitored by employing metrics designed to measure the impacts of
breeding outcomes (= improved varieties) on the ultimate users – the farmers.
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24
NEED FOR CROP DIVERSIFICATION WITH MAIZE IN PUNJAB

Sujay Rakshit, S L Jat and Chaikkappa G K
ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana
[email protected]
Maize is the third most important cereal crop after wheat and rice in India.
Besides as food crop, it is consumed more as feed, fodder and large scale importance
as an industrial crop. Worldwide maize is cultivated on over 185 million hectares in
170 countries with a productivity of 5.62 t/ha. USA and China contribute around 35
and 21 per cent of total global production, respectively. India ranks fourth in area and
sixth in the production. The productivity of maize in India (3.1 t/ha) is much lower
than the world average. However, per day productivity of maize in India is
comparable to many temperate countries. In India the maize production has recorded
phenomenal growth which was happened both due to area expansion and adoption of
improved production technologies like inroads of hybrids and better crop
management practices. Currently India produces over 28 million MT of maize, of
which roughly 60% is used as feed (poultry and animal feed), 14% for industrial
purposes, around 13% for food, 7% as processed food and 6% for other purposes
including seed. Increasing demand for maize particularly in feed industry has
contributed towards increased production. By 2025 India is projected to require about
32 million MT of maize solely in feed industry. Further, the starch industry will
require additional 15 million MT by 2025 from the present level of 4.25 million MT.
By 2025 the overall demand for maize is projected to be 50 million MT, which is a
big feat to be achieved.
Maize is predominantly a rainy season (kharif) crop in India. Traditionally it

used to be grown in the states of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and Madhya
Pradesh. However, after 1980s, the area shifted more towards peninsular region and
currently this region represents nearly 40% of the total area under maize and over
52% of production. The major maize growing states are Karnataka (14.8%),
Maharashtra (10.9%), Madhya Pradesh (10.8%), undivided Andhra Pradesh (10.4%),
Rajasthan (10.6%), Uttar Pradesh (8.3%), Bihar (7.9%), Gujarat (5.0%) and Tamil
Nadu (3.6%), accounting for nearly 80% of the total maize area of the country.
Before the era of green revolution in the 1960s, Punjab was one of the major maize
growing states in India. The state constituted 9% of the total maize area of the
country with 13% production during mid 1960s. However, over a period of 50 years
from 1966 2016 the trend has changed completely. Currently Punjab contributes
1.5% of the total maize produced in India from little over one per cent (1.2%) maize
area of 9.8 mha in the country. In 1966, the total maize area in Punjab was around
4.44 lakh hectares which increased to 5.77 lakh hectares in 1975 76. Subsequently
from 1975 onwards the maize area was decreasing gradually and currently it is
around 1.14 lakh hectares. On the contrary, the area under rice mainly during kharif
season has increased significantly from 2.85 lakh hectares in 1966 67 to 30.65 lakh
hectares (2017 18) which is whopping 74.41% of the net sown area (41.45 lakh ha)
of Punjab. The above statistics indicate that Punjab is predominantly under rice based
cropping system during kharif season with extremely less area under other crops.
Thus, the state of Punjab has slowly shifted from the traditional crops like maize,
pearl millet, pulses and oilseeds to mainly rice with little or negligible area under
other traditional crops. The shift was mostly driven by unfavourable policy support to
the other crops and non availability of high yielding cultivars in these crops. In fact
25
the adoption of the high yielding rice cultivars in 1970s with expansion of irrigation
facilities and usage of fertilizer and pesticide brought green revolution in Punjab.
This increased adoption of rice in Punjab and Haryana helped in ensuring food
security of the country. Further, the favourable government policies of establishment
of storage, marketing, milling industry with no pricing for water and electricity and
assured purchase of rice have given impetus to increase its acreage at very fast rate.
The extremely large area under rice during kharif season in Punjab over a
period of 5 decades has led to one of the major serious ecological imbalance in the
region like lowering water table. In addition, the agriculture sector in Punjab is also
facing other challenges like increasing imbalances soil fertility, appearance of new
pests and weeds, escalation in costs of production, falling profitability in farming,
increasing incidence of landlessness and indebtedness among the farmers etc. Further,
there are emerging uncertainties of weather, climate change and global warming for
which impact on agriculture of Punjab is yet to be foreseen. The above scenarios
indicate that the state of Punjab is facing the challenge of long term sustainability of
agriculture. Therefore, diversification of the rice with maize could address
sustainability of agriculture in Punjab.
Maize for diversification
The major advantages of shifting from rice to maize is that, maize being less
water demanding crop than rice (almost half) could immediately address the issue of
lowering water table. The other major issue maize could address immediately is the
current issue of increased air pollution in Punjab and nation as a whole due to burning
of rice straw. Further, maize cultivation can address several other issues which
promote ecological balance and environmental sustainability like maintaining the soil
fertility and soil eco system through maize based conservation agriculture. The
adoption of zero tillage resource conservation crop production practices could reduce
green house gas emission substantially which will further improve environmental
quality. In addition several ancillary advantages can be reaped by farmers through
maize cultivation like saving of electricity on water pumping, advancing wheat
panting which will help in increased wheat productivity by minimizing risk of
terminal heat stress, less use of pesticide in maize production will reduce the ground
water pollution and related effects. The required technologies like suitable high
yielding single cross hybrid maize cultivars (7 10 t/ha), efficient weed management
system, machineries for mechanized cultivation of maize and conservation
agriculture practices are available to promote maize as alternative crop for crop
diversification in Punjab.
Strategies for maize based crop diversification in Punjab
Mapping of target area
Identification of ecologically vulnerable pockets of the state should be the priority to
target the most appropriate technology like single cross hybrid technology. Several
high yielding single cross hybrids have been released for commercial cultivation for
the state of Punjab. Targeting such hybrids to divert rice dominated cropping system
could be one strategy to prevent further ecological imbalances. The mapping could be
as precise as possible at Tehshil to block level using most advanced information and
data like satellite images.
Policy intervention
The combination of push and pull factors has to be implemented by government to
convince farmers to shift from rice cultivation to alternative crops like maize. The
26
following intervention from the government could certainly create an impact to bring
crop diversification in Punjab through maize.
a. Procurement of farm produce – Government has to ensure procurement of maize
at minimum support price (MSP) just like rice or wheat from the farm gate of
farmers. The policy would encourage farmers to go for maize cultivation as final
disposal is ensured.
b. Specialty corn and livestock production – The demand for specialty corns like
sweet corn, baby corn and popcorn is increasing. Presently in Punjab baby corn
industry in Ludhiana is already exporting processed and fresh packed baby corn
in large quantity to other countries. Considering the availability of required
infrastructure, like airports with direct cargo flights to European countries there is
scope to promote specialty corn cultivation to bring maize led diversification in
existing cropping system of Punjab. Further, it is known fact that Punjab has
organized livestock / dairy farms. Establishing linkages between specialty corn
cultivation like baby corn and sweet corn with dairy farms could further boost
livestock industry.
c. Silage maize – Maize is one of the best crops for silage making. The organized
dairy industry in Punjab could be better supplied with high quality maize silage
by promoting maize cultivation for fodder and silage making. The cultivation of
fodder and silage maize is another avenue to bring diversification in the existing
un sustainable rice based cropping system of Punjab.
d. Arrangement of community based machineries – What and rice are cultivation is
largely mechanized; in order to promote maize cultivation in the state,
government has to encourage and support to create facilities like community
based machineries to undertake mechanized cultivation of maize. Combined
harvester, dehusker and maize sheller may be made available to the farmers on
custum hire basis. Maize grain dryers and silos need to be made available at
block level, while small scale storage bins need to be provided to small farmers.
e. Development of value chain – The government support to establish end user
industries like food, feed and starch industries and also storage facilities would
certainly encourage entrepreneurship and attract investment in agriculture and
create competition in the market.
f. Crop insurance and differential price support – The government has to create
competitive crop insurance comparable with rice encourage maize cultivation.
Since a organized market for maize is yet to be established and the current
economics of maize cultivation vis a vis rice cultivation favours rice, the
differential profit may be compensated to the farmers growing maize for
incentivising maize cultivation in the state. Savings on account of electricity and
ground water may diverted to the maize growers.
The maize based crop diversification in Punjab is the need of the hour to sustain
and ensure food security of the nation as a whole and also maintain the soil health,
productivity potential, environmental quality and ecological balance of agricultural
land in long run. Thus the concerted efforts by government to deploy available
technologies like high yielding hybrids, crop production practices through strong
policy intervention could bring crop diversification in Punjab.
Modified from presentation made in FICCI Conclave on FICCI North India Agri Conclave 2019:
Crop Diversification with Maize, Dec. 10, 2019
27
CROP DIVERSIFICATION – TO ENSURE AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE

NATURAL RESOURCES USE
Sain Dass1, S L Jat2, Chikkappa G Karjagi2, C M Parihar3, Mukesh

Choudhary4 and Ramesh Kumar4
1
Ex Director, ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research, New Delhi
2
ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research , New Delhi
3
ICAR Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
4
[email protected]
Maize is known as queen of cereals because it has the highest genetic yield
potential among the cereals. It is cultivated on nearly 187 million ha in about 166
countries having wider diversity of soil, climate, biodiversity and management
practices that contributes nearly 40% (1135 million t) in the global grain production
during 2017 (FAOSTAT, 2019). India rank 4th in area while stood at 6th position in
maize production largely because of the average productivity in India is less than 2.5
t ha 1. The lesser maize productivity in India is largely due to >75% of its 9.63
million ha cultivated area is rainfed mainly during kharif season which is a gamble of
South West monsoon. In India maize is the third most important cereal food crop
after rice and wheat. It is used as human food (24%), animal feed (11%), poultry feed
(52%). The important maize based cropping systems in India under irrigated and
rainfed conditions of different agro climatic zones being practiced are given in Table
1. Among different maize based cropping systems, maize wheat ranks 1st having 1.8
m ha area mainly concentrated in rainfed ecologies and is the 3rd most important
cropping systems in India. The other major maize systems in India are maize mustard,
maize chickpea, maize maize, cotton maize etc. Recently, due to changing scenario
of natural resource base, rice maize has emerged a potential maize based cropping
system in peninsular and eastern India. In peri urban interface, maize based high
value intercropping systems are also gaining importance due to market driven
farming. Further, maize has compatibility with several crops of different growth habit
that led to development of various intercropping systems in our country.
Table 1 Maize based sequential cropping systems in different ago climatic zones of
India
Agro-climatic region Cropping system
Irrigated Rainfed
Western Himalayan Region Maize wheat Maize mustard
Maize potato wheat Maize legumes
Maize wheat green gram
Maize mustard
Maize sugarcane
Eastern Himalayan Region Summer rice maize mustard Sesame Rice+maize
Maize maize
Maize maize legumes
Lower Gangetic Plain region Autumn rice maize Rice maize
Jute rice maize
Middle Gangetic Plain Maize early potato wheat Maize wheat
region mungbean
Maize wheat
28
Agro-climatic region Cropping system

Irrigated Rainfed
Maize wheat mungbean
Maize wheat urdbean
Maize sugarcane mungbean
Upper Gangetic Plain region Maize wheat Maize wheat
Maize wheat mungbean Maize barley
Maize potato wheat Maize safflower
Maize potato sunflower
Maize potato onion
Maize potato sugarcane
ratoon
Rice potato maize
Trans Gangetic Plain region Maize wheat
Maize wheat mungbean
Maize potato wheat
Maize potato sunflower
Maize potato onion
Mungbean maize toria wheat
Maize early potato late
potato mungbean
Eastern plateau & hills Maize groundnut vegetables Rice potato maize
region Maize wheat vegetables Jute maize cowpea
Central plateau & hills Maize wheat Maize groundnut
region
Western plateau & hills Sugarcane + Maize
region
Southern plateau & hills Maize rice Sorghum maize
region Rice maize Maize sorghum
Pulses
Maize potato
groundnut
East coast plain and hills Rice maize pearlmillet Maize maize
region Maize rice pearlmillet
Rice maize Rice maize +
Rice rice maize cowpea
West coast plain and hills Maize pulses Rice maize

region Rice maize Groundnut maize
Gujarat plains and hills Maize wheat Rice maize
region
Western dry region Maize mustard Maize+legumes
Maize chickpea
Island region Rice maize Maize rice
Rice maize +
cowpea
Rice maize urdbean
Rice rice maize
The adoption of maize in low rainfall areas and under lowering water table
situations is coming up at very fast rate. The maize is a solution crop for the lowering
29
water table in the rabi rice growing areas of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu and also for the low rainfall areas of upland rice in the states of West Bengal
and Odisha (Figure 1). Similarly, maize is solution for the heat stress in wheat
causing significant yield reduction in the Northern India. The favourable temperature
in the rabi season of the states like West Bengal, Odisha, Rajasthan, Gujarat and
Madhya Pradesh offers a great potential for maize hybrid seed production and areas
under seed production is coming up very fast in these areas in recent years. The
remunerative seed production in these states will cater the needs of the states as well
as have potential for export to neighboring states and countries. The cultivation of
spring maize after harvest of potato is now became reality in North Indian states like
Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and giving more productivity.
Figure 1: Maize as better remunerative alternate crop in era of climate change
Maize has wider adaptability and compatibility under diverse soil and agro
climatic conditions and hence it is cultivated in sequence with different crops under
various seasons and agro ecologies of the country. Hence, it is considered as one of
the potential driver of crop diversification under different situation. In recent years
due to rising temperature during grain filling period of wheat causing terminal heat
stress in central and eastern Indian states covering parts of Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh which provides an opportunity to
select maize during rabi season. The less remunerative sorghum production area in
Maharashtra is also shifting in maize. In Odisha, maize is coming up as a potential
alternative crop in low rainfall areas of rice cultivation during kharif. Likewise, the
rabi rice areas in the states of Odisha, West Bengal, Karnatakaandhra Pradesh and
Tamil Nadu facing problem of ground water shortage and the maize is coming up as a
potential crop. The cultivation of spring maize after harvest of potato and sugarcane
has become reality in some of the states (Punjab, Haryana, western UP, lower valley
of Uttrakhand) and emerged as an alternative profitable crop replacing summer rice.
Maize is a solution for emerging problems of depleting water table and

terminal heat stress in winter crops. It also provides opportunity for farm
mechanization and conservation agriculture which results into timely farm operation,
reducing soil erosion, improving soil health, reducing cost of cultivation and
increasing farm profitability.
References
30
Dass S, Yadav VK, Kwatra A, Sekhar JC, Yadav Y (2009). Technical Bulletin Baby
Corn: Production Technology and Value Addition. Directorate of Maize Research,
New Delhi.
Dass S, Jat ML, Yadav VK, Sekhar JC, Singh DK (2009). Technical Bulletin. Quality
Protein Maize for Food and Nutritional Security in India. Directorate of Maize
Research, New Delhi,
Dass S, Jat SL, Chikkappa GK Parihar CM, Kumar B and Singh AK (2012). Maize
improvement towards food security: genetic and technological perspectives. In:
conference programme book of 1st ICC India Grains Conference organized by
ICC in partnership with ICRISAT at New Delhi from 16 18th January, 2012. pp
24 25
31
STRESS-RESILIENT MAIZE: DOWNSIZING RISKS REALIZING YIELD

POTENTIAL OF RAINFED KHARIF MAIZE
P H Zaidi
CIMMYT Asia Maize Program, Hyberabad
[email protected]
In India, maize is largely grown as rainfed crop, which is prone to the

vagaries of monsoon rains and associated abiotic and biotic constraints. Moisture
availability is seldom adequate for rainfed maize, as erratic/un even distribution
pattern of monsoon rains often cause intermittent drought or excessive
moisture/waterlogging at different crop growth stage(s). Uncertainty of assured
returns often discourage rainfed farmers to invest on improved seed and
recommended inputs, which further add in poor yields of rainfed maize. Rainfed
systems are largely dependent on prevailing weather conditions and therefore
extremely vulnerable to climate change effects. Studies suggested that Asian tropics
will experience increasing frequency of extreme weather conditions with high
variability beyond current capacity to adapt (ADB, 2009; Cairns et al., 2012). Such
impacts are evident in form of shifting seasons and significant inter annual variation
in rainfall, temperature etc. with increased frequency of extreme weather causing
severe drought, water logging and heat stress (Zaidi et al., 2020)and also reduced
number of rainy days per year (Kashyapi et al., 2012).
In recent years the Indian tropics have experienced frequent and widespread
drought years, coupled with increased day/night temperatures during the main maize
growing season, apart from scattered drought/waterlogging/heat almost every year in
one or the other part of the country. The compound effects of multiple stresses during
monsoon season is reflected in terms of low productivity of Kharif maize, which is
usually less than half compared to irrigated Rabi maize. Even within Kharif maize
area there is huge variation in district wise average productivity, ranging from less
half tons to as high as 6.5 tons ha 1. Analysis of the district wise average productivity
indicated that out of 514, average productivity of almost 415 districts is less than
national average productivity (Zaidi et al., unpublished). Therefore, there is need to
cluster districts into high, moderate and low productivity zones, identify set of yield
limiting factors and their intensity in each clusterand design cluster wise breeding
and crop management strategy to improve yields in moderate and low yielding
clusters to eventually achieve overall increase in national average productivity under
rainfed Kharif season.
Stress-resilient maize: an option for current and future climate

Simulation studies demonstrated that climate change will have a negative
impact on maize yields across locations in tropics, but the degree of impact varied
with region, level of warming and rainfall changes (Tasfaye et al., 2017). Combining
hotter and drier climate change scenarios (involving increases in warming with a
reduction in rainfall) resulted in greater simulated average maize yield reduction than
only in the hotter climate change scenario. Incorporating combined drought and heat
tolerance into benchmark varieties increased simulated maize yield under both
baseline and future climate scenarios. While further evidence is required to document
the risk reduction benefits of climate resilient maize on the number of chronically
poor farmers, an increasing body of evidence confirms the benefits of climate
32
resilient maize in terms of increased yields and reduced yield variability (Cairns and
Prasanna, 2018).
With increasing climate variability with high uncertainty there is urgent need
to focus developing of maize hybrids that are resilient to variable weather conditions
within seasons, rather than tolerance to individual stresses at a specific crop growth
stage(s). Maize production can be sustained under adverse climatic conditions and
further increased by using genetic diversity which harbours favourable alleles for
high yield, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance (Prasanna et al., 2012). Hybrids with
increased resilience to abiotic and biotic stresses can play an important role in
autonomous adaptation to climate change. Targeted breeding with integration of
precision phenomics, genomic assisted selection and breeding and doubled haploid
(DH) technology offer a powerful strategy to develop climate resilient maize
germplasm. However, the time lag between the development of improved hybrid and
its adoption by farmers underscores the urgency of adopting such a strategy (Cairns et
al., 2012; Prasanna, 2018).
There is a myth that breeding for stress tolerance/resilience causes yield drag
under optimal growing/high yield conditions. An extensive multilocation evaluation
of stress resilient hybrids along with popular commercial checks in sub Saharan
Africa (Banziger et al., 2006) and a recent study in Asia (Zaidi et al., 2020) have
demonstrated that a targeted breeding approach based and selection across stressed
and unstressed conditions leads to development of high yielding stress resilient
maize hybrids without yield penalties under optimal conditions.
Developing stress-resilience maize – integrating novel tools in mainstream

breeding
In active collaboration with national programs and private sector partners in
the region, CIMMYT Asia maize program has initiated several projects focusing on
saving achievable yields across environments by incorporating a reasonable level of
tolerance/resistance for key stresses without compromising on yields under optimal
conditions. Integrating genomics and field based precision phenomics and focusing
on reducing genotype × environment interaction effects, new generation of maize
germplasm was developed with multiple stress tolerance that can grow well across
varied weather conditions within or across seasons. These new generation maize
cultivars are being targeted at climate vulnerable environments where they are
invariably exposed to a wide range challenges, such as drought, heat, waterlogging
and biotic stresses. The aim of this initiative has been to develop and deploy suitable
maize germplasm for current climatic conditions and maintain a product pipeline to
effectively feed the requirement of emerging challenges due to future climatic
situations in the Asian tropics. This is achieved by systematic integration of the
following key components:
 Base germplasm with key traits, i.e. constitution of the multiparent breeding
population by intermating established trait donors for a set of traits for targeted
environments with elite high yielding lines with proven commercial value;
 Integration of novel breeding tools, including genome wide association studies
(GWAS), genomic selection (GS) and double haploid (DH) technology to fast
track the stress resilience breeding pipeline;
 Field-based precision phenomics for stress adaptive traits along with grain yield at
several representative sites under managed stress screens and
 Partnerships to bring together committed partners, including both public sector R
& D programs and private sector seed companies in the region for sustainable
33
development, deployment and scaling out of climate resilient cultivars in stress

prone agro ecologies.
References
ADB (2009) Climate change threatens water, food security of 1.6 billion South
Asians. https://reliefweb.int/report/.
Banziger M, Setimela PS, Hodson D, Vivek B (2006) Breeding for improved abiotic
stress tolerance in maize adapted to southern Africa. Agric Water Manag. 80:212–
224.
Cairns JE, Prasanna BM (2018) Developing and deploying climate resilient maize
varieties in the developing world. Current Opinion in Plant Biol. 45:226 230.
Cairns JE, Sonder K, Zaidi PH, Verhulst N, Mahuku G, Babu R, Nair SK, Das B,
Govaerts B, Vinayan MT, Rashid Z, Noor JJ, Devi P, San Vicente F, Prasanna
BM (2012) Maize Production in a Changing Climate: Impacts, Adaptation and
Mitigation Strategies. Adv Agron. 114:1 58.
Kashyapi A, Deepa AK, Anita SB, Archana PH (2012) Asian monsoon in a changing
climate – Does it have impact on kharif season agriculture? International
conference on "Opportunities and Challenges in Monsoon Prediction in a
Changing Climate", 21 25 February 2012, Pune, India.
Prasanna BM (2018) Maize in Asia – Status, Challenges and Opportunities. Book of
Extended Summaries, 13th Asian Maize Conference and Expert Consultation on
Maize for Food, Feed, Nutrition and Environmental Security. Ludhiana, India,
Oct 8 10, 2018. CIMMYT, Mexico D.F.
Tesfaye K, Zaidi PH, Gbegbelegbe S, Boeber C, Rahut DB, Seetharam K, Erenstein
O, Stirling C (2017) Climate change impact and potential benefit of heat tolerant
maize in South Asia. Theo App Climat. 130:959–970.
Zaidi, P.H.; Thanh Nguyen, Dang N. Ha, Suriphat Thaitad, Salahuddin Ahmed,
Muhammad Arshad, K.B. Koirala, T.R. Rijal, P.H. Kuchanur, A.M. Patil, S.S.
Mandal, Ramesh Kumar, S.B. Singh, Bhupender Kumar, J.P. Shahi, M.B. Patel,
M.K. Gumma, Kamal Pandey, Ramesh Chaurasia, Azizul Haque, K. Seetharam,
Reshmi R. Das, M.T. Vinayan, Zerka Rashid, S.K. Nair1 and B.S.Vivek (2020)
Stress resilient maize for climate vulnerable ecologies in the Asian tropics. Aust.J.
Crop Sci. (accepted)
34
VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT IN MAIZE FOR HIGHER

PROFITABILITY IN INDIA
K Srinivas and Ranjit Kumar

ICAR National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Rajendranagar
Hyderabad
[email protected]
Maize is important to India as 15 million Indian farmers are engaged in Maize

cultivation allocating more than 9.0 million hectares (mha) of land the crop. It is
grown throughout the year. It is predominantly a kharif crop with 85 per cent of the
area under cultivation in the season. Maize is the third most important cereal crop in
India after rice and wheat. It accounts for around 10 per cent of total food grain
production in the country. In addition to staple food for human being and quality feed
for animals, maize serves as a basic raw material as an ingredient to thousands of
industrial products that includes starch, oil, protein, alcoholic beverages, food
sweeteners, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, film, textile, gum, package and paper
industries etc. Having realized the potential of the crop in generating better income
and gainful employment to the farmers, maize qualifies as a potential crop for
doubling farmer’s income. The consumption of maize has been increasing
consistently over a period of five years (CAGR of 11%, FICCI and PWC report
2018). More than 3000 products are in market made from different parts of maize
including its starch. This creates a huge market demand for maize in the world.
Indian maize farmers need to capitalize this opportunity along with different
stakeholders in the maize sector.
Although, India has received maize production level of 26 mt, it would
require around 30 million tonnes of maize by the year 2021 (Kumar et al. 2013).
However, Kumar (2013) suggests that only 13 per cent of total maize area harvested
grain yield of more than 4 t/ha, while 44 per cent harvested < 2 t/ha, thus jeopardizing
the profit sustainability of the growers. On the other hand, the per capita consumption
of maize as food has drastically reduced in rural India from 3.7 kg/annum in 2004/05
to 2.2 kg/annum in 2011/12. The main consumer of maize is currently the feed
industry (59%), followed by other industrial usage (17%), esp. for starch
manufacturingand food (10%).
Feed industry with a CAGR of 6 7% globally and within India at a CAGR of
9% presents a huge opportunity for maize growers. With the largest global livestock
population, India has always remained a feed starved country. Besides, the Indian
poultry industry i.e. eggs and poultry meat sector, is growing at a CAGR of around
6% and 9% respectively. Keeping these factors in view, maize will continue to
remain an important crop for food, feed and fodder purposes. Overall consumption of
maize between 2012 to 2016 has increased with CAGR of 11% (FICCI and PWC
2018).
In addition to production and consumption, trade plays very important role in
creating value in any sector. India has a big potential for export of maize as grain,
feed, seed and specialty corn due to its lower price and less freight costs to the major
maize (Asian) importers on account of geographical vicinity. Therefore, maize
exports have escalated during the post 2000 period and grew to 4.27 Mt in 2012, due
to rising demand mainly from South Asian and Gulf countries. India has emerged as
one of the top 10 maize exporters in the world. The country has exported 1.05 Mt of
maize to the world for the worth of 270.16 USD Millions in 2018 19. It accounted for
35
2.8 per cent of the world maize exports from 2.4 per cent of the total world
production (TE 2010 11) (Kumar et al. 2013).
India has major opportunities in global maize trade as about half of the global
maize traded is imported by 11 12 Asian nations. Currently, India exports about 4 Mt
of maize mainly to the South East Asian nations like Indonesia, Nepal, Viet Nam and
Malaysia. India can easily tap this market due to its price competitiveness and
geographical proximity. The expected production surplus during the next 5 10 years
will also help in increasing the footprints of Indian maize in the export market.
The maize sector in India faces a peculiar challenge from internal policy
changes favouring its competing crops despite the fact that there is a minimum
support price for maize also. This crop is not procured by the government agencies
and most of the time, it is observed that the farm gate price is lesser than support
price. Besides, government schemes like RKVY and NFSM coupled with National
Food Security Act 2013 give high priority to improving production and productivity
of fine cereals and pulses, which may have have negative impact on maize. Peri
urban agriculture, specialty corns viz. baby corn and sweet corn, hold great promise
for ensuring livelihood security. Customer preference for multi grain Atta (flour),
having fortified maize as one of the constituents, may further increase its
acceptability as food crop.
Maize sector is suffering from improper value chain development from input
side to marketing of final output. From input side, supply of seed, other farm inputs,
mechanization for farm operations and knowledge are the main issues. According to
an estimate, more than 500 private seed companies produce and sell maize seeds.
Multinationals have a major share in the maize seed industry (58%) whereas share of
other small and local seed companies is 40%. The major concern with small seed
companies is quality. Besides lack of quality other farm inputs and inefficient
farming techniques result in inferior produce. This resulted in lower maize yields
compared to other maize growing nations. Rapid hybridization, cluster based seed
production, dedicated seed cold storages for maize, Public Private Partnership (PPP)
in ensuring availability of quality Maize seeds are new dimensions emerged in Maize
Seed industry.
In farm mechanization, both pre and post harvest, the issue is of tillage to
harvesting equipment. They are not available to the farmer in time and seems to be
costly to own up. Need for Maize based silage making, Maize based Skill
Development Centres (SDCs) and Public Private Partnerships to promote Maize
based farm machinery banks have come out as possible avenues of investment.
Rationalizing usage of other critical farm inputs like fertilizers, agrochemicals and
irrigation have significant contribution in bringing overall profitability from crop.
Knowledge transfer (Extension) is supposed to be the states responsibility, which is
almost non functional at most of the places. Private seed suppliers give the
knowledge which is essential for survival on their own seeds. Promoting PPP in
extension and marketing could created win –win situation for state government,
private players and Maize growers through improved transfer of technology and
assured procurement of produce at remunerative prices.
Key participants in the value chain of maize are farmers. They are the primary
producers of maize. It is grown in kharif, rabi & summer season. After harvesting,
farmers bring grain to nearby market such as APMC’s for selling to traders, some
amount is kept for domestic use. Another players are village aggregators, who
operate in villages. They are the famers as well as village aggregators. They are the
primary base of maize marketing and are a major market outlet for the marginal and
36
small farmers. They aggregate the maize produce at village level and take to
commission agent or traders depending on the volume of tradable maize in a district.
Village aggregators often act as agents for commission agents during the peak of the
maize marketing season since they are located much nearer to small and marginal
farmers. Hence, they are often the most reliable link between the small and marginal
farmers and the commission agent. They procure maize at the farm gate on a cash
basis, thereby assembling it from the many scattered small and marginal farmers.
They get the price information by the commission agents through mobile phone.
In market place, commission agent acts as a middleman between farmers &
traders. These are found at almost every point of the maize supply chain. He decides
the price of the maize based on quality, market demand & supply & makes the
selling/ buying happen. Sometimes he also provides financial help for farmers during
growing season. These commission agents mainly take advantage of having
information of potential buyers and sellers. He charges around 2 3 per cent
commission of total produce brought for sale. Traders buys maize directly from
farmers or through dealers. He decides the price based on quality (Moisture %,
broken/ unbroken grains, colour etc.). He supplies to feed industry, starch industry,
food industry exports etc. Brokers are middleman between traders & feed industry.
He gets the order from feed industry related to supply of maize. Feed industry
specifies the demand, quality parameters & price specification to brokers. He settles
the contract between traders & feed industry. Feed industry engaged in
manufacturing and marketing of feed to end customers through various channels such
as direct to customer, through dealers or through contract farming/integration. The
above signifies that state wise meticulous planning is required for productivity led
growth of Indian Maize. Some of the innovative methods for better value chain
efficiency in Maize sector are: using ICT for delivery of knowledge, Use of micro
transport using IoTs for effective delivery of all inputs and outputs, using Artificial
Intelligence and GIS platforms to predict and prevent the possible biotic and abiotic
stresses. Use of the acquired data for better planning and farm management services.
Keen interest has been evinced by private sector players as well as
Government in harnessing the potential offered by Maize sector. Their interest has
been buoyed by expected increase in consumption of Maize. To realize the potential
of maize to create value for the producers, it is necessary to have an amalgamation of
strategies and interventions around technological innovations, promoting producer
aggregation and linkages, enabling supporting infrastructure, forgoing PPP
relationsand facilitating several policy interventions. Maize is one of the highest
traded agricultural commodities on new age market system, like commodity
exchanges Spot as well as futures. Commodity market works just like any other
market; it can be a physical or virtual place where commodity trading occurs.
However, the commodity market is characterized by its strong regulations and rules.
The trading and exchange of commodities work through legal entities, known as
commodity exchanges. Commodity exchange is an association, company, or any
legal corporate body which provides an organized marketplace for trading in
commodities. Worldwide there are many commodity exchanges specialized in
operating with certain commodities. The Chicago Board of Trade is one of the major
and most known commodity exchanges operating with agricultural commodities such
as corn, soybeans, wheat, oatsand rice. There are two ways how commodities can be
traded: Trading in the spot market; which means that the commodities are exchanged
immediately when setting a deal, either for cash or other goods. The price is set
according to the current market prices and delivery occurs immediately or a few days
37
later. Trading in the form of futures contract; which means that the buyer and seller
instead of goods, exchange the contract which obligates them to buy or sell the
commodity on a specific date in the future and at a particular price.
Currently, In India, maize is traded at few centres of commodity exchanges:
like Patna (Bihar), Chhapra (Bihar), Begusarai (Bihar), Motihari (Bihar), Dohad
(Gujrat), Banglore (Karnataka), Jhabua (Madhya Pradesh), Udaipur (Rajasthan),
Bahraich (Uttar Pradesh), Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), etc. It is also traded in the Multi
Commodity Exchange of India Ltd (MCX) and National Commodity and Derivatives
Exchange (NCDEX).
References
Kumar, R., K. Srinivas and N. Sivaramane (2013) Assessment of the maize situation,
outlook and investment opportunities in India. Country Report – Regional
Assessment Asia (MAIZE CRP), National Academy of Agricultural Research
Management, Hyderabad, India
FICCI & PWC (2018) Maize vision 2020 a knowledge Report during India Maize
summit 2018.
38
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM IN INDIA: MARKETING

POSSIBILITIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS-OPPORTUNITIES AND WAY
FORWARD
S R Singh, Deputy Director (Marketing and Skills)

Chaudhary Charan Singh National Institute of Agricultural Marketing, Jaipur
Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India
Current scenario
Agriculture has been the major source of livelihood generation in India and
more than three fifths of India’s population draws their livelihood from agriculture
that adds just one fifth to its GDP. There should be obvious serious concerns about
efficient functioning of this sector both in terms of its output /productivity and its
marketing. There are several bottlenecks present agricultural marketing in India.
While output and productivity are supply side factors, markets provide an
intermediate link between producers and final demand source by consumers.
Efficiently functioning markets add to welfare of producers as well as consumers.
Interventions at different level of value chain and in domestic agricultural markets
can affect the efficient allocation of resources negatively thus making domestic
agricultural sector less competitive in international markets. This effect can get
further magnified through interventions in the border trade policies which also affect
the movement of agricultural commodities from one state to others. In India, farmers’
produce is generally disposed off in the village, rural / primary market or secondary
agricultural market. The number of regulated (secondary) agricultural markets are
around 7,157 as of March 2014 as compared to just 286 in 1950. There are also about
22,221 rural periodical markets scattered all over country, about 15 per cent of which
function under the ambit of regulation. Average area served by a market is 115 sq.
km while an average area served by a regulated market is 454 sq.km (varies from 103
sq km in Punjab to 11,215 sq km in Meghalaya ). According to recommendations by
National Farmers Commission, availability of Markets should be within 5 km radius
(approx. 80 sq km) (2004). Regulated markets are managed by Agricultural Produce
Market Committees or APMCs. Regulatory barriers have constrained investments in
development of storage and processing, hampered the development of effective
market institutionsand lowered the capacity of agricultural producers to be
internationally competitive. India, for example, is the world’s largest producer of fruit
and vegetables but inadequate post harvest storage and transportation cause losses of
around 30 40 per cent, only 7 per cent value addition takes placeand only about 2 per
cent of production is processed commercially (Government of India, 2001). As a
result a broad consensus has emerged about the need for reforms in agricultural
market policies and quite significant reforms have been implemented in recent years,
as part of the ongoing policy reform process in India.
Linking small primary producers with markets has been identified as one of
the major issues in policy and practice in improving livelihoods for millions of poor
in the developing world. Small producers have many competitive advantages like
lower cost because of family labour abundance, higher capability in working
capabilityand traditional knowledge that can be harnessed for many sectors.
The only threats they face are: the demand for standardized products in global
and national markets. But there are opportunities in organic, fair and ethical trade
markets that are particularly suited for small producers and offer higher prices. On
the other hand, private agencies also stand to gain from small producer linkages when
39
the focus is not just on profits, private agencies can leverage this smallholder linkage
by way of political and social legitimacy. Besides, dealing with small producers can
lower costs as compared to dealing with larger onesand smaller producers are
generally easier to manage. Typically, farmers complain a lack of market for their
produce, while processors, exporters or supermarket retailers complain of a lack of
adequate supplies of quality produce.
This marketing paradox is present because often, buyers do not reach out to
explore new suppliers or farmers lack an understanding of markets as well as the
ability to identify mew markets or to take advantage of such opportunity with value
addition activities like grading, cleaning, sorting, packaging and primary processing.
Globallyand more so, in the developing world, including India, in numerous
types of market linkage arrangements, success depends on the market and the
efficiency of operations. Some offer higher price opportunities for growers, while
others offer lower marketing costs, thus increasing producer profit margins either
way. But, most of these arrangements, especially indirect ones, do not ensure that
small growers are part of these arrangements. Many market linkage arrangements just
provide another alternative to the primary sellers without any commitment to buy or
add value as is the case with most fresh F&V retail chains in India which procure
only ‘A Grade’ produce without any contract and the producer is left to sell the rest
of the produce in other channels. Most of these channels also deal with individual
growers and there have just been only few attempts by private corporate players
encouraging the formation of grower groups or associations through the producer
company route in India.
Major issues and concerns

 Too many intermediaries resulting in high cost of goods and services and they
extract major share in consumers rupees.
 Inadequate infrastructure for storage, sorting, grading or post harvest
management resulting huge wastage of fruits and vegetables as well grains.
 Private sector unwilling to invest in logistics or infrastructure under prevailing
conditions
 Price setting and discovery mechanism not transparent
 Mandi staff ill equipped and untrained
 Market information not easily accessible and ambiguous
 Movement of agri produce from one place to another is difficult due State Act.
Condition of existing market

 Primary or Periodic Markets (haat / bazaars) are most neglected – basic
amenities not available
 Condition of cattle markets most appalling
 Low density of regulated markets in some States farmers have to travel long
distances
 Weak governance of APMCs management not professional
 Licensing systems creates entry barrier to new trader / buyers
 Multi Point Levy of Market Fee (Varies from 0.5 to 2%) and Multiple Licensing
System
 Restrictions on movement of goods inter state and even intra state
40
Gaps in marketing infrastructure

 NHM only 11 States have taken initiative in establishing 109 cold storages and
eight states have established 51 apni mandis, there is virtually no progress in the
setting up of wholesale markets except in Kerala
 Only 1637 grading units at the primary level, which include 125 units with
cooperatives and 144 units with others
 Regulated markets, there are only 1368 grading units in a total of 7246 market
yards/sub yards.
 Only around seven percent of the total quantity sold by farmers is graded before
sale
 Scientific storage capacity is only 30 per cent of the required capacity.
 Cold storage facility is available for only 10 per cent of fruits and vegetables
Need for reform in agricultural marketing

 Empower producers with knowledge, information & capability to undertake
market driven production.
 Provide Multiple Choice and competitive Marketing Channels to farmers.
 Attract Large Scale investments needed for building Post Harvest infrastructure.
Linking small farmers to the market

Strategies on the following principles to extend help to smallholder agriculture and
disadvantaged producer groups. The Plan:
 aim to improve the terms of trade of small producers with the market
 address risks faced by small producers and help to reduce them
 recognize the importance of small producers in the value chain and facilitate their
inclusion in the wider economy target the moving small producers further up the
value chain to increase their returns on investment and their economic security.
Alternative marketing models
An analysis of various alternative models

India has made many strides on production front but awfully lacking in the
field of agricultural marketing. These inadequacies are becoming more acute with the
significant changes taking place in agri food systems in domestic and overseas
markets; the attainment of competitiveness is becoming increasingly dependant on
the capacity of the country to develop effective and efficient agricultural marketing.
Presently agricultural marketing system in India suffers from number of constraints
which are either infrastructure related or government regulation related or technology
related or related to poor information on domestic and overseas markets and
opportunities or related to unstable and uncertain produce prices or related to delayed
and late payment to producers and finally related to low producer’s realization.
The existing marketing infrastructure in the form of Rural Primary Markets,
regulated wholesale and assembling markets, grading and quality control systems,
retail markets, storage including cold chain infrastructure, infrastructure required for
linking the commodity futures with the farmers, perishable cargo centres, rural farm
road infrastructure, market information infrastructure, infrastructure for livestock
markets, poultry and livestock meat markets, slaughter house facilities and quality
assurance infrastructure of various agricultural commodities is far below the desired /
required levels both in terms of capacity as well as quality of the facilities. This
41
infrastructure is also inadequate to realize the potential competitiveness of multiple

commodities for taking them to the global markets.
Alternate marketing systems: Indian producers are unable to realize optimal value
from their produce and progress further due to fragmentation of land holdings and
lack of grass root level organizations. On the other hand, processors are not in a
position to get quality raw material in right quantity.
Besides the share of producer in consumer price is abysmally low due to the
presence of middlemen. To overcome these problems, direct marketing, contract
farming, direct linkage with Retailers/ Processors/ Exporters and market oriented
production are some of the approaches. Recently many initiatives have been taken by
NABARD, NIAM and other organizations to promote and involve Self Help Groups,
Joint Liability Groups, Farmer clubs, Farmer Federations, SHG Federations,
Producer organizations such as Producer Companies, Producer cooperatives, etc in
direct marketing of the farmers’ produce for better price realization.
Government initiatives: To promote direct interactions of producers with consumers

in fresh produce, there have been farmers’ markets in India in the form of Apni
Mandis in Punjab, Rythu Bazaars in Andhra Pradesh, Uzhavar Santhai in Tamil
Naduand Shetkari Bazaar in Maharashtra, promoted by state agencies. Farmers’
markets have helped participating farmers to become aware of the products required
by the markets and helped farmers to improve product quality and diversify their
product portfolios, besides bringing about resource use maximization. However,
farmers’ markets have not had a major impact on farm incomes as sales through this
marketing channel are generally small, both in terms of number of the farmers
participating and volumes of produce. The more significant govt. initiatives include
Horticultural Producers’ Coop. Marketing & Processing Society (HOPCOMS – a
cooperative) in Karnataka and SAFAL F&V project of National Dairy Development
Board (NDDB) in Bangalore.
Producer Groups / Farmer Groups (PG / FG) – Producers’ Associations (PAs) –

Farmer Common Service Centers (FCSCs): Group Activity is more effective for
the benefit of the members of the group than the individual efforts. Informally formed
small groups called as self help groups have exhibited their strengths in various fields
including agriculture, in improving financial conditions of the members. Farmer
Common Service Centers (FCSCs) are conceptually small scale commercially viable
entities owned by Producers’ Associations (PAs).
The FCSCs will support 250 300 members, through Producer Groups /
Farmer Groups of around 12 19 active members in each Producer Groups (PGs).
The following options could be available to the members of the PAs after using the
services provided by the FCSCs:
(i) Take their produce to a State Agencies Warehouse or to APMC warehouse or sell
in APMC.
(ii) Obtain finance against their produce through the Warehouse Receipt Financing
from banks for the produce store in the State Warehouse or other accredited
warehouses.
(iii)They can sell the produce on spot or future market depending on price situation
known through the warehouses.
(iv) The produce can be sold to direct marketing license holder who may be a trader,
exporter, processor or retail chain operator.
42
An estimate of the potential additional returns that farmers can obtain by

using the FCSC for their producer association to grade, clean and pack grain and to
facilitate marketing through the Mandi, the Spot Market at a warehouse facility, or to
store at warehouse for three month contrasted with the returns for a farmer selling un
graded produce through the Mandi shortly after harvest shows higher returns to the
farmers as 5%, 10% & 15% respectively.
E-Trading: The concept of E trading or ‘Virtual Market’ is innovative and

experimental. Virtual Markets for agricultural products are very much in their infancy
but with new technological development, field results are undergoing significant
revision and refinement. Various states have amended the APMC Act on the lines of
the Model Act and the Rules under the Act provides for e trading. States have already
granted licenses to MCX and NCDEX for carrying out e trading activity. The e
trading system would enable producers, user organizations, electronic traders and
existing traders to be able to offer product to the market and that a system would be
in place that would enable buyers and sellers to broadcast buying needs and product
requirements to one another.
Direct marketing: Farmers’ Markets were introduced with a view to eliminate the
middlemen and arrange facilities for the farmers to sell their produce directly to the
consumers at reasonable rates fixed every day. On account of the scheme, both the
farmers and the consumers are benefited. Some examples of these channels are Apni
Mandi, Rythu Bazarsand Uzhavar Sandies. These channels are mostly adopted in
sales transactions of agricultural commodities like fruits, vegetables and flowers
which are highly perishable. In this channel, the produce move quickly from farmers
to consumers due to absence of middlemen.
Keys to inclusion of smallholder farmers in dynamic markets
1. Organized retailing: To be promoted by removing all restrictions on FDI for

creating good competition for domestic players and to bring new technologies and
management practices provided commodities are procured only from Producers
Organizations.
2. Market Access for small producers: The market access depends on: (a)
understanding the markets, (b) organizing of the firm or operations, (c) the existence
of communication and transport linksand, (d) an appropriate policy environment.
Understanding the markets in a modern context involves understanding the value
chains and networks and their dynamics from a small producer perspective.
Interventions like Farmer Common Service Centers could be an appropriate forum
for such a market access.
3. Reforms for efficient traditional markets: The functioning of traditional markets

(APMCs) needs to be improved to enhance their cost efficiency so that producers and
consumers can realise better prices. The amended APMC Act allows for the setting
up of private markets. It is also necessary to enforce an open auction system, improve
buyer competition in markets, provide better facilities such as cold storageand
improve farmers’ access to market information. These markets are important to small
farmers and even a significant proportion of medium and large farmers, who still
43
depend on them; they also serve as main competitors to contract farming and can
improve the terms offered to contract growers.
4. Integrated value chain promotion: There is a need to combine value chain

promotion with livelihood perspective to enable the resource poor to enter in to and
stay in to globalized commercial markets. Innovation in smallholder market linkage
are needed in terms of partnership, use of information and communication
technologies, leveraging networks, value chain financing, smallholder policyand,
even in contracts that can promote both efficiency and inclusiveness of the linkage.
5. Promotion of innovative marketing models: Choosing the right market and a

market development strategy is essential to scale up the operations that can come
only by innovation of products and business models. It is not market access but
effective market participation that is at the heart of success of any market linkage for
primary producers.
6. PPP for efficiency and effectiveness: Partnership with the private sector can come
in handy as they can provide technologyand upgrade business (quality) and social
standards. For this, POs and their staff and farmers should be more market oriented
and have the capacity to work with and negotiate fair contracts with private agencies.
This requires training of PO personnel and farmers in modern markets and their
dynamics which includes contract negotiation, business management, market
research, supply or value chain analysis, basic business documentation and crop and
farm plans and budgets.
44
RECENT ADVANCES IN CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE MACHINERY

FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Harminder Singh Sidhu

Sr. Research Engineer, Borlaug Institute for South Asia, Ludhiana
[email protected]
Conservation Agriculture (CA) practices with increased acceptance across the

globe are now considered as harbinger for agriculture sustainability and productivity.
Its positive impact on natural resourcesand adaptation to and mitigation of climate
change effects are widely acknowledged. CA based crop management technologies
are “open” approachand easy to mainstream. In South Asia, CA is a relatively new
introduction compared to developed world. CA will be able to quickly address two
critical concerns faced by South Asian agriculture today low farm economics and
degrading natural resources. Availability of machinery suited to local conditions is
generally a major limitation in adopting CA in Asia and Africa. Capacity
development of researchers on CA machinery is also vital for development,
adaptation and up scaling of CA for realizing its impact in the region. Keeping the
emerging challenges before the South Asian farmers, there is a need for a collective
movement on CA in general and developing suitable multi crop CA machinery in the
region. In the past for more than a decade considerable efforts are being made for
developing suitable machinery suited to different cropping systems under CA. The
brief description of important CA machinery/technologies developed in India is given
below:
1. Laser land leveller: Water is the most important resource on the earth. However,
availability of water is limited in many parts of South Asia, particularly in north
western (NW) India. There is therefore, an urgent need for judicious use of our
limited water resources. The enhancement of water application efficiency at field
level is one of the best options to redress the problem declining of water level in the
state. Precision land levelling (PLL) is the foremost step in this direction which could
assist in efficient utilization of water. Results have indicated that PLL saves water to
the tune of 20 25% and irrigation time by 30% and also improves crop productivity
by 10 15%. This technology will not only conserve water and save electricity but will
also improve the judicious use of other agricultural inputs like fertilizer, insecticides,
pesticides and weedicides etc. This also results in uniform maturity of the cropand
better quality and higher yield. Moreover, PLL is a precursor for adopting other
resource conservation technologies. At present more than 35000 laser levelling
machines are working in India. The demand of this technology is still increasing in
the states like UP, Rajsthan, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh, after the successful large
scale adoption in Punjab and Haryana. The introduction of Auto Survey laser land
leveller is another milestone in the development of CA machinery (Sidhu et al., 2019).
This unit is capable of surveying the field automatically and instruct the hydraulic
directional control valve to set the drag bucket at the desired mean level without any
manual intervention. The detail testing of this machine showed that the average field
capacity and the land uniformity index of the automatic laser leveller was 13 % and
12 % more respectively, with 11 % less fuel consumption than manual laser land
leveller. This machine is now being commercially sold to the farmers.
45
2. Multi-crop planter: The rice wheat , cotton wheat and Maize –wheat are the
major crop rotation of in the NW India. All the operations in wheat are almost
mechanized while rice transplanting is totally manual making this system highly
energy intensive. The shortages of water and labour are the driving forces for re
evaluation of rice establishment methods. A shift in rice production system from
transplanted rice to dry direct seeding of rice (DSR) is testimony of the resource
conservation technologies (Gupta et al., 2006). The uncertainty in the availability of
water/electricity early in the season, is another reason for adoption of DSR in timely
planting of rice in Punjab & other parts of India.
2 1 Functional requirements of direct seeded rice planter:

The machine should able to maintain optimum plant to plant and row to row distance
without any mechanical seed injury using a seed rate of 15 20 kg/ha at desired
seeding depth between 2 5 cm.
2 2 Machines with inclined plate metering mechanism:

The machines/planters with multi crop inclined plate
metering mechanism are more suitable for seeding rice (see
the figure on right hand side)). These machines are capable
of maintaining seed to seed and row to spacing with very
low injury to the seeds. The chances of missing due to
machine vibration are also very less compared to other
systems. These planters can also be used for planting other
crops like maize, cotton, groundnut etc by simply
changing the inclined plates designed for a specific crop
and adjusting row to row spacing. Till date the inclined
plate seed metering is the best to meet all the functional
requirements of the multi crop planting machines. The
cost of the machine is Rs75000/ with working width 1.8
m and field capacity is 0.4 ha/hr. But an additional
inclined plate metering box costing only Rs. 20000/ can
also be attached to the existing zero till drill/ Happy seeders as an alternative to buy a
separate machine.
3. Relay Seeding in to standing Crop: In South Asia, cotton wheat (CW) rotation
(~4.5 M ha) is one of the potential candidate for major gains in future wheat
production of the region. In the CW system, wheat planting after cotton harvest is
often delayed (by 20 44 days) due to
late picking of cotton and subsequent
tillage and field preparation operations
needed for conventional wheat
planting. This leads on average > 0.5 t
ha 1 lower wheat productivity planted
after cotton compared to that after rice.
Therefore, timeliness in wheat planting
under CW system warrants a new
innovation to overcome the problem of
delayed wheat planting. A two wheel Relay Seeding of moong into paired row wheat
self propelled relay seeder was
developed in 2009 by the Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA)/
46
CIMMYT team in collaboration with Amar Agro Industries, Ludhiana, India (Buttar
et al., 2013). The prototype is capable of direct drilling of wheat along with basal
fertilizers in three rows (18 cm spacing) between two rows of standing cotton (67.5
cm apart). Results of the farmers’ participatory field trials revealed that relay seeding
of wheat using innovative relay seeder resulted in the yield gains of more than 0.5 t
ha 1 due to advancing sowing of wheat by 20 44 days compared conventional sowing..
However, farmers of CW belt in Punjab showed little interest in adoption of two
wheel tractor driven relay seeder due to their large size farm holdings. Keeping this in
view, efforts have been made to develop high clearance platform for 4 wheel tractor
which can be used in the standing cotton. A prototype of tractor operated relay seeder
has also been developed and being evaluated by Borlaug Institute for South Asia
(BISA), Ludhiana in collaboration with machinery manufacturer and Department of
Farm Machinery & Power, PAU, Ludhiana. The efforts have also been made to seed
moong bean in to the standing wheat to advance the seeding of mung bean by 20 25
days to get the assured yield of moong without facing the challenge of advance
monsoon.
4 High Clearance Tractor and Sprayer: Mechanized weeding and spraying in

most of the row crop including maize is not possible after certain crop height. The
limitation was the ground clearance of tractor and boom sprayers. To address this
challenge high clearance tractor (mentioned in above section) was used to operate a
high clearance sprayer. The high clearance sprayer is a simple modification of a
normal boom sprayer by changing the position of the square axil for tyres. It only
takes 1 hour to convert a normal sprayer to a high clearance sprayer. With this
modification ground clearance of the tractor & sprayer has increased from 40 cm to
80 cm which will facilitate the easy movement of the machines in the standing crop
even at the late stage with any injury or damage to the crop. Below are the pictures
showing tractor and boom sprayers at the normal and high clearance height.
5 Super SMS for Combine Harvesters: The manual

spreading of loose straw in a combine harvested field takes
8 13 man h/ha and it is very difficult to spread the entangled
dry loose straw due to its light weight. Keeping this in mind,
a straw management system (SMS) and now known as super
SMS was developed which can be used as an attachment to
the existing conventional combine harvester for managing
and evenly spreading the loose straw in the harvested area.
This will not only facilitate the smooth operation of Happy Seeder in combine
harvested fields but also will help in conserving moisture in the field after harvesting
which in turns is very helpful in widening the seeding window of wheat in the
residual moisture.
47
6 The Happy Seeder: Rice straw has no economic use

with the farmers and industry and thus remains unutilized
in combine harvested rice fields in NW India. In order to
seed wheat on time, the majority of the farmer’s burn rice
straw in situ in NW India as it is an easy and cheap option
causing intense air pollution and losses of plant nutrients.
Rice straw incorporation is practiced by less than 1 %
farmers as it is energy and time intensive and delays wheat sowing. Developing a
cost effective technique for better utilization of this vast resource was an important
challenge for the farm engineers. Happy Seeder (HS) was developed to sow wheat
into rice residue without burning. The HS cuts and manages the standing stubble and
loose straw in front of the furrow openers, retaining it as surface mulch and sows
wheat in a single operational pass of the field. Operational costs for sowing wheat are
50 60% lower with HS than with conventional sowing. (Sidhu et al. 2015) The
introduction of energy efficient blades and triple action straw management rotor in
HS further reduced the operational power requirement by 20 25 % and improved the
field capacity by 15 %. However, evenly spread loose straw is a precondition for the
smooth operation of all second generation drills including the HS. At present more
than 15,000 machines are operational in the region in last 2 years. The happy seeder
can be used to sow other crops like moongbean, maize , soybean, chickpea and rice in
the presence of residue by making some simple adjustment/attachments in the exiting
machine. Future research should also focus on the improvement in method of
irrigation & fertilizer application (eg. fertigation) to further improve input use
efficiency in CA based different cropping systems.
7 Layering conservation agriculture and precision water and nutrient

management using sub surface drip (SSD) irrigation system: Adoption of drip
irrigation for suitable crops (vegetables & horticulture) has shown tremendous
reduction in crop water requirements ((Sharma et al., 2009). However, there have
been very limited efforts on drip irrigation major water consuming field crops (like
rice, wheat, maize etc) across the world. The biggest bottle neck in adoption of
surface drip irrigation in cereal based systems is labour use in frequent shifting of
drip lines for different operations during crop growth. BISA CIMMYT at Ludhiana,
India have initiated a new research on precision conservation agriculture in rice
wheat and maize wheat systems. A new machine for laying sub surface drip lines has
been developed at BISA, Ludhiana, which is highly economical and labour efficient.
The results of first of its kind research on layering sub surface drip with conservation
agriculture based rice wheat and maize wheat rotations have shown tremendous
potential to dramatically cut irrigation water use while producing more compared
with conventional system of flood irrigation. It has been observed that irrigation
water productivity increased by about 150 and 100% in maize and wheat,
respectively. In addition there was a 25% saving of fertilized N under fertigation in
both maize and wheat without any yield penalty. In rice the saving of 20% fertilizer
N and increased irrigation water productivity by about 60% has been observed with
similar yields.
In conclusion there is a need for more research to develop appropriate
mechanization strategies as a collective movement on CA for different agronomic
management (weeding and fertilizer placement in standing crop) in the region. For
accelerating the pace of adoption of CA & diversification in the region, development
& evaluation of multi crop, multi utility machines for CA and human resource
48
development need immediate action as “Un-sustainability cannot be an option in

the modern agriculture”.
References
Buttar GS, Sidhu HS, Singh V, Jat ML, Gupta R, Singh Y and Singh B (2013) Relay
planting of wheat in cotton: an innovative technology for enhancing productivity
and profitability of wheat in cotton–wheat production system of South Asia.
Exptl Agric 49:19 30.
Gupta R, Jat ML, Singh S, Singh VP and Sharma RK (2006). Resource conservation
technologies for rice production. Indian Fmg.56 (7) 42 45.
Sharma BR, Amarasinghe U and Xueliang C (2009). Assessing and Improving Water
Productivity in Conservation Agriculture Systems in the Indus Gangetic Basin.
Lead paper for the “4th World Congress on Conservation Agriculture
Innovations for Improving efficiency, Equity and Environment, Irrigated
Systems, National (Indian) Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NASC Complex,
Pusa, New Delhi, India; 4 7 February 2009.
Sidhu HS, Singh M, Singh Y, Blackwell J, Lohan SK, Humphreys E, Jat ML, Singh
V and Singh S (2015). Development and evaluation of the Turbo Happy Seeder
for sowing wheat into heavy rice residues in NW India. Field Crops Res. 184:
201 212.
Sidhu HS, Singh M, Singh Y, Singh SK and Pandey HS (2019). Performance
evaluation of automatic vis à vis manual topographic survey for precision land
levelling. Precision Agri. (in press).
49
VITAMIN-A ENRICHMENT IN MAIZE: STATUS AND PROSPECTS
Firoz Hossain1*, Vignesh Muthusamy1, Rajkumar U Zunjare1, Hriipulou Duo1,

Rajat Goswami1, Manoj Gowda1, Brijesh K Mehta1, Abhijit Das1, Bhukya
Prakash2, Bhupender Kumar3, John Joel4, Rajesh Khulbe5, Mehar C Kamboj6
and Sujay Rakshit3
1
2
ICAR Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad
3
4
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore
5
ICAR Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora
6
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
[email protected]
Green revolution has led to mammoth increase in grain production. Despite

grain sufficiency, vast majority of people, around 815 million continues to subsist
under malnourished condition. Major health problems in developing countries arise
mainly due to micronutrient malnutrition, which affects nearly two billion people
worldwide (Global Nutrition Report 2017). It occurs primarily due to consumption of
imbalanced diet particularly deficient in essential vitamins and minerals. These
deficiencies mainly affect children and pregnant women; and have profound health
effects in humans affecting their growth and development leading to considerable
socio economic losses (Hossain et al. 2019). It is mainly prevalent in the developing
countries like India, due to the predominance of consumption of cereal based diet
(Gupta et al. 2019). Studies reported that every year India loses over $12 billion of
gross domestic product (GDP) due to deficiency of vitamins and minerals
(www.harvestplus.org). Among different micronutrients, deficiency of vitamin A
(VAD) is common and highly prevalent in humans (Giuliano 2014).
Significance of vitamin-A in humans

Vitamin A is the group of organic compounds required for visual system,
growth and development, immune system, maintenance of epithelial cell integrity and
reproduction (Sommer and West 1996). Vitamin A needs to be essentially supplied
through diet by supplementation or balanced diet, as it can’t be synthesized inside the
human body. Human body said to be deficient in vitamin A when retinol reserve is
<0.1 μmol/g (Tanumihardjo 2011). Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) affects at least 190
million pre school children and 19 million pregnant women worldwide causing
eyesight damage that leads to night blindness (WHO 2009). VAD is prevalent in
Africa and South Asia, where people depend on cereals for their dietary requirement.
India stands in world map with severe form of VAD (www.harvestplus.org). The
daily requirement of vitamin A in non pregnant and non lactating women is 500 μg/g,
while it is 275 μg/g per day in case of children of 4 6 years age (Andersson et al.
2017). It also causes a keratomalacia an inflammation that causes irreversible
blindness and it also causes diarrhoea and respiratory diseases (Sommer and
Davidson 2002; Mayer et al. 2008; Bouis and Saltzman 2017). VAD causes many
disorders like growth retardation, impaired iron mobilization, depressed immune
responseand increased susceptibility to infectious diseases (Sommer and Davidson
2002; WHO 2009).
50
Strategies to overcome VAD

Though, diverse measures like diet diversification, food fortification and
supplementation have been made to overcome the micronutrient deficiencies, limited
success is achieved due to several physical and economic factors like non availability,
non accessibility and non affordability. On the other hand, targeting the staple crops
to improve the content of these micronutrients through genetic means, often referred
to as ‘biofortification’ can overcome these three major limitations and stands
sustainable and cost effective (Menkir et al. 2017; Bouis 2018).
Maize and its significance

Maize is the third most important staple food crop in the world, which
accounts for 15 56% of total daily calories of humans in developing countries
(FAS/USDA 2019). Of the maize produced in the country, 64% is used for feed, 16%
for food, 19% for industrial use and 1% for others (AICRP Maize Progress Report
2017 18). Although maize is a major staple crop, the available maize varieties do not
provide sufficient levels of vitamin A to meet the recommended dietary allowance
(RDA) (Gupta et al. 2019; Hossain et al. 2019). Normal maize other than white corn
genotypes, possess considerable concentration of carotenoids in the grains when
compared to rice, wheat and other staple cereals; but it is predominated by non
provitamin A type of carotenoidsand has only 0.25 2.50 μg/g of provitamin A
carotenoids (Vignesh et al. 2012; Pixley et al. 2013; Muthusamy et al. 2015a). This is
well below the RDA of 15 μg/g recommended for humans (Pixley et al. 2013).
Genes governing higher provitamin-A accumulation in maize

Global research efforts have led to identification of two key genes in the
carotenoid biosynthesis pathway i.e., β-carotene hydroxylase (crtRB1) and lycopene-
ε-cyclase (lcyE) in maize; mutant alleles of which could increase β carotene and β
cryptoxanthin (major provitamin A carotenoids) (Harjes et al. 2008; Yan et al. 2010).
However, favourable alleles of these genes causing provitamin A enhancement are
less frequent in the population (3.38% for lcyE, 3.90% for crtRB1and 1.30% with
both the alleles) (Muthusamy et al. 2015b). For both the crtRB1 and lcyE genes,
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based co dominant and gene based markers were
developed and validated (Harjes et al. 2008; Yan et al. 2010; Babu et al. 2013,
Zunjare et al. 2018a). These markers have greatly reduced the intensive large scale
phenotyping in the breeding populations for development of provitamin A rich
biofortified maize (Babu et al. 2013; Muthusamy et al. 2014; Zunjare et al. 2017;
Zunjare et al. 2018b; Goswami et al. 2019; Sagare et al. 2019).
Global scenario of development of provitamin-A enriched maize cultivars

HarvestPlus, a CGIAR initiative on development of micronutrient dense crops
has made efforts in development and release of several biofortified varieties in
various crops in collaboration with the other crop based CGIAR institutions like
CIMMYT and IITA. About 11 provitamin A rich hybrids and/or open pollinated
varieties (OPVs) developed by CIMMYT, Mexico, were released in African
countries like Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Around 15 provitamin A rich OPVs,
developed by International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, were
released in Nigeria, Ghana and DR Congo (www.harvestplus.org). Of them, three
hybrids viz., GV662A, GV664A and GV665A were from Zambia, two hybrids (Ife
maize hyb 3 & Ife maize hyb 4) and two synthetics (Sammaz 38 and Sammaz 39)
were from Nigeria. One provitamin A rich synthetic has also been released from
51
Ghana (CSIR CRI Honampa). So far, more than 40 provitamin A rich maize cultivars
including synthetics, single cross hybridsand three way hybrids have been released in
many African countries such as DR Congo, Ghana, Malawi, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda,
Tanzania, Zambiaand Zimbabwe (Andersson et al. 2017). All these hybrids/OPVs are
reported to contain 6 8 μg/g of provitamin A (Dhliwayo 2014; Simpungwe et al.
2017). Around 460 tonnes of certified seeds of provitamin A rich cultivars were
produced for their cultivation by farmers (www.harvestplus.org). Besides, 64
synthetics and 74 provitamin A enriched hybrids were under extensive testing in 14
African countries (Manjeru et al. 2017).
Research efforts at CIMMYT and other institutions worldwide has also led to
the development of provitamin A rich maize genotypes through exploitation of either
or both of the two key genes viz., crtRB1 and lcyE that cause higher accumulation of
provitamin A in maize kernel (Azmach et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2015; Gebremeskel et al.
2017; Menkir et al. 2017; Manjeru et al. 2017; Simpungwe et al. 2017). Using
marker assisted selection (MAS), favourable allele of crtRB1 was introgressed in two
promising inbreds viz., CML161 and CML171. The provitamin A level enhanced up
to 5.25 µg/g from 1.60 µg/g in CML161; and 8.14 µg/g from 1.80 µg/g in CML171
(Liu et al. 2015).
National status of development of provitamin-A enriched maize cultivars

Intensive efforts at ICAR Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
led to development of provitamin A rich maize hybrids (Table 1). The favourable
allele of crtRB1 gene was introgressed into parental inbreds of Vivek QPM9, Vivek
Hybrid27, HM4 and HM8 using MAS; and the improved hybrids showed 5.5 10.2
fold increase in provitamin A when compared to the original hybrids (Muthusamy et
al. 2014). This has led to the release of ‘Pusa Vivek QPM9 Improved’ (APQH9), the
first commercial hybrid in the country with high provitamin A coupled with lysine
and tryptophan (Yadava et al. 2018; Hossain et al. 2019; Gupta at al. 2019). One
more hybrid ‘Pusa Vivek Hybrid27 Improved’ has also been released for commercial
cultivation in the country during year 2020. Goswami et al. (2019) has also
introgressed the favourable allele of crtRB1 into HKI1128Q, a medium maturing elite
QPM inbred and female parent of the hybrid HM9. Recently, Zunjare et al. (2018b)
introgressed both lcyE- and crtRB1 favourable alleles of genes into elite opaque2
based parental inbreds of the four popular QPM hybrids viz., HQPM1, HQPM4,
HQPM5 and HQPM7. ‘Pusa HQPM5 Improved’ and ‘Pusa HQPM7 Improved’ have
now been released across the country and Peninsular Zone, respectively during year
2020.
Table 1: Provitamin A rich maize hybrids developed and released in the country
S Name of the hybrid Maturity Zone of release Year of
No release
1. Pusa Vivek QPM9 Early Northern Hill Zone 2017
Improved and Peninsular
Zone
2. Pusa Vivek Hybrid27 Early North Eastern Plain 2020
Improved Zone
3. Pusa HQPM5 Improved medium Across the country 2020
to late
4. Pusa HQPM7 Improved Late Peninsular Zone 2020
52
However, number of inbreds rich in provitamin A is very limited (10 12). In

order to develop diverse provitamin A rich inbreds and hybrids, 10 elite normal
maize inbreds (1 2 µg/g of provitamin A and good combiners for grain yield) were
crossed with HarvestPlus donor inbred, HP704 22 (15 20 µg/g of provitamin A, but
poor adaptation in Indian conditions). F2 populations of the 10 crosses were
genotyped using crtRB1 specific InDel marker. Segregants homozygous for crtRB1
mutant allele were selected (Figure 1). F3 families were evaluated for their plant , ear ,
grain characteristics (Figure 2).
Figure 1: Segregation of crtRB1 alleles (543 bp and 296 bp) in F2 populations. 543
bp allele is favourable, star indicates homozygous individuals with 543 bp allele.
Figure 2: Ear and grain characteristics of selected newly derived provitamin A rich
lines (A J)
Figure 3: Ear and grain characteristics of newly developed crtRB1 based hybrids
A set of selected inbreds possessing favourable allele of crtRB1 were analyzed for
different carotenoid fractions. Provitamin A among inbreds varied from 8.33 14.63
µg/g, with an average of 11.01 µg/g. In case of crtRB1 based inbred lines, the
contribution of β carotene towards total kernel carotenoids was found to be 28%,
while β cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin contributed 15%, 39% and 19%,
53
respectively. In case of the two elite check inbreds (normal inbreds) used in the study,
the contribution of β carotene to total carotenoids was only 6%. The contribution of
β cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin were 3%, 58% and 32%, respectively. Using
some of the promising crtRB1 based inbreds, a set of hybrids were developedand
provitamin A varied from 7.51 14.90 µg/g with an average of 10.37 µg/g. The mean
concentration for provitamin A among check hybrids (normal maize) was 3.13 µg/g.
Two promising provitamin A rich hybrids viz., MGUH 15 and MGUH 24 have been
identified (Duo 2019) (Figure 3).
Evaluation of provitamin-A rich hybrids for bioaccessibility studies

Grains of provitamin A rich hybrids were analyzed for bioaccessibility studies
using Caco2 cell assay (Dube et al. 2018). The consumption of 200 g per day of
biofortified maize would contribute to 52 and 64% of RDAs for adult Indian men,
after adjusting for cooking losses and conversion factors. Lutein and zeaxanthin
content in the maize digesta and micellar fraction was inversely related to the β
carotene micellarization and intestinal cell uptake, respectively. These results
together suggest that the enrichment of provitamin A carotenoids together with
decreasing the oxygenated carotenoid metabolites such as lutein and zeaxanthin will
further improve the bioavailability of β carotene from maize hybrids.
Evaluation of provitamin-A rich grains as poultry diet

An experiment was undertaken to study the effects of provitamin A rich
maize grains on ‘Vanaraja’ (poultry breed) at ICAR Directorate of Poultry Research,
Hyderabad. The provitamin A rich grains of ‘Pusa Vivek QPM9 Improved’ was
compared with traditional maize. It was concluded that the birds fed with the
biofortified grains showed a better body weight gain and improved feed efficiency
than diet made from traditional maize. Further, it considerably reduced the abdominal
fat and increased breast muscle, which is highly desirable attribute of chicken meat.
Further, recent international studies suggest the higher accumulation of provitamin A
in egg yolks when fed with provitamin A rich maize grains in comparison to the
traditional yellow maize available in the market.
Future prospects
Research efforts are required to study the retention of the enriched
provitamin A carotenoids in maize. Also, efforts to combine multi nutritional traits
like vitamin E, iron and zinc to the existing provitamin A rich cultivars would lead to
development of maize genotypes that would help in alleviating micronutrient
deficiencies in a holistic manner.
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54
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Mitchell S, Li Q and Fernandez MGS (2010) Rare genetic variation at Zea mays
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10.1111/pbr.12548.
57
MAIZE PROCESSING AND VALUE ADDITION - KEY FOR MAIZE

GROWTH
Shobha, D
AICRP on Maize, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Mandya
Cereals along with pulse combinations constitute an important part of human

diet in many parts of the world due to their easy availability, low cost, long shelf life
and nutritional balance. During recent past, India has made significant progress in
improving the food security of its masses. The green revolution of 60’s helped the
country in achieving the food security by improving the availability and access
components. However, Surplus quantity of food produced is not uniformly
distributed and the quality component is not addressed properly which has a direct
impact on nutrition. In spite of surplus production of food grains still malnutrition
persists. Malnutrition can suitably be overcome by combining cereals with good
quality pulses and other value addition techniques which will go long way in solving
the problem of malnutrition along with better price for the crop.
Even though our country is producing variety of cereals, pulses and millets,
utilization of produced grains to their fullest potential is not happening and third
largest produced maize is not an exception. The consumption of corn is very less in
our country which may be due to the lack of awareness regarding the nutritional
benefits, method of processing, cooking and to some extent availability of other foods
in refined and processed forms. However, owing to superiority of maize over rice and
wheat due to its high fiber, phosphorus, beta carotene and free from gluten lends
itself suitable for people who are allergic to gluten. Gluten allergy, also known as
celiac disease, is an autoimmune disease that occurs because of ingestion of a protein,
called gluten, which is present in the cereals – wheat, rye and barley. In these patients,
the gluten protein is not digested completely and that leads to damage in mucosa of
small intestine, where food is absorbed. With the damage of the small intestine, the
food is not absorbed and thus, these patients fail to grow in height and weight,
develop chronic diarrhea, anemia (low hemoglobin) and weakness of bones. In India
6 to 8 million people are suffering from gluten intolerance. In order to counteract the
gluten allergy problem, one needs to take foods which are devoid of gluten. In place
of wheat other foods like rice, maize, sorghum pear millet, dhal, vegetables, milk and
non vegetarian food are best suitable to fulfill nutritional requirement of body.
Maize also known as corn, has many industrial and food applications apart
from its use as a feed ingredient. It is rich in starch and bland to taste making it an
exceptional choice as an ingredient in several traditional foods. Like other cereals,
maize contains large proportion of carbohydrates (60 65%) and thus provides bulk of
energy in the diets based on it. Apart from carbohydrates it is also a good source of
protein (10 12 %), fat (3.5 5.5 %) and crude fiber (2.0 2.5 %). By virtue of its
composition it is quite comparable to rice and wheat in its nutritional value (Table 1).
There are many maize based products manufactured and marketed at
commercial scale. Several of these products are now industrialized on a small or large
scale by many food industries. In USA over 1000 different items can be found on the
shelves of a typical supermarket and they are derived wholly or partially from maize.
These products include tortillas, maize flours (masa), chips and several types of snack,
breakfast cereal, thickeners, pastes, syrups, sweeteners, grits, maize oil, soft drinks,
beer, whisky etc.
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Table 1 Nutritional quality of maize compared to rice and wheat (per 100g)
Grain Carbohy Protei Fat (g) Crude Minera Ca P Iron
drate (g) n (g) fiber ls (g) (mg) (m (mg)
(g) g)
Maize 66.2 11.4 4.6 2.7 1.5 10 348 2.3
Rice 77.6 6.80 0.5 0.2 0.7 10 100 0.7
(milled)
Wheat 71.2 11.8 1.5 1.2 1.5 41 306 5.3
Processing and consumption of maize

Maize is being processed in various ways in different parts of the world before
consumption. However, several traditional food processing and preparation methods
can be used at household level to enhance the bioavailability of micronutrients in
maize based diets. These methods include alkali cooking, thermal processing,
mechanical processing, soaking, germination/malting and fermentation. However,
soaking and nixtamalization are the major pre treatments followed around the world.
Nixtamalized maize or lime treated or alkali treated grain

This process was developed by Native American Indians. The nixtamalization
consists of mixing one third part of whole maize with two third part of lime (calcium
hydroxide) solution between 1 to 2 per cent of concentration. In general the cooking
time may vary from 15 to 45 minutes and the temperature of cooking is held above
680 C. The dry masa flour is more stable against rancidity and the shelf life was found
to be up to six months in comparison with the whole kernel ground maize flour.
Maize
After cleaning
Soak 500g grains in 1% lime water for 5 minutes
(10g of lime in 1 liter water)
Give heat treatment at simmering temperature for 30 minutes
Remove the vessel and leave it for overnight

Wash 3 – 4 times to remove lime
Dry in sunlight
(Moisture level should be 9 10 %)
Store in air tight container
Fig 1 Lime treatment of maize grains

Nixtamalization or lime treatment has several advantages like it facilitates the
peri carp removal, controls microbial activity, enhances water uptake, increases
gelatinization of starch with improvement in nutritional value through an increased
availability of niacin. The research conducted at AICRP (Maize), Mandya, indicated
that the lime treated maize flour can be kept up to three months in LDPE covers
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without affecting the flavor and roti making quality. The process of lime treatment
and its advantages have been disseminated through training to maize growers, SHG’s
and mill owners. The lime treated corn is also used in India for the preparation of
various products such as roti, dumpling, snack foods such as sev, muruku and laddu
by suitably combing with pulses.
Nutritional enrichment or fortification of maize with other cereal / pulse

combinations
Since the need for nutritive food at low cost is in demand and majority of the
population in different geographical areas depend on cereals for their daily needs.
Wherever QPM is not available in such places, the better alternative is to combine the
maize with good quality pulses such as soybean, green gram, bengal gram, black
gram, groundnut along with wheat, rice, ragi in desired combinations. The concept of
multi grains or multigrain flour is more ideal not only for nutritional and cost benefits
but also to improve the texture and shelf life of the products. A number of products
can be prepared from this multi grain flour which can also be included in mid day
meal programmes in Schools and Anganawadis to serve the balanced food at lower
cost. Since maize flour is gluten free, it can be recommended for people who are
intolerant to gluten i.e., it can replace chapathi with roti of maize flour. The unique
property of maize dough is its ability to hold more water than other cereal dough
(22.89 – 25.64%) and it is the reason why maize roti has been found to be quite soft
and supple. The use of maize flour, either singly or in combination with the flours of
other cereal or legume flours for making many types of sweet and savoury snack
foods has great possibilities in the Indian context. Different types of deep fried
products are possible and have been tried. For example noodles, pasta, vermicelli
prepared by the low pressure extrusion using maize flours or a mixture of maize flour
with that of gram (chick pea) flour can give excellent, crisp deep fried sev. In this
respect, maize flour can be a good extender of gram flour (bengal gram) for such
preparations. A large variety of sweet dishes like laddu, burfi, Mysorepak, etc. can
also be prepared from maize flour. Number of conventional as well as fancied items
such as papad, crispies, sev, muruku , energy bars , Ready to cook (RTE) mixes such
as idli mix, vada mix, nutri mix, bisibelebath mix, maize suji bath mix (sweet and
savory) are already popular in Karnataka.
Specialty Corns
Maize is also being grown for diverse uses and specialty purposes and maize
for specialty and value added purposes are collectively called “specialty corn”.
Compared to field corns, specialty corns possess additional characteristic features like
tender ear, biochemical components relating to sweetness, protein, starch and
popping traits. Their global spread, increasing demand and premium price make them
an attractive option for the farmers in many countries including India. The major
specialty corns which occupied significant portion in food shelves include baby corn,
sweet corn and pop corn.
Table 2: Nutritional quality of baby corn, sweet corn and popcorn (per 100 g)
Nutrients Baby corn Sweet corn Pop corn
Energy ( K.Cal) 42.20 86.0 382
Moisture (%) 89.10 75.0 16.0
Carbohydrates (%) 8.20 18.70 78.0
Protein (%) 1.90 3.27 12.0
60
Fat (%) 0.20 1.35 4.0

Crude fiber (%) 1.56 2.0 15.0
Iron (mg) 0.10 0.52 2.70
Calcium (mg) 28.0 2.0 3.10
Baby Corn
Baby corn refers to the young cobs of maize harvested within 1 4 days of silk
emergence. Baby corn is highly nutritive and its nutritional quality is at par or even
superior to some of the seasonal vegetables. It is one of the richest source of
phosphorus. Baby corn cobs are free from residual effects of pesticides as the young
cobs are wrapped up within the husk and well protected from diseases, insects,
fungicides and insecticides.
Processing of baby corn: Important processing methods which can be used to

improve the shelf life of baby corn are canning, dehydration and freezing.
Canning: The most common method used for processing of baby corns and is
normally practiced by dipping corn in brain solution (NaCl solution ) and can be
stored for months and transported to far off places.
Dehydration: One of the oldest methods to increase the shelf life with less expenditure.
Baby corn can be cut into round or 2 cm long pieces and dried in an oven or can be
solar dried. Dried baby corn can be packed in polythene pack, vacuum pack, tetra
pack and can be stored for longer period. Dehydrated cobs can be rehydrated by
soaking in water and used in any sweet or savoury preparations.
Freezing: Baby corn cobs can be frozen at 18 to 240C and stored for longer period
like other frozen vegetables. They can be used effectively for the preparation of food
products like salads, curry and soup preparations.
Baby corn may be consumed raw or used as an ingredient in various
preparations. Different value added products such as manchurian, jam, pickle,
pakoda, curry, salad, soups, halwa, canned corns etc. are few examples under wide
range of value added products. At AICRP (Maize),Mandya, centre we have
standardized the process for preparation of baby corn candy using 40, 50 and 600 brix
sugar solution followed by dehydrating the same till the moisture level reaches
between 6 8 per cent. The prepared candies will have a shelf life of six months in
MPP pouches. We have also standardized the technology for the preparation of baby
corn candy, baby corn lollypop, brined baby corn, baby corn murabba, dehydrated
baby corn, minimally processed baby corn etc are standardized and the same has
been disseminated to stake holders.
Sweet Corn
Sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata) is known to possess a specific endosperm
mutation like su and sh. In India, sweet corn green ears are being consumed by direct
toasting on fire or boiled in water. Sweet corn kernels often have a wrinkled
appearance resulting from a sugary gene which retards the normal conversion of
sugar to starch during endosperm development. Kernel colors vary sometimes being
mixed both white and yellow. The endosperm is composed of sweetish starch and
characterized by translucent horny appearance during immature stages and after
maturity the kernel becomes wrinkled. Sweet corn cob is normally harvested around
61
80 85 days after sowing (milky stage). It contains on an average 15 25 % total

soluble solids (TSS). Many sweet and savoury dishes such as halva, kadabu, crunch,
salad, jam, pakoda and many more products can be prepared using sweet corn.
Pop Corn
Pop corn (Zea mays var. everata) has small grains with hard outer layer. It has
higher per cent of hard starch than flint corn. It is a popular snack throughout the
world. Pop corn is an extreme form of flint corn, wherein there is a variation in the
proportion of hard starch and soft endosperm. The moisture in the soft starch at the
central portion of the endosperm on heating is converted to steam and when this
steam tries to escape it is confined by the outer layers of hard endosperm. When the
steam pressure increases the hard pericarp of the seed bursts into flakes leading to the
phenomenon called “popping” Popping is one such technique of grain processing
where in the germ and bran portions are retained and it is the most simplest and
economical method of processing which imparts a pleasant aroma and flavor that can
be enjoyed by people at all times.
Popped Grain: Optimally the minimum moisture to preserve crispiness in popped

grain should be less than 2 per cent. Moisture also affects the texture of pop corn and
hence must be consumed at moisture lower than 2 per cent (ideally 1.8 1.7%).Popped
grains are good in terms of energy, carbohydrate, fat, fiber, protein and iron. Popping
is simple and economical processing technique which is traditional and may be
adopted easily with improvement in nutritional quality. It is a high temperature short
time (HTST) treatment (180 232oC) which sterilizes product, gelatinizes its starch
and develops a pleasant aroma to form a ready to eat food (RTE) at a very low
processing cost. Popping process not only retains the actual nutritional profile of
grains but also markedly enhances its protein digestibility, bio availability of iron and
dietary fiber content due to the development of resistant starch. The ground pop corn
in the form of flour or grits can be used in the preparation of many traditional dishes.
Popcorns are usually consumed as a snack food with or without salt (regular),
sweetened (caramel/chocolate corn) or butter like topping. Popcorn consumption has
greatly increased in recent years because of the advent of microwavable popcorn as well as
the proliferation of flavored ready to eat products with goodnutrition.
Value addition to popped grains: At AICRP (Maize), Mandy centre ground

popcorn with various sized grits are utilized in the preparation of many traditional as
well as fancied dishes including health mixes (sweet and savoury), spicy pop corn,
sweetened pop corn, chocolate pop corn, iron rich pop corn pre mix, energy dense pre
mix, fiber rich laddu, pop corn lolly pop, pop corn bar, burfi and others.
Quality Protein Maize (QPM)

Quality Protein Maize (QPM) contains opaque 2 gene (o2) which makes it
different from normal grains. Although maize contains higher proportion of protein
(10 12 %) its quality is poor as compared to that of protein in rice due to presence of
high concentration of alcohol soluble protein fraction ‘prolamine’ also known as
‘Zein’ in the endosperm. Zein is very low in some essential amino acids, mainly
lysine and tryptophan which contribute more than 50 % of the total protein. On the
other hand, very high amount of leucine and imbalanced proportion of isoleucine
contribute to poor quality of protein in normal maize. To overcome such deficiencies,
scientists developed Quality Protein Maize (QPM) where in, the quality of protein is
62
not only superior to the common maize, but also significantly higher than that of
other cereal grains. Lysine and tryptophan in QPM genotypes was increased
compared to that of normal grain. The balanced proportion of all these essential
amino acids in QPM has increased the protein quality and their biological value
(Table 3 and 4). The “zein” fraction is reduced between 10 to 13 per cent in QPM as
against 39 per cent in normal maize. The nutritional and biological superiority of
QPM has been demonstrated in the diets of infants, small children and adults,
particularly women.
Table 3: Chemical composition of Common maize (CM) and Quality Protein Maize
(QPM)
Nutrients (% DM) CM QPM
Carbohydrate (%) 72.80 73.14
Crude protein (%) 8.91 9.42
Fat (%) 4.66 4.87
Crude fiber (%) 3.51 3.03
Ash (%) 0.97 1.02
Calcium (%) 0.22 0.18
Phosphorus (%) 0.28 0.32
Energy (kcal/kg) 335 338
Table 4: Amino acid content in common maize (CM) and quality protein Maize
(QPM)
Amino acid CM (CP-8 90%) QPM (CP-9 42%)
AA (% in CP) AA (% in CP)
Methionine 1.99 1.81
Cystine 2.13 2.77
Met+ Cystine 4.12 4.58
Lysine 2.89 3.95
Threonine 3.45 3.65
Tryptophan 0.73 0.90
Arginine 4.53 6.38
Isoleucine 3.28 3.06
Leucine 12.22 8.80
Valine 4.59 5.10
Histidine 2.85 3.74
Phenylalanine 4.94 4.09
Quality protein maize (QPM) for food and nutritional security:

QPM can be utilized for diversified purposes in food and nutritional security.
The nutritious products developed from Quality Protein Maize (QPM) can replace
fancied and highly priced industrial foods with a diversified ways under food and
nutrition security as infant foods, health foods, convenience foods, specialty foods
and emergency rations.
63
Good number of products from QPM was developed at AICRP (Maize),

Mandya centre and studied their nutritional quality and storage stability and found
that QPM products are quite similar to normal maize products in organoleptic and
storage quality. However, they are superior in nutritional quality when compared to
normal maize products. Some of the popular products such as maize noodles, maize
vermicelli, maize papad, maize ready-to-cook idli mix, maize ready-to-cook vada mix,
maize nutri mix, maize nutri laddu and maize upma mix were developed and
commercialized under the brand name “MAIZY”
Contribution of AICRP (Maize), Mandya centre towards value addition and

popularization of maize:
Value addition to maize is important to make maize a nutritionally enriched
and acceptable grain. The Quality Protein Maize (QPM) which has better amino acid
balance can be utilized in diversified ways. Technologies developed at AICRP
(Maize) like lime treatment of grains, milling, extrusion enrichment with other
ingredients and enhancing their palatability through standardization process have
been adopted by stakeholders to make maize a viable ingredient for value addition.
Maize processing unit established at the centre has plant and machinery such as dry
mill, papad maker, noodle making machine, pasta unit, dryer and pop corn maker and
these were used in the production of flour, semolina, papad, pasta, vermicelli, crispies
and RTC products such as nutri mix, idli mix and vada mix from maize. Around 250
SHG women and small entrepreneurs were trained in the processing, value addition,
packing and marketing of the products. Commercially, the maize value added
products were sold by an entrepreneur (M/S Aaaradhya of Aaradhya Agro Food
and Beverages, Mysore) under the brand name Maizy. The nutritious products of
QPM can replace fancied and highly priced industrial foods. These products can also
be prepared in villages with minimum machinery and could be great source of rural
entrepreneurship. Thus QPM based rural industries have a wider scope for
employment generation and rural prosperity.
Opportunities in India to popularize maize as major food grain: There are

number of ways to popularize maize as a food grain and the potential opportunities
are provided below.
 Bio fortified maize (lysine, tryptophan, provitamin Aand Vitamin E) may find
important place among health conscious urban population as consumers are ready to
pay 20 70% premium price for the biofortified foods.
 Attractive labeling and suitable branding: highlighting the health benefits on products
made from biofortified maize or gluten free products would help the consumers to
choose more nutritious foods over conventionally available ones.
 Various food products from QPM such as “Pusa shakthi”, Kheer mix, “Proteino H”,
Maizy suji, Maizy flour (Atta), “Maizy noodles and Pasta”, offer attractive options to
the urban Policy decisions to achieve and sustain high value for maize.
 Contract Farming and buy back policy or farm loan would ensure continuous supply
of grains to the industry.
 Technologies such as lime treatment enhance the shelf life of grains and value added
products provide excellent opportunities to develop small scale industry and in turn
empower village women.
 Inclusion of biofortified maize in the rural transformation project of “NITI AAYOG”
and other government sponsored programme like “National food security mission
(NFSM)” and “Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)” as well as nutrition
64
intervention programme such as “Integrated child development scheme (ICDS)” and

‘mid day meal’ would help in further popularization.
 Government should change its policies so that farmer can grow the diversified food
crops in place of mono cropping, because after independence due to the government
policies (minimum support price (MSP), Public distribution system (PDS) and
procurement mechanism) little bit biased towards the rice and wheat in place of
balanced approach. If farmers grow diverse food crops at their farm definitely over
dependency on wheat get reduced and other cereals are focused as “gluten free
alternative”
65
PROSPECTS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FALL ARMYWORM

SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA IN INDIA
A N Shylesha
Principal Scientist Entomology
ICAR National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru
After invasion of fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, in 2018, a

survey was conducted in major maize growing area of Karnataka state. The initial
survey was conducted in the districts of Chikkaballapur, Hassan, Mandya,
Chikkamagaluru, Shimoga, Davanagere, Chitradurga and Raichur. During survey, the
incidence of fall armyworm was recorded on 20 to 60 days old crop coinciding with
different phenological stages. The initial incidence of FAW ranged from 9 to 65%
among the district surveyed. In 2018, at initial stage of fall armyworm infestation in
maize, the higher incidence of pest was recorded in Hassan (62.5%) followed by
Davanagere (55.5%), Shimoga (48.5%) and Chikkaballapur (47.5%). During survey,
the larvae feeding on tassels were recorded, but no infestation on cob stages was
observed. The early stage of maize crop was more vulnerable to pest infestation.
Currently, the incidence of fall armyworm was observed on the maize from,
Telangana, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Bharuch, Gujrat, West Bengal, North Eastern
States and from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh and the infestation has spread to almost all
the states of India.
Natural enemies
During survey, naturally infected or parasitized larvae of FAW were collected.
From the eggs of fall armyworm an egg parasitoids, Trichogramma sp. and
Telenomus sp. was collected. However, natural parasitism of larval parasitoids,
Campoletis chlorideae Uchida, Chelonus sp., Cotesia sp., Phenerotoma sp.and
Eriborus sp was recorded on the larval stage of fall armyworm. The natural infection
of entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium rileyi (Farl.) Kepler, S.A. Rehner &
Humber (= Nomuraea rileyi [Farl.] Samson) was also recorded on different larval
stage of fall armyworm.
Several parasitoids were obtained from Fall armyworm from Karnataka which
included, Trichogramma sp. Trichogramma pretiosum, Telenomus remus, egg larval
parasitoid Chelonus sp. and larval parasitoids like Glyptapanteles creatonoti (Viereck)
(Hymenoptrea: Braconidae), Apanteles creatonoti Vier, Compoletes chloridiae and
several predators like earwig Forficula sp, predatory bugs like Andrallus spinidens,
Eocanthecona furcellata were recorded to be highly beneficial in the management of
Fall armyworm. In addition one dipteran parasitoid Pseudgourax sp was also
recorded on the egg mass of Fall armyworm. The maggots were found feeding on the
eggs thereby showing a potential for management of FAW. Efforts were made to
mass rear some of them and released for the management of FAW.
Mass rearing of Chelonus spp Egg – Larval Parasitoid of Fall Army Worm
Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith): Chelonus spp., egg – larval parasitoids were
recorded frequently from field samples collected from different districts of
Karanataka, India since March, 2018 incidence of Fall Army Worm Spodoptera
frugiperda (J. E. Smith) was reported and was alerted across the country. The
parasitoid specimens were processed for identification – both morphological and
66
molecular taxonomy and Genus was confirmed as Chelonus spp.: a – Small &
Arrehenotokous & b. Big & Arrehenotokous. Species level identification of these
parasitoids are in progress. Adults of Chelonus sp. (a) were exposed to the eggs of
natural hosts S. frugiperda, Spodopter litura (Fabricius) and laboratory host
Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) in different rearing units: Homeopathic vials, Borosil
test tubes and pearl pet jars of 0.5 kg, 1 kg and 5 kg in the BOD set at 25 ± 2°C and
Relative humidity 65± 5%. Exposure period was 48 hrs. Hatched neonates were
reared on artificial diet media. Adult longevity varied from 2 – 7days. Developmental
period was found to be 20 to 25 days on natural host and 25 to 50 days in Corcyra.
Percent parasitism was 10 to 19.4 and 45 to 57.5 % of adults could successfully
emerge from cocoons reared on natural host whereas 85 to 98% adult emergence was
recorded for Corcyra eggs. Successful rearing on Corcyra eggs enabled mass rearing
and release of Chelonus sp. for management of Fall armyworm in maize crops during
monsoon and post – monsoon seasons in different villages of Karnataka, India.
Mass rearing of E. Furcellata and Andrallus spinidens major predators of FAW
The adults and egg masses of E. furcellata and Andrallus. spinidens were
collected from organic maize fields of GKVK, Bangalore. Bugs were reared on
different hosts, S. frugiperda S. litura , Samia cynthia ricini (Drury) and Corcyra
cephalonica (Stainton) in the laboratory conditions (25 ± 2 °C, 60% ± 10% RH)
NBAII, Bangalore. The second generation of E. furcellata was used for experiments.
The bugs were kept in plastic jars covered inside by blotting paper and provided with
disease free larvae as regular food along with leaves. Jars were covered with muslin
cloth for aeration. Eggs deposited by female bugs on the leaves and on blotting paper
will be kept separately in the plastic boxes with sieve cap for hatching. Provide wet
cotton immediately after the emergence. Ten numbers of each nymphal instars and
adults will be provided with second and third instars of S. frugiperda larvae as prey to
determine the functional response. The number of prey larvae consumed will be
recorded daily and the dead larvae will be replaced with live ones. Currently the
rearing of these two predatory bugs are standardized.
More than 10 parasitoids and 5 predators are active on FAW under field
conditions which are keeping the spread of the insect under check in addition to the
incidence of Nomuraea rileyi and NPV which are a major factor for management of
the invasive fall armyworm. A continued effort and supply of egg parasitoids like
Trichogramma, Telenomus and Chelonus sp. Can bring down the population of fall
armyworm in maize ecosystem.
67
Production Practices for Doubling Farmers Income Through speciality corn

cultivation-An efficient diversification to achieve the goal
Dilip Singh
AICRP on Maize, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology,
Udaipur
[email protected]
Maize is the third most important cereal crop that is considered as integral
component of food security at global level. In India it is an important crop not only in
terms of acreage but also in context to their versatility for adoption under wide range
of agro climatic conditions.
Maize is a versatile crop with uses ranging from industrial products to food
preparations, as well as direct human consumption at vegetative stage. Of the
different forms used for human consumption, major per cent is consumed as staple
food in various forms viz., bread, biscuits, cookies or transformed into corn flakes,
soups, fresh roasted sweets, boiled cobs and vegetables etc. Maize grain is main
ration for poultry birds.
Now a days cultivation of speciality corn viz., "QPM, sweet corn, pop corn and
baby corn" is the need of hour. In tribal areas the corn varieties used for human
consumption have low protein content with unbalanced composition of essential
amino acids. In these varieties, the content of essential amino acids viz., lysine and
tryptophan are low while leucine and isoleucine content are high (Jat et al., 2009).
The low protein and unbalanced composition of amino acids content in corn cause
protein deficiency diseases like kwashiorkor and malnutrition in the poor class people
who have maize as principle dietary source (Singh, 2010). The high yielding single
cross hybrid of quality protein maize developed by breeders and popularly known as
‘QPM’ assumes a great significance in overcoming problem of malnutrition in tribal
population of country where maize is raised as staple food crop. There is enormous
scope to increase cultivation of QPM further due to increasing global demand, value
added potential and better prices in market as compared to the traditional varieties of
maize. With the development of poultry and livestock industry, its consumption as
animal feed has also increased tremendously.
Likewise use of sweet corn cobs at immature stage as roasted and boiled ears
is a popular practice as the kernels are sweet, creamy, tender, crispyand tastes almost
shell less. Sweet corn is a hybridized variety of maize specifically bred to increase
the sugar content. Due to its sweet taste and tenderness, cultivation and demand of
sweet corn is increasing in India and in the international market. Increasing attention
is now being paid to explore potential of sweet corn in India. After harvesting green
cobs, plant of sweet corn is used as green fresh fodder or dry fodder.
In addition to these, pop corn have smooth, rounded pearl like corn with
pointed hard, flinty endosperm that surrounds a small amount of soft moist starch at
the centre. Heating the kernel turns this moisture into steam which expands, splits the
seed coat and causes the starch to explode in good quality pop. The pop corn is
nutritionally rich food (Kumar et al. 2012). Due to its immense nutritional value and
high remunerative commercial value, cultivation of pop corn is another choice of
farmers now a days. Similarly "Baby corn" is the immature cob used for table
purpose as salad or cooked as vegetable. After harvesting cobs, plants of baby corn
are used as green/dry fodder.
68
Considering the importance of nutritionally rich and highly remunerative

speciality corn and its huge demand in the country, the present farmers tendency is to
grow speciality corn at commercial level to augment the income of the farming
community dwelling in the outskirts of big cities and metropolis (Suthar et al., 2014).
Since there is limited scope to increase the area under speciality corn cultivation
because of competition from other cereal and cash crops, the only alternative is
through enhancement of productivity by various agronomic management factors.
The Challenge
The overwhelming majority of small and marginal farmers live in rural areas
in the country. They are typical cultivators of small plots, from which they get neither
sufficient crop production nor income to ensure house hold food security. These
small & marginal farmers could double the crop output and income generated from
these small plot if they had access to key ingredient of income i.e. the speciality corn
cultivation. With an assured market, farmers can grow suitable speciality corn and
earn higher income in maize growing areas of country.
Along with raising small farm productivity, access to speciality corn cultivation is
also the key to improve livelihood and revitalizing rural economy. It creates jobs for
people both with and without land, since more people are needed to harvest, process
and market the crop and to supply farm inputs, thus generating employment and
higher income for off farm workers as well. Thus the spread of speciality corn
cultivation technologies can form backbone and lift the income of poor farmers
sustainably.
Management strategies
Suitable varieties: Being a commercial crop, selection of speciality corn and its
variety is most important in the speciality corn cultivation. On the basis of market
and requirements, preference should be given to early to medium maturing single
cross hybrids. For baby corn it should be with multiple cob bearing ability and
regular row arrangement, with high sucrose in sweet corn, better popping quality pop
(button mushroom shape) in pop corn and bold and bright colour grain with high
lysine and tryptophan content varieties in case of QPM.
Sowing time: The speciality corns viz., QPM, pop corn, sweet corn and baby corn
varieties may be sown round the year. However, under highly low temperature days
during winter season sowing of speciality corn may be avoided. Maintaining time
isolation with little early/delayed planting compared to routine planting of maize
maintains better quality of speciality corn.
Sowing method: During commercial cultivation of speciality corns viz., baby corn
and sweet corn, the sowing should be done in blocks with 7 10 days time interval. It
will enhance the period of baby corn and sweet corn availability in market and and
also the efficient utilization of the farm resources.
Plant population and seed rate: An optimum plant population of 83,333 plants ha 1
for sweet corn and pop corn is to be maintained for higher and quality sweet and pop
corn yield by keeping 60 x 20 cm distances between rows and plants after thinning. A
little higher geometry i.e.1,00,000 plants ha 1 is maintained for baby corn by planting
maize at 50 x 20 cm spacing. The plant population of 66,666 or 83,333 plant ha 1is to
69
be maintained for quality protein maize by planting it at 60 x 25/20 cm spacing. Little

higher seed rate (20 25 kg ha 1) is required for baby corn production due to more
plant population requirement. Contrary, the seed rate is less in sweet corn (6 8 kg ha 1)
and pop corn (10 12 kg ha 1) because of shrivelled and smaller seed, respectively. A
normal seed rate of 18 20 kg ha 1 is recommended for QPM cultivation.
Seed treatment: For management of major maize diseases namely PFSR, TLB,
MLB, BLSB, downy mildew etc. and major insect like shoot borer, termite, FAW etc.
an integrated insect pest and diseases management strategy involving seed treatment
with fungicide and bio control agent Trichoderma, selection of tolerant variety and
spraying of need based fungicide/insecticides will be useful.
Nutrient management: Nutrient application should be based on soil test basis. In

soils having medium nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc status, an application
of 90 120 kg nitrogen, 40 60 kg phosphorus, 30 40 kg potash and 20 25 kg ZnSO4
ha 1is sufficient for realizing potential yields of sweet corn, pop corn and baby corn.
The quality protein maize being slow utilizer of nutrients needs higher doses of
fertilizers. In QPM an application of 120 200 kg nitrogen, 60 80 kg phosphorus, 60
80 kg potash and 20 25 kg ZnSO4 ha 1 with 8 10 tons ha 1 FYM should be applied for
realizing potential yield. Full dose of phosphorus, potash and zinc should be applied
as basal dose, however, nitrogen should be applied in three split application viz., 1/3
at sowing, 1/3 at knee high stage and rest 1/3 at 50 per cent tasseling stage. Being
slow utilizer of nutrient, nitrogen in QPM should be applied in four equal split
application at sowing, knee high, 50 per cent tasseling and grain filling stages. The
technologies of SSNM, STCR and green seeker based fertilizer application proved
economically beneficial.
Weed management: likewise normal maize, in speciality corn broad leaf weeds and
most of the grasses can be controlled by pre emergence spray of Atrazine @ 0.5 to
1.0 kg a.i. ha 1 in 500 600 litre of water followed by one hoeing at 20 35 days after
sowing. Under intercropping, pre emergence spray of Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i.
ha 1 followed by one hoeing at 20 35 days after sowing controlled broad spectrum
weed flora in the field. The post plant spray of Tembotrione 90 120 ml ha 1or
Topramezone 25 g ha 1 at 20 25 days after sowing also controlled broad spectrum
weed flora in maize alone. The other practices such as crop residue mulching,
zero/reduced tillage is also useful for control of weed flora.
Water management: The 60 80 per cent of total area of maize is under rainfed
condition wherein low rainfall and uneven distribution of rainfall leads to dry period
during crop season that often decreases yield potential and consequently income of
the farmers. As the rainfall is most important source of water, the capture and
efficient use of rainfall is most critical component for sustainable crop production.
Therefore efficient conservation of rain water in soil or by harvesting the runoff and
recycling it for supplemental irrigation is important for speciality corn cultivation.
The supplemental irrigation to be applied should be life saving. Irrigation should be
given as and when required by the crop depending upon the rains and moisture
holding capacity of the soil. Young seedlings, knee high stage and tasseling & silking
are the most sensitive stages for water stress for crops and irrigation should be
ensured at these stages.
70
Intercropping: The speciality corn is more remunerative, if it is cultivated with

intercrops. An area specific 20 crops, namely potato, green pea, cabbage, cauliflower,
sugar beet, green onion, garlic, fenugreek, coriander, knol khol, broccoli, lettuce,
turnip, radish, carrot, celery, gladiolus, etc. have been successfully cultivated as
intercrop with speciality maize (Kumar et al., 2012). There is no adverse affect of
intercrops on speciality corn and vice versa, rather, some of the intercrops help in
improving soil fertility and protects the corn crop from cold injury. The short
duration varieties of intercrops may be preferred for intercropping with speciality
corns. Recommended dose of fertilizers of intercrops should be applied in addition to
the recommended doses of fertilizers of speciality corns
Harvesting: The harvesting of baby corn and sweet corn needs some precautions.
The baby corn should be harvested when the silks are 1 2 cm long, i.e. within 1 2
days after silk emergence. Further de tasseling before silking is essential practice in
baby corn. The removed tassel should not be thrown in the field but fed to the cattle
as it is nutritive fodder. In single cross hybrid plant, 3 4 pickings may be obtained.
Harvested de husked baby corn may be stored for 3 4 days at 100C without much
effect on its quality. For long term storage and distant transport, baby corn is canned
in brine solution (3%), sugar (2%) and citric acid (0.3%) solution and stored under
refrigerated conditions. Baby corn may also be stored in vinegar. The sweet corn
should be harvested when the grains are in dough stage i.e. 15 20 days after silking.
The pop corn and QPM should be harvested at full maturity stage.
Cropping system: The speciality corn and other crop species that are cultivated may
play an important role in sustaining and maintaining soil health. Crop rotations that
include legume crops and reduced tillage are an important factor in maintaining soil
health and must be adapted to any cropping system with speciality corn cultivation.
Crop rotations also affect the biological diversity of an agro ecosystem. The
biological diversity is important for maintaining a high functioning, disease resistant
and stable ecological system. Crop rotations that maximize soil carbon inputs and
maintain a high proportion of active carbon are important factors in establishing a
sustainable cropping system. Cropping systems and management practices that
ensure greater amounts of crop residue returned to the soil are expected to cause a net
build up of the soil carbon stock. Thus suitable systems or practices with speciality
corn should be adapted for sustaining soil health and productivity (Ghosh et al.,
2018).
Conclusion
On the basis of adaptability and suitability, speciality corn based cropping
system produce adequate returns from land within the constraints of unpredictable
climate conditions and limited inputs. Income obtained per unit area of speciality
corn based cropping system will be much more than from normal maize based
cropping system. It is economically viable, environmentally sustainable and ensures
rural prosperity in the maize growing area and communities of country. Thus maize
growing farmers can increase their income by four times with adoption of speciality
corn based cropping system. However, the traditional practice of growing maize
without good agricultural practices leads to exploitation of the soil resources. In
addition to the economic benefits, the speciality corn based cropping systems ensure
employment, food and nutritional security coupled with sustainability and
environmental services.
71
References
Ghosh PK, Hazra KK and Nath CP (2018) Soil carbon management through crop
diversification and sustainable intensification. XXI Biennial National
Symposium of Indian Society of Agronomy, 24 26 October, 2018.
Jat ML, Dass S, Yadav, Sekhar VK and Singh DK (2009) Quality protein maize for
food and security in India. Directorate of Maize Research, IARI, New Delhi
(http://www.maizeindia.org).
Kumar R, Das AK, Kaul J, Karjagi CG, Kumar B, Choudhary DP, Sapna, Kumar RS,
Dass S, Yadav AK, Singh D and Kumar S (2012) Speciality corn cultivation
in India. Directorate of Maize Research, Technical Bulletin, IARI, New Delhi.
Singh D (2010). Impact of scheduling of nitrogen on productivity of single cross
maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 80: 649
651.
Suthar M, Singh D, Nepalia V and Singh AK (2014). Performance of sweet corn (Zea
mays L.) varieties under varying fertility levels. Indian Journal of Agronomy
59:168 170.
72
BREEDING FOR LOW PHYTIC ACID MAIZE – STATUS AND PROSPECTS
Chikkappa G Karjagi1, Alla Singh2, Ramesh Kumar2, Shyam Bir Singh3,

Yathish KR4, Abhijit Kumar Das2, Sunil Neelam4, Shivraj Singh Gangoliya15,
Arun Kumar1, Ujjwal Kapoor1, Hemant Kumar Yadav1, Shraddha Srivastava1
and Sujay Rakshit2
1
Unit Office, ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research, New Delhi
2
3
Regional Maize Research and Seed Production Centre, ICAR Indian Institute of
Maize Research, Begusarai
4
Winter Nursery Centre , ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research, Hyderabad
5
Maharana Pratap Government Post Graduate College, Gadarwara
[email protected]
Seed bio mineralization is an important biochemical process by which the

mature seeds reserve some of the essential macro and micro nutrients required
during germination. One of the most widely studied seed bio mineralization process
is the storage of seed phosphorous (P) and other important cations namely calcium
(Ca), potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe)and Zinc (Zn) in
phytate or phytic acid (PA) salts. The seed bio mineralization is provide essential
micro and macro nutrients to germinating seeds through their mobilization; most the
above mentioned mineral elements act as an important co factors in several metabolic
processes; either directly or indirectly determine the function or efficiency of several
enzymes which catalyze several biochemical processes. However, sometimes the
level of such reserves in some of the crops like maize, soybean, barley, wheat and
many other crops are so high that the level is not only well above the requirement by
the germinating seeds but also affects the bio availability of such nutrients in animals
which depend on these crops for their dietary nutritional requirement. In this context,
PA has been termed rightly as anti nutritional factor and it is an important challenge
to reduce its level without compromising the overall germination and vigour of the
seedlings in different crop species.
The distribution of the phytate and other essential mineral elements in
different parts of the seeds especially in cereals were studies (O’Dell et al. 1972). The
results suggested that >80% of the total phosphorous is stored in the form of PA. The
distribution of PA among different parts of the seeds has shown that approximately
80 90% of the PA is stored in germ (maize) or pericarp (rice) or aleurone layer
(wheat); differential storage organ depending upon the type of grain or crop. Raboy et
al (1990) for the first time in maize surveyed the level of PA in different maize
mutants. The study on different mutations has gave an opportunity to explore for
breeding for low phytic acid in maize as the study has indicated that the mutants
which affect the embryo reduced the PA substantially without reducing the total P;
the corresponding increase in the inorganic phosphorous (Pi) was observed. In maize,
several mutant alleles in three different gene(s) namely lpa1, lpa2and lpa3 which
affect three important critical steps in PA biosynthesis namely PA transportation,
insositol phosphate kinases (IPK) or myo insositol kinases (MIK) have been
identified (Raboy et al. 2000 and Shi et al. 2005).
The first effort to transfer of LPA mutant lpa1-1 into different genetic
background mainly the elite lines of hybrids was attempted as early as 1998. Several
near isogenic lines (NILs) by transferring lpa1-1 have been developed and isohybrids
73
using such NILSs have also been developed. The performances of such resultant
isohybrid were evaluated for various agronomic and different yield component traits
across multiple locations. The results had shown that the hybrids have showed
normal growth and development from germination to harvesting. The hybrids have
shown good stalk strength/ standability and also comparable traits for flowering and
other yield contributing traits. (Ertl et al. 1998, Raboy, 2002). In recent years, the
availability of molecular markers linked to gene(s) determining low phytic acid traits
has facilitated breeders to mobilize such mutant alleles across different genetic
background through marker assisted selection (MAS). In case of maize, few elite
inbred lines are converted by transferring LPA mutants like lpa1 1 (Naidoo et al.
2012), lpa2 2 (Tamilkumar et al. 2014, Sureshkumar et al. 2014a, 2014b). However,
the low phytic hybrids have as yet not released in India commercial cultivation.
Presently in India, several hybrids are under pipeline with low phytic acid
mutant alleles which are at various developmental stages. The hybrids are being
developed through marker assisted backcross breeding (MABB).
References
Ertl D Young KA Raboy V. (1998) Plant genetic approaches to phosphorus
management in agricultural production. J. Environ. Qual. 27: 299 304.
Naidoo R Watson GMF, Derera J, Tongoona P, Laing M. (2012) Marker assisted
selection for low phytic acid (lpa1 1) with single nucleotide polymorphism
marker and amplified fragment length polymorphisms for background
selection in a maize backcross breeding programme. Molecular Breeding, 30:
1207–1217.
O'Dell BL, de Boland AR, Koirtyohann SR (1972) Distribution of phytate and
nutritionally important elements among the morphological components of
cereal grains. J. Agric. Food Chern. 33: 1179 1182.
Raboy V, Gerbasi PF, Young KA Stoneberg SD, Pickett SG, Bauman AT, Murthy
PPN, Sheridan WFand Ertl DS. (2000) Origin of seed phenotype of maize low
phytic acid 1 1 and low phytic acid 2 1. Plant Physiol. 124, 355–368.
Raboy V. (2002). Progress in breeding low phytate crops. J. Nutr., 132: 503S 505S.
Shi J, Wang H, Hazebroek J, Ertl DS, Harp T. (2005) The maize low‐phytic acid 3
encodes a myo‐inositol kinase that plays a role in phytic acid biosynthesis in
developing seeds. Plant Journal 42: 708– 719.
Sureshkumar S, Tamilkumar P, Thangavelu AU, SenthilN, Nagarajan P, Vellaikumar
S, Ganesan KN, Balagopal R, Ravindran M. (2014b) Marker assisted
introgression of lpa 2 locus responsible forlow phytic acid trait into an elite
tropical maize inbred. Plant Breed., 133: 566 578.
Tamilkumar P, Senthil N, Sureshkumar S, Thangavelu AU, Nagarajan P,
Vellaikumar S, Ganesan KN, Natarajan N, Balagopal R, Nepolean T,
Raveendran M. (2014) Introgression of low phytic acid locus (lpa2 2) into an
elite Maize (Zea mays L.) inbred through marker assisted backcross breeding.
Aust J Crop Sci 8:1224–1231
74
PHYTIC ACID IN MAIZE – A BOON OR A BANE
John Joel A1, Lydia Pramitha J2, Ravikesavan R3, Firoz Hossain4 and Sujay
Rakshit5
1,2,3
4
5
Maize originated as a temperate crop evolved by domestication of

a Mexican annual teosinte, Zea mays ssp. parviglumis, native to the Balsas
River valley in south eastern Mexico, with up to 12 per cent of its genetic
material obtained from Zea mays ssp. mexicana through introgression. This theory
was further confirmed by the 2002 study of Matsuoka et al., (2002). Present day
maize is highly evolved and can be grown over a wide range of agro climatic zones
and this quality makes it a versatile crop. Maize is suitable to be grown from 58°N to
40°S, from below sea level to altitudes higher than 3000 m, and in areas with 250 mm
to more than 5000 mm of rainfall per year (Tripathi et.al., 2011) and with a growing
cycle ranging from 3 to 13 months. However, the major maize production areas are
located in temperate regions of the globe. The United States, China, Brazil and
Mexico account for 70 per cent of global production. India has 5 per cent of maize
acreage and contributes 2 per cent of world production (AICRP Annual Report 2007).
The use of maize varies in different countries. Maize is used mainly as a feed
for animals directly or sold to industries dealing with feed and fodder and as raw
material for extractive/ fermentation industries in the US, EU, Canada and other
developed countries, (Dado et.al., 1999) and whereas main use of maize is for food in
Latin America and Africa. In Asia maize is being utilized for human nutrition as well
as animal nutrition. In other developing countries utilization pattern of maize is
variable. The fact is that maize is being exploited and consumed in many countries
and it is an important ingredient in the diets of people. According to an estimate
approximately 21 per cent of the total grain produced is consumed as food globally.
In Indian scenario, maize is the third most important food grain following
wheat and rice. About 28 per cent of maize produced is utilized for food purpose,
about 11 per cent for livestock feed, 48 per cent for poultry feed, 12 per cent in wet
milling industry (for example starch and oil production) and 1 per cent as seed goes in
India (De Bosque et al,.2007). The highest growth rate for the maize has been
registered in the last one decade among all food grains including wheat and rice
because of newly emerging food habits, consumer awareness about health as well as
enhanced industrial requirements.
More than half of the total maize production of India is produced in four states
of Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan. In spite of wide range
of health benefits offered by maize as a source of hugh fiber, antioxidants and other
vitamins and minerals, major portion of maize is still not being used for human
consumption and goes for poultary and animal feed (Lott et al., 2000). While utilizing
as animal or poultry feed, the major constrain in maize grain is the presence of phytic
acid, which hinder the bioavailability of nutrients when consumed by monogastric
animals (Nelson et.al., 1968).
Phytic acid in maize

Phytic acid (myo inositol hexaphosphate, InsP6, or phytate) is present in most
of the cereal grains, which provides myo inositol and phosphorus which is essential
75
for normal seed germination and seedling establishment. Among the cereals, maize
seed alone produces approximately 4.8 million metric tons of phytic acid annually
around the globe (Selle et al.,2006) Phytic acid is the most abundant P containing
compound in mature seeds, typically representing from 65% to 80% of the mature
seed’s total P (Bohlke et al.,2005). In the mature maize (Zea mays) seed, most (80%)
of the phytic acid is found in the germ with the remainder in the aleurone layer
(O’Dell et al.,1972). Phytic acid in maize grains is poorly digested by monogastric
animals and negatively affects animal nutrition and the environment. As a result, feed
has to be supplemented with Pi to meet the phosphorus requirement for optimal
animal growth. The undigested phytic acid excreted from monogastric animals is
considered as a leading source of phosphorus pollution from agriculture (Raboy et
al.,2006). In addition, the presence of phytic acid in the animal feed and human food
reduces the bioavailability of essential mineral cations, such as Fe3+, Zn2+ and Ca2+
due to its chelating ability in animals and humans. Hence, intake of cereals which are
rich in phytic acid are also forming a reason for the nutritional deficiency (Cosgrove
et al.,1980).
To overcome this, in animal feed industry, treatment of animal feeds with food
grade phytase, an enzyme that can cleave the phosphate groups of hexa and penta
phosphate forms of phytic acid, is extensively used. In human food, fermentation,
malting, soaking, and germination are some food preparation methods that can be
used to reduce the phytate contents of foods (Cosgrove et al.,1980). But, the
acceptability, practicality, and sustainability of these methods in various areas may be
limited and to overcome these, breeding programmes to evolve low phytic acid (lpa)
inbreds and lpa hybrids have been attempted (Raboy et al.,2000).
Conventional plant breeding combining molecular techniques can be used to reduce
the phytic acid content of seeds. By selecting low phytic acid (lpa) genotypes, the
phytate content of cereals may be reduced considerably, resulting in enhanced zinc
absorption (Hambidge et al.,2004). This would provide a sustainable way to improve
zinc nutrition of human populations. We therefore evaluated the effects of several
novel low lpa genotypes of maize (Zea mays L.) and this would help in evolving lpa
lines and thereafter lpa hybrids with low phytic acid (Pramitha et al.,2019). Most of
the low phytate lines are known to have negative pleiotropic effects such as reduced
seed set ratio, seedling growth and thus this study was carried out to identify lines
having better combining ability for producing low phytate elite hybrids (Bregitzer et
al.,2006).
Breeding approaches
Utilization of germplasm and development of reference set for lpa

In order to restrain the difficulties in handling a large number of germplasm
and to work with a small collection without loss of alleles for the trait of interest,
developing a reference set from the large germplasm collection is practiced. A
reference set consists of a set of accessions selected from a base population in such a
way that it follows a normal distribution for the concerned trait (Upadhyay et
al.,2008). This enhances the utilization of germplasm in breeding programs and
enables the breeders to handle a manageable population. Here the available 338
germplasm accessions at the Department of Millets, Tamil Nadu agricultural
University were screened to form a reference set of 58 genotypes without loss of
allelic variations. In both the population, the variability for phytic acid in the grains
ranged from 2.77 to 16.70 mg/ g. The reference set was formed with random
76
genotypes selected from the base population to follow a normal distribution. The
skewness, Kurtosis and K S test for normality (Dn) were found to be 0.17, 0.61, 0.70
respectively for phytic acid content in grains (Figure 1) with non significant
difference between the means of the base and the reference set was obtained
(Pramitha et al.,2019). This further ensured the entire representation of the base in the
formulated reference set for phytic acid with the maximum variability from the base
population.
The morphological and biochemical characterization of this reference set
revealed a significant positive correlation existing between the yield and yield
contributing traits namely, kernel yield, number of kernels per row, ear diameter and
ear length with the phytic acid content. This exhibits the negative effects of reducing
the phytic acid content of the grains and similar reductions in yield levels of the lpa
mutants have also been observed in other studies of maize, barley and wheat
(Campion et al.,2013, Bregitzer et al.,2008 and Pramitha et al.,2019).
The variability of the formulated reference set revealed, six major principal
components with flowering traits (days to 50% tasseling, days to 50 per cent silking
and anthesis silking interval), ear height and phytic acid contributing favorably to all
the major six principal components. This persuades the effectiveness of selection for
these traits from the formulated reference set and this would enable the breeders to
handle minimum population for further grouping the genotypes to analyze their
heterotic potential combined with low phytic acid (Pramitha et al.,2019).
Figure 1: Distribution of phytic acid in the newly formulated reference set
Genes responsible for phytic acid and characterized in maize

The phytic acid in plants is synthesized via two pathways i.e. lipid dependent
and lipid independent pathway (Sparvoli and Cominelli,2015). The first is predominant
in all the plant tissues and the latter is predominant in seeds. The genes involved in the
phytic acid biosynthesis has been well characterized in Arabidopsis, rice, wheat,
soybean, maize and common bean through the screening of lpa mutants and is reported
to be the major growth regulating factors during the embryonic stages. There are eight
main classes of genes encoding phytic acid viz., MIPS, IMP, MIK, 2 PGK, IPK 2, ITK,
IPK1 and MRP. These genes belong to the small gene families except for MIK which is
encoded by a single locus.
Accordingly, in maize, three mutants have been isolated and characterized
with reduced phytic acid content. They are lpa 1 lpa 2 and lpa 3. Among the three
77
mutants, lpa 1 had 66% of reduction in phytic acid and is caused by a gene that is
responsible for the transmembrane transporter protein ZmMRP4. This gene is known
to play a key role in the transfer of phytic acid to storage vacuoles in seeds. The lpa 2
is due to the mutation in the ZmIPK4 gene. The lpa 2 1 is a resultant of the sequence
rearrangement of ZmIPK and lpa 2 2 is by a transition of cytosine to thymine at the
position 158. This eventually causes a stop codon in the open reading frame of N
terminal, ZmIPK (Sureshkumar et al.,2014). The lpa 3 is caused by a gene that codes
for myoinositol kinase. These identified mutant lines serves as an essential genetic
resource for developing low phytic acid lines in maize (Sparvoli and Cominelli,2015).
Molecular breeding approaches:

The identified low phytic acid lines by Raboy et al.,2000 were subtropical and
had consisted of negative pleiotropic effects of reduced phytic acid content. This
makes it more difficult for the breeders to incorporate it as parents in hybrid
development. Hence, an lpa 2 2 line, EC 659418 was used as a donor and the lpa 2 2
was introgressed to an elite line UMI 285 by the use of an allele specific marker Umc
2230 through marker assisted back cross breeding program. Four lines with reduced
seed phytic acid and favourable agronomic parameters like 100 seed weight and grain
yield were screened from 350 BC2F3 progenies (Figure 2). These lines could be
promisingly used for developing better parental lines to produce low phytate hybrids
without compromising the yield related traits (Suresh Kumar et al.,2014 and
Tamilkumar et al.,2014).
Figure 2: Marker assisted backcross of lpa2-2
Stability of phytic acid

Several hybridization and introgression of elite lines have been focused for
producing low phytic elite lines and one of the major prejudices in developing these
lines was to analyze its stable expression. The free myoinositol that produces phytic
acid in plants is also an essential component in many pathways including auxin, cell
wall polysaacharides, osmolytes (pinnitol) and lipid biosynthesis. Hence, the phytic
acid is expected to vary across environmental conditions. In wheat, oats and sorghum,
78
phytic acid was observed to be varying in seasons and locations (Nahapetian and
Bassiri,1976 and Brankovic et al.,2016).
Further the characterization of the reference set also revealed seasonal and
yearly variations in the phytic acid content (Jacob et al.,2016). Hence the potential
lines from the reference set were subjected to a stability analysis across three
locations. There were four potential and stable pre breeding lines viz., UMI 467,
UMI 447, LPA 2 395 & LPA 2 285 obtained from this analysis and they had a stable
low phytic acid content across locations. Four lines viz., UMI 113, UMI 300 1, UMI
158 and UMI 1099) were moderately stable and they were observed to vary in an
rainfed environment (Figure 3) (Pramitha et al.,2019). This suggests the adjustments
in the plant myoinositol for the producing osmolytes to cope up with the external
stimuli (Brankovic et al.,2016). Across the locations, the phytic acid was negatively
and significantly correlated to the free inorganic phosphorous (Chandhana et al.,2018)
and the potential stable donors for lpa had the highest level of free inorganic
phosphorous in them (Figure 5) (Pramitha et al.,2019b). These stable lines even
though were uniform for their phytate content had a poor adaptability in comparison
to the elite checks. The seeds of the stable donors were shriveled with poor cob and
germination characteristics (Figure 4) (Pramitha et al.,2019b). This entrusts the role of
phytic acid in seed set and pollination (Donahue et al.,2010).
Phytic acid is well known to accumulate after anthesis in plants in order to
sequestrate the essential micronutrients and proteins for the seed development and
germination 32,33,56,60. Therefore, alterations in their existing content had consecutively
lead to the poor seed and cob developments in low phytate lines (Bregitzer et
al.,2006). These results suggest the adoption of proper selection criteria and breeding
methodologies in developing low phytic acid lines in maize. Selection techniques by
pursuing a threshold phytic acid by selecting medium phytate lines with lesser
negative effects and introgression of these low phytic acid to elite backgrounds could
be an alternate strategy to utilize better parental sources for producing elite low
phytate hybrids (Pramitha et al.,2019c). This also opens a research thrust in
identifying the molecular and genetic reason beneath the stability of these stable lines
in future for its complete utilization in breeding programs.
Figure 3: Variation of phytic acid
79
Fig 4: Negative relationship of phytic acid with inorganic phosphorous
Formulating a hybridization programme and heterotic potential of phytic acid

The introgression of the lpa trait by means of hybridization to elite lines paves
a new scope of developing low phytic acid lines in maize. Thus the identified stable
donors of low phytic acid were crossed to elite maize inbreds from the Department of
Millets. Two fashions of crosses with eight lpa lines as testers with elite inbreds as
lines in one way and the vice versa were formulated to produce low phytate hybrids.
The phytic acid content of the resultant hybrids ranged from 4.50 to 11.21 mg/g in the
first fashion and 4.62 to 13.63 mg/g in the second fashion. In both these designs the
hybrids were lower than the commercial check. The hybrids although were similar in
mean yield levels with the check failed to surpass the standard check’s yield. This
presents the influence of the reduction in the phytic acid content of all the crosses
obtained. The lowest stable phytic acid content with positive sca for yield and a yield
closer with to the check was observed in UMI 1200 x UMI 467 (Pramitha et
al.,2019b). The poor germinability and seedling vigour reported in lpa crosses by
Naidoo et al.,2012 were not observed in these experimental designs (elite x lpa & lpa
x elite) due to the presence of an elite parent as male/female in the hybridization
programs to combat the negative pleiotropic effects of the lpa donors (Pramitha et
al.,2019b & Vengilat et al.,2019).
A diallel approach among the potential stable donors for lpa were also
experimented simultaneously and the resultant hybrids had a very poor seed set with
adverse germination pattern, seedling vigour, plant height and yield. The previous
studies of lpa x lpa crosses 87 had abnormal germination and development, whereas in
this approach although few seeds germinated, they did not express any hybrid vigour
and were drastically poor. Hence, from all these strategies, it could be suggested that
phytic acid is essential for plant’s vital development and breeding programs should be
framed in such a way to minimize the effects of its reduction. The plant requires a
minimum threshold of phytic acid and drastic reductions are expected to yield embryo
abnormalities. Therefore, utilizing elite parental sources with lpa introgressed lines
could serve as a genetic asset to further develop high yielding hybrids in maize. These
identified parental lines are an essential source for further research experiments and
they were grouped into two heterotic groups A and B (Vengilat et al.,2019). This
heterotic grouping could further be elaborated by addition of other potential donors
for yield and phytic acid to favor rapid production of elite lpa hybrids in maize.
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82
CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE IN MAIZE SYSTEMS: A WAY

FORWARD FOR SUSTAINABILITY
S L Jat, C M Parihar1, A K Singh, Sreelatha D 2, D M Mahala, S D

Bamboriya, Radheshyam1 and P V Kadam1
1
2
Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad
The present cropping systems facing challenges of sustainability due to arising

problems of the soil sickness and decreasing input use efficiency. This is further
aggravated by the fast changing climate having aberrant weather conditions, which
pose a serious threat to the sustainability of agriculture in the world and India in
particular. The conservation agriculture (CA) based crop management practices are
found effective for mitigating effects of climate change due to lesser greenhouse gas
emissions compared to the conventional system of agriculture. These practices also
found effective for adaptation of the climate change effect due to changes in soil
health and microclimate modification. The CA is the set of practices based on three
cardinal principles of minimal soil disturbance, retention of residue as soil cover and
profitable sustainable crop rotation. The CA has adopted over 185 m ha areas in the
world. To potentially make the Indo Gangetic Plains (IGP) productive in a sustainable
manner, conservation agriculture (CA) has to be effectively adopted and out scaled
into the existing agricultural system (Jat et al., 2016). However, the adoption of the
CA in India is still very less (1.5 m ha) as it was targeted in a limited number of the
cropping systems. The maize is one of the fastest growing crops in India due to
increased maize demand for remunerative prices and availability of best technologies
for easier and higher production. The crop area of maize now reached close to 10 m
ha and the upcoming areas as well as traditional areas if targeted with CA will be
sustainable and more profitable. Hence, we enumerated the potential of CA in maize
system with special reference to India in this paper for improving profitability and soil
health for sustainable crop production.
CA and crop productivity, resource efficiency and profitability in maize systems

Various workers in the country researched CA in maize systems intensively.
The enhancement in maize yield was significantly higher with the application of the
residue by 12.6% over no residue application in conservation agriculture (IIMR, 2019)
which underlies importance of the residue retention in the CA in maize systems In a
6 year study of CA evaluated the performance of CA based management practices
[permanent bed (PB) and zero tillage (ZT)] and conventional till (CT) for four
intensified irrigated maize systems [maize wheat mungbean (MWMb), maize
chickpea Sesbania green manure (MCS), maize mustard mungbean (MMuMb) and
maize maize Sesbania (MMS)]. Significant (P < 0.05) tillage and cropping system
interactions were observed for system productivity (Parihar et al., 2016). In the initial
two years, higher system productivity (maize equivalent yield) was recorded in PB
(8.2–8.5 Mg ha−1), while from third year onwards ZT registered maximum
productivity (11.3–12.9 Mg ha−1). Net profit from the maize based systems under ZT
was up to 31% higher with 72$ ha−1 lower production cost compared to CT.
Compared to the rice wheat system, increased system productivity (up to 33%) and
profitability (up to 50 %) was observed in CA based maize wheat system (IIMR
2019).
83
The maize, wheat and mustard yields were statistically similar in first year of
study irrespective of residue retention or removal, whereas during subsequent years,
yields of maize, wheat and mustard were significantly (P < 0.05) higher by 10.1–
16.7%, 9.3–23.6% and 13.6–21.9% under residue retained plots (full CA) than residue
removed plots (partial CA), respectively (Jat et al., 2019a). Crop residue retention in
zero tilled PB increased cost of cultivation by 125 and 147 USD/ha in MMuMb and
MWMb systems, respectively (Jat et al., 2019c).
Experiments on nutrient management in maize based cropping system under
different tillage practices have also shown encouraging results. In maize wheat
mungbean cropping system, zero tillage resulted in significantly higher crops yield
and site specific nutrient management (SSNM) gave higher yield over farmer’s
fertilization practices (FFP) and RDF at Banswara. In rice maize cropping system, at
Dholi the tillage practice of permanent beds (PB) resulted in significantly higher cob
yield and site specific nutrient management (SSNM) gave higher yield over farmer's
fertilization practices (FFP) and RDF in grain yield and RDF found statistically at par
Planting of maize mustard/chickpea system under rainfed condition planting of maize
with zero tillage resulted in 7.0 11.6% higher yields in various zones (IIMR, 2017).
ZT and PB practices reduced the irrigation water requirement by 40–65 ha
mm and 60–98 ha mm, respectively compared to CT system and resulted in enhanced
system water productivity by 19.4% equally under both ZT and PB in maize systems
(Parihar et al., 2016). Compared to the rice wheat system water saving (82 %) was
observed in CA based maize wheat system (IIMR 2019). Substitution of rice with
maize (MW system) recorded 19.7% higher productivity, saved 84.5% of irrigation
water and increased net returns by 48.9% compared to farmer’s practice (Jat et al.,
2019).
CA and soil health in maize systems

A long term study was conducted to evaluate the tillage practices of ZT, PB and
CT in four diversified intensive maize based crop rotations MWMb, MCS, MMuMb
and MMS). In this study, the SOC, physical and biological properties of soil at
various depths after were analyzed 7 years of continuous ZT, PB and CT in
diversified maize rotations (Parihar et al., 2016a). Compared to CT plots, the soil
physical properties like water stable aggregates (WSA) > 250 mm were 16.1 32.5%
higher, and bulk density (BD) and penetration resistance (PR) showed significant (P <
0.05) decline (11.0–14.3 and 11.2–12.0%) in ZT and PB plots at 0–15 and 15–30 cm
soil layers. The soil organic carbon (SOC) increased by 34.6 35.3% at 0–15 cm, and
23.6 26.5% at 15–30 cm soil depths with conservation agriculture (ZT and PB) based
crop establishment techniques over CT. Similarly, the soil microbial biomass carbon
(MBC) under CA based systems increased by 45–48.9% in 0–30 cm profile depth of a
sandy loam (Typic Haplustept) soil. Significant (P < 0.05) improvement in soil
enzymatic activities i.e., Fluorescein diacetate, dehydrogenase, b Glucosidase and
Alkaline phosphatase were also recorded in the CA based treatments. Significant (P <
0.05) synergistic effects of summer legumes (mungbean and Sesbania) with winter
legume/cereal in crop rotations were observed on SOC, WSA, BD, PR and Ksat at 0–
15 and 15–30 cm depths. Interaction between tillage and crop rotations were
significant (P < 0.05) for soil organic carbon, physical properties and enzymatic
activities. Thus, this long term study suggests that CA based crop management with
selected diversified maize based rotations (MCS and MWMb) can be advocated as
sustainable intensification strategy in light textured soils of north western India and
other similar agro ecologies of South Asia.
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After 6 years, a significant positive effect of CA practices on soil organic

carbon (SOC) content, labile SOC fractions, soil microbial biomass carbon and
dehydrogenase activity (Parihar et al., 2018). ZT and PB increased SOC stock (0–
30 cm depth) by 7.22–7.23 Mg C ha−1 whereas CT system increased it only by
0.88 Mg C ha−1as compared to the initial value (Parihar et al., 2018a). In this study,
global warming potential (GWP) under CT system was higher by 18.1 and 17.4%,
compared to CA based ZT and PB, respectively. Retention of crop residue in PB
increased total SOC by 11.5 to 19.5% compared with PB R, across the soil depths (Jat
et al., 2019b).
Precision Nutrient management in the context of CA

The layering of CA based management practices with precision nutrient
prescriptions using SSNM based decision support tools offers a new management
paradigm for scaling up of the MW system in north west India (Parihar et al., 2017).
The adoption of conservation tillage (ZT/PB) practices with improved nutrient
management (SSNM/Ad hoc) could be a viable option for achieving higher
productivity, water and energy use efficiency and profitability in MWMb system.
Significantly higher pooled bio energetic yields (22 35%), net returns (31 38%) and
water use efficiency (30 35%) was observed in SSNM/Ad hoc plots compared with
FFP (farmers fertilizer practices) (Parihar et al. 2017, 2017a). The application of the
33% basal nitrogen followed by green seeker guided N application (33+GS) in maize
significantly increased the grain yield of kharif maize by 6.9% over the traditional
three splits recommended N application (IIMR, 2019).
Neem coated urea (NCU) has been found suitable to increase N use efficiency
and profitability in CA based maize systems (Jat et al., 2019a, 2019b, 2019c). Field
experiments were conducted to evaluate the relative performance of NCU vis à vis
ordinary prilled urea applied to maize, wheat and mustard The application of NCU at
recommended rate (150 kg N/ha) produced significantly higher maize grain yield (7.0
%); NCU @ 120 kg N/ha resulted in significantly higher wheat grain yield (12.3%)
and NCU @ 90 kg N/ha resulted in significantly higher mustard seed yield (2.4%)
than the yield obtained with ordinary urea on a coarse textured sandy loam soil. The
higher grain yield with the application of NCU over ordinary urea was accompanied
by a spectacular increase in nitrogen use efficiencies.
Precision water management in CA

In contrast to conventional till RW rotation which consumed 1889 mm ha−1
irrigation water (2 yr mean), CA with sub surface drip irrigation system saved 58.4
and 95.5% irrigation water in rice wheat and maize wheat rotations, respectively. CA
with sub surface drip irrigation in MW systems recorded 5% (2 yr mean) higher
profitability with 80% subsidy on installing a sub surface drip irrigation system and
similar profitability without subsidy scenario compared with their respective flood
irrigated CA based systems (Jat et al., 2019). This CA with drip irrigation in maize
wheat system improved energy productivity by 169% and partial factor productivity
of N by 49.6% respectively compared to conventional rice wheat system. The sub
surface drip irrigation system saved the fertilizer N by 20% under CA systems.
Future thrust
There is needed to make small scale machineries for seeding under CA in
maize systems for small and marginal farmers for its enhanced adoption. The good
post mergence herbicides (tembotrione, topramezone) available should be
85
demonstrated in maize systems. The making of small videos in the vernacular

languages about practices and potential benefits of CA needs to be made on maize
systems and made available in social media for its enhanced adoption. The activities
of the soil fauna and microbes are not well documented in CA based maize systems
that needs to be explored. The enhanced yield responsible microbial consortia in CA
can be an important input in agriculture that needs due attention for extending its
benefits. The insect and disease dynamics and specially the potential threat if any also
need to be studied in details for making it more sustainable. The weed bank seed
dynamics is important in CA for making future plausible decisions on out scaling CA.
The strengthening of the component crop management practices will help in
enhancing its adoption owing to more benefits and making it as CA+. Thus, the
research evidence suggested that conservation agriculture based management
practices in maize systems have the potential for enhancing crop yield, resource use
efficiency, profitability and soil health and these need to be out scaled appropriately
for sustainable maize systems in India and similar ecologies with the best bet input
management practices.
References
IIMR (2017). IIMR Annual report 2016 17. ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research,
Ludhiana.
IIMR (2019). IIMR Annual report 2018 19. ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research,
Ludhiana.
Jat HS, Sharma PC, Datta A et al. (2019) Re designing irrigated intensive cereal
systems through bundling precision agronomic innovations for transitioning
towards agricultural sustainability in North West India. Scientific Report 9: 17929.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598 019 54086 1.
Jat ML, Dagar JC, Sapkota TB, Singh Y, Govaerts B, Ridaura SL, Saharawat YS,
Sharma RK, Tetarwal JP, Jat RK, Hobbs, H and Stirling C (2016) Climate Change
and Agriculture: Adaptation Strategies and Mitigation Opportunities for Food
Security in South Asia and Latin America. Advance in Agronomy 137:127 236.
Jat SL, Parihar CM, Singh AK, Nayak HS, Meena BR, Kumar B, Parihar MD and Jat
ML (2019a) Differential response from N sources with and without residue
management under conservation agriculture on crop yields, water use and
economics in maize based rotations Field Crops Research, 236 (2019) 96–110.
Jat SL, Parihar CM, Dey A, Nayak HS, Ghosh A, Parihar MD and Parihar N (2019b).
Dynamics and temperature sensitivity of soil organic carbon mineralization under
medium term conservation agriculture as affected by residue and nitrogen
management options. Soil and Tillage Research. 191:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.02.005
Jat SL, Parihar CM, Singh AK, Kumar B, Choudhary M, Nayak HS, Parihar MD,
Parihar N and Meena BR (2019c). Energy auditing and carbon footprint under long
term conservation agriculture based intensive maize systems with diverse inorganic
nitrogen management options. Science of the Total Environment 664 (2019): 659
668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.425.
Parihar CM, Jat SL, Singh AK, Datta A, Parihar MD, Varghese E, Bandyopadhyay KK,
Nayak HS, Kuri BR and Jat ML (2018) Changes in carbon pools and biological
activities of a sandy loam soil under long term conservation agriculture and
diversified cropping systems. European Journal of Soil Science September 2018,
69: 902–912. doi: 10.1111/ejss.12680.
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Parihar CM, Parihar MD, Sapkota TB, Nanwal RK, Singh AK, Jat SL, Nayak HS,
Mahala DM, Singh LK, Kakraliya SK, Stirling CM and Jat ML (2018a) Long term
impact of conservation agriculture and diversified maize rotations on carbon pools
and stocks, mineral nitrogen fractions and nitrous oxide fluxes in Inceptisol of India.
Science of the Total Environment 640–641:1382 1392.
Parihar CM, Jat SL, Singh AK, Ghosh A, Rathore NS, Kumar B, Pradhan S, Majumdar
K, Satyanarayana T, Jat ML, Saharawat YS, Kuri BR and Saveipune D (2017)
Effects of precision conservation agriculture in a maize wheat mungbean rotation
on crop yield, water use and radiation conversion under a semiarid agro ecosystem.
Agricultural Water Management, 192: 306 319. 10.1016/j.agwat.2017.07.021.
Parihar CM, Jat SL, Singh AK, Kumar B, Yadvinder Singh, Pradhan S, Pooniya V,
Dhauja A, Chaudhary V, Jat ML, Jat RK and Yadav OP (2016) Conservation
agriculture in irrigated intensive maize based systems of north western India:
Effects on crop yields, water productivity and economic profitability. Field Crops
Research 193:104 116. Doi: doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2016.03.013
Parihar CM, Jat SL, Singh AK, Majumdar K, Jat ML, Saharawat YS, Pradhan S and
Kuri BR 2017a. Bio energy, water use efficiency and economics of maize wheat
mungbean system under precision conservation agriculture in semi arid agro
ecosystem. Energy 119: 245 256. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.12.068.
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ML, Jat RK, Saharawat YS and Yadav OP (2016a). Long term effect of
conservation agriculture in maize rotations on total organic carbon, physical and
biological properties of a sandy loam soil in north western Indo Gangetic Plains.
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87
Oral Presentations
OP-1 TEOSINTE ALLELIC INFLUX AS A MEASURE TO ENHANCE AND

STRENGTHEN DIVERSITY IN MAIZE
Singh N K , Adhikari S , Joshi A and Sahoo S

G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
[email protected]
Being a wild grass in nature, Teosinte has contributed significantly in supporting

economy, employment, food and feed requirement of the society across the continents
through evolving maize the highest yielding cereal grain. Domestication followed by
artificial selection completely transformed teosinte into a plant architecture
morphologically widely divergent from progenitor teosinte. This happened probably
because of the selective breeding and artificial selection of few hundred of genes
responsive to favourable environmental conditions. Consequently, genetic yield
potential of maize has increased tremendously on the one hand but on the other hand
consequences of domestication and breeding bottlenecks were realized in the form of
limited genetic diversity in cultivated maize when compared with diversity in wild
relatives of maize. Recapitulation of allelic diversity, which probably lost during the
domestication and selective breeding, through teosinte genomic influx is therefore
seems to be essential to ensure sound diverse genetic base for maize improvement
programme. Considering preceding facts and prospects in mind, maize inbred line
was crossed with teosinte, the resulting F1s were backcrossed with maize followed by
four generation of selfing to generate BC1F5 population consisted of 169 lines and
were evaluated during kharif 2018. Analysis of variance revealed significant
differences for all the characters indicating diverse nature of individuals of the BC1F5
population. Days to anthesis, silking and ASI were varied from 47 68, 44 67 and ( )
4 5 days in BC1F5 whereas the same were 52.5, 54.5, 2.5 and 81.5, 78 and ( ) 3.0
days in maize and teosinte, respectively. In teosinte and maize height of the plants
were 242 and 97.4 cm whereas in BC1F5 lines, it varied from 88 229.3 cm. One to
five ears/plant were noted in BC1F5 lines whereas in maize and teosinte, the same
was 1 and 242 on average. Ear length and diameter were greatly modified and a range
of 3.16 19.16 cm and 0.81 7.16 cm, respectively were observed. Kernel rows/ear and
kernels/row were varied from 2.66 16.0 and 3.5 44.8, respectively. Similarly, for
other traits namely flag leaf length, flag leaf width, node bearing first ear, test weight
and grain yield/plant, wide range of variations was observed in BC1F5 population. In
addition, variations were also observed for anthocyanin colouration of leaf sheath,
glumes and anthers, angle between leaves and stem and tassel length. The
observations of the investigation therefore indicate diversification of maize
germplasm for different characters. Variation for male and female flowering behavior
and angle between stem and leaf are seems to be the important allelic introgression
and may help in increasing adaptability and productivity of maize. However,
introgression of some undesirable features namely loose husk requires strategic
intervention to filter out the beneficial alleles from teosinte.
OP-2 GENETIC ANALYSIS, IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL SNPS AND

DEVELOPMENT OF MULTI-NUTRIENT MAIZE HYBRIDS THROUGH
STACKING THE FAVOURABLE ALLELES OF O2, CRTRB1 AND VTE4
GENES
89
Das A K 1, Muthusamy V 2, Zunjare R K 2, Chauhan H S 2, Jaiswal S 2, Chhabra

S 2, Baveja A 2, Chand G 2, Sharma P K 2, Bhat J S 2, Guleria S K 3, Saha S 2 and
Hossain F 2
1
ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research, PAU campus, Ludhiana
2
3
CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Bajaura
[email protected]
Micronutrient deficiency affects two billion people worldwide. Vitamin E (α , β , γ &

δ tocopherol) is a major antioxidant and essentially required for cardiovascular and
neurological functions in humans. α tocopherol has the highest vitamin E activity but
present in low proportion in maize kernel. Most favourable haplotype (0/0) of VTE4
having deletions of 7bp and 118bp accumulates more α tocopherol than wild type
(7/118). Multilocation evaluation of 54 maize inbred revealed wide genetic variation
for α tocophrol (3.24 28.63µg/g), γ tocopherol (3.50 52.41µg/g) and total tocopherol
(16.40 87.67µg/g). Higher proportion of α tocopherol/ total tocopherol among
favourable classes was observed than unfavourable class. Testcross analysis of 36
hybrids (9  4) revealed the prominence of non additive gene action for α , γ and
total tocopherol and additive gene action for δ tocopherol. AMMI analysis revealed
that genotype and interaction effect accounted 35 77% and 23 45% of variation,
respectively across tocopherols. Sequence analysis of promoter and 5’UTR in VTE4
gene among 15 inbreds identified 14 new SNPs and eight InDels of which SNP7,
InDel1, InDel4 and InDel8 could differentie low and high α tocopherol accumulating
inbreds with favourable haplotype. Further, the favourable allele (0/0 haplotype) of
VTE4 was introgressed through marker assisted backcross breeding in the background
of provitamin A rich QPM (high lysine and tryptophan) inbreds (HKI161 PV,
HKI163 PV, HKI193 1 PV and HKI193 2 PV). Mean α tocopherol (16.62 µg/g,
14.23 µg/g, 16.11µg/g and 14.24 µg/g) and mean α tocopherol/ total tocopherol ratio
(43%, 78%, 25% and 29%) was significantly increased in the introgressed progenies
of HKI161 PV, HKI163 PV, HKI193 1 PV and HKI193 2 PV, respectively. Selected
BC2F2 derived inbreds recorded recovery of >90% of recurrent parent genome. During
the selection, favourable allele of opaque2, crtRB1 and lcyE present in the original
lines were also retained. The multi nutrient rich maize inbreds with high lysine,
tryptopha, provitamin A and vitamin E assume to be of great significance in
alleviating malnutrition through sustainable and cost effective approach.
OP-3 PARASITISM CAUSED BY TRICHOGRAMMA CHILONIS AND

COTESIA FLAVIPES AGAINST CHILO PARTELLUS
Singh B , Mahla M K , Chhangani G and Vyas A K

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur
[email protected]
The Egg parasitization by Trichogramma chilonis in the maize stem borer (Chilo
partellus) eggs were released in maize crop at 15, 22 and 29 days after germination
during July – December 2019 at the Department of Entomology, Rajasthan College of
Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur. The eggs were exposed to natural parasitization by T.
chilonis and were collected back to record parasitization and emergence of T. chilonis.
The number of adults emerged from parasitized eggs ranged from 64 to112 adults/
replication. The maximum number of adults emerged (124 & 128) at 15 days after
90
germination where 230 & 250 eggs of C. partellus were released. The minimum
number of adults emerged (87) at 29 days after germination from 192 eggs of C.
partellus were released. Larval parasitization (Cotesia flavipes) twenty larvae
obtained from infested plants with higher leaf injury rating (LIR) were collected at 15,
22 and 29 days after germination and were reared to record the emergence of larval
parasitoid, C. flavipes. The numbers of parasitized larvae were 7, 9 and 8 at 15, 22
and 29 days after germination respectively. The per cent larval parasitization recorded
was 35, 45 and 40 at 15, 22 and 29 days after germination. The number of cocoon
recorded was 58, 64 and 63 at 15, 22 and 29 days after germination respectively. The
parasitoid C. flavipes was found to parasitize the C. partellus in field conditions.
OP-4 GENOME WIDE ASSOCIATION MAPPING FOR HEAT

TOLERANCE IN SUB-TROPICAL MAIZE
Longmei N 1, Gill G K 1, Zaidi P H 3, Kumar R 4, Nair S K 3, Vemuri H 3,

Vinayan M T 3 and Vikal Y 2
1
Plant Breeding and Genetics, 2School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab
Agricultural University, Ludhiana
3
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, Asia Regional Office,
Hyderabad
4
ICAR Indian Institutes of Maize Research, Ludhiana
Heat tolerance is becoming increasingly important where maize is grown under spring
season in India which coincides with grain filling stage of crop resulting in drying of
tassel tissue (tassel blast), reduced pollen viability, pollination failure and barren ears
that causes devastating yield losses. So, there is need to identify the genomic regions
associated with heat tolerance component traits which could be further employed in
maize breeding program. An association mapping panel, consisting of 662 doubled
haploid (DH) lines derived from nine bi parental pedigree populations and test
crossed with a heat susceptible tester line (CML 474) was evaluated for yield
contributing traits under normal and natural heat stress conditions. Genome wide
association studies (GWAS) carried out using 187,000 SNPs and 130 SNPs
significantly associated for grain yield (GY), days to 50% anthesis (AD), days to 50%
silking (SD), anthesis silking interval (ASI), plant height (PH), ear height (EH) and
ear position (EPO) were identified under normal conditions. A total of 46 SNPs
strongly associated with GY, ASI, EH and EPO were detected under heat stress
conditions. Fifteen of the SNPs was found to have common association with more
than one trait such as two SNPs viz. S10_1905273 and S10_1905274 showed
colocalization with GY, PH and EH whereas S10_7132845 SNP associated with GY,
AD and SD under normal conditions. No such co localization of SNP markers with
multiple traits was observed under heat stress conditions. Haplotypes trend regression
analysis revealed 122 and 85 haplotype blocks, out of which, 20 and 6 haplotype
blocks were associated with more than one trait under normal and heat stress
conditions, respectively. Each of the haplotype block had range of 2 to 21 SNPs.
Based on SNP association and haplotype mapping, nine and seven candidate genes
were identified respectively, which belongs to different gene models having different
biological functions in stress biology. The present study found significant SNPs and
haplotype blocks associated with yield related traits, directly or indirectly related to
heat stress mechanism, which help in selection of donor lines or lines with favorable
alleles for multiple traits. Gene families underlying loci corresponded to functions
91
ranging from sensing abiotic stresses and regulating plant response such as universal
stress protein domain containing protein, expressed protein, chloroplast precursor,
stripe rust resistance protein and stomatal closure. These results provide fundamental
information for understanding the genetic basis of heat tolerance. The genomic
regions detected in this study need further validation before being applied in the
breeding pipelines.
OP-5 EFFECT OF HEAT STRESS AND WATER SCARCITY ON SOME OF

THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF MAIZE
Nazir A , Bahar F A , Bhat M A , Bhat T A , Dar Z A , Sheikh T A and Bhat R A

Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture,Wadura,
Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a globally important staple crop for food, livestock feed and
biofuels, even though it is very sensitive to abiotic stresses, including high
temperature, which leads to considerable yield loss in crop production. Of the various
abiotic stresses such as light intensity, salinity, drought, temperature (freezing/heat) is
the most prevalent that considerably retard not only plant production but also the
quality of crops. Heat stress is defined as the rise in temperature beyond a threshold
level for a period sufficient to cause permanent damage to plant growth and
development. The disturbance in cellular homeostasis is due to high temperature
stress which can cause drastic reduction in growth, development and even death of
plants. The growth and development optimum temperature is specific to each
genotype. The temperature stress occurs when the environmental temperature
increases beyond the critical limit. Heat stress is responsible for 1.0 1.7% maize yield
loss per day, for every degree rise in temperature above 30oC. The stages of maize
growth are differently affected by high temperature stress. Heat stress during
germination is associated with impaired emergence, reduced plant stand and plant
density. Maize plants usually develop different mechanisms to counteract the
environmental stresses. They need to adapt quickly to overcome these stresses during
their short life cycle. With the general warming of the world, developing cultivars of
maize that can perform well under heat stress, drought stress and combined heat and
drought stress should be taken into consideration. The tolerance of plants to a
combination of different stress conditions, especially those that mimic the field
environment should be the focus of future research. Water plays a vital role in the
survival of plants as it is universal solvent, transport medium and evaporative coolant
as well as providing the energy to drive photosynthesis, the natural plant process that
synthesize organic food. Under moisture stress condition, the loss of water in the plant
protoplasm results in the concentration of ions in the protoplasm to toxic levels
resulting in possible protein degradation and membrane fusion and negatively
impacting plant metabolism. Moisture stress is one of the major constraints in maize
productivity. Out of the total area for maize cultivation about 4.0 million hectares are
prone to drought in India as 80% of the India in Kharif season is rainfed. Moisture
stress is very common in the areas where maize is predominantly grown under rainfed
conditions. Whether in India or elsewhere in the world generally in rainfed areas
rainfall is either unpredictable or uneven distribution. The crop is particularly
sensitive to water stress in the period one week before and two weeks after flowering.
Moisture stress during this period results in an increase in the anthesis silking interval
(ASI) and grain abortion. Tassel blasting can occur in maize if drought coincides with
92
high temperature. Remobilization of stem reserves can occur, when stress coincides
with the phase of linear grain growth. In extreme cases this can result in premature
lodging. Single cross hybrids have better tolerance due to its inherent genetic capacity
to cope better in the drought than other OPV’s and composites.
OP-6 EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON MAIZE DISEASES AND THEIR

STATUS IN RAJASTHAN
Sharma S S 1, Yadav K 1, Khokhar M 1 and Sarita2

1
Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and
Technology, Udaipur
2
ICAR National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi
Rajasthan is the state where, maximum maize is being grown and having largest area
under cultivation. There has been a taboo that maize is considered as prime staple
food. There is another bottleneck that maize is being cultivated under rain fed
conditions which has more than 68 % area. Assured irrigation is limited. The average
productivity is less than the national average. The crop has been challenged by several
pathogens and dominant are fungal ones. Post Flowering stalk rot is major disease
caused by Fusarium verticillioides and bacterial association also. This is called as rot
complex. This causes more than 38 % losses in yield followed by Banded leaf and
sheath blight which causes more than 70% losses. Banded leaf and sheath blight is
more prominent where rice maize pattern is seen. The sheath blight pathogen
Rhizoctonia solanii is same. Foliar pathogens like Curvularia leaf spot (Curvularia
lunata), Maydis leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis) and one systemic pathogen Rajasthan
Downey mildew (Peronosclerospora heteropogonii) are also causing severe damage.
The climate change is causing many diseases to be severe and some are moderate.
The change is rainfall pattern and rise in temperature greatly affecting the severity of
disease. If there is 20 days gap or dry period at flowering, this will cause high severity
of PFSR and more foliar pathogens, many a times if the rainfall distribution is not
proper it will cause earlier onset of diseases. The pattern of symptoms also changed.
Earlier the MLB and CLS used to appear at 50 55 DAS, but now these are occurring
at seedling stage. The Rajasthan Downey Mildew is coming on both sides of leaves;
otherwise principally it used to be on downy side only. Even there are observations
that it also infects the plants at 30 DAS, which are new reports. Overall, the disease
scenario is changing due to climate change and five years data has been used to depict
the effect which proves the change is relation to aberration in climate.
OP-7 ENDOSPERM MODIFIERS MEDIATED EXPRESSION OF PROLAIM-

LIKE FRACTION AND ITS ROLE IN VITREOUS KERNEL
DEVELOPMENT IN MAIZE
Sethi M1, Chaudhary D P 2 and Kaur C 1

1
Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
2
Maize kernel texture and protein quality are known to be inversely related to each
other. Vitreous kernel texture of maize endosperm is defined by regular starch protein
matrix. Zein is the protein fraction which is solely responsible for vitreous kernel
93
texture. Considering protein quality the endosperm protein are broadly classified as
nutritionally poor zein (prolamin and prolamin like) and nutritionally rich non zein
(albumin, globulin, glutelin like and glutelin). It is well established that protein
quality is immensely increased in opaque-2 mutants due to increase in non zein
fractions over zein, whereas in QPM both protein quality and kernel texture is
retained due to introgression of opaque-2 gene along with endosperm modifiers. The
present study was planned to analyse the translational response of endosperm
modifiers in QPM, in comparison to normal and opaque-2 counterparts. The results
revealed that among different protein fractions viz: albumin, globulin, prolamin,
prolamin like, glutelin like and glutelin only prolamin like fraction was found to be
retained maximally in QPM lines (14.91%) in comparison to opaque-2 (11.76%) and
normal (11.88%) lines. Along with it 27 KDa gamma zein was found to be the major
prolamin like protein involved in retrieving vitreous kernel texture in QPM
background. Overall present study benefits with fact that the significant difference in
prolamin like fraction among normal and QPM lines can be used as a quick marker to
analyse visually indistinguishable high and low protein quality lines, so estimation of
prolamin like fraction can act supplementary biochemical marker for analysing
developing QPM lines.
OP-8 VALIDATION OF SENSOR BASED NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN

MAIZE IN GODAVARI ZONE OF ANDHRA PRADESH
Sujatha V , Kumar S , Chandra P B 2, Singh A K 3 and Jat S L 4

1,2
Agricultural Research Station, Peddapuram, East Godavari Dist.
3,4
[email protected]
Precision nitrogen management techniques in maize viz., Green seeker optical sensor,
Site specific nutrient management (SSNM) through Soil test crop response (STCR) or
Nutrient expert have the potential to increase nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency,
productivity, profitability and to reduce losses under changing climate. A Field study
was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Peddapuram, East Godavari Dist.
during kharif, 2018 on sandy loam soils to evaluate the effect of sensor based nitrogen
application on growth, yield and economics of Maize. The experiment was conducted
in RBD with three replications. Treatments consisted of T1 Control, T2 RDF
(1/3+1/3+/1/3 N splitting at basal, knee high and tasseling), T3 STCR (1/3+1/3+/1/3
N splitting at basal, knee high and tasseling), T4 Nutrient expert (1/3+1/3+/1/3 N
splitting at basal, knee high and tasseling), T5 33% basal N + Green Seeker based N
at knee high & tasseling stage , T6 60% basal N + Green Seeker based N at knee high
stage , T7 70% basal N + Green Seeker based N at knee high , T8 60% basal N +
Green Seeker based N at tasseling stage , T9 70% basal N + Green Seeker based N at
tasseling stage , T10 30% Basal N + 30% at 25 DAS + Green Seeker based N at
tasseling stage, T11 35% Basal N + 35% at 25 DAS + Green Seeker based N at
tasseling stage, T12 N rich strip (300:60:40) (1/3+1/3+/1/3 N splitting at basal, knee
high and tasseling). Experimental results revealed that the application of 35% Basal N
+ 35% at 25 DAS + Green Seeker based N at tasseling stage recorded significantly
higher grain yield (6114 kg/ha) which was at par with 30% Basal N + 30% at 25 DAS
+ Green Seeker based N at tasseling stage (5975 kg/ha) and RDF (5647 kg/ha).
Similarly, highest net returns and B:C ratio (Rs.47505 /ha & 2.25 respectively) was
recorded with 35% Basal N + 35% at 25 DAS + Green Seeker based N at tasseling
94
stage which was at par with 30% Basal N + 30% at 25 DAS + Green Seeker based N
at tasseling stage (Rs. 45952/ha & 2.22) and RDF (Rs.40566/ha and 2.05) with
nitrogen saving of 33 kg/ha. Based on the present study, It can be inferred that though
yield was at par with RDF green seeker based nitrogen application could be a better
option in terms of profitability and nitrogen saving in maize. Thus, In future precision
nitrogen management using green seeker optical sensor can be successfully used for
making site specific in season fertilizer nitrogen management decisions for maize in
Godavari zone of Andhra Pradesh.
OP-9 MODELLING SOIL WATER BALANCE AND CROP WATER USE IN

MAIZE UNDER CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE USING HYDRUS-2D
Patra K 1, Parihar C M 1, Rana B 1, Nayak H S 1, Jat M L 2, Sidhu H S 3, Gupta

N 3 and Singh V K 1
1
2
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, New Delhi
3
Borlaug Institute for South Asia, CIMMYT, Ludhiana
[email protected]
In the conventional tillage system (CT), repeated tillage and burning of crop residue
are the two major causes of concern for soil health deterioration and environmental
pollution; the key indicators of sustainability. Conservation agriculture (CA) based
new innovative agronomic management practices like zero tillage flat (ZT),
permanent beds (PB), residue recycling, precision water and nutrient management etc.
have been used as an alternative to CT. Therefore, to improve crop productivity and
farmers’ profitability and looking to the constraints of water shortages in future, it is
imperative that we have to put more efforts on re designing/diversify rice based
systems through developing efficient and remunerative CA based practices for
increasing water productivity and farmer’s profitability in north western (NW) Indo
Gangetic Plains (IGP). Further, substitution of high water requiring crops with low
water requiring crops like maize, can maximize productivity under water limited
environments (Reddy and Suresh, 2008). Therefore, in the RW system dominated
resource degraded zone of IGP, for future sustainability and food security the
feasibility of upcoming crop like maize. Worldwide maize is the third important
cereal grown over 150 nations and In India it is cultivated in 8.6 m ha (2.2%) (Ranum
et al., 2014). Being C4 crop maize has better adaptation to climate change. Maize
cultivation became profitable with the advent of single cross hybrids (SCHs) with
high yielding potential. Further, SCHs maize with CA based practices have twin
benefit of improvement in crop productivity vis a vis soil health and is a possible
alternative to rice in rice wheat system in IGP. Irrigating the crop plant with drip
system can tackle the water scarcity problem and can enhance the water use efficiency.
Although many researchers (Sidhu et al., 2019) have reported higher crop
productivity and less water use under sub surface drip irrigation (SSDI) system, but
the information accounting the complete soil water balance in high water requiring
crop like rice grown under SSDI in CA are not available. Mathematical simulation is
essential for partitioning the soil water into various input (Rainfall and initial soil
moisture) and output (RWU, evaporation and drainage) components to reckon the soil
water balance (SWB) (Parihar et al., 2019). In this scenario the soil hydrological
process based model Hydrus 2D (Šimůnek et al., 2008) was used to simulate the two
dimensional movement of water by using Richard's equation for unsaturated flow in
95
different soil layers and to estimate each component of the soil water balance. In our
study on maize, daily root water uptake (cm) of SSDI150N +R treatment was highest
followed by SSDI150N R, CT 120N, ZT 120N, SSDI 0N+R, SSDI 0N R during the
entire simulation period of 43 days. Across the sub surface drip and nitrogen
application treatments in maize under CA based maize the cumulative evaporation
followed the trend: SSDI150N +R< SSDI150N R< ZT120N< CT120N< SSDIN0 R<
SSDIN0+R.The cumulative deep drainage (CDD) was highest in SSDI control
treatment (SSDI N0 R) because of lower crop growth and development and
subsequently less water use.
OP-10 A STUDY ON EARTHWORM POPULATION AND MICROBIAL

ACTIVITY IN THEIR CASTS IN LONG-TERM TILLAGE AND RESIDUE
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Kumar N 1, Suby S B 1, Parihar C M 2, Jat S L 1, Gambhir G 1and Rakshit S 1

1
ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research, Delhi Unit, New Delhi
2
[email protected]
Earthworms are very important organisms in improving the soil biophysical properties
by their action of burrowing and cast production (Lavelle 2001). Therefore, the
present study was carried out to study the effects of varying tillage practices
[Permanent bed (PB), Zero tillage (ZT) and Conventional tillage (CT)] and cropping
systems [Maize wheat Mungbean (MWMb), Maize Chickpea sesbania (MCS),
Maize Mustard Mungbean(MMuMb) and Maize Maize Sesbania (MMS)] on
earthworm population and fertility of earthworm casts (EC). This study was
undertaken in a long term experiment going on at fixed site since 2008. The number
of earthworm was observed in kharif season 2019 after digging soil 20x 20 x20 cm
and number of EC was observed using a square meter quadrant at three random sites
per replications at flowering stage. Number of earthworm is higher in zero tillage
system and best system irrespective of the tillage was MWMb. The above
observations were also reflected in EC counts. Fertility of EC indicated by its
biological activity in terms of assays viz., fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis,
urease and alkaline phosphatase (APA) which were found to be significantly higher in
EC than the bulk soil taken from 0 15 cm depth, while the beta glycosidase activity
was observed to be non significant between soil and EC. The EC has 2.1 times FDA
(15.49 μg Florescein g−1 h−1), 1.33 times APA (174.14 U / gram of dry soil) and 1.09
times urease activity (141.85 µg NH4 N g 1 dwt 2h 1) than surrounding soils. Further
there was no significant difference between the fertility of EC from the different
tillage and cropping systems. Since fertility of EC remains constant irrespective of the
environment, the variation in number of casts/earthworms in tillage system plays the
major role in soil fertility.
OP-11 DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH QUALITY READY TO EAT MAIZE

EXTRUDATES
Kaur N1, Singh B 1, Kumar R 2 and Sharma S 1

1
Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana
2
96
[email protected]
The present research was carried out to explore the utilization of quality protein maize
to prepare nutritious extruded snacks because of its superior protein quality due to the
presence of two essential amino acids that is lysine and tryptophan. The effects of
extrusion process variables such as screw speed (400– 550 rpm), barrel temperature
(125–175°C) and feed moisture content (14 18%, on dry basis) on the system and
functional properties of normal and quality protein maize based snack product were
studied. The experiment was executed using central composite design (CCD) in
response surface methodology (RSM). Regression analysis of experimental data
revealed the significant effects of screw speed followed by feed moisture content and
barrel temperature on functional properties of extrudates (p ≤ 0.01 and p ≤ 0.05). The
optimal extrusion process parameters obtained were feed moisture content 14.01
15.69%, 14.22 14.96% and barrel temperature 138.28 172.37ºC, 168.90 175ºC at 475
rpm screw speed for normal and quality protein maize, respectively.
OP-12 NUTRITIOUS MULTIGRAIN CHAPATTI FOMULATION

INCORPORATING QUALITY PROTEIN MAIZE FLOUR
Kaur J and Kaur A

Department of Food Science and Technology, Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana
[email protected]
Quality Protein Maize (QPM) has excellent potential as a nutritious ingredient in

bakery formulations to supplement wheat flour due to its superior protein quality and
high content of bioactive components such as dietary fibre. Multigrain chapatti
formulation was standardized by supplementing whole wheat oat flour blend (20 per
cent oat) with QPM and soybean flours. Whole wheat was replaced with QPM and
soybean at 5, 10, 15 and 5 and 10 per cent levels, respectively. Whole wheat chapatti
was used as control. Water absorption of the blends significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased
with increase in QPM and soybean flours. Sensory characteristics, viz., appearance,
flavor and mouthfeel varied significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with QPM and soybean flour
incorporation. Crude fat and crude fibre contents of whole grain chapatti increased
significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with addition of QPM and soybean flours. There was a
significant (P ≤ 0.05) improvement in physiological functionality of whole grain
chapatti higher antioxidant activity (per cent DPPH inhibition) and total phenolic
content. This multigrain chapatti formulation can be used as a nutritious and
functional food for preventing several chronic diseases such as diabetes and
cardiovascular disorders.
OP-13 EVALUATION OF MAIZE VARIETIES POTENTIAL FOR FORAGE

YIELD, SILAGE QUALITY TRAITS AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE IN
CENTRAL GUJARAT CONDITIONS
Singh D and Choudhary A

National Dairy Development Board, Anand
[email protected]
97
An experiment was conducted at fodder demonstration unit (FDU) of National Dairy

Development Board, Anand (Gujarat) during two seasons i.e. Kharif 2016 and Zaid
2017 to evaluate the performance of 13 popular maize varieties J 1006, Narmada
Moti, Pratap Makka Chari 6 (PMC 6), African Tall , P 3502, P 31Y45, Rajshri,
Pratap Hybrid Maize 3 (PHM 3), Gujarat Anand Yellow Maize Hybrid 1 (GAYMH
1), Gujarat Anand White Maize Hybrid 2 (GAWMH 2) and High Quality Protein
Maize 1 (HQPM 1). Maize variety African Tall (AT) was found superior in terms of
green fodder yield (35.19 t/ha), plant height (265.13 cm), stem thickness (16.58 cm),
number of leaves per plant (13.87) and nitrogen uptake (145.34 kg/ha). African Tall,
PMC 6, P 3502 and PHM 3 yielded over 30 t/ha green fodder which was higher than
local check GAYMH 1. Statistical difference for dry matter yield (DMY) were found
non significant but more than 8 t/ha DMY was recorded in PMC 6, AT and P 3502.
Overall in trial, DMY varied from 6.54 t/ha to 8.91 t/ha. In the trial, crude protein
yield (CPY) varied significantly from 0.54 t/ha to 0.84 t/ha. P 3502 recorded highest
crude protein yield (8.14 t/ha) and Mg content (0.56%) while Rajshri was superior in
terms of brix (8.83%) and sulphur (0.13 %). Highest phosphorus was found in J 1006
(0.29%) and highest calcium uptake was recorded in maize variety PMC 6 (28.60
kg/ha). Maize variety PHM 3 recorded higher P2O5 uptake (51.16 kg/ha), K2O uptake
(79.45 kg/ha) and copper content (63.71ppm). Brix % in stem juice of maize varieties
significantly varied from 6.19 to 8.83. Significantly lower pH was recorded in silage
of maize variety PMC 6 (3.78) but statistically at par with maize hybrids HQPM 1
(3.86), GAWMH 2 (3.89), GAYMH 1 (3.91), P 31Y45 (3.95) and PHM 3 (3.98). In
silage of maize varieties mean pH, dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre,
silica content ranged between 3.78 4.27, 24.77 27.57 %, 8.71 10.69 %, 1.02 1.59 %,
28.86 31.66 % and 3.27 4.40 %, respectively. Zn, Mn and Fe content in maize
varieties was recorded between 20.00 28.90 ppm, 38.56 57.89 ppmand 725.00
1063.08 ppm, respectively however statistical differences were found to be non
significant. Amongst maize varieties, nitrogen (N) and P2O5 uptake varied
significantly from 98.40 kg/ha to 145.34 kg/ha and 30.46 to 51.16 kg/ha, respectively.
Trial results indicated that both maize varieties (forage type composite and grain
hybrids) are potentially excellent source of nutritious green fodder free from any anti
nutritional component. Better green fodder production was observed in maize
composites African Tall & PMC 6 and grain hybrids P 3502 & PHM 3 with yield
over 30 t/ha green fodder and more than local check GAYMH 1. Quality traits, macro
and micro nutrient concentrations in silage of forage and grain type maize varieties
were present in desirable quantities.
OP-14 MAIZE AS A CHIEF SOURCE OF QUALITY FEED AND FODDER

FOR INTENSIFIED AND SUSTAINABLE LIVESTOCK HUSBANDRY IN
KARNATAKA
Mahadevu P , Lohitashwa H C , Shekara B G , Shobha D , Mallikarjuna N ,

Jadesha G , Ravindrababau B T , Chikuragi N , Shivakumar B S , Manasa N
and Swapna G
AICRP on MAIZE and AICRP on Forage crops and utilisation, Zonal Agricultural
Research Station, Mandya, UAS, Bangalore
Karnataka is one of the leading states of maize cultivation for multipurpose with
higher growth in area, production and productivity as compared to other states due to
diversified maize production systems. Livestock sector in Karnataka is contributing
98
significantly to the total agriculture GDP of the state. Increased demand for processed
dairy, poultry and meat will in turn demand for high feed requirement. Maize is
grown for grain, baby corn, green cob and green fodder purposes. The stay green
hybrids developed in the state playing key role in providing both grain and green
fodder as dual purpose crop. Farmers around cities venturing for maize cultivation for
baby corn, sweet corn and fodder maize production on commercial scale in order to
meet ever growing demand for quality green fodder and silage in intensified livestock
production including dairying, sheep and goat rearing. Bridging the gap between
demand and supply of green and dry fodder and feed for livestock is required for
achieving higher growth rate and crop diversification for livestock based farming
systems in which maize play a key role in fulfilling both quantity and quality feed and
fodder. Availability of quality protein maize hybrids with enriched micro nutrients for
poultry and animal husbandry is an important option for enhancing the productivity
and quality.
OP-15 ADOPTION OF MAIZE FODDER PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

BY SMALLHOLDER DAIRY FARMERS IN BARNALA DISTRICT OF
PUNJAB
Singh S , Tanwar P S and Verma H K

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Barnala, DEE, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal
Sciences University, Ludhiana
[email protected]
This study examined adoption of maize fodder production technologies by

smallholder dairy farmers (Having 5 7 animals) in Barnala District of Punjab. A pre
formulated questionnaire was used to collect data. Multi stage sampling procedure
was employed where a total of 100 smallholder dairy farmers were selected randomly.
Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Dairy farmers’
adoption index indicated relatively high scale adoption of HYVs (67.00%) and seed
rate (57.00%) by the majority of farmers. The relatively low adopted production
technologies by the majority of farmers were plant protection (79.00) and manuring
and fertilizer application (68.00%). Irrigation (73.00%) and weed (69.00%)
management practices recorded majority on medium scale basis. The study identified
constraints which include high cost of seed and other inputs. Tobit multivariate
regression model results indicated age, education, herd size and participation in
extension activities were significant (P<0.01) determining factors influencing
adoption of maize fodder production technologies. Adoption of maize fodder
production technologies will be sustainable amongst smallholder dairy farmers, if the
constraints are overcome. Therefore, it is recommended that the extension agencies
give priority to develop strategies and programmes for smallholder dairy farmers
especially for maize fodder production.
OP-16 CONTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HYBRID MAIZE IN

MADHYA PRADESH
Khanorkar S M 1 and Paradkar V K 2

1
Retd. Head & Professor/Research Scientist, Anand Agricultural University, Anand
2
AICRP on Maize, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Jwahar Lal Nehru Krishi
Vishwa Vidyalay, Chhindwara
99
[email protected]
Maize is grown in 8.71 million ha area with production of 25.90 million MT and yield
2556 kg/ha in India (Anonymous, 2016 17). The yield is strikingly low as compared
to that of the USA, where the yield has reached up to 10.7 MT/ha with less than half
of acreage under maize cultivation as compared to the area under cultivation in the
country. Argentina and Ukraine are also able to produce more than double the yield of
Indian. It is cultivated in Meghalaya, western Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab,
Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, hill ecologies viz., North Eastern
Himalayas like, Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh and rainfed
tribal states like, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Odessa. The
large area of rainfed tribal is still remained untreated with recommended dose of
fertilizers under the crop production. The current maize production scenario
highlights presence of hybrid maize at about 65 70 percent acreages and most of it
accounts for animal and poultry feed and maize based industry. The food grade maize
is produced by using traditional cultivars (OPVs). In the recent years, although the
rate of adoption of hybrids observed to be slow down, but farmers continues to
replace traditional cultivars/old hybrids by improved and high yielding hybrids in the
state. In Madhya Pradesh, the hybrid cultivation observed to be 68.0 % in Kymore
plateau and Satapura hills and Satpura plateau (Domain 1), 73.0 % in Malwa and
Vindyan plateau (Domain 2) and 65.0 % in Jhabua hills (Domain 3) during 2014 15.
Since then, it is becoming increased to meet demands of consumers and profitable to
the farmers than other cereal, pulses and oilseed crops under climate change
environment. The state showed cultivation of 25.0 % composite varieties released by
AICRP on Maize, JNKVV, Chhindwara including Gujarat state and 6.4 % local OPVs
especially, in tribal belt for food purpose and ethnic belief. The marginal and poor
resources farmers of this belt do not take risk to cultivate hybrids and used early
maturing landraces and OPVs recommended by AICRP centers of Central Western
Zone for food and feed security in their livelihood. There is a widespread realization
that farm mechanization is indispensable for increasing yield. While we aim to double
the yield of Maize by 2022, intervention of mechanization in maize is crucial.
Shortage of farm labour, need for timely farming operations and the need to increase
productivity has seen mechanization expand across different operations such as soil
preparation, planting, inter cultivation/ weed management and harvesting. However,
we require innovative ideas to meet the projected demand of hybrid maize in the state.
Promotion of maize based skill development centers and maize based farm machinery
banks for small and marginal farmers can be the big game changers for enhancing
productivity of hybrid maize in the state as well as country. The private hybrids grow
more than public released single cross hybrids under around 58.0% area and need to
encourage maize growers to prefer public hybrids for cultivation in the state. To
achieve it, there is urgent need to enhance seed production and its marketing of public
bred hybrids through public private partnership (PPP). The Farmer’s Co operative
Society and contractual farming may play key role in the hybrid seed production with
congenial and viable seed storage infrastructure at M.P. State Seed Corporations as
Seed Village Concept under the farmer’s benefiting government policy. In view of
different maturity groups of hybrids, the appropriate contingency plan is required to
ensure optimum yield of maize for different domains of the state.
100
Poster
Presentations
Theme- I
Maize Biodiversity and Crop
Improvement: Way Forward
I-1 RESPONSE OF SWEET CORN HYBRID TO ESTABLISHMENT

METHODS UNDER TEMPERATE CONDITIONS
Fayaz S 1, Hussain A 1, Teeli N A 2, Ganai M A 2, Kanth R H 1, Azad A 1 and

Iqbal S 1
1
Faculty of Agriculture, Division of Agronomy, SKUAST K, Wadura, Sopore
2
Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Khudwani
[email protected]
A field experiment was conducted at Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura (SKUAST K) to

investigate the effect of establishment methods on the yield and quality of sweet corn.
The treatments comprised three establishment methods (Transplanting polypot (TP),
Transplanting nursery (TN) and Direct Seeding (DS) laid out in RCBD with three
replications. Sweet corn variety Sugar 75 of Syngenta was used as the test variety.
The Sweet corn's antioxidant activity is significantly increased when cooked, helping
to battle cancer, heart disease and protect against cataracts. It is one of the most
popular vegetable in the western and advanced countries of the world (ICAR, 2006).
Direct seeding often becomes a difficult as seed suffers from bird damage and poor
germination resulting in loss of costly seed. Raising the seedlings in polypots root 1
trainers under protected conditions is one of the alternatives that need to be
explored.The seedlings were transplanted at an age of 18 days. The soil of the
experimental field was silty clay loam in texture, neutral in reaction with low N (210
kg ha 1) and P(23.2 kg ha 1) and medium in K (165.5 kg ha 1).The seedling parameters
were significantly superior in transplanting polyplot sown in green house. All the
growth parameters (viz. plant height, dry matter production, leaf area index), days to
tasseling, days to silking and yield parameters viz. number of cobs plant 1, number of
grains cob 1, green cob yield and stover yield and harvest index) were observed to be
significantly higher in transplanting polyplot. Overall the study has indicated
transplanting polypotaproved superior for realizing higher yield and profitability of
sweet corn under temperate conditions.
I-2 META-ANALYSIS OF QTLS ASSOCIATED WITH POPPING TRAITS IN

MAIZE
Kaur S 1, Rakshit S 2, Choudhary M 2 and Das A 2

1
2
The rising demand for popcorn invited scientists to seek ways to increase its popping
quality with higher yield of popcorn cultivars. Towards this direction identification of
accurate and consistent QTLs across different genetic backgrounds and environments
is necessary for effective use in marker assisted selection. Several studies have
identified QTLs for popping traits in maize. However, their consistency is yet to be
tested. In this study, attempts were made to locate the consistent QTLs related to
popping traits by combining QTL mapping results from number of reports by using
metaQTL approach. Ninety nine QTLs related to popping traits reported in ten studies
were assembled and projected on a reference map "Genetic 2005" with about 2000
markers using BioMercator v4.2. Meta analysis was performed employing the models
with least AIC value. A total of ten metaQTLs were identified which were allocated
to two chromosomes, viz., chromosome 1 and 6. Seven metaQTLs were located on
101
chromosome 1 and three on chromosome 6. Three out of ten identified metaQTLs

(mQTL1_6, mQTL6_2 and mQTL6_3) revealed small genetic lengths of 1.97–3.09
cM and physical length of 0.43–2.5 Mb. Due to unavailability of closer flanking
markers the physical distance could not be narrowed down. Using gene annotation
information available in the maizeGDB, genes present in the ten metaQTL regions
were analyzed. A total of 229 genes were shortlisted on the basis of their expression
in endosperm and pericarp tissues. The shortlisted genes can be further validated by
studying loss or gain of function. Furthermore, some of the identified metaQTL
regions coincide with the QTLs related to various agronomic traits like stalk diameter,
tassel length, leaf area, plant height from earlier reports. This give an idea of
improving the popping qualities and agronomic traits simultaneously. The metaQTL
regions can serve as important regions for fine mapping and candidate gene finding.
The QTLs reported in these regions can be used in the Marker assisted selection for
introgression of popping traits in towards enhancing the popping ability.
I-3 SPRING MAIZE: AN ALTERNATIVE OF SUMMER RICE
Singh R P , Singh N K , Bhatnagar A and Singh V

rajesh_p_singh@ rediffmail.com
Udham Singh Nagar district is known as “Rice Bowl” of Uttarakhand. Rice, wheat,
sugarcane and vegetable pea are the most important crops in terms of area, production
and economic return. Rice (kharif) Vegetable pea – Rice (summer) is most
profitable cropping sequence of tarai area. The rice is mainly grown in this area
during these two seasons. The high water table makes the area fit for the summer rice
cultivation. The productivity of summer rice remains higher than the kharif rice due to
the low pest infestation during the summer season. During last decade area under
summer has increased more than 200 per cent. Due to increase in area of summer rice
attack of the insects like brown plant hopper and stem borer has become regular and
serious problem in kharif rice. Besides this summer rice is also responsible for
depletion of ground water table. In spite of knowing these problems farmers don’t
agree to leave the summer rice cultivation due to high return. Summer rice
replacement is possible only when a viable alternative is made available. In this
context spring maize has showed a ray of hope. To address this issue consortium
approach was adopted involving all stake holders state agriculture department,
scientists from GBPAUT, I/C KVKand industries. Front line demonstration on hybrid
maize was initiated by KVK in the year 2018 with financial support of ATMA Udham
Singh Nagar over 20 ha area on farmers field. Field days were organized at several
places and industry ensured the purchase of produce. After seeing the result farmers
expressed their willingness to grow the spring maize in place of summer rice. After
noting the potential of spring maize systematic plan was developed by AICRP Maize
with objective of testing the various hybrids, developing the package of practice and
popularization of spring maize among the farmers at large scale. In the year 2019
varietal and agronomical trials were started and Front line demonstration was
conducted at large scale by AICRP Maize, KVK and Agriculture Department.
Availability of suitable hybrids was ensured by seed companies and state agriculture
department provided the subsidy on seed. Hybrids from Pvt. companies and GBPUAT
Pantnagar were tested together at KVK farm and fields of few farmers. Joint visit of
all stakeholders was conducted at varietal demonstration sites. Pantnagar hybrids in
102
pipeline namely Pant Sankar Makka 5 (DH 291) and Pant Sankar Makka 6 (DH 296)
showed potential for spring cultivation and appreciated by all. In terms of yield both
the hybrids were near to popular Pvt. sector hybrid DEKALB 9108 but maturity of
Pant Sankar Makka 6 was late by 3 5 days. By adopting spring maize over summer
rice on an average farmer earned the net profit of Rs. 25539 per hectare along with
saving of 14 18 irrigations. Due to collective efforts of all stakeholder spring maize
has covered about 1000 ha area in Udham Singh Nagar district. Within 1 2 years we
will come out with suitable hybrids and complete package of practices for spring
maize.
I-4 HETEROTIC GROUPING OF TROPICAL MAIZE (ZEA MAYSL )

INBRED LINES
Patil N L 1, Kachapur R M 2, Wali M C 1 and Harlapur S I 2

1
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Dharwad
2
AICRP on Maize, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
[email protected]
Heterotic grouping of inbred lines helps in increasing the efficiency of heterosis

breeding by increasing the genetic diversity among the germplasm and increasing the
probability of obtaining heterotic single cross hybrids by making inter heterotic group
crosses. Twenty CIMMYT inbred lines (seventeen yellow lines and three white lines)
were crossed to three testers in line x tester design and evaluated for grain yield and
other quantitative characters during Kharif, 2018. Two testers CM 111 and GPM 581
were used for heterotic grouping as they showed contrasting gca effects for grain
yield and related traits. Heterotic grouping was based on sca effect and grain yield of
lines along with these two testers. Out of the twenty lines, 6 lines were grouped under
HG A and 7 to HG B three lines showed positive sca effects with both the testers thus
they were grouped under HG AB. The mean grain yield of test cross hybrid was 52.30
q.ha 1 and cross VL 108723 (HG AB) x CM 111 recorded highest grain yield of 75.08
q.ha 1 which was 19.03% superior over best performing check 900 M Gold. Out of six
lines in HG A four lines showed low gca namely VL 102 with gca effect of 17.64
q.ha 1 whereas of the seven lines six lines in HG B group showed high gca namely
VL 1018527and VL 058725 with gca effects of 11.15q.ha 1 and 8.79 q.ha 1
respectively.It indicates tester CM 111 produced heterotic hybrids even with low gca
lines thus demonstrating presence of complementary alleles to that of lines. On the
other hand, tester GPM 581 produced heterotic hybrids when paired with high gca
lines. The white lines VL 058725, VL 1018527 and VL 0536 used in the present
study where of African origin, when used as female parent and crossed with tester
GPM 549 resulted in heterotic hybrids with grain yield of 64.94 q.ha 1, 68.4 q.ha 1 and
63.99 q.ha 1 respectively and showed resistance to turcicum leaf blight. On forming
heterotic groups, these lines were placed in different groups indicating that grouping
of lines was not based on the origin of the lines but on the heterotic reaction between
lines and testers. But three lines SNL 1563, SNL 1574 and SNL 1559 derived from
synthetic population DMSyn C0 were together grouped in HG B indicating these
lines showed similar heterotic pattern.In the future line of work, the inbred lines
belonging to each of heterotic groups can be recombined among themselves to build
new populations which are diverse from each other. Thus, the inbred lines derived
from each of the heterotic group are expected to be heterotic against each other.
103
I-5 TALEN-MEDIATED GENOME EDITING IN MAIZE IMPROVEMENT
Jaishreeprianka R and Mandal S S

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour,
Bhagalpur
Breeding for improved crop is the ultimate aim of plant breeders and geneticists. Ever
since the beginning of civilizations, maize domesticated and continuously bred for
increased productivity. Continuous processes of selection and inbreeding has resulted
in the uniformity among the genotypes and has led to narrowing of the genetic
diversity in maize. However, through conventional breeding, the variation that is
already present in the germplasms alone can be exploited. Breeding improved crops is
vital for satisfying the constant demands of the ever growing global population.
Mutation breeding could prove useful in creation of variation that is not present in the
germplasms. But creation of site specific mutation has been the major goal of the
scientists for many years. With site specific gene editing tailored genotypes with
mutations, disrupted gene function (gene knockout), genetic correction or
enhancement through gene replacement, genetic regulations can be produced. The
genome engineering tools include Meganucleases, Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFN),
Transcription Activator Like Effector Nucleases (TALEN) and Clustered Regularly
Interspaced Short Tandem Repeats (CRISPR) / Cas system. They induce targeted
double strand breaks and utilize the host repair mechanism to repair the damage. Each
of these systems has their own advantages and disadvantages. TALEN is a bacterial
TAL Effector protein derived endonuclease which can induce targeted double strand
breaks in the genome. TALENs are engineered by fusing TALE proteins with an
endonuclease FokI. They are highly specific in cleavage and reduced off target effects
due to the unique structure of their TALE repeat domains. Alongside ZFN and
CRISPR / Cas, TALEN is widely used in genome editing applications. With certain
improvements and proper utilization genome engineering can be used to develop
improved maize to feed the ever growing population of the world.
I-6 KNMH-4010141: A HIGH YIELDING, EARLY MATURITY SINGLE

CROSS MAIZE HYBRID SUITABLE TO PENINSULAR ZONE OF INDIA
Sravani D , Sumalini K , Usha R G , Manjulatha G , Rajanikanth E , Nagesh

K M V , Sobha R T , Pradeep T , Bhadrunaik D , Anuradha G , Vijaybhaskar A
and Uma R R
Agricultural Research Station, Karimnagar
Kharif maize mainly grown under rainfed conditions. Early maturing hybrids
minimise the risk of cultivar to be vulnerable to drought conditions. The new hybrid
KNMH 4010141 gives an opportunity to widen the choice of cultivars with good
adaptation and performance. KNMH 4010141 is a high yielding early maturity single
cross maize hybrid and showed stable resistance to TLB, MLB, RDM, ESR and
C.Rust diseases and moderately tolerant to stem borer under artificial conditions. The
hybrid KNMH 4010141 developed from ARS, Karimnagar. It was tested in All India
Coordinated Maize Improvement Project trails during Kharif , 2010, 2011 and 2013 at
twenty locations in Peninsular zone (Six locations in 2010, seven locations in 2011
104
and seven locations in 2013) along with checks Prakash, JH3459 and PMH5. High
yield potential of the hybrid KNMH 4010141 was observed during three years of
evaluation. This hybrid ranked second per grain yield in zone IV among all test
entries including checks during 2011(7240 kg ha 1) and 2013 (9311 kg ha 1).On an
average the hybrid KNMH 4010141 recorded grain yield of 7954 kg ha 1 with 23
49% high grain yield over the checks Prakash (6453 kg ha 1), JH 3459(6427 kg ha 1)
and PMH 5 (6268 kg ha 1). Looking to its high yield potential, tolerance to majority
of the diseases and moderately tolerant to stem borer the hybrid KNMH 4010141 is
identified for notification for Kharif season in peninsular zone and it was released in
the year 2017 for general cultivation for kharif season of peninsular zone .
I-7 GGE BIPLOT BASED STABILITY ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL

HYBRIDS FOR BABY CORN
Kumar P 1, Kumar S 1, Choudhary M 1, Chikkappa G Karjagi1, Kumar B 1, Jat

B S , Singh N K 2, Sinha S K 3 and Rakshit S 1
1
2
G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
3
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raj Mohini Devi College of Agriculture &
Research Station, Ambikapur
[email protected]
Baby corn cultivation in peri urban areas offers an excellent opportunity to augment
the farmer’s income. Baby corn has the immense potential to fetch foreign currency
because of its huge demand in international market owing to its good taste, nutritive
values, being free from pesticide residues and its utilization in preparation of food
products. In addition the husk obtained from baby corn cultivation serves as excellent
source of green fodder for livestock production. The multi location testing puts
emphasizes mainly on identification of new superior cultivars over commercial
cultivars, while giving very less importance to genotype × environment interaction
(GEI). In the present study, performance of 37 baby corn cross combinations
(including three checks) was evaluated for green ear yield, baby corn yield and husk
yield over three locations (environments) in kharif season of 2018. Environment
attributed higher proportion of the total variation (96.70 98.67.0%), followed by
genotype (0.83 1.88%) and GEI (0.48 1.41%). Superior stable hybrids for green ear
yield, baby corn yield and husk yield could be identified using GGE biplot graphical
approach effectively. ‘Which won where’ plot for each of the traits partitioned testing
locations into two mega environments with different winning genotypes for different
traits in respective mega environments. This clearly indicates that though the testing
is being conducted in many locations, similar conclusions can be drawn from one or
two representatives of each mega environment. Thus, the stability analysis can help to
classify the stable as well as location specific baby corn hybrids.
I-8 GENERATION OF MUTANTS FOR ZMPLA1 GENE THROUGH

CRISPR/CAS9 RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN COMPLEX IN MAIZE
Sudha M K , Rangari S K , Kaur H , Uppal N , Manchanda P , Sharma P and

Vikal Y
School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
105
Doubled haploid generation from the haploid plants accelerate production of

homozygous lines in single generation. In maize, haploids are produced using
crosses to Stock 6, a haploid inducer reported in 1959 but frequency is very low.
Recently three independent studies reported knockout of ZmPLA1 gene which is
responsible for haploid induction mechanism in Stock 6. On the other hand,
CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex made possible to precisely
knockout any gene of interest without altering the whole genome with added
advantage of totally transgene free system. In the present study the sequence of
gene ZmPLA1 was fetched from MaizeGDB. The overlapping primers were designed
to cover the whole gene. The amplicons were cloned and sequenced. The gRNAs
were designed based on the consensus sequence showing 100% homology with
reference gene, using software CRISPR P V2 and CHOPCHOP. The in vitro
transcribed sgRNA were mixed with Cas9 buffer and delivered into immature
embryos via particle gun. A total of 450 plants have been regenerated and are being
analysed through T7E1 assay and will be further confirmed through sequencing.
I-9 IDENTIFICATION OF STABLE GENOTYPES ACROSS THE

ECOLOGIES USING AMMI ANALYSIS
Kaur Y 1, Kumar R 1, A 1, Das A K 1, Singh S B 2, Shahi J P 3, Patel M B 4 and

Rakshit S 1
1
2
3
Institute of agricultural sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
4
Anand Agricultural University, Regional Station, Godhra
Maize is an important cereal crop after wheat and rice. It is grown on a wide range of
environments across the world. Genotype × environment interaction affects the
relationship between phenotype and genotype of in breeding programmes, particularly
for quantitative traits. So multi environment trials (MET) are used for evaluation and
identification of stable genotypes across the environments. So, to assess the
differential performance of the 18 genotypes, an experiment was conducted under
three different locations and different environments viz., Ludhiana, Godhra and
Varanasi under irrigated, rainfed and drought condition, respectively during kharif
2017. Randomized completely block design (RCBD) along with two replications was
used. Data was recorded for grain yield and then subjected to additive main effects
and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis to understand the interactions
between genotypes and environment and identify the stable genotypes. In AMMI1
biplot the PC1 explained 65.07 percent of the variation. Genotypes ZH 161434 and
ZH 161311 with high mean yield and wider adaptability were found stable across the
environments. Genotypes ZH 161038 and ZH 161083 were best performing
genotypes under irrigated environment at Ludhiana, whereas under rainfed conditions
at Godhra, ZH 161434 and ZH 161093 revealed good grain yield. Genotype ZH
161063 was specifically adapted under drought conditions at Varanasi. The best
selected genotypes having wider adaptability across the environments can be used
further in the breeding programmes.
I-10 HETEROTIC GROUPING AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION

OF MAIZE INBRED LINES USING SNP MARKERS
106
Madankar K S , Shahi J P , Singamsetti A and Kumari S

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the important cereal crop after wheat and rice. As a
maize is a cross pollinated crop, development of hybrids by exploiting heterosis can
boost up its yield potential. Many researchers developed hybrids and they are
continuously performing well, but to satisfy the demand of an increasing population,
there is a need to be speed up the hybrid development program and develop high
yielding hybrids that break up the yield plateau. Hybrid development programs in
maize predominantly depend on the genetic diversity in inbred lines as more
divergence among the parent results in maximum heterosis. The amount of genetic
divergence can play a crucial role in heterotic grouping of all the germplasm available.
A heterotic grouping is a collection of all inbred lines that tend to produce vigorous
hybrids when cross with inbreds of different groups, but not when cross with lines of
the same group. Grouping of inbred lines prevents the establishment of low
performing hybrids that save time as well as money. Heterotic grouping can be done
at phenotypic levels (GCA, SCA and heterotic study) as well as genotypic levels
(grouping based on molecular markers). Genotypical level grouping avoid
environmental effects, thus it gives more reliable results. There are different types of
molecular markers each of has its own advantages and disadvantages. Among that,
SNP marker best for heterotic grouping as it identifies a single base change,
distributed all over the genome and uses the advantages of genome sequencing. Thus
heterotic grouping through SNP genotyping helps to identify the diverse inbred lines.
Combining current heterotic information based on combining ability tests and the
genetic relationships inferred from molecular marker analyses may be the best
strategy to define heterotic groups for the future maize improvement program. The
grouping of inbreds lines by SNP markers could be valuable in planning and reducing
the number of planned crosses in a breeding program before using the more expensive
field performance based methods.
I-11 EVALUATION OF MAIZE INBRED LINES FOR YIELD AND YIELD

ATTRIBUTES UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS
Usharani G , Sravani D , Rajanikanth E , Manjulatha G , Vijayabhaskar A and

Uma R R
Drought is one of the major abiotic stress factor severely affecting the grain yield and
often causes extreme economic crop losses. Maize (Zea mays L.) is an enviable prime
crop in global agriculture and ranks third next to wheat and rice in terms of
production. Maize is particularly sensitive to water stress during the period of one
week before flowering and two weeks after flowering causing severe losses when
exposed to drought conditions during flowering due to increased anthesis silking
interval. As such, improving drought tolerance in maize has become one of the top
priorities in maize breeding programs. Prolonged drought spells at flowering during
kharif in maize crop is a recurring phenomenon in the state of Telangana. It is an
essential pre requisite to identify maize germplasm with superior drought tolerance.
Pertaining to this context, the present study was conceptualized to identify potential
107
drought tolerant inbreds under rainfed conditions involving seventy genotypes against
the check KDTML 3 (Drought tolerant line registered with NBPGR) at Agricultural
Research Station, Karimnagar during kharif 2018. The inbreds WNC 52 1, IB 8,
52186, IB 117 and IB 4 were found to be superior with a grain yield range of 85 to
110 g per plant under rainfed conditions. These lines are suitable for rainfed
conditions as they have exhibited >15% superiority over the check KDTML 3.
Drought tolerant inbred lines identified in this study could be utilized for future
breeding programme for the development of climate resilient maize hybrids. These
lines can be utilized as a future perspective in the development of maize hybrids to
tolerate the extremes of climate change which is posing a serious effect on the growth
and development of the crop.
I-12 ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP

WITH HETEROSIS FOR FORAGE TRAITS IN MAIZE (Zea mays L )
Doggalli G , Mahadevu P , Lohithaswa H C , Shekar B G and Mallikarjuna

Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Mandya, University of Agricultural
sciences, Bangalore
An investigation was carried out to estimate the genetic diversity, combining ability
and to assess the relationship between parental diversity and heterosis in newly
developed inbred lines for forage traits in maize (Zea mays L.) at the College of
Agriculture, V. C. Farm, Mandya and Main Research Station, Hebbal during 2018 19.
Fifty inbred lines were grouped in to seven clusters using Mahalanobis D2 statistic.
The cluster II accommodated maximum number of inbred lines (18) followed by
cluster III (14). Combining ability analysis was performed using 50 lines ad four
testers by employing Line × Tester mating design. The ratio of GCA to SCA variance
revealed the preponderance of non additive gene action in the expression of all the
traits under study. The lines viz., 1 50 7, 1 63 5 and 1 17 19 in E1;1 17 19, 5 6 1 and
1 50 7 in E2; 1 50 7, HCL 7 and 2 4 1 2 on pooled basis and tester CAL 1443 were
identified as best general combiners for forage yield and yield related characters.
Among crosses, 1 5 12 × VL121096, 1 17 19 × CAL 1443, 1 19 5 × CAL 1443,
MAI 179 × VL108867, 1 44 9 × CM 202, 1 50 7 × CM 202, 1 63 5 × CAL 1443
and 5 12 1 1 × CAL 1443 exhibited highest significant sca effects and high heterosis
over checks for green forage yield. These hybrids have to be further evaluated across
locations and over seasons to select best hybrids for commercial exploitation. The
parents were grouped into four classes based on mean and standard deviation of D2
values and found that maximum number of heterotic crosses resulted from parents
included in medium divergence classes. Genotypes viz., 200 hybrids, 50 inbred lines
and 4 testers along with two standard checks (CM 202 and Nithyashree) were
evaluated for their performance against TLB. Out of 200 hybrids, 98 hybrids showed
resistance, 58 moderately resistance, 32 moderately susceptible and 12 susceptible to
TLB. Among 56 parents, 26 lines were showed resistance, 12 lines were expressed
moderately resistance, 10 lines were found moderately susceptible and six lines
recorded in susceptible reaction. The standard checks, CM 202 and Nithyashree found
susceptible and resistant to TLB, respectively.
I-13 ANALYSIS OF REPEAT MARKERS IN HIGHLY POLYMORPHIC

GENETIC REGIONS OF MAIZE GENOME
108
Kaur S 1, Gaganjeet1, Naliath R 2, Verma D 2 and Singh A 2

1
2
ICAR – Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana
[email protected]
Maize is one of the most versatile crops, suitable for cultivation in different agro
ecological climatic conditions. Maize evolution can be tracked by analyzing DNA
polymorphism in the genome. Amongst the various types of DNA polymorphisms,
Simple sequence repeat (SSR) are one of the most commonly studied. SSRs result
from a biological phenomenon called Replication slippage and are representative of
the evolutionary drive acting on a particular loci. Crops adapt under natural or
selective pressures and SSR polymorphism results from spontaneous or induced
selection. We have analyzed SSR markers in the highly polymorphic regions of the
maize genome. It has been found that the nature and identity of SSR markers in
polymorphic regions is different from that observed throughout the genome. The
polymorphism and its putative reasons are discussed.
I-14 EFFECT OF THIOUREA SUPPLEMENTATION ON IN VITRO

SEEDLING GROWTH IN MAIZE LANDRACES
Verma D 1, Ahmed Z 2, Jat B S 1, Kumar R 1, Singh A 1 and Rakshit S 1

1
2
Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir,
Srinagar
[email protected]
Maize landraces are valuable genetic resources with a historical origin, often
genetically diverse, locally adapted and associated with different practices and
farmer’s traditional knowledge. Landraces are an important component of genetic
resource base of a crop. Certain niche areas like tribal belts and some regions in
North East are known to have a preference for landraces owing to their organoleptic
properties. In the wake of changing climatic scenarios and new cropping patterns,
early plant stand is beneficial as it allows escape through various stressors. Thiourea,
a sulphhydryl compound, is known to be a potential bioregulator as it has been shown
to enhance the yield and photosynthetic efficiency in stress conditions in many crops.
Enhanced seed germination can help in mitigating certain plant stresses that appear
early in the season and delay seedling growth. In order to evaluate the effect of
thiourea supplementation on in vitro seedling growth in maize landraces, twenty
maize landraces were treated with a defined concentration of thiourea and incubated
in Plant growth chamber. Parameters monitored included shoot length, root length and
number of roots. Thiuorea impacted the landraces’ performance differently. Certain
landraces responsed positiviely in terms of root and shoot growth upon treatment with
thiourea. The study indicates that at appropriate doses, thiourea can be used to
enhance performance of maize landraces in niche areas where they are preferred.
I-15 CROP IMPROVEMENT IN MAIZE THROUGH HETEROSIS AND

COMBINING ABILITY
Kumar S
109
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan

Agriculture university, Bikaner
[email protected]
Maize (Zea mays L.; 2n = 20) is the third most important crop after rice and wheat in
the world. Maize is known as “queen of cereals” due to its highest genetic yield
potential among the cereals. Development of hybrids is important to increase yield
per se and enhance resistance for important diseases. In any hybrid breeding
programme, choosing of the appropriate parents is important to realise significant
heterosis for economic traits. The invention of heterosis phenomenon (Shull, 1908),
the development of hybrid breeding technology and exploitation of heterosis in maize
are the land marks in the biological sciences during the present century. A number of
cultivar e.g., single crosses, double crosses, varietal hybrids, multiple hybrids,
composites, synthetics, pools, populations etc., are available to maize growing
farmers for commercial cultivation by virtue of the crop being highly cross pollinated.
It is estimated that the use of hybrids and heterosis increases yields nearly 15% per
annum in maize (Duvick, 1999). The study of heterosis can provide the basis for the
exploitation of valuable hybrid combinations in the breeding programme. Combining
ability studies provide information on the relative importance of GCA and SCA
variance for interpreting the genetic basis of important traits. This helps us to assess
the nature of gene action and in identifying superior parental lines for their per se
performance. The best combinations with high general combining ability of individual
lines are helpful to get more desirable recombinants which enables further
improvement of the crop.
I-16 ESTIMATION OF GENETIC COMPONENTS FOR GRAIN YIELD AND

QUALITY TRAITS IN MAIZE
Sharma P , Kamboj M C and Singh N

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research
Station, Karnal
[email protected]
Maize has been preferred by the evolutionists, geneticist and plant breeders to develop
concepts, quantitative genetic models and improved populations/hybrids for practical
use over last many decades. It is an economically and nutritionally important cereal
crop being cultivated in different agricultural zones under diverse situations of rainfall
and altitude around the world. The dramatic increase in production and yield levels of
maize during the last four decades is mostly due to genetic improvement of hybrids
and better production technology. It is well known fact that greater is the variability
among the parents, the tremendous are the chances of further improvement.
Generation mean analysis is a useful technique that provides the estimation of main
genetic effects (additive, dominance and their digenic interactions) involved in the
expression of quantitative trait such as yield and its components traits. Therefore,
current study has been designed to understand the nature and inheritance of grain
yield and quality traits of maize and is necessary for proper choice of breeding
procedures for developing QPM hybrids with increased grain yield. The present study
was carried out with six crosses viz. HKI 209 x HKI 1128, HKI 209 x HKI 163, HKI
1332 x HKI 1128, HKI 1332 x HKI 163, HKI 325 17AN x HKI 1128 and HKI 325
17AN x HKI 163 with their six generations viz. P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2. The
110
results obtained for genetic components (genetic effects) are have been explained for
grain yield and quality characters viz., protein content, tryptophan content, oil content
and starch content (expressed in percentage) according to the analysis procedure for
three parameter and six parameter models. Both individual scaling test (A, B, C and D)
and joint scaling tests were used in all the six crosses to determine whether at all, the
additive dominance model was adequate for different traits. Further, the three
parameters m, (d) and (h) were estimated through joint scaling test to depict whether
the additive dominance model was adequate or not or to detect epistasis. In the
presence of epistasis or inadequacy of three parameter model, the additive (d) and the
dominance (h) effects and non allelic interaction components (additive x additive (i),
additive x dominance (j) and dominance x dominance (l)) of generation means were
estimated according to Hayman (1958). The chi square (χ2) value was significant
according to joint scaling test for all the characters in all the six crosses studied,
except for oil content in cross HKI 325 17AN × HKI 1128 which were not significant,
showing the adequacy of three parameter model where the additive dominance model
was found to be fitted. Also the significant values of scale A, B C, D in all the crosses
for all the characters indicated the presence of epistasis (non allelic interaction),
which was also inferred from the generation means. As the three parameter models
did not satisfactorily explain the genetic variability for all these traits, therefore, a six
parameter model was applied to accommodate epistatic interactions. Results revealed
that duplicate type of interaction was apparent for protein, tryptophan, oil and starch
content in cross HKI 325 17AN × HKI 163; oil, tryptophan and starch for cross HKI
1332 x HKI 1128; however, complementary type of interaction was reported for
protein content in cross HKI 325 17AN x HKI 1128 and oil content in cross HKI 209
x HKI 163. For grain yield, dominance gene action is more pronounced as the
magnitude of h (dominance) is higher than d (additive) in 5 crosses viz., HKI 209 x
HKI 1128, HKI 209 x HKI 163, HKI 1332 x HKI 1128, HKI 1332 x HKI 163, HKI
325 17AN x HKI 1128. For protein content additive effects were significant for HKI
209 x HKI 1128, HKI 1332 x HKI 1128, HKI 1332 x HKI 163 as well as epistatic
interactions played a significant role in inheritance of this trait and it was also
revealed that significant magnitude of l and non significant magnitude of h indicated
the dispersal of alleles in the parents. The involvement of duplicate type of non allelic
gene interactions was prominent to explain the inheritance of tryptophan content. For
oil content additive, dominance and interactions played a significant role in
inheritance of this character in these crosses however the magnitude of dominance
effect was more pronounced. For starch content the significant magnitudes of both d
(additive) and h (dominance) and all non allelic interaction (i, j and l) in HKI 1332 x
HKI 163, HKI 325 17AN x HKI 1128 and HKI 325 17AN x HKI 163 revealed that
additive, dominance and interactions played a significant role in inheritance of this
character in these crosses. It was concluded that both additive[d] and dominance [h]
gene effects were significant for most of the traits studied, indicated that both additive
and dominance effects were important in the inheritance of these traits. Significant
epistatic gene interaction (i, j and 1) were also observed for all the characters under
study suggesting the existence of epistasis gene action in the maize crosses.
I-17 STABILITY OF EXPERIMENTAL WINTER MAIZE HYBRIDS TESTED

ACROSS THE ENVIRONMENT OF BIHAR USING GGE BIPLOT AND
AMMI ANALYSIS
111
Singh S B 1, Kumar S 1, Yathish K R 2, Jat B S 3, Chikkappa G Karjagi4, Kumar

B 4, Kumar B 5, Kumar A 6, Kasana R K 1 and Rakshit S 3
1
Maize Reseach, Begusarai
2
Winter Nursery Centre, ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Reseach, Hyderabad
3
ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Reseach, Ludhiana
4
Delhi Unit office, ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Reseach, New Delhi
5
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur
6
Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi , Muzaffarpur
[email protected]
Maize (Zea mays L) being of a protean nature crop acclimate facilely to a wide range
of production environments. Maize is the highest contributor of more than 1046
million tonne (FAOSTAT, 2018) annually to the global food basket among the cereal
food crops out of which India shares around 2.2% with production of 26.26 MT from
10.20 million hectare. The projected demand for maize in India is expected to be 45
Mn MT of Maize by the year 2022. To meet this demand, there is need to develop
high yielding and highly stable single cross hybrid varieties. The phenotype of the
hybrid is the result of Genotype (G) x Environment (E), such G x E interaction effect
poses problem to the breeder while selecting a genotype with consistent performance
across different environments. Multi location testing of cultivars plays a key role in
any breeding programme. Hence, looking into the above facts, multilocation testing of
thirty two newly crossed hybrids along with four checks DHM 117, BIO 9544, P
3396 & DKC 9081 was made across six environments i.e. three locations viz.
Begusarai, Sabour & Dholi and two seasons (rabi 2017 18 & rabi 2018 19) in the
Bihar, India using GGE biplot & AMMI model to analyze and interpret the complex
GEI in MLT data. The objectives of the study was to estimate the G×E of hybrids,
identify high yielding single cross maize hybrids with high stability and partition of
testing location into mega environments. Analysis of variance clearly showed the
significant effect of G, E and GE for all the traits studied. It was observed that
environment was the most important source of variation for all the traits. For trait
grain yield, environment contributed for 77.84% of the variation while 16.31% and
5.72% contribution of the total variation was made by the genotype and GE
respectively. Performance and stability of the genotypes were visualized graphically
through GGE biplot. The first two PC (Principal component) explained 71.92%
variation for grain yield, 86.6%, 64.49% & 98.48% for the traits grain filling duration,
ear height & anthesis silking interval respectively. Hybrids IMHSBM 28 &
IMHSBM 36 was observed as the high yielding as well as highly stable across the
location. Which won where graph showed that IMHSBM 1 was winning genotype in
Begusarai environment for both the seasons while genotype IMHSBM 17 &
IMHSBM 24 was winning in both Sabour & Dholi environment for the trait grain
yield.
I-18 BREEDING FOR HIGH KERNEL ROW NUMBER: A STRATEGY TO

INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY OF FIELD CORN (ZEA MAYS L) HYBRIDS
Mukri G , Gadag R N , Bhat J S , Sharma G , Pal D and Kumar R

[email protected]
112
Kernel row number (KRN) is an important component of yield during the

domestication and improvement of maize. It is an important agronomic trait of the
female inflorescence and a significant breeding target. Grain yield is a complex trait
and its heritability is low by virtue of its interaction with environment. Yield
components exhibits higher heritability and better stability across environment and
improvement in grain yield can be achieved by increasing yield components. Inbred
lines improvement for yield component traits plays major role in enhancing the
productivity of hybrids. Inbred lines with high yield perse were derived from different
source populations through pedigree method. Total 80 inbred lines with varying KRN
were evaluated across two locations, IARI, New Delhi and IARI RRC Dharwad
during kharif 2017 and rabi 2018 19 respectively. Among them, 45 inbred lines
comprising low (up to 12 KRN), medium (14 18) and high KRN (20 and above KRN)
were selected. Based on synchrony in flowering, six inbred lines each from low,
medium and high KRN categories were subjected to crossing each other in diallele
manner. Hybrids so obtained showed significant variation for KRN and other yield
component traits. The KRN in hybrid showed maternal effect. The combinations
having, low KRN X low KRN has not expressed any significant heterosis but the
cross involving medium KRN X low KRN, medium KRN X medium KRN and high
KRN X medium KRN showed significant heterosis for grain yield. Heterosis is
manifested by degree of allelic diversity between two parents involved in cross
combination, complementation between loci involved in deciding KRN also may
independently responsible for increasing hybrid performance.
I-19 IDENTIFICATION OF STABLE TROPICAL MAIZE INBRED LINES

FOR ITS KERNEL SIZE AND KERNEL WEIGHT
Kumar C V 1, Gadag R N 1, Mukri G 1, Kumari J 2, Bhat J 1 and Gupta N 3

1
ICAR Indian Agricultural research Institute, New Delhi
2
ICAR National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi
3
ICAR National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi
[email protected]
Kernel size and kernel weight are the primary yield components contributing
significantly through direct effect on final grain yield and indirect through other yield
contributing components such as ear length, kernel row number and kernel number
per ear. Further compared to grain yield, these component traits have higher
heritability and better stability across environments. Having this information in hand,
we evaluated 280 germplasm for its kernel size and kernel weight in rabi 2017 18.
Among them, 42 genotypes were selected based on superior performance for kernel
size and weight and further evaluated along with 3 checks in replicated trial over three
environments during kharif 2018. Test weight is showing positive significant
correlation with kernel length, kernel thickness and yield. Kernel length positively
associated with kernel thickness. All the three test environments adequately
discriminated the genotypes and represented the average of environments for the
expression of kernel related characters. The genotype, AI 45 found ideal genotype for
kernel length, AI 33 for kernel thickness, AI 12 for test weight and AI 23 for grain
yield across the environments. Among the genotypes, AI 04 is found to be stable for
kernel size and kernel weight across all the environments and also having lesser
AMMI stability value of 0.09 followed by AI 37. These identified maize inbred lines
can be utilized for the development of suitable high yielding, stable maize hybrids.
113
I-20 IDENTIFICATION OF COMPONENT TRAITS CONTRIBUTING TO

YIELD IN BABY CORN
Senjam P 1, Konsam J 1, Singh S D 1 and Nongmaithem N 1

1
AICRP on Maize, Directorate of Research, Central agricultural University, Imphal
[email protected]
To study the association ship of different yield attributing traits in baby corn, an
experiment consisting of fourteen lines of baby corn was conducted during kharif
2018. Among the fourteen traits studied, number of baby corn per plant exhibited
highest significant positive correlation with both baby corn yield with husk and baby
corn yield without husk showing its significant contributions towards yield
improvement. Days to 50% tasseling and 50% silking recorded desirable negative
significant correlation with yield and number of baby corn per plant. In a similar
manner, days to first picking and second picking showed significant negative
correlation with yield and number of baby corn per plant. Further days to 50%
tasseling and 50% silking exhibited significant positive correlation with days to first
and second picking. Overall result of the study revealed that selection for traits like
number of baby corn per plant, days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, days to
first and second picking would have influential contribution towards yield
improvement in baby corn.
I-21 COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS FOR YIELD AND YIELD

CONTRIBUTING TRAITS IN POPCORN (ZEA MAYSEVERTA L ) UNDER
TEMPERATE CONDITIONS
Dar Z A , Lone A A , Dar S A , Habib M , Khuroo N S , Ali G , Abidi I , Naseer

S , Rasool F , Ahangar M A , Bashir S , Nissa S , Rashid Z , Hakeem S A , Bahar
F A , Alie B A and Haq S A
AICRP on Maize, Srinagar
Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir
The present investigation was aimed to estimate combining ability effects for yield
and yield related traits in popcorn using line × tester analysis. Six inbred lines, three
testers and resulting 18 crosses were evaluated at two locations during Kharif 2018in
a complete randomized block design.. ANOVA for combing ability
revealedsignificant mean squares of GCA and SCA for all the traits. The estimates of
variance due to dominance component was higher than due to additive component for
traits viz., plant height, kernel rows cob 1, grain depth, 100 grain weight, shelling
percentage, grain yield plant 1 and protein content. The parent KDPI 8 was identified
as best combiner for grain yield plant 1 and for most of its contributing traits followed
by KDPI 4 and KDPI 6. Among the crosses, KDPI 6 × WIN POP, KDPI 8 × VL
POPCORN 1 and KDPI 1 × VL POPCORN 1 exhibited highly significant and
desirable SCA effects for grain yield plant 1. Therefore, these crosses could be utilized
in heterosis breeding to achieve a quantum jump in maize improvement.
I-22 EVALUATION OF SWEET CORN INBREDS FOR DUS

CHARACTERIZATION
114
Gull A , Lone A A , Dar Z A , Ashraf W , Buchh J H , Viqar-un-Nisa and

Arsalan-ul-Haq
Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of
Kashmir, FoA, Wadura
[email protected]
Sweet corn is the result of a naturally occurring recessive mutation in the genes which
control conversion of sugar to starch inside the endosperm of the corn kernel. Unlike
field corn varieties, which are harvested when the kernels are dry and mature (dent
stage), sweet corn is picked when immature (milk stage) and prepared and eaten as a
vegetable, rather than a grain. Since the process of maturation involves converting
sugar to starch, sweet corn stores poorly and must be eaten fresh, canned, or frozen,
before the kernels become tough and starchy. A major challenge facing those
involved in the testing of new plant varieties for Distinctness, Uniformity and
Stability (DUS) is the need to compare them against all those of ‘common
knowledge’. Protection of Plant varieties and Farmers Right Act (2001) insists on
Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) characterization of new varieties and
recommends the registration of varieties for any one specific novel character. An
experiment was carried out at Dry Land Agriculture Research Station (DARS),
Budgam, SKUAST Kashmir to evaluate 35 sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata)
inbreds laid out in Augmented Block Design (ABD) for DUS characterization using
descriptor of Directorate of Maize Research, ICAR, New Delhi (2011).The aim of the
present study was to formulate an identification key and to develop varietal
characterization as per the guidelines of PPV & FRA for sweet corn (Zea mays var
saccharata) inbreds in Kashmir region of Jammu and Kashmir.The results revealed
wide variation in various traits among different sweet corn inbreds. The assessment of
35 genotypes for 31 traits revealed that all the traits were informative with respect to
trait expression cum characterization.The variation for each character was shown by
frequency table and bi plot representation, revealed distinct characteristics of inbreds
for desired selection and indicated that, morphological variations exist with inbreds
due to variation in genetic makeup and could be better utilized by breeders in the
selection of inbreds based on their specific requirement for further breeding
programmes.
I-23 ROOT- SHOOT VARIABILITY IN SWEET CORN INBREDS UNDER

WATER STRESS CONDITIONS
Gull A , Lone A A , Wani M A , Dar Z A , Ayoub L , Fayaz F and Akhter F

Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of
Kashmir, FoA, Wadura
[email protected]
Maize is a crop growing in a wide range of target environments from temperate to

tropical climates, but in any given year, approximately 20 25% of global maize area is
affected by drought.Root architecture is an important component of plant growth and
drought tolerance in maize and has a central role in crop plants response to abiotic
stresses. An experiment was carried out at Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST Kashmir,
Wadura, sopore to evaluate sweet corn inbreds under drought and irrigated conditions.
The existing root architecture of maize genotypes needs to be investigated before
those traits that influence tolerance can be studied.In view of the loaming threats of
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the climatic changes there is an urgent need to develop varieties which are able to
resist the negative effects of water stress especially in crops like maize which are
invariably grown under rainfed conditions in Kashmir valley. This requires study of
natural variation in drought related traits to identify the parental lines for encouraging
crop breeding programme aimed at developing drought tolerant varieties for
sustainable crop yield.The results obtained revealed that mean root depth recorded
under drought and irrigated conditions were 109.8cm and 102.9cm respectively.
BIOL 23 (155 cm) recorded highest root depth under drought conditions while as
BIOL 23 (130) recorded highest root depth under irrigated conditions.The root
volume was having mean value of 11.42 cm3 and 21.19cm3 under drought and
irrigated conditions respectively with highest value recorded in BIOL 21 (37.5cm3)
under drought conditions and BIOL 23 (40.15cm3) under irrigated conditions. The
root traits showed significant results for genotypes as well as for water regimes.The
number of leaves statistically showed the non significant results under both drought
and irrigated conditions. The shoot height recorded mean value of 90.58cm and
136.67cm for drought and irrigated conditions respectively with BIOL 62 (114.5cm)
and BIOL 8 (181cm) having highest shoot height under drought and irrigated
conditions. The shoot traits were significant for shoot height only for genotypes
whereas number of leaves and shoot weight were significant both under drought and
irrigated conditions. The genotypes viz.BIOL 23, BIOL 21, BIOL 62, BIOL 27 and
BIOL 50 were found to be promising for drought resilient conditions and can be
selected for further breeding programmes.
I-24 SCENARIO OF MAIZE CROP IN MAHARASHTRA
Dhonde S R 1, Shinde V S 1, Chaudhari C S 2 and Kute N S 2

1
AICRP on Maize, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Dist. Ahmednagar
2
Pulses Improvement Project, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri
[email protected]
Maize is the third most important cereal after rice and wheat in India. The
multipurpose use of maize includes feed, fodder as well as speciality corn like baby
corn, sweet corn and popcorn along with industrial raw material. It is a hardy crop
well adapted to different environmental condition especially in situation of climate
change. Adaptability of maize crop to diverse environment and availability of high
yielding hybrid seeds leads to increase area under maize cultivation in India as well as
in Maharashtra. In India area, production and productivity of maize was 89.20 lakh ha,
production 266.30 lakh tonnes and 2.99 tonnes/ha, respectively during the year 2017
18. Maharashtra is the fourth producer of maize in India producing around 9% (31.25
lakh tonnes) of India’s total Maize production. In Maharashtra, during the last ten
years i.e. 2006 07 to 2016 17, the area under maize has increased from 5.81 lakh ha.
to 10.03 lakh ha., whereas production increased from 11.50 lakh tonnes to 32.21 lakh
tonnes. Similarly, the productivity has increased from 1.9tonnes /ha to 3.2 tonnes/ha.
The average per year increase in cultivated area of maize is near about 10 per cent and
that of production and productivity to the tune of 12 per cent each, in last 10 years. In
Maharashtra, Maize is mainly grown in Kharif season (9.13 lakh ha), Rabi season
(2.07 lakh ha) & summer season (0.35 lakh ha). The major maize growing districts in
Maharashtra are Nasik (2.3 lakh ha) Aurangabad (1.87lakh ha), Jalgaon (1.5 lakh ha),
Dhule (0.69 lakh ha), Sangli (0.54 lakh ha) Jalna (0.66 lakh ha) and Ahmednagar
(0.60 lakh ha). In the state, crop is mostly utilized as source of human feed (24%),
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animal feed (11%), poultry feed (52%), starch (11%), brewery (1%) and seed (1%).
Maize has a significant potential for doubling farmer’s income as it generates better
income and provides gainful employment.
I-25 FINE MAPPING OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE QTL QKNPE9.1 AND ITS

UTILIZATION FOR WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN SPRING MAIZE
Kaur R 1, Kaur K 2, Sharma P 1, Singh A 1, Gill G K 2 and Vikal Y 1

1
School of Agricultural Biotechnology, 2Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics,
yvikal [email protected]
Drought is considered as one of the major limiting factors in sustainable maize

production all over the world as it causes yield reduction by an average of 15% to
20%. Maize is generally grown in Kharif season but spring maize is now coming up
in India. However, the water requirement is very high but farmers are reluctant to see
the long term effect of maize cultivation during spring season. To meet the growing
demand of water during spring season, enhancement of maize yield can be achieved
by developing water efficient maize hybrids. The objective of the study was to
identify and to transfer QTL associated with drought tolerance into spring maize
inbreds through marker assisted backcross breeding (MABB). A total of 135 F8
recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross between CM123 as the susceptible
(female) parent and CM140 as the tolerant (male) parent along with parents were
evaluated under control and drought stress conditions for two consecutive seasons.
The QTLs on chromosome 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 9 were identified for drought tolerance
under both stress and control conditions. The present study focused on fine mapping
of QTL for kernel number per ear (qKNPE) present on chromosome 9 (bnlg1401-
umc1634) explaining phenotypic variance of 23.14% under stressed environment.
This region was narrow down by designing 50 new SSR markers between the
bracketed QTL (qKNPE). Seventeen SSR markers showed the polymorphism between
CM123 and CM140. These markers along with previous mapped markers were
employed on RIL population. The QTL analysis narrowed down the genetic distance
to 3.8 cM from 11.5 cM and physical distance to 691 kb from earlier distance of 15
Mb flanked by two new SSR markers viz. PAU_1143 and PAU_1137. The qKPE is
also introgressed through MABB into two spring maize inbreds LM23 and LM24 of
hybrid PMH10 for water use efficiency. The foreground selection has been carried out
in two generations i.e., BC1F1 and BC2F1. Also, background selection has been done in
BC1F1 to check the background recovery of the respective recurrent parents. The
plants carrying the QTL with highest recurrent parent background recovery were
selected and again backcrossed to respective parent for generation of BC3F1
population. The BC3F1 plants have been raised during Kharif 2019 and the positive
plants from each cross (involving LM23 and LM24) were selected. The selected
plants were crossed to generated reconstituted versions of PMH10 hybrid. The
development of drought tolerant PMH10 hybrid will lead to overcome frequent
irrigations during spring season and helps to conserve ground water depletion.
I-26 ELUCIDATING THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L)

LANDRACES IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR USING PHENOTYPIC AND
MOLECULAR APPROACHES
117
Yousuf N 1, Dar S A 1, Lone A A 1, Dar Z A 1, Shikari A B 1, Sofi P A 1, Jacob S 2,

Neelam S 3, Nagratana T K 4 and Gulzar S 1
1
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding Sher e Kashmir University of
Agricultural Sciences and Technology ofKashmir, Srinagar
2
3
Winter nursery Centre, ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research, Hyderabad
4
Protection of Plant Variety and Farmers Right Act, New Delhi
[email protected]
Maize (Zea mays L.), also known as corn, is the third most important cereal after
wheat and rice that is grown and consumed in the form of food, animal feed and used
as raw material in several industrial processes. Since the maize germplasm of the
valley has not been fully exploited, documented and utilized systematically, so the
screening of the available maize germplasm of diverse origin and its genetic
variability analysis will generate information on useful traits. Keeping the above
points in view, genetic diversity among 70 maize landraces was examined using
morphological and molecular markers with the objective to identify a set of core
collection which can be used as source populations for deriving inbred lines for
utilization in hybrid breeding programme. The present investigation was conducted
separately at Dryland (Karewa) Agriculture Research Station during kharif 2016 17
and 2017 18, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST K at Wadura during kharif 2017 18
and Mountain Crop Research Station, Larnoo during kharif, 2017 18 with the
objective to carry out comparative characterization of maize landraces collected from
diverse ecogeographic niches using molecular and morphological markers. The
ANOVA revealed significant differences for treatments for all the traits studied
except prolificacy and ASI indicating that the material was diverse. Genetic diversity
was studied through Mahalanobis D2statistics and molecular markers. The phenotypic
analysis was done as per the standard statistical procedures and molecular analysis
was done using NTSYS pc (version 2.02) software. Phenotypic performance based
clustering using Mahalanobis distance resolved 70 maize landraces in to four major
clusters. Maximum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters III and IV
suggesting that genotypes belonging to these two clusters may be used as suitable
parents in the future hybridization programme. The molecular diversity analysis using
24 SSR markers clustered all the 70 landraces into nine clusters and significant level
of dissimilarity (0.27 to 0.62) was depicted among the landraces. The PIC values
ranged from 0.29 (phi 129) to 0.76 (umc 1918). Further, molecular analysis of
variance showed that the total genetic diversity is mainly due to within population
diversity (93%). The Baysian analysis grouped the 70 maize landraces into two
distinct groups regardless of their geographical origin. Both the groups obtained can
be used for the formation and improvement of heterotic pools. The crossing between
two individuals of different pools might help to exploit the phenomenon of heterosis.
These findings will form a major criterion for selection of genetic materials with
greater diversity for maize breeding programmes particularly to broaden genetic base
of maize population.
I-27 GENETIC MAPPING FOR RED FLOUR BEETLE RESISTANCE IN

MAIZE BACKCROSS INBRED LINE POPULATION
Joshi A , Adhikari S , Sahoo S and Singh N K

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding
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Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) is a major secondary pest of maize
products and is also known to damage the germ portion of whole maize kernels
causing yield loss, quality deterioration and at the same time reducing the germination
ability of kernels. Though insecticides have been used for its control, the development
of new insect tolerant genotypes still remains the most feasible, attractive, cost
effective and long term alternative for pest management. As resistance sources are
scarce in elite maize lines, teosinte (Zea mays ssp parviglumis) following insect
bioassay was found to be resistant and therefore used as parent in a cross with flour
beetle susceptible but superior maize inbred line DI 103 for construction of backcross
inbred line mapping population. Data on four resistance parameters namely, weight
loss, number of insect progeny emerged, kernel damage and flour produced were
collected on 141 backcross inbred lines in order to identify teosinte introgressed
maize lines resistant to flour beetle infestation, to assess the degree and direction of
association between different characters imparting flour beetle resistance and also to
find markers linked to various quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for different
resistant traits. Highly significant differences were found amongst genotypes for all
the parameters indicating substantial variability in the population for the traits
probably contributed by teosinte. On the basis of cumulative susceptibility index, 83
lines were scored to be resistant and can be utilized as donor for flour beetle
resistance in maize improvement programmes. Highly significant positive correlations
were found between all trait combinations except for correlation between weight loss
and kernel damage which was positive but non significant (0.165). A total of 18
marker linked genomic regions located on all chromosomes of maize, except
chromosome 5 and 6, were found to be significantly associated with red flour beetle
resistance. Two major QTLs were detected on chromosome 1 and 3 for kernel damage
and they explained 11.17% and 14.88% of the total phenotypic variation, respectively.
Highest number of overlapping QTLs i.e., 3 were detected for kernel damage and
flour produced. These linked markers after further validation can be used in future for
indirect selection for resistance to red flour beetle in maize and the marker associated
with clustered QTLs can be used for effective pyramiding of different resistant alleles
to breed for durable insect resistance in maize.
I-28 GENETIC STUDIES ON COMBINING ABILITY AND HETEROTIC

GROUPING OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L )
Dodahatti S 1, Kachapur R M 1 and Talekar S C 2

1
2
Agriculture Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Mugad
[email protected]
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the major cereal crop of the world and India. It ranks
third next to wheat and paddy in production. The productivity of maize in India is low
when compared to world productivity. One of the possible ways in enhancing the
productivity is through exploitation of heterosis. In the present study was planned to
estimate the combining ability and heterosis among the maize germplasm lines for
grain yield and other desirable traits and determine heterotic groups of germplasm
lines. To do this thirty two lines were crossed with two diverse testers in Line x Tester
mating design during Rabi, 2018 19 and the resulting 64 F 1 hybrids along with six
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checks were evaluated in 10 x 7 alpha lattice design at AICRP (Maize), UAS,

Dharwad, during Kharif, 2019 20. Among the parental lines 16 lines recorded
significant gca effects in positive direction for grain yield viz., GPM 56(30.88),
GPM 18(25.74) GPM 583(22.45), GPM 629(13.75) GPM 629 (13.75 Z) and GPM
16(8.29). For earliness 12 lines showed significant gca effect in desirable negative
among them GPM 753 was the earliest ( 4.203). For 100 grain weight 20 lines shows
gca effect in positive direction and line GPM 583 recorded highest magnitude of gca
effect for 100 grain weight (7.89). Among the 64 test hybrids GH 1809 recorded
highest grain yield of 101.71 q/ha and was significantly superior over national check
NK 6240 by 41 per cent and this was followed by GH 1829 (97.65 q/ha) and GH
1845(93.48 q/ha).The sca effect for grain yield ranged from 22.88 to 22.88 and 20
hybrids recorded sca effects in positive direction. The test hybrid GH 1845 (22.88)
recorded highest magnitude of sca effects. Heterotic grouping based on SCA PY and
HSGCA method revealed that out of 32 germplasm lines seven were grouped to
heterotic group A with GPM 629 and GPM 18 showing significant gca effects for
grain yield similarly in heterotic group B which consisted comprised of eight lines
with GPM 583 and GPM 56 recording significant gca effects for grain yield.
Therefore, these four lines can be inter crossed to get heterotic hybrids to get the
heterotic hybrids for grain yield.
I-29 IDENTIFICATION OF HAPLOID MAIZE KERNELS IN ABSENCE OF

TYPICAL NAVAJO PHENOTYPE EXPRESSION IN INDUCTION CROSSES
WITH R1-NJ-BASED HAPLOID INDUCER LINES
Khulbe R K , Pattanayak A and Pandey V

[email protected]
Doubled haploid (DH) technology is growingly becoming an integral component of

maize breeding programmes worldwide. The currently popular method of DH
development uses R1-nj based haploid inducers lines (HILs) and the efficiency of this
method is chiefly determined by the accuracy in segregating haploid and diploid seed
in generated induction crosses. Though various methods for identifying haploid
kernels have been reported, kernel anthocyanin pigmentation (Navajo phenotype)
based method remains the method of choice on account of being simple and easy to
use. However, absence of typical Navajo phenotype caused by presence of
anthocyanin inhibitor gene/s in some source populations limit use of this method. It is
therefore important to look for possibilities of identifying haploid seed in the absence
of typical Navajo phenotype expression. The material in the present study comprised
single cross hybrid CMVL 55, its maternal parent V 405 and CIMMYT’s haploid
inducer line TAILP1. From earlier studies, both CMVL 55 and V 405 are known to
not express full kernel anthocyanin pigmentation in induction crosses with TAILP1,
which greatly reduces the efficiency of haploid seed selection. In the present study,
attempt was made to identity haploid seed in the induction crosses of CMVL 55 and
V 405 on the basis of kernel pigmentation that is not typical of Navajo phenotype.
CMVL 55 and V 405 each were pollinated with a mixture of their self pollen and
pollen of TAILP1 to generate induction crosses. The resultant seed in each induction
cross was classified into selfed, F1 and haploid categories on the basis of pigmentation
in the lower dorsal region of the kernel and the embryo region. The polidy status of
the three classes of seed was confirmed by growing them in the field, which indicated
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the effectiveness of this method in distinguishing selfed, F1 and haploid seed in the
induction crosses of CMVL 55 and V 405. The applicability of this method needs to
be tested on a wider set of genotypes that are known to carry anthocyanin inhibitor
gene/s. If found to have a wider applicability, this method would prove useful for
deriving DH lines from important source populations that do not exhibit typical
Navajo phenotype in induction crosses with R1-nj based haploid inducer lines.
I-30 GENETIC VARIABILITY, CHARACTER ASSOCIATION AND PATH

COEFFICIENT ANALYSIS FOR YIELD AND YIELD CONTRIBUTING
TRAITS IN SWEET CORN
Khulbe R K , Sharma D , Pattanayak A and Kant L

[email protected]
Sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata) has emerged as an important cash crop in
India on account of its shorter growing period and year round demand. It is amenable
to processing and preservation and yields green fodder as well. At present only a
limited choice of high yielding sweet corn hybrids is available to the farmers and
therefore there is a need to widen this range in order to be able to cater to diverse
regional and seasonal growing requirements. Higher grain yield is an important
breeding objective in sweet corn besides grain quality that includes grain size, colour,
texture, flavour and TSS. Selection for yield is often difficult in crop breeding
because of its complex architechture, polygenic inheritance and composite nature.
Dissection of complex composition of the yield trait therefore is important to
understand the relationship among its constitutent traits. In the present investigation, a
set of 21 sweet corn hybrids was evaluated for yield and yield contributing traits in a
randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The ears were harvested at
early dough stage and observations on seven traits viz., cob length, cob girth, number
of kernel rows, number of kernels per row, shelling percentage, 100 grain weight and
grain yield were recorded for assessing genetic variability and performing association
and path analysis.. Analysis of variance revealed presence of significant genetic
variation for grain yield and its attributes. The relative magnitude of phenotypic
coefficients of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficients of variation
(GCV) for all the characters under study indicating environmental influence on the
traits. Moderate level of GCV observed for number of kernel rows (11.56%), 100
grain weight (10.03%) and seed yield (17.98%) suggested sufficient variability and
thus scope for genetic improvement through selecting for these traits. Cob length, cob
girth, number of kernel rows and 100 grain weight exhibited high heritability in the
material. High heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance as per cent of mean
found for cob length, number of kernel rows and 100 grain weight indicated that
direct selection for these traits can be effective for yield improvement. Grain yield
exhibited positive and significant correlation with all the traits. The number of kernel
rows, number of kernels per row and 100 grain weight had a positive direct effect on
total yield per plant. Correlation and path analysis indicated that selection for number
of kernel rows, number of kernels per row and 100 grain weight would be more
promising for the improvement of grain yield in sweet corn.
I-31 ESTIMATION OF HETEROSIS AND COMBINING ABILITY IN MAIZE

(ZEA MAYS L )
121
Hombaradi P R 1, Patil N L 2, Kachapur R M 1, Talekar S C 3 and Harlapur S I 1

1
AICRP on Maize, MARS, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
2
Department of Genetics and Plant breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences,
Dharwad
3
Agriculture Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Mugad
[email protected]
An experiment was conducted to estimate heterosis and combining ability among 67

germplasm lines sourced from IIMR / CIMMYT for grain yield and other desirable
traits. The germplasm lines were crossed with two diverse testers (CML 451 and CM
111) in Line x Tester mating design and the F1 hybrids were evaluated along with
checks in 14 x 10 alpha lattice design at AICRP (Maize), UAS, Dharwad, during
Kharif, 2018 19. The analysis of variance revealed that the hybrids differed
significantly among themselves and the contribution of lines towards the total hybrid
variance was higher than the testers. Among the parental lines GPM 726 (17.26)
recorded significant gca effects for grain yield followed by GPM 22 (13.77) and
GPM 119 (11.99). Similarly, for earliness GPM 264 ( 3.30) recorded negative gca
effect in desirable direction and GPM 28 1 was found promising for number of
kernels/ row (5.33) and cob length (2.67) respectively. Estimation of genetic
components of variance (GCA to SCA variance) also revealed preponderance of non
additive gene action for grain yield. Standard heterosis for grain yield over local
checks GH 0727 and GPMH 1101 varied from 45.52 to 43.53% and 46.72 to
31.24% respectively. Test hybrid GH 17149 recorded highest standard heterosis
(36.75 %) for grain yield over local checks GH 0727 and GPMH 1101 followed by
GH 17173 (31.24%) and GH 17202 (28.26). Hybrid GH 17149 (GPM 225 X CML
451) recorded 87.26 q/ha grain yield and was on par with National check NK 6240.
The major yield contributing traits were test weight (31.0 to 38.0g) and cob length
(15.3 to 19.0 cm). All the promising hybrids identified in the present study were of
high x high gca type. Heterotic grouping by SCA PY method classified 13 out of 67
germplasm lines to heterotic group A, 25 to heterotic group B and 29 lines to heterotic
group AB. From the present study, the lines GPM 726, GPM 751 and GPM 225 and
the hybrids GH 17149, GH 17213 and GH 17179 were found to be promising. The
line with highest gca in heterotic group A (GPM 618) can be crossed with lines in
heterotic group B (GPM 751, GPM 25, GPM 635 and GPM 721) to develop heterotic
hybrids. Lines within heterotic group AB can be crossed among themselves to
develop population to derive inbred lines.
I-32 IDENTIFICATION OF STABLE AND HETEROTIC MAIZE HYBRIDS

ACROSS DIVERSE AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF KARNATAKA
Kachapur R M 1, Praveen H 1, Motagi B N 2, Talekar S C 3and Harlapur S I 1

1
AICRP on Maize, MARS, Dharwad
2
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, AC, Vijayapur
3
Agriculture Reasearch Station, Mugad
[email protected]
Maize is an important cereal crop after rice and wheat in India. It is grown on an area
of 9.0 m ha with average productivity of 2.8 t/ha which is half the way mark to the
global maize productivity of 5.5 t/ha. Hence, there is tremendous scope to enhance the
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maize productivity in India with lot of challenges ahead in the form of productivity
constraints. Crop improvement efforts interms of identification of hybrids is
continuous efforts. In the present study twelve promising maize germplasm were
crossed with two testers CML 451 and CM 111 in Line x Tester mating design and
the 24 hybrids generated were evaluated along with checks during Kharif,2018 at
Dharwad (Northern transitional zone) and Vijayapur (Northern dry zone). Each entry
was raised in two rows of three replications of 4 mtr length in RBD design. Among
the twenty six hybrids at Dharwad location the National check hybrid NK 6240 was
the highest yielding hybrid (84.3 q/ha) followed by the test hybrid GH 17147 (81.0
q/ha) at Viajaypur test hybrid GH 17184 (109.3 q/ha) followed by GH 17146 (104.7
q/ha) whereas the national check hybrid NK 6240 recorded (80.6 q/ha). To identify
the best hybrid across the locations, the hybrids were ranked based on their mean
grain yield at each of the location separately and rankings were averaged instead of
mean grain yield. Accordingly across the locations the test hybrid GH 17149 (GPM
119 X CML 451) was the best consistent hybrid with a mean grain yield on 77.2 q/ha.
This was followed by test hybrid GH 17148 (GPM 225 X CM 111) and NK 6240
which had the same average ranking but however they recorded a grain yield of 85.9
q/ha and 82.5 q/ha respectively. The local check hybrid GPMH 1101 even though
recorded 79.6 q/ha, but as per average of the ranks from tow location it was found to
inconsistent. However, the heritability of the two locations Dharwad and Vijayapur
were at 35 and 31 per cent respectively for grain yield.
I-33 DETERMINATION OF HETEROSIS AND COMBINING ABILITY IN

MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L)
Shankar M 1, Shahi J P 1, Singh R 1, Singamsetti A 1 and Devesh A 1

1
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
[email protected]
Determination of heterosis and combining abilities of parental lines is essential in

choosing the inbred lines and in deciding breeding approach for maize hybrid
production. A line × tester investigation was carry out in maize involving 12 inbreds
and 3 testers for grain yield and its components to find out the general combining
ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects as well as the heterosis.
Highly significant genotypic differences were observed among the studied genotypes.
GCA and SCA variance for100 kernels weight, yield per plant and number of kernels
per row were observed significant, which showed presence of additive as type of gene
action for these traits. The ratio of SCA and GCA variances were high for the all
studied traits that indicated the prevalence of non additive type of gene action.
Standard heterosis ranged from 27.17 to 27.32%; 10.23 to 23.32%; 11.27 to
23.27%; 10.81 to 20.72% 16.13 to 10.35% and 13.64 to 6.78%; for grain yield per
plant, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row, 100 kernel weight, ear
diameter and ear length, respectively. The lines CAL1422, CAL1427, ZL154350,
CIL12161 and CAL1423 showed significant and positive GCA effect and
concurrently possessed high mean value demonstrating that the per se performance of
the parents could prove as an valuable indicator for combining ability. The crosses
showed significant SCA effects involved high × high, low × high, high × low, average
× low and low × low general combining parents. The cross combinations with
significant and positive SCA effect with high mean value might be used for
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developing high yielding hybrids. The insight on the nature of gene action with
respective variety and traits might be used depending on the breeding objectives.
I-34 ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN SINGLE CROSS

HYBRIDS OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L )
Karad S R 1, Kumhar S D 2 and Khot G G 3

AICRP on Maize, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Kolhapur
[email protected]
A set of sixty normal Maize (Zea mays L.) single cross hybrids were evaluated with
four checks for eleven morphological characteristics to study nature and magnitude of
genetic variability using Mahalanobis D2 statistics during kharif 2019. Wide range of
variation was observed for all the eleven characters under study. The analysis of
variance exhibited significant difference among the hybrids for all the characters
indicating substantial degree of variability. Among the sixty single cross hybrids the
test entries QMH 1819 (97.43 q/ha), QMH 1834 (88.09 q/ha), QMH 1859 (87.75
q/ha), QMH 1815 (85.18 q/ha) and QMH 1860 (83.99 q/ha) recorded statistically
higher grain yield than the highest yielding check Bio 9682 (70.50 q/ha). The 31 and
13 hybrids showed higher grain yield than the best check and trial mean, respectively.
The plant height ranged from 115 to 178 cms, while ear height ranged between 30 to
65 cms indicating wide range of variability. The days to 50% silk recorded range from
51 to 62 however days to 75% dry husk ranged between 90 to 103 days. According to
grain type and colour the sixty hybrids divided into nine category i.e. OYSF 20, OYD
01, OSF 11, YSF 03, OYSD 16, CYSD 01, WSF 03, WSD 07 and OYF 01. In overall,
D2 analysis suggested QMH 1819 (97.43 q/ha), QMH 1834 (88.09 q/ha), QMH 1859
(87.75 q/ha), QMH 1815 (85.18 q/ha) and QMH 1860 (83.99 q/ha) were the most
diverse single cross hybrids could be utilized for further study in breeding programme
to enhance the productivity of maize.
I-35 GENOTYPE  ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION AND STABILITY

PARAMETERS IN NEW SINGLE CROSS MAIZE HYBRIDS (ZEA MAYS L )
Kumbhar S D , Karad S R , Pilane M S , Patil S A and Khot G G

AICRP on Maize, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Kolhapur
Maize is the second most important cereal crop in the world in terms of acreage and is
called the ‘Queen of Cereals’. The current maize production scenario highlights
presence of hybrid maize at about 65 70 percent acreages and most of it accounts for
feed and industrial grade Maize. In the recent years, although the rate of adoption of
hybrids has slowed down, but farmers continue to replace traditional cultivars/old
hybrids with the newer higher yielding hybrid varieties. Many hybrids have been
developed and released by public and private sector. Consistency of a hybrid over
wide range of environment is primary consideration in breeding programme. The
present study comprising of new hybrids was therefore attempted to understand the G
x E interaction and consistency in performance through stability analysis in thirteen
newly developed single cross maize hybrids along with four checks. These entries
were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications at varied climatic
nine locations (viz. Kolhapur, Pune, Rahuri, Gadhinglaj, Dhule, Savalvihir,
Aurangabad, Buldhana and Parbhani) in Maharashtra during Kharif 2019.The mean
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squares due to genotype and genotype x environment interaction were found

significant. The stability analysis conducted through Eberhart and Russell Model
recorded non significant bi values for all the entries under study. Nine entries
recorded non significant S2di values. Simultaneous consideration of stability
parameters for grain yield indicated that among the test hybrids QMH 1617 with
orange yellow semi dent grain and late maturity; QMH 1701 with orange yellow
semi flint grain, QMH 1716 with white semi flint grain and QMH 1571 with orange
yellow semi flint grain were stable over the test environments. The hybrid QMH 1617
recorded 86.27 q/ha grain yield and was superior to all the checks under study and is
suitable for cultivation in Maharashtra.
I-36 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL PARENTAL LINES FOR SINGLE,

THREE-WAY AND DOUBLE CROSSES IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L )
Sumalini K 1, Pradeep T 2 and Sravani D 3

1
Agricultural Polytechnic College, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State
Agricultural University, Kampasagar
2
Seed Research and Technology Centre, ARI, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State
Agricultural University, Rajendranagar
3
Agricultural Research Station, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural
University, Karimnagar
[email protected]
A series of single, three way and double crosses of maize developed by involving
seven inbred lines through half diallel were evaluated along with private/public
hybrids for yield and yield contributing traits in a balanced lattice design at three
environments during kharif, 2015. Combining ability studies revealed that in triallel
analysis, good general combiners of diallel analysis had significant and desirable 1
line general line effects of first and second kind for days to 50% pollen shed, days to
50% silk emergence, kernel rows ear 1, kernels row 1, shelling %, 100 grain weight,
fodder yield and grain yield and for days to maturity, plant height, ear height, ear
length, ear diameter good general combiners of diallel had either significant desirable
1 line general line effects of first or second kind indicating that good general
combiners of diallel could be used both as grandparents (hi) and/or immediate parents
(gi). In quadriallel analysis, good general combiners of diallel had expressed desirable
1 line general line effects for all the studied traits indicating general combiners of
diallel must be involved as one of the four parents in double crosses. In triallel
analysis, for majority of the yield and yield contributing traits good specific
combiners were involved as grandparents/ half parents in all of the significant 2 line
specific effects of first kind (dij) and second kind (sij) in desirable direction. Similarly,
few of the three line effects were the combination of a good specific combiner of
diallel with a good general combiner suitable as immediate parent for majority of the
traits. In case of grain yield, good specific combiners of diallel were involved as
grandparents or half parents in all significant 2 line and 3 line interaction effects
except BML 10 × BML 6 in 2 line interaction effect of second kind (sij) and BML 13
× BML 10 in 3 line interaction effects (tijk). BML 51, a good general combiner for
grain yield was involved as one of the parent in all significant 3 line effects either as
grand parent or immediate parent except (BML 32 × BML 10) × BML 7. In
quadriallel analysis for all the traits studied except days to maturity, either one or two
or all of the three crosses of tij, ti.j. and sij interaction effects were identified as good
125
specific combiners of diallel analysis. Good specific combiners of diallel were

involved as grandparents in 3 line and 4 line interaction effects of lines due to
particular arrangement i.e. tij.k effects for majority of the traits and for all the studied
traits except shelling percentage in tij.kl effects. However 3 line and 4 line interaction
effects irrespective of arrangement i.e. sijk and sijkl effects, respectively had good
specific combiners of diallel either as grandparents and/or half parents for all the
studied traits. Good specific combiners of diallel viz., BML 51 × BML 6 as half
parents in three way crosses, BML 51 × BML 7 as half parents in double crosses,
BML 51 × BML 14, BML 32 × BML 13 and BML 32 × BML 6 as half or
grandparents in three way and double crosses resulted in high yielding climate
resilient hybrids.
I-37 ESTIMATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG NEWLY

DEVELOPED WINTER MAIZE INBRED LINES
Singh S B 1, Chikkappa G Karjagi2, Kumar S 1, Kumar K 2, Yathish, K R3 , Jat

B S 4, Kasana R K 1, Kumar A 1 and Rakshit S 4
1
Regional Maize Research and Seed Production Centre, ICAR –Indian Institute of
2
Delhi Unit Office, ICAR –Indian Institute of Maize Research, New Delhi
3
Winter Nursery Centre, ICAR –Indian Institute of Maize Research, Hyderabad
4
ICAR –Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana
[email protected]
Maize (Zea mays L.), the queen of cereals, holds unmatched fitness across diverse
environments due to the high level of plasticity in its genome. Maize is gaining
exponential rise in global demand even over the wheat and rice reflecting the
substantial growth of maize in developing as well as industrial countries. Exploitation
of hybrid vigor in maize has gained much significance in view of tremendous increase
in its yield but still it demands the continuous development of better than the best
hybrids to fulfill these rising demands in terms of yield as well as quality. Looking
into the above facts, genetic diversity study at the morphological as well as molecular
level with the help of forty polymorphic markers was made using 140 newly
developed and 13 parental inbreds of released maize hybrids at Regional maize
Research & Seed Production Center ICAR IIMR), Begusarai, Bihar during Rabi,
2018 19. This study was conducted to understand the diverse nature among these
lines and subsequently to use the desirable diverse parents in maize breeding program
to produce superior hybrids, segregating populations with high variability and
introgression of desirable traits/genes. D square study revealed the twenty clusters
among which three clusters comprised 92, 21 and 23 genotypes while 17 genotypes
falls in 17 different clusters individually. The highest inter cluster distance was found
between the cluster 17 & 19 (IMLSB 955 1 & IMLSB 2094) followed by cluster 13
& 17 (IMLSB 423 1 & IMLSB 955 1) and 14 & 17 (IMLSB 81 1 & IMLSB 955 1).
Among the first three clusters highest inter cluster distance was found between cluster
2 & cluster 3 and highest intra cluster distance was observed within cluster 2. This
reveals that the crosses among these distant genotypes may harness greater level of
heterosis. Molecular diversity study with the help of 40 polymorphic markers which
displayed clear size differences and total of 873 alleles were generated through these
primers with an average polymorphism information content value of 0.8367. The
primer bnlg 1614 and bnlg1642 was found as the best marker for identification of
126
genotypes as revealed by PIC values (0.9838 & 0.9737 respectively). The Jaccard’s
dissimilarity index showed the highest value of 1.00 among the genotypes IMLSB
274 1 & LM 16 followed by IMLSB 123 1 & LM 16 (0.981), IMLSB 119 2 & LM
14 (0.978), IMLSB 114 1 & HKI 1128 (0.978) and IMLSB 106 2 & HKI 1128
(0.978). The Jaccard’s dissimilarity index classified the total genotypes in two major
clusters and eight sub clusters. The high D square distance found among the
genotypes IMLSB 955 1 & IMLSB 2094, IMLSB 423 1 & IMLSB 955 1 and
IMLSB 81 1 & IMLSB 955 1 also recorded high Jaccard’s dissimilarity coefficient
value of 0.906, 0.798 & 0.840 respectively. These diverse genotypes can be used in
further breeding program in the development of high yielding single cross maize
hybrids as well as segregating population with high variability and introgression of
desirable traits/genes.
I-38 DIVERSIFICATION OF QPM GERMPLASM THROUGH MAGIC

APPROACH
Kumar R 1, Das A K 1, Singh S B 2, Neelam S 3, Chaudhary D P 1, Kaur Y 1, Suby

S B 4, Aggarwal S K 1 and Rakshit S 1
1
2
Regional Maize Research & Seed Production Centre, ICAR Indian Institute of
3
Winter Nursery Centre, ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research, Hyderabad
4
Delhi Unit office, ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research, New Delhi
Maize is considered as ‘Queen’ of cereals, however it is deficient in two essential

amino acids i.e. lysine and tryptophan. Quality Protein Maize (QPM) has double the
amount of tryptophan and lysine content as compared to normal maize. The QPM
germplasm has narrow genetic base thereby difficult to improve for high grain yield.
The QPM germplasm needs to be diversified through different means like Mass
Assisted Selection (MAS) and Multi parent Advanced Generation Inter cross
(MAGIC) approach. The present study was conducted keeping in mind the
diversification of QPM germplasm using MAGIC approach. A set of 48 inbred lines
(24 QPM and 24 normal lines) were selected on the basis of perse performance and
these lines were crossed with two diverse testers i.e. LM 13 & LM 14 to generate the
information on heterotic grouping and simultaneously diversity studies were also
carried out using SSR markers. The dendogram clearly showed that the QPM and
normal germplasm is falling in different clusters. Based on heterotic grouping data
and diversity analysis the lines were selected for making cross combinations within
heterotic groups. The normal lines of one group were crossed with QPM lines of the
same group and vice versa. Four crosses were made in similar fashion viz., for
heterotic group A, DML 2052  DQL 2111 and DML 1837  DQL 2303and for
heterotic group B, DML 1596  DQL 2180 and DML 1812  DQL 2290. The two
crosses made for group A will again be crossed among themselves similarly in case of
group A and then new lines will be synthesize. Desirable QPM lines will be advanced
to next generation based on the biochemical data and these lines after reaching S6 S7
stage, will be tested for per se performance and then best lines will be used for
crossing programme for development of new hybrids.
I-39 ESTIMATION OF HETEROSIS FOR YIELD AND QUALITY

PARAMETERS IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L )
127
Gurjar N R , Dadheech A , Kumar S and Badiya V

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Rajasthan College of Agriculture
Maize is amazing crop which is C4 plant and it is an important cereal crop belonging
to the grass family, Poaceae and is a native to South America. In Rajasthan area under
cultivation during Kharif is highest among other maize growing states. Thirty nine
hybrids of maize were developed through Line x Tester mating design using three
tester and thirteen inbreds to study heterosis in maize. Parents, hybrids along with
three standard checks namely, Pratap Hybrid Maize 3(PHM 3), PMH 3 and PM 9,
were evaluated during kharif 2018 for 14 characters at instructional farm Rajasthan
College of Agriculture, Udaipur, Rajasthan. The mean sum of squares of hybrids,
lines and testers, were significant for all the traits except days 75 per cent brown husk
of lines, While days to 50 per cent tasseling, days to 50 per cent silking, days 75 per
cent brown husk, ear length and ear girth of testers. A perusal of estimates of
economic heterosis for grain yield per plant revealed that five hybrids L7 x T2
(14.47%), L3 x T3 (11.19%), L6 x T2 (10.44%), L6 x T1 (9.93%)and L9 x T3 (9.88%)
depicted positive significant economic heterosis for grain yield per plant over the best
check Pratap Hybrid Maize 3 Among the five best hybrids having higher estimates of
significant positive economic heterosis for grain yield per plant viz., L7x T2, L3 x T3,
L6 x T2, L6 x T1 and L9 x T3 (Table 5.1). Hybrid (L6 x T2) also exhibited higher
estimates of significant positive economic heterosis for oil content.These crosses will
be considered for finding transgressive segregants in segreganting generation to
develop a maize variety with quality improvement.
I-40 ANALYSIS OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN QPM INBRED LINES
Lenka D , Swain D , Kanungo P and Jagadev P N

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Odisha University of Agriculture and
Technology, Bhubaneswar
The knowledge of genetic diversity among maize inbreds is essential for cross
combinations between genetically diverse parents which are likely to produce high
heterotic effect. Fifty inbred lines of quality protein maize (QPM) were studied for
genetic divergence and resemblance through molecular characterization approach.
These fifty QPM inbred lines were evaluated in RBD with two replications during
Rabi and analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the
inbred lines for all the 15 characters under study indicating existence of wide genetic
variations. Multivariate analysis of genetic diversity in the 50 QPM inbred lines for 15
quantitative traits led to their grouping into 11 clusters on the basis of Tocher’s
method indicating the presence of genetic diversity among the genotypes. Days to
75% dry husk contributed maximum, accounting for 29.9%, to genetic divergence
(29.9%) followed by days to 50% tasseling (15.2%). Based on inter cluster average
D2 values, hybridisation between QPM inbreds of diverse cluster pairs such as cluster
IV and X, IV and IX, IV and VII could be useful for obtaining high heterotic hybrids.
Molecular characterization of selected 20 QPM inbreds with two SSR markers
(phi057 and umc1066) with PIC value of 0.55 and 0.74 led to grouping of the inbreds
into three major clusters with Cluster III was the major cluster with 18 genotypes and
it was further be sub divided into two sub clusters with cluster IIIa having 13
128
genotypes (VL1052388, VL1016422, VL109273, VL1016399, VL1016590,

VL109288, VL1113821, VL109266, VL1017054, VL1016453, VL109412,
VL109476 and VL109475) and cluster IIIb with 5 genotypes (VL1016414, QPM 10
13 1, QPM 8 3 2, QPM 11 7 1 and QPM 7 3 2). Two inbreds i.e., VL1016548 and
VL1017524 formed separate outer groups indicating their diversity from rest of the
genotypes.
I-41 EVALUATION OF YIELD STABILITY FOR GRAIN YIELD IN MAIZE

HYBRIDS USING AMMI ANALYSIS UNDER DIFFERENT AGRO-
ECOLOGIES OF ODISHA
Swain D 1, Lenka D 1, Das S 1 and Tripathy S K 2

1
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, 2Department of Agricultural
Biotechnology,
Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar
Twenty eight maize experimental hybrids along with two check hybrids were
evaluated in a randomised complete block design with two replications under rainfed
condition during Kharif at six locations spread over different agro climatic zones of
Odisha varying with respect to soil, altitude and climatic conditions to identify stable
maize hybrids for grain yield. Pooled analysis of variance indicated considerable
variation among genotypes, environments and genotype x environment (G x E)
interaction for grain yield. Thirteen experimental hybrids produced higher grain yield
than general mean (82.4 q/ ha) and three hybrids (ZH17210, ZH17223 and ZH159)
had significantly higher grain yield as comparison to the best check, P 3502 (91.7 q/
ha) across the environments. The significance of G x E interaction revealed that G x E
interaction had remarkable effect on the performance of genotypes in different
environments. The grain yield was subjected to Additive Main Effects and
Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) for stability analysis. The AMMI analysis of
variance indicated that environment effects accounted for 54.4% of total variation in
the sum of square for grain yield followed by G x E interaction (30.9%) and
genotypes (14.7%). The first three Interaction Principal Component Axis (IPCA I,
IPCA II and IPCA III) of G x E interaction were also highly significant accounting
39.8%, 24.7% and 19.5%, respectively of the total variation in G x E interaction for
grain yield. Based AMMI stability analysis four experimental hybrids i.e., VH113014,
ZH17229, VH151139 and ZH161418, which showed minimum interaction (IPCA I
absolute values close to zero) were found to be stable for grain yield and among these
hybrids, ZH161418 followed by VH151139 and ZH17229 had higher grain yield than
general mean (82.4 q/ ha) which might be considered as the most suitable with good
general adaptation. In contrast, the hybrids e.g., ZH17210, ZH17223 and ZH 17224
had higher yield but with considerable magnitude of interaction (IPCA I) indicating
their adaptation to specific environments. Koraput was found to be favourable
environment and Bhanjanagar was a poor environment for overall productivity of
maize hybrid, while Bhubaneswar location with IPCA I and IPCA II scores close to zero
seems to have minimum environmental interaction for grain yield in maize hybrids.
I-42 UNDERSTANDING TRAIT AND GEOGRAPHIC DIVERSITY AMONG

MAIZE HYBRIDS –THROUGH DIVERSITY INDICES USING DIVA-GIS
AND MAXENT
129
Sunil N 1, Sivaraj N , Yathish K R 1, Vinodhana K 3, Kachhapur R M 4, Sravani

D 5, Bhadru D 5, Ramesh P 1, Dhandapani A 6 and Rakshit S 1
1
2
ICAR National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources Regional Station, Hyderabad
3
4
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad,
5
6
ICAR National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad
[email protected]
Under the AICRP on maize, 63 diverse hybrids, involving both public and private
sector, were evaluated /tested in NIVT Late trial during Kharif 2018. The data viz.
plant height, cob height, days to 50% pollen shed, days to 50% silking, days to 75%
maturity and cob weight from four diverse geographic locations (centres) of the
peninsular region viz. Coimbatore, Dharwad, Karimnagar and Hyderabad were
analysed for diversity and richness indices using DIVA GIS software. The objective
was to identify the trait (s), which showed more diversity or richness among the
hybrids and secondly to identify the centre geographical region which was more
efficient in bringing about the diversity and richness in the hybrids. Ecological niche
modelling using Maximum Entropy method was analysed to identify the potential
regions for growing the elite maize hybrids. The study will help in understanding the
diverse hybrids and also the geographical regions (climatic conditions) for resolving
the diversity among the hybrids better and also those regions which are better suited
for the cultivation of these hybrids.
I-43 RECONSTITUTION OF BIOFORTIFIED MAIZE HYBRIDS

POSSESSING FAVOURABLE ALLELES OF Β-CAROTENE HYDROXYLASE,
LYCOPENE-Ε-CYCLASE AND OPAQUE2 FOR COMBINING HIGH
PROTEIN, MINERALS, TRYPTOPHAN AND PROA IN MAIZE
Sharma S 1, Singh J 1, Kaur H 2, Vikal Y 1, Gill G K 2, Kumar A 3, Sharma S 2

and Hossain F 4
1
3
Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
4
[email protected]
Traditional yellow maize though contain high kernel carotenoids, but the
concentration of provitamin A is quite low (<2µg/g) as compared to recommended
level (15µg/g). Enriching corn with vitamin A, will serve and assure the human
population feeding on maize with enriched nutrititve factor providing solution for
blindness and major diseases caused by vitamin A. Here, we report the development
of nutritionally enriched PMH1 and Buland hybrids, using marker assisted
introgression of β-carotene hydroxylase, lycopene-ε-cyclase and opaque2 favourable
alleles in elite inbred lines viz. QLM11, QLM12, QLM13 and QLM14. These inbreds
are parental lines of high yielding commercial maize hybrids in North India viz.
Buland and PMH1 respectively. For this purpose, F1, BC1F1, BC2F1, BC2F2and BC2F3
plants were developed using β carotene rich CIMMYT (HP 467 15) line as donar
parent and QLM inbred lines as the recurrent parents. The QLM inbred lines was
130
crossed to HP 467 15 to produce F1sand their testing for heterozygosity was done
using gene specific markers. Heterozygous plants with high recovery of the recurrent
parent genome obtained functioned as males were then backcrossed to recurrent
female parent twice to produce BC1F1 and BC2F1 in 2015 & 2016 respectively and
were subjected to foreground, background and phenotypic selection. Furthermore, the
selected heterozygous BC2F1 plants from both crosses were selfed to obtain BC2F2
plants, which were then selected for the target genes and selfed to generate the BC2F3,
BC2F4 and BC2F5 populations. The improved lines have good agronomic performance
and possessed high protein (4.40 9.76), tryptophan (0.60 3.84)and β carotene (9.21
12.44 μg/g) content. The reconstituted hybrids showed an average of 4.5 fold increase
in proA with a range of 9.25–12.88μg/g, compared to original hybrids (2.14–
2.48μg/g). Similarly, the agronomic traits viz. plant architecture, ear and grain
characteristics of improved versions of both inbreds and hybrids were observed when
evaluated with their respective original versions. Mean protein (11.76%) and
tryptophan (4.74%) of the improved hybrids were at par with the original versions
(protein: 6.43%, tryptophan: 1.89%). Improved hybrids also possessed similar grain
yield potential with their original versions evaluated at two locations. These
biofortified high yielding maize hybrids, rich in proA, tryptophan and percent protein
possess great potential to simultaneously alleviate Vitamin A deficiency and protein
energy malnutrition across the world.
I-44 EVALUATION OF MAIZE HYBRIDS FOR STABILITY ACROSS

ENVIRONMENTS USING GGE BIPLOT AND AMMI ANALYSIS
Kumar S 1, Patne N 2, Vivek B S 3 and Satyanarayana P V 4

1
AICRP on Maize, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University Agricultural
Research Station, Peddapuram, East Godavari District
2,3
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Asia, Hyderabad
4
Associate Director of Research, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru, West Godavari District
[email protected]
Under climate change scenario cultivation of genotypes non adapted to the cultivation
region greatly influences yield. Adaptability and stability of genotypes will determine
their superiority which can be best assessed by evaluating the cultivars in different
environments and ecological regions. Identification of promising maize hybrids for
their adaptability and stability help in choosing superior maize hybrids for production
which depends on the extent of presence of genotype×environment interaction (GEI).
Several stability statistics may be used to partition GEI which include regression
analysis, multivariate analysis, cluster analysis, genotype main effect plus genotype ×
environment (GGE) biplot and additive main effect and multiplicative interaction
(AMMI). The most commonly used statistical analysis for the interpretation of GEI
based on the use of biplots of AMMI model. A study was conducted in which fifty six
yellow maize hybrids were evaluated for grain yield stability across three diversified
environments of Andhra Pradesh viz., Vizianagaram (E1), Peddapuram (E2) and
Reddipalli (E3) representing three agro ecological zones viz., North coastal, Godavari
and scarce rainfall zones respectively. Combined analysis of variance based on
AMMI analysis has shown highly significant differences for environments, genotypes
by environment interactions. Grain yields of hybrid maize genotypes were
significantly affected by genotype by environment interaction which explained 43.7
131
percent of the total yield variation followed by environments which accounted for
38.0 per cent. Partitioning of GGE through GGE Biplot analysis showed the first two
interaction principal component axes explained about 99.99 percent (57.43% and
42.56% by IPCA1 and IPCA2 respectively) of the grain yield variation due to
genotype and genotype by environment interaction (GGE). Contribution of 17.43% by
the genotypes indicates least contribution of genotypes to the total variation in the
multi environment trials. The mean grain yield over environments ranged from 6234
kg/ha (CAH1521) to 3749 kg/ha (CAH1542) with a grand mean of 5194 kg/ha. Out of
fifty six hybrids, 30 hybrids had above the mean average yields. The GGE biplot
analysis has shown CAH1628 and CAH1639 as most stable hybrids and can be
considered as adaptable to all the environments. The present study revealed
Peddapuram as most discriminating environment among the three and most
representative due to its longest distance from the origin of the biplot. Thus the
analysis identified best environment in which maize hybrids will have optimal
performance. Genetic differentiation of experimental hybrids is best demonstrated in
the representative environments.
I-45 ASSESSMENT OF MORPHO-GENETIC DIVERSITY AND TRAIT

ASSOCIATION IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L ) INBRED LINES
Vinodhana K , Ravikesavan N R and Prakash R

Department of Millets, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics,
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the economic crops of global importance. To develop
high yielding hybrids in maize, the development and evaluation of inbreds form the
major thrust area of the plant breeding programme. In view of the above, 50 maize
inbred lines along with the five checks UMI 1200, UMI 1201, UMI 1205, UMI 1210
and UMI 1230 were raised under Augmented Block Design in the experimental fields
of Department of Millets, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during
kharif 2018 to study the nature and magnitude of genetic divergence for grain yield
and its component characters to provide a basis for selection of parents in
hybridization programme. The data of sixteen different morphological and
quantitative traits were subjected to principal component analysis and to study the
clustering pattern and simple association between traits. The association analysis
showed positive and highly significant correlation of grain yield/plant with cob length
(0.67), cob diameter (0.63), cob weight (0.97), number of kernels/row (0.52), hundred
seed weight (0.57) and shelling percentage (0.49). Principal component analysis
revealed that the first five PCs with Eigen value >1 contributed 75.19 per cent of total
variability among the inbred lines for 16 morphological traits. The PC I contributed
maximum towards the variability (29.95%) followed by PC II (20.13%), PC III
(9.6%), PC IV (8.2%) and PC V (7.28). The most important characters in PC I were
due to variations among the inbred lines for grain yield/plant, cob weight, cob length,
cob diameter, hundred seed weight, number of kernels/row and shelling percentage
which showed positive contribution towards divergence. Cluster analysis distributed
the inbreds into 4 clusters indicating their broad genetic base of which cluster I was
the largest containing 23 inbreds followed by cluster III (20 inbreds), cluster IV (9
inbreds) and cluster II (3 inbreds). The inbred lines grouped in the cluster I was
identified for superior grain yield and its attributing traits suggesting their use in
breeding programmes for the exploitation of heterosis for the desirable yield traits.
132
I-46 IDENTIFICATION OF ELITE PARENTS AND HYBRIDS THROUGH

COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS IN SWEET CORN (ZEA MAYS L
SACCHARATA)
Ravikesavan R , Niji M S , Ganesan K N and Vinodhana N K

Department of Millets, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics,
Sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata) production in India is recently increasing

mainly due to the higher profit. Keeping in view the growing importance of sweet
corn in India, the study was undertaken to find out the desirable parents and superior
hybrid combinations based on combining ability estimates and the degree and
direction of association between the yield and component traits. The investigation was
carried out with 7 lines and 7 testers which were crossed in Line x Tester mating
design. The resulting 49 crosses along with parents and standard checks were
evaluated in Randomised Block Design. The data were collected on eighteen yield
and yield contributing characters and five quality traits. Combining ability analysis
revealed the predominance of non additive gene action for most of the traits studied
except days to tasseling, days to 50% tasseling, anthesis silking interval and iron
content. The lines WNC 12068 2 and SC 11 2 and the testers 951 7 and DMSC 24
were identified as desirable parents for developing hybrids with improved yield and
quality traits due to high per se performance coupled with high gca effects for yield
and majority of the yield attributes as well as total sugar content. The hybrids viz., SC
11 2 x 951 7, WNC 12039 1 x 951 7 , SC 11 2 x DMSC 20, WNC 12069 x DMSC 36,
SC1107x DMSC 36, WNC 12068 2x WNDMRSCY 19 R 773and SC1107x DMSC 24
recorded high per se performance and significant sca effects for green cob yield.
Highly significant positive standard heterosis over the check Sugar 75 was registered
by the hybrids SC 11 2 x 951 7 (19.09%), WNC 12039 1 x 951 7 (9.27%) and SC 11
2 x DMSC 20 (8.35%). Based on high per se performance, sca effect and heterosis for
yield and contributing traits, the hybrid SC 11 2 x 951 7 was identified as the best
hybrid followed by WNC 12039 1 x 951 7. These crosses are valuable and could be
used in corn breeding programs in order to achieve high yielding and quality
combinations. The hybrids identified can be tested under varied environments to test
their stable performance for green cob yield and sugar content.
I-47 DETECTION OF SNPS IN KRN RELATED GENES AMONG SUB-

TROPICAL MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L) INBRED LINES
Mukri G 1, Gadag R N 1, Bhat J S 1, Shilpa K M 1 and Gupta N 2

1
2
ICAR National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi
[email protected]
Genetic dissection of high KRN trait have under taken by several workers and
identified number of locus which controls the trait. Fine mapping of QTL controlling
KRN, TILLING also resulted in identification of underlying genes. Unfortunately all
these studies are imposed on temperate maize genotypes which are otherwise difficult
to use them directly in Indian maize breeding program. There is no information
available in sub trophical maize lines in which Indian maize breeding program is
133
interested. Hence study was planned to understand the allelic variation for KRN
related genes among sub tropical maize lines. Amplicon sequencing of four genes viz.,
fea4, kn1, fea2 and cg1 were undertaken in four genotypes viz., 6 1810040, 21
1810123, 11 1810068 and 34 1810203. Among the genotypes under study, 6
1810040 and 21 1810123 had 10 KRN (low KRN) and 11 1810068 and 34 1810203
had 22 KRN (high KRN). Reference sequence for the genes was taken from maize
GDB (www.maizegdb.org) and used it for multiple sequence alignment through
cluster omega and snapgene software. Gene structure display server 2.0 (GSDS) was
used to understand the exonic and intronic region of gene in which SNPs are present.
Only SNPs present in the exonic regions were taken for its translational changes by
using Expasy software. The genotypes 6 1810040 and 21 1810123 with low KRN had
14 and 13, 6 and 6, 14 and 2, 9 and 8 SNPs for kn1, fea2, fea4 and cg1 respectively.
However, the genotypes 11 1810068 and 34 1810203 with high KRN had 17 and 9, 5
and 8, 2 and 7, 8 and 10 SNPs for kn1, fea2, fea4 and cg1 respectively. Due to the
occurrence of novel SNPs in cg1 of 6 1810040, 21 1810123, 11 1810068 and 34
1810203 have serine in place of proline at 367 positions and isoleucine in place of
methionine at 370 positions as compared to the reference sequence. These information
can be further validated both qualitative and quantitative measures.
I-48 EVALUATION OF QUALITY PROTEIN MAIZE HYBRIDS SUITABLE

FOR SOUTHERN KARNATAKA
Mahadevu P , Shobha D , Mallikarjuna N , Jadesha G , Ravindrababau B T ,

Shivakumar B S and Swapna G
AICRP on Maize, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Mandya
Maize is an important multipurpose crop grown for food, feed, fodder, culinary and
industrial purpose in fulfilling food and nutritional needs of both human and livestock.
Recently developed QPM hybrids play an important role in terms of fulfilling the
micronutrients through biofortified maize and concentrated feeds. We evaluated
different QPM hybrids during Kharif season at Zonal Agricultural Research Station,
V.C.Farm, Mandya during 2015 16 to 2018 19. Among the HQPM hybrids evaluated,
HQPM 7 recorded highest mean grain yield of 9034 kg/ha as compared to other
HQPM hybrids and normal grain hybrids HEMA (8533 kg/ha) and MAH 14 5 (8396
kg/ha). Similarly, the hybrid HQPM 7 also recorded higher grain yield of 9595 kg/ha
as compared to other hybrids during Rabi 2017 18 at Mandya. These hybrids are
found promising as a source of nutrient enriched maize based food and feed for
achieving nutritional security for both human and livestock in the state.
I-49 COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS USING DIALLEL MATING DESIGN

IN INBRED LINES OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L )
Thakur D K , Alam M I and Sinha S K

Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raj Mohini Devi Collage of Agriculture and
The experiment entitled “Combining ability analysis using diallel mating design in
inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.)” was conducted at research cum instructional
farm Ajirma, IGKV, RMD CARS, Ambikapur (C.G.) during Rabi 2016 17. The
134
experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) involving

(ten inbred lines, forty five crosses and five checks of maize with three replications.
Analysis of variance showed that mean squares were highly significant for traits such
as grain yield, 100 grain weight, days to 50% tasseling and silking, plant and ear
height, ear length, ear girth, cobs/plot etc. High heritability coupled with high genetic
advance was recorded for the traits plant height and ear height that depict the
existence of additive gene effects. The analysis of variance for combining ability
revealed that mean squares were significant for almost all the characters. Variance
due to sca was greater than gca variance for the traits viz., plant height, ear height,
number of kernels row/cob, number of kernels/row, ear length, cob yield and grain
yield, which indicated the preponderance of non additive gene effects in the genetic
expression of these traits. The parents/inbred lines DMR 11 R 0144, Z 491 17 and
IAMI 85 were found good general combiner. Experimental hybrids obtained with
high specific combining ability (SCA) effect were DMR 11 R 0144/Z 491 17, Z 491
17/ IAMI – 85, IAMI 9/ IAMI – 85, IAMI 1/ Z 485 4, IAMI 1/Z 491 3 , IAMI 1/Z
491 17, CAL 1454/Z 485 4. Hybrids Z 491 17/ IAMI 85, DMR 11 R 0144 / Z 491
17 and IAMI 9/ IAMI 85 have shown 27.77%, 25.62% and 24.20% standard
heterosis respectively against best check in NK 30 in trial.
I-50 LINE X TESTER MODEL FOR EVALUATING THE COMBINING

ABILITY OF SOME NEW WHITE MAIZE INBRED LINES
Yadav N K , Thakur D K and Sinha S K

Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raj Mohini Devi Collage of Agriculture and
An experiment entitled ʻʻLine x Tester Model for Evaluating the Combining Ability
of Some New White Maize Inbred Linesʼʼ was carried out at the Research cum
Instructional farm, Ajirma, RMD CARS, Ambikapur, during rabi 2018 19 in
Randomized Block Design, involving thirty two crosses derived from eight lines and
four testers. Analysis of variance showed that mean sum of squares was highly
significant for all the characters. This means the genotypes differ significantly for
different traits and there is no or very less environmental influence on the expression
of traits. A relatively higher estimate of GCV was obtained for ear height, plant height,
grain yield and no. of kernels/row. High heritability coupled with high genetic
advance was recorded for the traits ear height, no of kernels/row, grain yield, ear
length and test weight depicts the presence of additive gene effects. Results of
combining ability revealed that the lines IAMI 14, IAMI 31 and IAMI 16 were found
good general combiner for grain yield and most of the traits. The tester CML 540 and
CML 545 were identified as a good general combiner for grain yield. The crosses
IAMI 31/ CML 540, IAMI 14/CML 540, IAMI 03/CML 545 and IAMI 16/CML
545 were registered as a desirable specific combiner for grain yield and other
important traits. Standard heterosis over Shaktiman 2 was found significant for
crosses IAMI 31/CML 540 (48.16%), IAMI 14/CML 540 (40.44%), IAMI 03/CML
545 (33.08%) and IAMI 16/CML 545 (30.75 %).
I-51 INTROGRESSION OF CRTRB1 THROUGH MARKER ASSISTED

BACKCROSS BREEDING (MABB)
135
Yadav H K 1, Gangoliya S K 2, Yathish K R 3, Kumar A 1, Preeti1, Goshal T 1,

Srivastava S 1, Kapoor U 1, Kumar S 1, Kumar R 5, Singh S B 4, Sekhar J C 3, Das
A K 5, Neelam S 3, Yadav O P 6, Mahajan V 7, Chikkappa G Karjagi and
Rakshit S 5
1
Delhi Unit Office, ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research, New Delhi
2
3
4
5
6
ICAR Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur
7
[email protected]
Maize (Zea mays L.) is grown on nearly 190 million ha in about 165 countries with
total production yielding approximately 39% of total grain production. In India maize
is third most important cereal crop after rice and wheat and accounts for around 10%
of total food grain production. Maize contributes 25 to 35 per cent of total calories of
the diets in several African, Asian and Latin American countries. Thus it is a valuable
source of food and feed worldwide. Further enhancement of nutritional value through
micronutrients like provitamin A in maize through biofortification could play an vital
role in reducing the micronutrient malnutrition, the major challenge to ensure
nutritional security in developing countries. Biofortification is the process by which
the nutrient density of food crops is increased through conventional plant
breedingand/or improved agronomic practices and/or modern biotechnology without
sacrificing any characteristic that is preferred by consumers or most importantly to
farmers. In the present study, gene encoding β carotene hydroxylase 1 (crtRB1)
alleles associated with higher β carotene concentrations was introgressed into elite
inbred line LM 17 and 19 using marker assisted backcross breeding (MABB). The
donor for crtRB1 gene was CIMMYT 5 inbred line. For foreground selection crtRB1
gene based simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were successfully used in
foreground selection. Presently introgressed lines are in BC2F2 generation. In LM17 ×
CIMMYT 5 cross, out of 90 plants, 31 plants were homozygous, 42 plants were
heterozygous while 17 plants were negative and in LM19 × CIMMYT 5 cross out of
167 plants, 54 plants were homozygous, 87 plants were heterozygous while 26 plants
were negative. The plants carrying gene of interest, were screened with SSR markers
and recovery of recurrent parent genome (RPG) in background selection ranged
between 82.40 93.70% for the LM17 × CIMMYT 5 and 84.70 91.30% for LM19 ×
CIMMYT 5. The newly developed provitamin A near siogenic lines (NILs)
developed in both the crosses are comparable with their recurrent parents for
agronomic performance for different traits like days of anthesis, ear diameter, ear
height, ear length, kernels per row and kernels rows, however the biochemical
analysis is being carried out.
I-52 HETEROTIC GROUPING OF INDIAN MAIZE INBRED LINES
Chikkappa G Karjagi, Kumar R 2, Singh S B 3, Yathish K R 4, Das A K 2,

Neelam S 4, Gangoliya S S 5, Kapoor U 1, Yadav H K 1, Srivastava S 1, Kumar A 1
and Rakshit S 2
1
136

2
3
4
5
[email protected]
The concept of heterosis and its application in the form of hybrid technology for
maize improvement has brought substantial increase in maize yield in most of major
maize growing countries in the World like USA, China, European Union and Brazil.
The maize hybrid development requires systematic characterization of the working
germplasm with respect to heterotic affinity or behaviour of their germplasm to
increase the efficiency of the breeding programme. In the present study, effort has
been made to understand the heterotic pattern among the working germplasm. During
2017 18 a set of 54 inbred lines were crossed in line × tester design to two inbred
testers namely LM13 and LM19 respectively to group the parental lines into different
heterotic groups. The resulting test crosses were evaluated in New Delhi under alpha
design with two replications during 2018 19. The results indicated that the mean yield
of testers were 4355 and 4781 kg/ha respectively and the highest testcross yield with
LM13 and LM 19 were 7798 and 9269 respectively. The mean yields of lines ranged
from 3283 and 4147 respectively. The GCA and SCA were estimated and the GCA of
lines was in the range of 501 to 363. The specific combining ability of lines with
LM13 was in the range of 1296 to 1093 whereas the SCA of lines with LM19 were
in the range of 655 to 727. The 54 inbred lines were grouped into 26 and 28 lines
with grouping affinity for LM13 and LM19 respectively.
I-53 INTROGRESSION OF LOW PHYTIC ACID TRAIT IN SELECTED

INBRED LINES OF MAIZE
Kumar A 1, Gangoliya S S 2, Yathish K R 3, Yadav H K 1, Preeti1, Goshal T 1,

Srivastava S 1, Kapoor U 1, Kumar S 1, Kumar R 5, Singh S B 4, Sekhar J C 3, Das
A K 5, Neelam S 3, Yadav O P 6, Mahajan V 7, Chikkappa G Karjagi and
Rakshit S 5
1
2
3
Winter Nursery Centre, ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research, Hyderabad,
4
5
6
7
[email protected]
Phytic acid (PA) is one of the important anti nutritional factors which affect the
bioavailability of micronutrients like iron, zinc. Maize being one of the important
food and feed crop requires serious attentions to reduce its PA; majority of total
phosphorous is stored in this form which makes it unavailable to monogastric animals.
The phosphorus thus stored in the form of PA phosphate contributes to water
pollution because it is excreted as such. PA being strong chelating agent also forms
phytate salts with cation mineral elements like iron, zinc, calcium etc., thus affects the
137
bioavailability of micronutrient mineral elements. Thus causes micronutrient mineral

deficiency in humans and phosphorous deficiency in animals. In the present study
efforts have been made to introgress gene (lpa2) determining low PA has been
transferred from low phytate mutant line lpa2 into an elite inbreds LM14 and LM17
through marker assisted backcross breeding (MABB). The BC2F2 near isogenic lines
(NILs) have been developed through introgression of lpa2 gene. Out of 118 BC2F2
plants of LM 17 × LPA2 family, 26 were homozygous positive for lpa2 gene and 65
were heterozygous; the remaining plant were negative (27 plants). Similarly, in LM
19 × LPA2 cross, out of 127 BC2F2 plants 24 were homozygous for lpa2and 70 plants
were heterozygous. The remaining plants were (33) were negative for the lpa2 gene.
The molecular marker, umc2230 was used as linked marker to select lpa2 gene.
Whereas the sequence tagged molecular markers (STMS), were chosen to select
segregants with highest genome recovery. The recurrent parent genome (RPG) varies
between 79 89 and 82 93 per cent in BC2F2 individuals derived from LM 17 × LPA2
and LM 19 × LPA2 respectively. The agronomic performance of selected NILs of
BC2F3 and the respective recurrent parents has shown that the NILs are comparable
with respective recurrent parents for days to flowering and almost all the yield
component traits like number of ear length, ear girth, kernel rows, kernels per row,
test weight etc. and also biochemical analysis for low PA is underway. The NILs
developed would be used to re constitute the original hybrids.
I-54 CONVERSION OF NORMAL INBRED LINES INTO QUALITY

PROTEIN MAIZE THROUGH MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION
Srivastava S 1, Gangoliya S S 2, Yathish K R 3, Kumar A 1, Preeti1, Goshal T 1,

Yadav H K 1, Kapoor U 1, Kumar S 1, Kumar R 5, Singh S B 4, Sekhar J C 3, Das
A K 5, Neelam N 3, Yadav O P 6, Mahajan V 7, Chikkappa G Karjagi and
Rakshit S 5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
[email protected]
Protein malnutrition is one of the challenges to ensure nutritional security of the

global poor masses especially in rural population of the developing world. Cereals
are deficient in some of essential amino acids like lysine and tryptophan. The
deficiency leads to one of the protein deficiency disorder like kwashiorkor. Therefore
the challenge is to deliver nutritious, safe and affordable food to reduce the impact of
nutritional deficiency. Quality protein maize (QPM), contain double the amount of
lysine and tryptophan as compared to normal maize is one of the intervention could
play vital role to reduce amino acid deficiency. In this context, several efforts have
been made to enhance the lysine and tryptophan levels through marker assisted
introgression of o2 gene into elite inbred lies of maize. In the present study, opaque2
gene along with phenotypic selection for kernel modification was incorporated using
marker assisted backcross breeding (MABB) program into normal inbred line i.e.
138
LM19. This is the parental line of popular single cross hybrids PMH6 in India. HKI
163 was the donor for opaque2 allele. opaque2 gene based simple sequence repeat
(SSR) markers were successfully used for introgression of opaque2 allele. BC2F2
population derived from marker identified BC2F1 individuals were subjected to
foreground selection. 86 BC2F2 plants derived from LM19 × HKI 163 cross were
screened for o2 gene linked molecular marker. The result showed that 50 plants were
heterozygous, 18 plants were homozygous while 15 plants were negative for o2 allele.
The o2 carrying homozygous plants were subjected to background selection using
sequence tagged microsatellites (STMS) to accelerate the recovery of recurrent parent
genome (RPG). The background selection has revealed that the RPG varied from 79
87 % in BC2F2 generation derived from LM19 × HKI 163 cross. The newly developed
near isogenic lines (NILs) from the hard endosperm kernels were evaluated for
desirable agronomic and biochemical traits in replicated trials and the best lines were
chosen to represent the QPM version of LM19. The agronomic performance of the
selected BC2F2 population for LM19 × HKI 163 inbreds showed comparable
performance with LM17 in days of anthesis, days of silking and yield and yield
component traits.
I-55 ESTIMATION OF HETEROSIS AND GENE ACTION FOR YIELD AND

YIELD CONTRIBUTING TRAITS IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L )
Tripathi A 1, Choudhary J R 2 and Verma S S 3

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture
1,3
and Technology, Pantnagar

2
The experiment was undertaken with ten maize inbred lines during Rabi, 2014 at N. E.
Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Pantnagr. The present investigation was carried out
with half diallel mating design involving ten parents under two different plant
densities (high plant density and optimum plant density). Experimental material
consisted of 10 parents, their 45 F1s and two checks, PSM1 and Vivek 43 were
evaluated under RBD with three replications. The analysis of variance for combining
ability over two different plant density environments (OPD and HPD) indicated that
mean sum of squares due to GCA was significant for all the characters in OPD and
HPD environments. However, the mean sum squares due to SCA was found
significant for all the characters in both the environments. The GCA effects of parents
in OPD, P1 for days to 50% tasselling, days to 50 % silking, ear height and in HPD
P2 and P8 to be best general combiner for five traits as P2 for days to 50% tasselling,
days to 50% silking, ear diameter, 100 kernel weight, grain yield and P8 for ear
diameter, no of kernel rows per ear, grain yield. The promising cross combination for
grain yield P1 X P10. For grain yield some promising crosses showing superiority
over both mid parent and better parent. Crosses, P1 X P10, P4 X P9, P4 X P10, P5 X
P7, P5 X P6, P2 X P9, P3 X P6, P3 X P8,, P4 X P10 showed high estimates of
heterosis for grain yield.
I-56 DEVELOPMENT OF BABY CORN HYBRIDS USING CMS SOURCE
Garg T , Singh G , Sandhu S K , Sharma S and Chawla J S

139
Baby corn means harvesting of maize cobs within 2 3 days of silk emergence before
pollination. But the major constrain in baby corn is to maintain the quality of the baby
corn. To ensure the quality of baby corn detasseling is needed to prevent pollination.
In order to maintain baby corn quality and reduce cost of cultivation, cytoplasmic
male sterility (cms) based baby corn hybrids are required. At PAU, conversion
programme of elite inbred lines has been initiated. Cytoplasmic male sterile line in the
background of LM 15 is used for production of baby corn hybrids. In kharif 2018, in a
trial 11 new hybrids along with 4 checks were tested. Out of the 11 hybrids, 5 hybrids
were completely male sterile, 5 hybrids were completely male fertile whereas, one
hybrid showed partial sterility. This indicted prevalence of restorer alleles in the
inbred lines which were used to develop baby corn hybrid combinations. Out of 11
male sterile hybrid JH 32434 yielded 803 kg /acre as compared to male sterile check
hybrids G 5414 and G 5417 which yielded 844 kg/acre and 825 kg/acre, respectively.
But in hybrid JH 32434 baby corn picking started 4 days earlier as compared to check
hybrids. Baby corn of hybrid JH 32434 is superior in terms of appearance as it has
pale yellow in colour, as compared to cremish checks. The sugar content in hybrid JH
32434 is more as compare to check G 5414 and comparable with G 5417.
I-57 COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS USING QUALITY PROTEIN

MAIZE INBREDS UNDER TEMPERATE CONDITIONS
Dar Z A 1, Lone A A 1, Naseer S 1, Rasool F 1, Dar S A 1, Habib M 1, Khuroo N S 1,
Ali G 1, Abidi I 1, Kumar R 2, Ahangar M A 1, Bashir S 1, Nissa S 1, Rashid Z 1
and Hakeem S A 1
1
AICRP on Maize, Srinagar
2
ICAR Indian Institiute of Maize Research, Ludhiana
The study was undertaken to estimate combining ability effects in quality protein
maize (QPM) inbreds for yield and yield attributing traits in a line × tester programme
comprising twenty four hybrids produced by crossing eight QPM lines with three
testers. Eight inbred lines (KDQPM 13, KDQPM 14, KDQPM 20, KDQPM 21,
KDQPM 49, KDQPM 50, KDQPM 58 and KDQPM 60) were crossed with three
testers (VQL1, VQL2 and VQL17) to produce twenty four F1 hybrids during
Kharif2016. Twenty four F1 crosses were evaluated in a randomized complete block
design with two replications during Kharif2017 and 2018 at Dryland (Karewa)
Agricultural Research Station. Significant genetic differences were observed for mean
squares of treatments for all traits under study. QPM line KDQPM 60 was identified
as a good general combiner for grain yield plant 1 followed by KDQPM 21 and
KDQPM 50. Also, KDQPM 60 was accompanied with significant and desirable GCA
effects for days to 50 per cent tasseling, days to 50 per cent silking, number of kernels
row 1, 100 grain weightand protein content and hence can be selected for the
development of QPM hybrids. Among the crosses, KDQPM 50 × VQL 1, KDQPM
60 × VQL 17 and KDQPM 13 × VQL 17 exhibited highly significant and desirable
SCA effects for grain yield plant 1. Therefore, these crosses may be utilized for
developing high yielding QPM hybrids.
I-58 GENETIC VARIABILITY FOR ROOT ARCHITECTURAL TRAITS IN

MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L ) INBRED LINES UNDER STRESS AND NON-
STRESS CONDITIONS
140
Islam N U 1, Ali G 2, Dar Z A 3, Rafiq S 4 and Bhat A 5

1
Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, FoA, Wadura, Sopore, SKUAST Kashmir
2
Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Shalimar, SKUAST Kashmir
3
Dryland Agriculture Research Station, Budgam, SKUAST Kashmir
4
Division of Entomology, SKUAST Jammu
5
Division of Entomology, FoA, Wadura, Sopore, SKUAST Kashmir
A well developed root system as a constitutive trait is favourable in many

environments. It enables the plant to make better use of water and minerals and is an
important component of drought tolerance at different growth stages. Genetic
variability studies in maize for root architecture are limited due to the highly
heterogeneous root architecture within and among different cultivars as a response to
a complex soil matrix. There are only few reports on the evaluation of genetic
variability in maize roots architecture and their role in nutrient and water uptake
efficiency. Constitutive differences in root traits like rooting depth play a major role
in drought resistance of crops. However, a better understanding of root functional
traits and how traits are related to whole plant strategies to increase crop productivity
under different drought conditions is needed. The aims of this study were to examine
the extent of variability in root architectural traits under drought and irrigated
conditions and to evaluate their correspondence to drought tolerance. The present
study was conducted in the greenhouse facility at the Division of Genetics and Plant
Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura, SKUAST K. In the present study thirty
maize inbreds were evaluated for various root and shoot traits under drought and
irrigated conditions. The inferences from this study revealed that water stress
throughout maize development significantly affected maize growth processes
resulting in a sharp decrease in root depth, root biomass, root volume, shoot height
and shoot biomass. However there was increase in root shoot biomass ratio under
stressed conditions. The highest percentage decrease under drought was observed for
shoot biomass (113.18) followed by root volume (62.60) and root biomass (45.15)
while as lowest percent decrease was recorded in root depth (35.64). The trait root
shoot biomass ratio had increased value under drought 247.36. Our experimental
results suggest that the root parameters like root depth and root biomass, root shoot
biomass ratio are related and are implicated with drought tolerance and can be used as
selection criterion for drought tolerance in maize.
I-59 IDENTIFICATION OF MAIZE INBRED LINES UNDER DEFICIT

MOISTURE STRESS
Lenka D , Singh B P and Swain D

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture,
Maize is mostly grown in kharif season, where it came across frequent deficit of water.
The present investigation entitled “Identification of Maize inbred lines in deficit
moisture condition” was undertaken using 35 maize inbred lines in Randomized block
design (RBD) with 2 replications under deficit moisture condition during rabi 2018
19 by withholding irrigation at reproductive stage. There was a significant difference
between genotypes of all the characters, which revealed wide range of variability.
Genotypes UMARKOTE 3, CML 411, CML 122, CML 40, CML 27, CML 336,
CML 191, CLO 2450, CAL 1415 were having significantly superior yield. High
141
heritability & high genetic advance were found for grain yield/ha, grain yield/plant,
plant height, ear height, shelling percentage, cob length and total grain/plant revealed
additive gene action. Correlation studies revealed that, grain yield/ha exhibited highly
significant positive association with cob diameter, kernels, rows/cob, cob length, 100
grain weight, plant height and ear height. Similarly for physiological character, it is
found that grain yield/ha exhibited highly significant positive association with
chlorophyll content, chlorophyll stability index, cell membrane stability index and
relative water content, but significantly negative association with leaf senescence.
Path analysis revealed that the maximum positive direct effect on grain yield/ha was
exhibited by days to 50% silking and cob length. Whereas plant height and kernel
rows per cob recorded low and negative direct effect on grain yield/ha respectively.
Similarly for physiological characters, the maximum positive direct effect on grain
yield/ha was exhibited by relative water content, chlorophyll stability index, SPAD,
but negative direct effect with leaf senescence and rolling. D2 analysis was carried out
for 16 characters, which partition the 35 genotypes into 6 clusters. Cluster I and
cluster II each retain highest number of inbreds (13 inbreds). Cluster VI is
monogenotypic cluster containing only one inbred. Maximum genetic diversity that is
highest inter cluster distance(highest D2 value) was observed between cluster I and
cluster IV indicating the inbreds included under these cluster are more divergent than
other which is desirable for any plant breeding programme.
I-60 MARKER ASSISTED INTROGRESSIONS OF O2 AND CRTRB1 GENES

FROM APQH-9 INTO LOCAL WHITE CULTIVAR
Kumar S and Kumar R

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut
[email protected]
Maize constitutes about 9% of the total volume of cereals produced and is the third
most important crop after rice and wheat. Although, normal white maize is a good
source of basic dietary requirement for human consumption, but it lacks the two
essential amino acids tryptophan, lysine and beta carotene. In developing countries,
maize based diet causing stunted growth and protein malnutrition in children. Genes
opaque2 (o2) and crtRB1 regulates the amount of lysine, tryptophan and beta
carotene, respectively. The present study was conducted in the Department of
Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, U.P. for
stacking the genes o2 and crtRB1 in a traditional maize cultivar, Local White, using
molecular markers. Local White maize cultivar (deficient for lysine, tryptophan and
beta carotene) was crossed with a maize hybrid APQH 9 in kharif season, 2017.
APQH 9 is recently released from IARI, New Delhi, having genes for opaque 2 and
beta carotene. SSR marker UMC 1066 and crtRB1 marker were used for foreground
selection of opaque-2 gene and β carotene, respectively. Heterozygous F1 plants for
UMC 1066 and crtRB1 markers were confirmed and selected. Selected F1 plants were
backcrossed with recurrent parent Local White to generate BC1F1 plants in kharif
season, 2018. BC1F1 population was planted in kharif, 2019 and DNA from the plants
at seedling stage was isolated for foreground selection. Foreground selection was
carried to select the plants having both genes either in homozygous or heterozygous
condition.The present investigation demonstrated successful introgression of the
desired opaque 2 and crtRB1 alleles from APQH 9 to local white using marker
142
assisted backcross breeding in the BC1F1 generation.This population was further

backcrossed with recurrent parent to generate BC2F1 seeds. After sufficient
generations of backcrossing, foreground and background selections followed by
selfing a new version of Local White cultivar may be developed which may be further
evaluated for yield and may be proposed for release as a new cultivar.
I-61 RECONSTITUTION OF BIOFORTIFIED MAIZE HYBRIDS

POSSESSING FAVOURABLE ALLELES OF Β-CAROTENE HYDROXYLASE,
LYCOPENE-Ε-CYCLASE AND OPAQUE2 FOR COMBINING HIGH
PROTEIN, MINERALS, TRYPTOPHAN AND PROA IN MAIZE
Sharma S 1, Singh J 1, Kaur H 2, Vikal Y 1, Gill G K 2, Kumar A 3, Sharma S 2

and Hossain F 4
1
3
Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
4
[email protected]
Traditional yellow maize though contain high kernel carotenoids, but the
concentration of provitamin A is quite low (<2µg/g) as compared to recommended
level (15µg/g). Enriching corn with vitamin A, will serve and assure the human
population feeding on maize with enriched nutrititve factor providing solution for
blindness and major diseases caused by vitamin A. Here, we report the development
of nutritionally enriched PMH1 and Buland hybrids, using marker assisted
introgression of β-carotene hydroxylase, lycopene-ε-cyclase and opaque2 favourable
alleles in elite inbred lines viz. QLM11, QLM12, QLM13 and QLM14. These inbreds
are parental lines of high yielding commercial maize hybrids in North India viz.
Buland and PMH1 respectively. For this purpose, F1, BC1F1, BC2F1, BC2F2and BC2F3
plants were developed using β carotene rich CIMMYT (HP 467 15) line as donar
parent and QLM inbred lines as the recurrent parents. The QLM inbred lines was
crossed to HP 467 15 to produce F1sand their testing for heterozygosity was done
using gene specific markers. Heterozygous plants with high recovery of the recurrent
parent genome obtained functioned as males were then backcrossed to recurrent
female parent twice to produce BC1F1 and BC2F1 in 2015 & 2016 respectively and
were subjected to foreground, background and phenotypic selection. Furthermore, the
selected heterozygous BC2F1 plants from both crosses were selfed to obtain BC2F2
plants, which were then selected for the target genes and selfed to generate the BC2F3,
BC2F4 and BC2F5 populations. The improved lines have good agronomic performance
and possessed high protein (4.40 9.76), tryptophan (0.60 3.84)and β carotene (9.21
12.44 μg/g) content. The reconstituted hybrids showed an average of 4.5 fold increase
in proA with a range of 9.25–12.88μg/g, compared to original hybrids (2.14–
2.48μg/g). Similarly, the agronomic traits viz. plant architecture, ear and grain
characteristics of improved versions of both inbreds and hybrids were observed when
evaluated with their respective original versions. Mean protein (11.76%) and
tryptophan (4.74%) of the improved hybrids were at par with the original versions
(protein: 6.43%, tryptophan: 1.89%). Improved hybrids also possessed similar grain
yield potential with their original versions evaluated at two locations. These
biofortified high yielding maize hybrids, rich in proA, tryptophan and percent protein
143
possess great potential to simultaneously alleviate Vitamin A deficiency and protein

energy malnutrition across the world.
I-62 PRODUCTION POTENTIAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF

MAIZE AND PULSE INTERCROPPING IN DIFFERENT ROW RATIOS
UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS OF NORTH- EAST INDIA
Singh S D , Nongmaithem N , Konsam J and Senjam P

Directorate of Research, Central Agricultural University, Imphal
[email protected]
A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2016 17 at upland research
farm of ICAR, Mizoram centre, Kolasib. The experiment was undertaken to evaluate
the effect of maize and pulse intercropping under different row ratios on its yields,
yield attributing characters, intercropping efficiencies and monetary return. The
results of the experiment showed the yield and yield attributing parameters of the sole
crops were higher than the yields in intercropping system. There was a trend of
decreasing maize yield with increasing row ratio in intercropping treatments, however,
the intercrops (soyabean and green gram) yield were increased with increase of row
ratios. Maize intercropping with green gram at 1:2 ratios produced the maximum land
equivalent ratio (1.471) and land equivalent coefficient (0.536) whereas
maize+soyabean in 1:2 ratio produced the highest area time equivalent ratio (1.270).
Among the competition indices, relative crowding coefficient value (11.672) was
maximum under maize+green gram in 1:1 ratio. There was positive aggressivity of
maize and negative aggressivity in soyabean and green gram. In terms of monetary
return parameters such as maize equivalent yield, system productivity, production
efficiency, net return and B:C ratio were attributed to maize+soyabean at 1:2 ratios.
I-63 EFFECT OF DETOPPING ON YIELD OF MAIZE CROP
Rajanikanth E , Manjulatha G , Sravani D , Usharani G and Vijayabhaskar A

Agricultural Research Station,
Professor Jaya Shankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Karimnagar
Now days fodder is the main constraint in particularly during rabi season. In maize
growing areas, the de topped Maize is one of the alternative sources of fodder, which
may be used as green fodder. Hence to find out the effect of detopping on Maize yield
this experiment was planned. A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural
Research Station, Karimnagar for two years during Rabi 2013 14 & 2014 15, to find
out the effect of de topping on maize yield in red sandy loam soils. The initial soil
status indicated of high available N, P, K (613.9, 62.8, 436 kg/ha respectively). The
experiment was carried out in Randomized block design in two sub experiments. First
sub experiment conducted with 7 treatments (Stages of De topping i.e T1 14 Days
after tasseling (DAT), T2 19 DAT, T3 24 DAT, T4 29 DAT, T5 34 DA7, T6
40 DAT & Control Without De topping) and with 6 treatments in second sub
experiment (Length of De topping i.e T1 The fifth node above the cob, T2 The
fourth node above the cob, T3 The third node above the cob, T4 The second node
above the cob, T5 One node above the cob & T6 Control (Without De topping).
Significantly higher grain yield and yield attributes were recorded with control (no
detopping) and it was on par with detopping (by leaving five leaves above the cob) at
144
40 days after tasseling in addition green fodder yield of 1.96 t/ha is obtained.
Detopping by leaving two, three and four leaves above the cob placement resulted in
22, 18 & 17% yield loss respectively than compared to the control.
I-64 OPTIMIZATION OF DOUBLED HAPLOID PRODUCTION USING

TROPICAL ADOPTED INDUCER LINES IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L ) UNDER
NORTHERN HIMALAYAN CONDITIONS
Kumar S 2, Guleria S K 1, Chandel U 3 and Devlash R 1

Hill Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu
1
2
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal
Pradesh Krishi Vishva Vidyalaya
3
Shivalik Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Kangra
[email protected]
Use of noble doubled haploid technology in maize (Zea mays .L) has offered
numerous advantages such as maximum genetic variances, simplified logistic,
reduced expenses and time for the development complete homozygous inbred lines.
CIMMYT’s Tropical Adopted Inducer line TAIL P1 and hybrid TAIL P1 x TAIL P2
were used for generation of haploids during kharif, 2016 and 2017 at CSK HPKV,
Hill Agricultural Research and Extension Center Bajaura. These lines used as male
were crossed with source germplasm (Public and Private hybrids, heterotic pools and
populations) to assess the haploid induction rate (HIR), the chromosome doubling rate
(both silk and pollen shedding present on the plants in the field) of haploid seeds after
treatment of different doses of colchicine of 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 percent solutions for
different duration of 8, 12and 15 hours. Data on total seed set, putative haploid seed,
selfed seed set was recorded on each crossed cobs. The R1 nj anthocyanin marker
system was found effective for haploid identification in all the hybrids, though hybrid
with HQPM 1(source germplasm) showed no kernel pigmentation which may be due
to the presence of inhibitor gene in the genotype. The results showed that haploid
induction rate (HIR) was ranged from 0.88 to 13.61 per cent in kharif, 2016 and it was
ranged from 1.34 to 12.50 per cent in kharif, 2017. On the basis of two years study
HIR was recorded to be 5.27 per cent. For optimizing the dosage of colchicine
treatment for doubling the chromosome, the highest plant survival rate (44.89 per cent)
was recorded in 0.04 per cent colchicines treatment for 8 hours duration. Haploid
seedling treated with 0.06 per cent for 8 hours and 0.04 per cent for 12 hours also
gave good results for plant survivability of 38.17 and 42.13 per cent, respectively.
Among these doses of colchicines only 0.04 percent for 12 hrs was observed as the
best dosage having maximum doubled haploid formation is 14.39 per cent. More than
fifty DH lines developed showed good adaptation, have good morphology and high
yield and most of them are highly uniform for different traits like plant height, cob
placement, silk colour ,tassel size and anther colour etc which are being utilized in our
hybrid breeding programme. In conclusion, CIMMYT inducer lines have good
adaptation for generation of doubled haploid inbred lines in Northern Himalayan
conditions.
I-65 GENETIC DIVERSITY OF QPM INBREDS USING MORPHOLOGICAL

CHARACTERS
Kumar A, Chand P , Alam T , Pramanick B , Kumar V and Kumar A
145
Dr. Rajendra Prasd Central Agricultural Univerisyt, TCA, Dholi
A study was undertaken to characterize and evaluate eighteen locally adapted

inbred lines of maize for various morphological characters to estimate the extent of
genetic diversity among these maize inbred lines using morphological
characterization. The present investigation field research work was undertaken during
kharif 2018 in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 replication having plot size
of 1.5 x 4.0 = 6 m2 at TCA Dholi farm, R.P.C.A.U,Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar.The
characters studied were Days to 75% tasseling, Days to 75% silking, Daysto 75%
brown husk, Plant height(cm), Ear height(cm), Ear length(cm), Ear girth (cm),Tassel
length (cm), Number of kernel rows per ear, Number of kernels per row and Grain
yield (Kg/ha). The morphological characterization include biometrical analysis of
genetic divergence using D2 statistic by Tocher’s method..Analysis of variance
revealed highly significant differences among the inbred lines for all the parameters.
All the 25 QPM inbred lines were grouped into 7 clusters using D2 statistics using
Tochers method. The maximum intra cluster distance was observed in cluster IV and
minimum intra cluster distance was observed in cluster III. The highest inter cluster
distance was observed in between Cluster I and VI. Genotype from these clusters may
be selected as parents for hybridization programme for developing new hybrid
combinations. Among 299 combinations, ear length ranked 1st followed by grain yield,
ear height, plant height, days to 75 % tasseling, tassel length, no. of kernels per row,
ear girth, days to 75 % silking and No. of kernel rows per ear, The maximum cluster
mean was observed in cluster III and minimum cluster mean was observed in cluster
VI. Therefore, selection of parents from different clusters might be done for desired
traits on the basis of higher cluster mean values, suggesting scope for Improvement in
these characters.
I-66 COMBINING ABILITY AND HETEROSIS FOR GRAIN YIELD AND

YIELD ATTRIBUTING TRAITS IN MAIZE THROUGH DIALLEL MATING
DESIGN
Sarojini S 2, Swain D 1 and Mishra T K 2
1
AICRP on Maize, 2Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
Combining ability and heterosis study provides necessary information for
identification of promising cross combinations which are likely to produce higher
heterotic effect for development of commercial hybrids. In the present experiment, 15
F1s produced from 6 x 6 diallel crosses without reciprocals (Griffing’s Method II,
Model 2) were evaluated along with six inbreds and four standard checks in
randomized block design with three replications during Rabi season at AICRP on
Maize, OUAT, Odisha. ANOVA for combining ability revealed significance of mean
squares due to GCA and SCA variances for grain yield and ten yield attributing
characters indicating both additive and non additive gene action in expression of these
traits. However, higher magnitude of SCA variance in comparison to GCA variance
indicated predominance of non additive gene action for these traits. CML 451 was the
best general combiner for grain yield/ plant followed by CAL 1473. CML 451 was
also best general combiner for number of kernel rows/ cob and good general combiner
for number of kernels/ row and shelling %. CAL 1473 was also best general combiner
for days to 50% pollen shedding, days to 50% silking and number of kernels/ row.
SNL 14 28 28 was found to be best general combiner for ear length. Nine crosses out
146
of 15 crosses exhibited significant and positive SCA effects. The range of

heterobeltiosis for grain yield/ plant ranged from 0.65% to 34.13% and 12 crosses
showed significant positive heterobeltiosis for this trait, while the standard heterosis
over best check hybrid, P 3522 ranged from 12.2% to 14.5% and five crosses
exhibited standard heterosis of around 10% or more. Five crosses i.e., SNL 14 28 28
× CML 451, CAL 14 13 7 x CAL 1473, CAL 1473 x CML 451, CAL 14 13 7 × SNL
14 28 28 and SNL 14 28 28 × CAL 1473 were found to be the promising for
exploiting hybrid vigour for grain yield on the basis of SCA effects, heterosis and per
se performance. The performance of these crosses is to be revalidated further for their
commercial use in future.
I-67 ANALYSIS OF DNA MOTIFS UPSTREAM OF OPAQUE2 GENE IN

MAIZE GENOME
Singh A 1, Chikkappa G Karjagi, Kaur S 3, Gaganjeet3, Chaudhary D P 1,
Kumar R 1, Naliath R 1, Das A K and Rakshit S 1
1
ICAR Indian Institute of maize Research, Ludhiana
2
3
[email protected]
Gene expression is regulated amongst other factor, by the DNA elements present
outside the Open Reading Frame that codes for protein. Opaque2 (o2) gene codes for
a transcription factor protein, responsible for determination of protein quality in maize.
A mutant version of the locus leads to higher content of two essential amino acids,
lysine and tryptophan. The agronomically improved version of opaque maize, referred
to as Quality Protein Maize, has been used for alleviating malnourishment in national
food programs of some countries. There is interest to convert elite, locally adapted
germplasm to QPM version by introgression of the opauqe2 gene. The agronomic
quality, including kernel hardness is restored by incorporation of modifier genes that
act to bring a balance between amino acid content and grain quality. We have
computationally analyzed the upstream region of opaque2 gene and found that it
contains two transcription factor binding sites. One site is present in the marker
phi112, a dominant marker that differentiates opaque maize from normal maize.
Another site is present downstream of the marker, but upstream of the start site of O2
gene. The analysis provides insight to the molecular regulation of the opaque locus
and implicates possible modifier proteins that act on the opaque locus, influencing the
overall protein quality of maize.
I-68 PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP – A SYMBIOTIC APPROACH FOR

MEETING SEED DEMAND OF PUBLIC BRED MAIZE HYBRIDS
Bhadru D , Anuradha G , Mallaiah B , Srilatha D and Reddy M L
Maize Research Center, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad
With continuous efforts of Indian institute of Maize Research and State agricultural
Universities, a total of 212 hybrids and 119 composites of maize have been released
till date with a wide range of maturity to cater to the needs of farmers in different
production ecologies of various states of India. The adoption of improved cultivars
and production technology had a synergistic effect on crop productivity and provided
encouraging results in farmers’ fields. In spite of public sector having high yielding
147
maize hybrids, there exists a large gap to spread on to larger areas in comparison to
that of private bred maize hybrids. Still, 90% of the hybrids in the market is covered
by the private sector hybrids. To increase the area under public bred maize hybrids
and to meet the seed demand of the farmers, Professor Jaya Shankar Telangana
Agricultural University (PJTSAU) has initiated memorandum of understanding (MoU)
with private seed production companies and Farmers Co operative Societies in the
year 2010 for production and marketing of two maize single cross hybrids viz., DHM
117 and DHM 121 developed at the University with a royalty of 3.0 lakhs covered for
a duration of four years. Supply of breeder seed is University’s responsibility on
payment basis. This decision was well taken by the seed companies and Govt.
organizations and many of them came forward and entered into MoU with the
University for Seed Production of above hybrids. So far 25 companies (16 for DHM
117 & 9 for DHM 121) have registered with the University since 2010. In addition to
this Public Seeds Corporations viz., National Seed Corporation and State Seed
Corporations of Telanganaandhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat and West
Bengal are involved in production of DHM 117 and DHM 121 seed to meet the
requirements of their respective states. Initially, Maize Research Centre (PJTSAU)
had supplied 50q breeder seed of parental lines to the above organizations both public
and private together. However, during last five years the supply reached to 300q of
breeder seed of parental lines. The private companies under MOU along with State
Seed Corporations of different states together produced certified seed of maize
hybrids (DHM 117 and DHM 121) and this seed was sown in an area of one lakh
hactares. With this initiative, it is expected that in future there is an ample scope for
the public bred maize hybrids to spread in larger areas thereby enhancing farmers
income as there also exists chances for their participation in seed production through
farmers co operatives.
I-69 DESIGNING PLANT ARCHITECTURE FOR HIGH DENSITY

PLANTING IN MAIZE: A STEP TOWARDS PRODUCTIVITY
ENHANCEMENT
Sarkar A , Sandhu S K and Kumar M
Maize Section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
aditi pbg @pau.edu
Achieving sustainable food security with limited arable land is a major challenge in
today’s scenario of changing climate and increasing global population. Maize plays an
increasingly vital role in global grain production. Maize, a C4 plant, has high yield
potential and is predicted to become the number one cereal in the world by 2020.
With the menace of paddy straw burning issues and hence environmental
consequences coupled with depletion of underground water, maize crop has more
strongly emerged as a candidate for crop diversification during kharif season in
Punjab but the wide gap in potential and actual productivity of maize hinders the
economic viability and consequently wider adoption by the farmers in Punjab state.
High density planting which envisages higher productivity by increased plant
population per unit area has undergone a constant evolution over the years, with the
purpose of enhancing the crop yield and has been documented as is one of the
research interventions to break the maize productivity plateau. Earlier studies in this
domain indicated that crowding stress reduced the ability of plants to use soil N
148
prominently during the post silking period. The increased incidence of lodging and
biotic stresses has also been indicated. Recently, Punjab Agricultural University
(PAU), Ludhiana has taken up designing plant architecture amenable to high density
planting. It is expected that the high density apposite inbred lines would generate high
density responsive hybrids. Understanding of the traits which makes the plant best
suited to higher plant population is of critical importance for the improvement of
maize productivity through high density planting. The identification of efficient
inbred lines, with key variants which may facilitate to cope up crowding stress viz.,
altered plant height, leaf angle and area, ear placement, ear and kernel traits and
maturity patterns, has been carried out. A germplasm stock available at PAU
comprising materials from inbred lines from CIMMYT, Mexico; NBPGR, New Delhi,
local collections; WNC, Hyderabad and inbreds from different pools being
maintained at PAU were sown in plot of 4 rows of 4m each at 60 x 20cm plant to
plant and row to row spacing, respectively in kharif, 2019. About 50 lines were
identified which harbored traits contributing towards HDP. Amongst selected lines,
PML 1049, PML 387, JCY 45, PML 368 and JCY 31 1 possessed the maximum
number of traits contributing towards suitability to HDP. These lines have been
identified with narrow, erect to semi erect leaves with leaf angle ranging from 45⁰ 60⁰,
medium high ear placement, less number of branches in tassel and stay green plant
habit. These inbred lines can be utilized in breeding program for development of
hybrids tailored for high density planting thus, contributing towards productivity
enhancement.
I-70 STUDIES ON HETEROSIS FOR GREEN EAR YIELD AND ITS

COMPONENT TRAITS IN SWEET CORN HYBRIDS
Praveena V M1 , Talekar S C2 , Kachapur R M3 and Harlapur S I3

1
Dharwad
2
AICRP on Rice, ARS, Mugad
3
AICRP on Maize, MARS, Dharwad
Maize considered as queen of cereals, is cultivated in more than 150 countries, is the
world's third most important crop after wheat and rice. Among the various speciality
corns, sweet corn is differentiated from other maize types by the presence of genes
which alters endosperm starch synthesis and results in the plant to be used as
vegetable has a very huge market potential in national and global market. Heterosis of
42 single cross hybrids of sweet corn derived from 7×7 diallel mating were evaluated
along with seven parents and three checks (Central Maize VL sweet corn 1, Madhuri
and Misti) in Randomized block design in three replications with spacing of 60 ×
20cm during Kharif 2019 at AICRP on Maize, MARS, Dharwad. The data was
collected on traits viz., days to 50% tasseling and silking, plant height(cm), ear
height(cm), ear length(cm), ear girth(cm), number of kernel rows, number of kernels
per row, green ear yield (t/ha), fresh ear yield without husk(t/ha), fodder weight (t/ha),
total soluble solids (TSS %) and Turcicum leaf blight. The direction of heterosis was
trait dependent and significant heterosis was observed for all characters studied except
for days to 50% tasseling and silking. Almost all crosses showed highly significant
and positive heterosis for ear length, ear girth, number of kernel rows and number of
kernels per row which are associated with high yields. Significant and positive
heterosis was observed in 29x26, 29x30 and 29x31 crosses over standard (Misti) and
149
next best (CMVL SC 1) checks for green ear yield. Significant and positive mid
parent and better parent heterosis was observed in 37 crosses for green ear yield.
Thirteen crosses showed highly significant and positive mid parent, better parent and
economic heterosis over two standard checks (CMVL SC 1 & Madhuri) for fresh ear
yield without husk. Thirty crosses showed highly significant and positive mid parent,
better parent and economic heterosis over one standard check (Madhuri) for green
fodder weight. For TSS, three crosses 29×27, 29×31 and 31×29 exhibited significant
and positive heterosis over mid parent, better parentand two standard checks (Central
Maize VL Sweet Corn, Madhuri) indicating the scope for improvement in TSS.
Though the cross 29×27 showed highest and positive TSS among all crosses, green
ear yield was not significant and positive heterosis. Among all new crosses, two
hybrids viz., 29×31 and 30×28 showed significant and positive heterosis for TSS,
green ear yield, fresh ear weight without husk, green fodder weight and for other traits
also indicating that these hybrids have the potential yielding ability which needs to be
tested over locations for their stable performance.
I-71 BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF MAIZE FOR STARCH

DIGESTIBLITY CHARACTERISTICS
Dhir A 1, Das A K 2, Rakshit S 2 and Chaudhary D P 2
1
2
[email protected]
Maize, queen of cereals, is the most widely consumed cereal crop after wheat and rice.
A maize kernel contains starch (75%) as the major component, which is composed of
amylose (25 30%) and amylopectin (75 70%). Dietary starches vary greatly in
digestibility. Resistant Starch (RS), a fraction that escapes the enzymatic hydrolysis,
is positively correlated to amylose content which owing to lesser number of reducing
ends, is more resistant to digestion, making RS more desirable for diabetics. This
directs the present study, which aims at screening high amylose germplasm from
eighty Quality Protein Maize lines which were analysed for starch, amylose and
amylopectin content. The germplasm is broadly characterised into low (16 21%),
medium (21 28%) and high amylose (more than 28%) lines. It was observed that 17
lines had low, 14 had high and rest had moderate amylose content. The screened high
amylose lines were enzymatically analysed for RS, RDS and SDS content. The
method deals with starch isolation using NaOH under cold conditions followed by
addition of α amylase and amyloglucosidase for starch hydrolyses. Further the aliquot
of hydrolysates taken at 20, 120 and 180 minutes were estimated for glucose content
using GOPOD reagent at 510 nm. The present study screens high amylose
nutritionally superior lines from the Indian germplasm, which can be further modified
to amylose extender lines so as to serve a potential substitute for fibrous constitutes in
diet with an additional protection from the onset of bowel diseases.
I-72 ENABLING MARKET LINKAGE OF HIGH-PROTEIN MAIZE WITH

FOOD INDUSTRY FOR DIVERSE APPLICATIONS
Kaur C , Sethi M , Kumar R , Singh A , Chaudhary D P and Rakshit S
[email protected]
150
Protein is a commercial trait in food industry. Apart from its role in human nutrition,
the presence of high protein content is beneficial for many fast moving consumer
goods (FMCGs) like bread, flakes, etc. High protein also carries philanthropic
advantage, as it is essential to prevent malnourishment in deprived parts of world and
can well be accommodated into national food policy programs. Breeding efforts for
more than over a century have resulted in a tremendous increase in maize protein in
Illinois High Protein (IHP) lines, achieving more than 30% protein content in grain. It
is imperative to utilize such germplasm for improvement of local germplasm and
deploy maize for its utilization by food industry. In order to enable market linkage,
inexpensive, easy and quick protocols are required to screen the maize grain to
differentiate the bulk procurement and obtain the high protein amongst it. We have
developed a protocol that provides a good estimate of protein content in maize
germplasm and hence, can be used for market linkage of high protein maize to food
industry. The previous methods of rapid protein differentiation and the advantages of
the present method are discussed.
I-73 STUDIES TOWARDS IMPROVING PROTEIN QUALITY ASSAY IN

QPM
Kaur C 1, Singh A , Kumar R 2, Chaudhary D P 2 and Rakshit S 2

1
2
[email protected]
Quality protein maize (QPM) is a nutritionally superior commodity having the desired
concentration of essential amino acids such as tryptophan and lysine. However, this
nutritionally superior maize could not become popular in the absence of any
remunerative price for this commodity. The similarity in kernel appearance between
QPM and normal maize thus necessitates the development of a rapid assay method to
assess the protein quality of QPM. The present study deals with optimization of
defatting time, expedition of protein hydrolysis and total protein estimation that are
the three major components of tryptophan estimation process. The results revealed
that defatting for a period of 48 hours is sufficient for QPM and opaque-2 in order to
correctly estimate the tryptophan content. The proprietary formulation developed by
IIMR is found to be quite efficient in carrying out complete protein hydrolysis at
120ºC in just 15 minutes. Further, it was concluded that Bradford method is positively
correlated to Kjeldahl method (R2= 0.81) and can efficiently be utilized for rapid
estimation of protein concentration in maize. Thus, unlike enzymatic method which
requires 2 3 days for defatting, 18 hours of incubation for protein hydrolysis and
approximately 2 3 hours for total protein estimation, the present study is effectively
useful to improve protein quality assay in maize.
151
Theme-II
Biotic and Abiotic Stress in

Maize – Impact and
Management
II-1 EFFECT OF BIO-PRODUCTS ON THE GROWTH OF

HELMINTHOSPORIUM MAYDIS / BIPOLARIS MAYDIS BY DUAL
CULTURE TECHNIQUE UNDER IN-VITRO CONDITION
Debnath S 1, Kuilya J 2 and Biswas S 3

1, 2
Department of Plant pathology, Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, West
Bengal
3
Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, West Bengal
Maize belongs to the family Poaceae, is the third most important cereal crop under
irrigated and rainfed agricultural system in semi arid and arid tropics and also known
as queen of cereals. It is very much important in world’s agriculture economy as
source of food for man & feed for animal. The yield of this crop is challenged by a
number of biotic stresses among which maydis leaf blight / southern corn leaf blight
disease caused by Helminthosporium maydis / Bipolaris maydis is very much
important specially in warm & humid maize growing areas. In India as well as in
West Bengal this disease of maize is very much important. Proper management of this
disease should be followed for minimizing the loss due to this disease attack. Cultural,
chemical and biological control measures are important ways of disease management.
Control of plant diseases by using biocontrol agents and natural / plant products is an
eco friendly & sustainable approach. Considering the hazardous effects of fungicides
and chemicals, in this experiment for the purpose of management of MLB of maize
three bio control agents and three natural products were tested against H. maydis
under in vitro condition. Two plant extracts Allium Sativum (garlic), Azadirachta
indica (neem), three bioagents Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum ,
Pseudomonas fluorescence and one natural product cow urine were tested against the
growth of Helminthosporium maydis under in vitro condition. Among the six
treatments minimum radial growth (1.13cm) & maximum growth inhibition (82.8%)
of Bipolaris maydis was found in case of application of Trichoderma harzianum
followed by Trichoderma viride (radial growth – 1.30cm & growth inhibition 80.21%)
with no significant difference among them. The growth inhibition of 35.61% was
recorded in case of Pseudomonas fluorescens respectively. Better result was obtained
when three bio control agents were applied but among the natural products better
result (radial growth 4.47cm & growth inhibition 31.96%) was obtained with
application of garlic bulb extract (10%) followed by application of neem extract
(radial growth 4.92cm & growth inhibition 25.11). Six bioproducts were evaluated
under in vitro condition against Helminthosporium maydis. The result revealed that,
bulb extract of garlic (Allium sativum) at 10 per cent concentration completely
inhibited mycelial growth of the fungus. Among the six treatments minimum radial
growth (1.13cm) & maximum growth inhibition (82.8%) of Bipolaris maydis was
found in case of application of Trichoderma harzianum followed by application of
Trichoderma viride (radial growth – 1.30 cm & growth inhibition 80.21%)and they
are statistically at par. Among the natural products better result (radial growth 4.47cm
& growth inhibition 31.96%) was obtained when garlic bulb extract (10%) was
applied.
II-2 EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT BIO-PESTICIDES AGAINST CHILO

PARTELLUS INFESTING MAIZE
Chhangani G , Mahla M K and Vyas A
152
Department of Entomology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture,

[email protected]
The experiment to evaluate the efficacy of bio pesticides against C. Partellus was
conducted at Agronomy Farm, RCA, Udaipur during Kharif 2018. The result
revealed that Spinosad @ 1 ml/3 litre was found most effective bio pesticide against
stem borer with the minimum leaf injury rating (LIR) of 2.13. However, the
application of Delfin WG @ 5 gm also proved effective in controlling stem borer with
mean LIR 2.50. The data reveal that the stem borer infestation in terms of LIR ranged
from 2.13 to 6.10 in different treatments. The highest LIR 6.10 was recorded in
application of Bb 45 isolate of Beauveria, which was found least effective in
controlling stem borer under artificial infestation.
II-3 GENETIC MAPPING FOR RED FLOUR BEETLE RESISTANCE IN

MAIZE BACKCROSS INBRED LINE POPULATION
Joshi A , Adhikari S, Sahoo S and Singh N K

Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture,
Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) is a major secondary pest of maize
products and is also known to damage the germ portion of whole maize kernels
causing yield loss, quality deterioration and at the same time reducing the germination
ability of kernels. Though insecticides have been used for its control, the development
of new insect tolerant genotypes still remains the most feasible, attractive, cost
effective and long term alternative for pest management. As resistance sources are
scarce in elite maize lines, teosinte (Zea mays ssp parviglumis) following insect
bioassay was found to be resistant and therefore used as parent in a cross with flour
beetle susceptible but superior maize inbred line DI 103 for construction of backcross
inbred line mapping population. Data on four resistance parameters namely, weight
loss, number of insect progeny emerged, kernel damage and flour produced were
collected on 141 backcross inbred lines in order to identify teosinte introgressed
maize lines resistant to flour beetle infestation, to assess the degree and direction of
association between different characters imparting flour beetle resistance and also to
find markers linked to various quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for different
resistant traits. Highly significant differences were found amongst genotypes for all
the parameters indicating substantial variability in the population for the traits
probably contributed by teosinte. On the basis of cumulative susceptibility index, 83
lines were scored to be resistant and can be utilized as donor for flour beetle
resistance in maize improvement programmes. Highly significant positive correlations
were found between all trait combinations except for correlation between weight loss
and kernel damage which was positive but non significant (0.165). A total of 18
marker linked genomic regions located on all chromosomes of maize, except
chromosome 5 and 6, were found to be significantly associated with red flour beetle
resistance. Two major QTLs were detected on chromosome 1 and 3 for kernel damage
and they explained 11.17% and 14.88% of the total phenotypic variation, respectively.
Highest number of overlapping QTLs i.e., 3 were detected for kernel damage and
flour produced. These linked markers after further validation can be used in future for
indirect selection for resistance to red flour beetle in maize and the marker associated
153
with clustered QTLs can be used for effective pyramiding of different resistant alleles
to breed for durable insect resistance in maize.
II-4 TRIFLOXYSTROBIN + TEBUCONOZOLE 75WG: A NEWER OPTION

IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TURCICUM LEAF BLIGHT OF MAIZE IN
INDIA
Mallikarjuna N , Jadesha G , Harlapur S I , Mahadev P , Raveendra H R and

Shivakumar B S
AICRP on Maize, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V.C. Farm, Mandya
[email protected]
Turcicum leaf blight of Maize is considered to be one of the most devastative disease
as its occurrence and incidence assumes greater significance resulting in reduction of
grain yield by 28 to 91 per cent. Presently Mancozeb is recommended for the
Management of the disease. But it is losing its efficacy over the years. In view of this,
field screening of new fungicides molecules against Turcuicum leaf blight was taken
up during Kharif 2017 at Zonal Agricultural Research Station,V.C. farm, Mandya,
Karnataka, India. Eight treatments were tested under natural epiphytotic condition for
Leaf blight severity. Out of 8 treatments, treatment receiving Trifloxystrobin +
Tebuconozole 75 WG@ 0.05% were recorded less TLB disease Intensity (10.3%)
when compared to control which recorded the maximum Disease
Intensity(45.0%).This was followed by the treatment receiving Tebuconozole @0.1%
which recorded TLB disease Intensity (15.6%).However, the same treatments have
recorded maximum disease control (77.1%) and (65.3%), higher grain yield (59.3
q/ha) and (49.1 q/ha) and per cent increase over control (96.7%) and (74.7%),
respectively. However, the lowest grain yield (28.1) was recorded in untreated control.
II-5 CROSS OVER INTERACTION OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L ) INBRED

LINES UNDER OPTIMAL AND DROUGHT ENVIRONMENTS
Patil N L 1, Shanthkumar2 and Biradar B D 1

1
Dharwad
2
College of Hanumanamatti, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
[email protected]
Maize (Zea mays L.) is mainly cultivated under the rainfed region in India during the
kharif season and drought has become a major limiting factor for crop production due
to unpredictable rainfall. Severe drought stress during flowering and grain filling
stage significantly reduces the grain yield. Thus, developing drought tolerant
genotypes is upmost priority of breeders in the current situation. Cross over (COI) is a
type of genotype by environment (GE) interaction were genotypes show differential
performance with changing location (management) i.e. change in the ranking of
genotypes across location (management). A breeder is interested in this type of
interaction as it determines the stability of a genotype. In the current experiment,
maize inbred lines derived from elite germplasm were evaluated under two
management condition drought and optimal at two locations Dharwad and Devihosur
for grain yield and yield related traits during summer 2019. Drought stress was
imposed by withholding irrigation after 45 days of sowing so that crop is under water
154
stress during flowering and grain filling stage. The data from the four environments
i.e. two management conditions (drought and optimal) across two locations (Dharwad
and Devihosur) was subjected to statistical analysis to understand GE interaction. The
mean grain yield per plant ranged from 6.8g to 99.6g under drought stress and 40g to
150.6g under optimal management across the locations. Variance analysis indicated
significant differences among the inbred lines for grain yield and GE interaction
accounted higher variation than genotypes as evident from the sum of squares. Thus, a
GE interaction had a significant effect on grain yield of inbred lines. Spearman rank
correlation is a simple statistical tool to detect COI. Low correlation coefficient
indicates higher degree of COI whereas high positive correlation coefficient indicates
lower COI. Rank correlation of genotypes between drought and optimal condition was
0.143 at Dharwad and 0.132 at Devihosur respectively. Similarly, the spearman rank
correlation of genotypes between Dharwad and Devihosur under optimal condition
was 0.085 and under drought stress was 0.153 again indicating high COI of inbred
lines across locations. Further, the near right angle between the environmental vectors
in the GGE biplot suggested low genetic correlation among the environments. It can
be inferred that inbred lines showed high COI across management conditions and
across locations. Best performing inbred lines under optimal conditions need not be
best lines under drought and vice versa. There exists a huge COI of inbred lines for
drought and optimal management thus, testing stability of lines should be prerequisite
for developing stable hybrids for varying environments.
II-6 BIOLOGY OF FALL ARMYWORM, SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (J E

SMITH) ON MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L )
Ahir K C , Mahla M K , Lekha, Chhangani G and Sharma K

[email protected]
The biology of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) was studied
during Kharif, 2019 under laboratory conditions (26 2oC temperature and 75 5%
relative humidity) at the Department of Entomology, Rajasthan College of
Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur. The nucleus culture of FAW was initiated with the
larvae collected from maize field, Agronomy farm, RCA, Udaipur and were
morphologically identified. These larvae were reared on artificial diet. The freshly
laid eggs from this nucleus culture were taken to study the biology of fall armyworm.
After hatching, newly emerged 40 larvae were individually reared on fresh small bits
of maize leaves, these leaves were changed daily as food. After the completion of
larval period, the pupae were transferred gently into egg laying chambers for the
emergence of the adults and the chamber were provided with 10% honey solution
soaked cotton wicks placed separately in small petri plates. The female was observed
laying eggs with the fecundity of 1082 eggs. The incubation, total larval (I to VI
instar), pupal, pre oviposition, oviposition and post oviposition period were recorded
to be from 2 3, 13 20, 8 12, 3 4, 2 3 and 4 5 days, respectively. The male and female
longevity were 7 10 and 10 12 days, respectively. The total life cycle of male and
female was observed to be 32 44 and 35 47 days, respectively.
II-7 EFFICACY OF FUNGICIDES, BIOPRODUCT ON THE INCIDENCE OF

TURCICUM LEAF BLIGHT DISEASES OF MAIZE
155
Nongmaithem N , Singh S D , Konsam J and Senjam P

Maize (Zea mays L) is the second most important crop next to rice in Manipur and it
is mostly grown under rainfed and uplands conditions. In the region, maize production
plays a significant role in ensuring food security and is used both for direct
consumption and as well as for second cycle produce in piggery and poultry farming.
Being a high humid region and the main season of maize cultivation fall in the rainy
season is exposed to several biotic and abiotic stresses. Among the biotic factor,
Diseases are one of the major constraints in realizing the potential yield of this crop. It
suffers from a number of diseases but Turcicum leaf blight (TLB) is the most
devastating leaf pathogen caused by the heterothallic ascomycete Setosphaeria
turcica and may cause by 28 to 91% grain yield loss. The present studies were
undertaken to work out the efficacy of chemicals, botanicals and bioagents for the
management of TLB both under in vitro and in vivo condition for two seasons Kharif
2018 and 2019. Two molecules (Dithane M 45 75 WP and Azoxystrobin 18.2 w/w
+Difenoconozole11.4% w/w SC), Four botanicals namely Azadirachta indica, Allium
sativum, Lantana camara and Cow urine) and one bioagents i.e. Trichoderma
asperellum were tested for their efficacy against TLB. Analysis revealed significant
effects of Azoxystrobin 18.2 w/w +Difenoconozole11.4% w/w SC at 0.10% and
Allium sativum (Garlic) bulb at 10% followed by Azadirachta indica (Neem leaves)
and Cow urine against TLB pathogen, The slow rate of disease control virtually by
the bioagents might have not shown instant effect on plant response to the yield
enhancing components. The identified sources of management can be used further in
strengthening the plant protection in maize against TLB pathogen.
II-8 IDENTIFICATION OF STRESS-RESILIENT MAIZE HYBRIDS ACROSS

SOIL MOISTURE REGIMES: DROUGHT, WATERLOGGED AND
OPTIMAL
Singamsetti A 1, Shahi J P 1, Zaidi P H 2, Seetharam K 2 and Kumar M 1

1
2
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre, Asia regional office, Hyderabad
[email protected]
Drought and excess moisture stresses are the two major abiotic stresses limiting maize
production in large part of South and South East Asiaand many other parts of the
World. Losses due to drought in lowland tropics averaged 17%and it reached up to
60% in severely drought affected regions/seasons. In India, approximately 2.4 m ha
(~ 32.4%) of total maize growing areas is prone to face drought or excess moisture
stress. Breeding for stress tolerance genotypes is among the topmost priorities for
countries like India which are more vulnerable in view of the huge population
dependence on agriculture, excessive pressure on natural resources and poor coping
mechanisms. In major parts of Asia, climate change has augmented the frequency and
intensity of extreme weather conditions such as droughts, floodsand tropical cyclones.
Drought tolerant maize is important focusing area in agriculture research to enhance
the adaptive capacity of the third most cereal crop of the world, Maize and maize
farmers to cope with the imminent threat of climate change. Stress resilient
156
technology, that gives high yields under optimal & resilience under
drought/Heat/Waterlogging/anaerobiosis and “Guaranty of minimum” under stress,
along with “claim of maximum” under optimal condition. Considering the need for
maize improvement and identification of stable hybrids across different moisture
conditions, present study was conducted. Experimental trials were conducted in alpha
lattice designs with two replications under three different moisture regimes i.e.
drought, water logging and optimal moisture conditions at two locations viz., Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi and ICRISAT Campus, Hyderabad during the growing
season rabi 2017 18 and kharif 2018. Fifty medium duration corn hybrid lines
including five checks were evaluated under seven environments with different soil
moisture condition. The stability analysis done based on grain yield per hectare data
collected from all the environments. GxE interaction, adaptability and stability
parameters of the genotypes were analyzed by additive main effect and multiplicative
interaction (AMMI) model using GEA R software version 4.1 developed by
CIMMYT. Imposing uniform and accurate intensity of stress at required crop growth
stage was taken care for phenotyping with maximum precision. Genotypes viz.,
VH131167, ZH16929, VH123021, ZH161531, VH121082, ZH17191, ZH161529 and
ZH161034 were identified as best and stable hybrids across the locations and soil
moistures stresses. This report presents the results of the study, discusses climate
change vulnerability and screening of stress tolerant maize hybrids which assure the
growing population towards food security by enhancing the stable yields.
II-9 MONITORING OF HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA POPULATION USING

PHEROMONE TRAPS IN MAIZE
Chitralekha and Singh M

Station, Karnal
[email protected]
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important grain crop of the world which is
widely cultivated all over the world in different agro climatic zones. Worldwide, it is
popularly known as “Queen of cereals” due to its wider adaptability and highest
genetic yield potential among cereal crops. Maize is a crop of high economic
significance from India’s point of view. Its production and demand is continuously
increasing at a higher rate as compared to other cereal crops. About 130 species of
insect and mite pests have been reported damaging this crop out of which only half a
dozen are of economic importance which threatens to limit the production of this crop.
Major insect pests are maize stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe), pink stem borer,
Sesamia inferens (Walker), two species of shoot fly, Atherigona nuquii Steyskal and
Atherigona soccata Rund, armyworm, Mythimna seprata (Walker) and maize cob
borer, Helicoverpa armigera which cause economic yield losses during different
seasons all over the country. The adult stage is the easiest to monitor using
pheromone traps. Pheromones are sex attractants which attract only males of various
species of insects. These types of trap are not used to control insects, but instead are
used to monitor the population of insects. The male flight activity of the most
abundant insect H. armigera, was investigated using pheromone trap in maize crop.
This study was conducted at Regional Research Station Karnal during Kharif 2017
and 2018. Four traps were installed in one acre area commencing from 30 Days after
Germination and were monitored for the adult moths at weekly interval at two
157
locations till harvest of the crop. Lures were changed after 4 weeks and the number of
trapped adults at weekly interval were counted. During Kharif 2017, H. armigera
pheromone traps were installed on third week of August. First trapping of H.
armigera adult moths was reported during second week of September (37 SMW) and
continued up to third week of October (42 SMW). Maximum moths were trapped
during first week of October (40 SMW). During Kharif 2018, first trapping of H.
armigera adult moths was during the first week of September (36 SMW), whereas
maximum moths were trapped during third week of September (38 SMW).
II-10 PROSPECTS OF GWAS IN REVEALING GENETICS OF COLD

TOLERANCE IN MAIZE
Shikha K 1, Shahi J P 1, Vinayan M T 2, Singhamsetti A 1 and Singh S 1

1
Institute of Agricultural Sciences, B.H.U, Varanasi
2
CIMMYT, ICRISAT, Patancheru, Hyderabad
[email protected]
Maize is often exposed to chilling stress during Rabi planting in tropical climates.
Chilling stress result in lessened plant growth rate, elongated leaf, extended stem,
proliferated root and elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is
regarded as complex phenomenon which induces physiological and biochemical
responses in maize at both cellular and whole organ level. Due to different
mechanisms of stress tolerance in different genotypes, the degree of chilling tolerance
varies among the genotypes. To expand maize cultivation to colder regions, one of the
breeding goal is to develop the cold tolerant genotypes of maize. Primary trait such as
grain yield is used to evaluate the degree of cold tolerance in maize under cold stress.
Some secondary traits such as the anthesis silking interval (ASI), plant height, pollen
sterility, silk balling and grain yield components which are reported high correlation
with cold tolerance and also exhibit high heritability. Therefore, these traits have been
considered for selection for cold tolerance in plant breeding to identify cold tolerant
lines and underlying functional quantitative trait loci (QTLs)/genes governing cold
tolerance. Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) provides a robust and potent
tool to retrieve the phenotypic trait back to its underlying genetics. It enable fine
mapping of QTL using diverse populations as it faces large number of historical
recombination events which result in the rapid decay of linkage disequilibrium (LD)
Maize GWAS has resulted in successful identification of thousands of susceptible loci
for common abiotic and biotic stresses complex genetic etiologies.
II-11 MONITORING OF FALL ARMYWORM SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA

(J E SMITH) THROUGH PHEROMONE TRAPS IN MAIZE
Soujanya P L 1, Sekhar J C 1, Divya S 1, Suby S B 1, Reddy M L 2, Yathish K R 1,

Sunil N 1 and Rakshit S 1
1
2
Maize Research Centre, Professor Jaya Shankar Telangana Agricultural University,
Hyderabad
Farmers in India experienced economic damage in maize due to the attack of Fall
armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) since its
invasion in May 2018. FAW, native to Americas is a generalist feeder infest several
158
crops including cereals, millets, cotton etc (Andrews 1988). The infestation of FAW
result in yield losses of 15 to 73% when 55 to 100% of maize is infested (Hruska and
Gould 1997). Seasonal air transport systems, continuous availability of hosts and
favourable climatic conditions are the possible reasons for its rapid spread throughout
India. Mis use of chemical insecticides result in development of resistance, resurgence
and harmful effects on human health and environment. Therefore, development of
ecofriendly management strategies is essential for control of FAW in a sustainable
way. Integration of pheromone trap is an effective component of IPM programme
which is helpful in monitoring pest population for early decision making and also for
mass trapping of adults. Based on moth catches, it is easy to predict the prevailing life
stages on a particular time which will direct to select the management practices
against FAW. In this context, the present investigation was undertaken to monitor the
activity of adult moths of FAW through pheromone traps during Rabi 2018 19 and
Kharif 2019 and also studied the relationship between moth catches and weather
parameters. During Rabi 2018 19, pheromone trap monitoring revealed the period of
moth activity of FAW from 48th SDW (Standard Week) to 9th SDW with a peak
during 51st SDW. The period of FAW moth activity ranged from 32nd SDW to 42nd
SDW with a peak during 38th SDW during Kharif 2019. The correlation studies
revealed that weather parameters viz., maximum temperature (r=0.2709), relative
humidity (r=0.5238) and rainfall (r=0.9271) were positively correlated whereas
negative correlation was found with minimum temperature (r = 0.4790) in relation to
moth trapping pattern. It can be concluded that pheromone trap monitoring revealed
the period of moth activity of FAW and season specific variation in the period of
moth activity is attributable to various abiotic and biotic factors. Further, increasing
temperature and relative humidity with slight rainfall favours population build up of
FAW.
II-12 ASSESSMENT OF AVOIDABLE LOSSES DUE TO MAYDIS LEAF

BLIGHT DISEASE
Chand P , Kumar A , Alam T , Pramanick B , Kumar V and Kumar A

Dr. Rajendra Prasd Central Agricultural Univerisyt, TCA, Dholi
Maize is the most versatile crop, adapted to different agro ecological and climatic
conditions. Globally, it is cultivated as one of the third most important cereal crops
widely grown in tropics, sub tropics and temperate regions. In India, maize is an
important cereal crop next to rice, wheat and sorghum and because of its high genetic
yield potential it is known as Queen of cereals. Maydis leaf blight is a serious fungal
disease of maize throughout the world where maize is grown under warm, humid
condition. The present investigation on ‘’Assessment of avoidable losses due to
Maydis leaf blight disease.’’ were undertaken to work out for the knowing of
avoidable yield loss due to Maydis leaf blight disease. A field trial was conducted for
two years during Kharif 2018 & 2019 at Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi,
Muzaffarpur and laid out the trial in a RBD design with 12 replications. The maize
inbred line CML 186 were sown in two treatment one was protected and another
unprotected. The crop was inoculated once with MLB at 30 DAS. The protected plots
were sprayed with Propiconazole @ .01% for two times at 35 and 45 DAS and non
protected plots were sprayed with plain water after inoculation of the plants with
pathogen. The result raveled that 15.28 per cent avoidable yield losses occur due to
Maydis leaf blight disease when comprised to unprotected plots.
159
II-13 POTASSIUM NITRATE IMPROVED WATER LOGGING

TOLERANCE OF MAIZE INBRED LINES BY MODULATING THEIR
PHENOLIC METABOLISM
Ayushi L1, Kaur K 1 and Gill G K 2

1
Department of Biochemistry, 2Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics,
Water logging is a serious threat to crop productivity worldwide. It results in

excessive generation of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide (O2 ), singlet
oxygen (1O2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radicals (OH.) that cause
oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. To scavenge these reactive
oxygen species, plants synthesize a number of radical scavenging molecules.
Phenolics have been known to have potent scavenging ability for free radicals due to
the presence of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in their aromatic rings which impart a
model structural chemistry for free radical scavenging activity. Additionally, the
tolerance of plants towards water logging stress has been reported to be enhanced by
the exogenous sprays of nitrogenous compounds. Foliar application of potassium
nitrate has been shown to improve tolerance of plants against various abiotic stresses.
Depending on these facts, the present investigation was carried out to study the effect
of potassium nitrate on phenolic metabolism of maize under water logging stress.
Two maize inbred lines viz., LM 11 (susceptible towards waterlogging) and I 172
(tolerant towards waterlogging) were taken for this study. The activities of guaiacol
peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and tyrosine ammonia
lyase were determined in roots and shoots of both the inbred lines at 7th and 9th day of
seedling growth stages. The contents of total phenols, flavonoids, ortho dihydroxy
phenols, lignin, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were also
determined. Our results showed that foliar spray of KNO3 increased the activities of
guaiacol peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and tyrosine
ammonia lyase in roots and shoots of I 172 and LM 11, under water logging stress.
However, the specific activities of enzymes remained manifold higher in I 172 as
compared to LM 11. The contents of phenols, flavonoids, ortho dihydroxy phenols
and lignin were also increased in both the inbred lines under water logging stress,
though the levels were higher in tolerant line as compared to the susceptible one. Thus,
application of KNO3 alleviated the effects of water logging stress by regulating the
phenolic metabolism in maize.
II-14 SCREENING OF MAIZE GENOTYPES FOR RESISTANCE TO STEM

BORER (CHILO PARTELLUS SWINHOE) UNDER TEMPERATE
CONDITIONS
Khuroo N S 1, Rasool I 1, Wani A R 1, Nisar M1 , Dar Z A 1, Lone A A 1, Sekhar,

J C2 , Suby S B 2 and M A Wani1
1
AICRP on Maize, Srinagar Centre, Shere Kashmir University of Agricultural
Sciences and Technology
2
[email protected]
The present study were undertaken to screen maize genotypes against stem borer,
160
Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) and to correlate pest infestation with physico chemical
characteristics of the plant. On the basis of leaf damage score all the twenty four
genotypes screened were categorized as highly resistant with score 1 which includes
CM 133 and CM 123; KDM 895A, KDM 381A and KDM 362B as resistant with
score 2; KDM 402 as resistant but with score 3; CM 128 and SMH 2 as moderately
resistant with score 4; SMC 3, KDM72 and C 6 as moderately resistant but with score
5; KDM 914A, KDM 962A, KDM 912 and KDM 463 as susceptible with score 6; C
15, KDM 322, KDM 1263 and KDM 916A as susceptible but with score 7; KDM
340A, KDM 347, KDM 361A and KDM 935 as highly susceptible category with
score 8 and Basi local as extremely susceptible with score of 9. Quantitative analysis
of leaf sheath of 24 maize genotypes were assayed at 45 DAS for total phenols and
extremely susceptible genotype Basi local with higher leaf damage score of 8.86
recorded low level of phenols 117.97 µg/g compared to highly resistant genotypes
CM 123 and CM 133 suffering relatively low damage 0.86 each were found to have
high total phenol content of 238.05 and 234.76 µg/g, respectively on fresh weight
basis.
II-15 INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF POST FLOWERING STALK ROT

OF MAIZE USING BIO AGENTS, FUNGICIDES AND POTASH
Mallaiah B , Bhadru D , Srilatha D , Reddy M L and Anuradha G

Maize Research Center, Professor Jayshankar Telangana State Agricultural University,
Hyderabad
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most versatile emerging crops having wider
adaptability under varied agro climatic conditions. Maize yields are always
challenged by various biotic and abiotic stresses in the world including India. Among
the biotic stresses post flowering stalk rots poses a major threat to the productivity of
maize crop during Kharif and Rabi seasons in Telangana state causing a yield losses
of 10 40%. The experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Station,
Karimnagar during 2016 and 2017 to know the best combination of fungicide, bio
agent and potash fertilizer to minimize the PFSR incidence and maximize the maize
crop yield. The results reveals that among the all treatments soil application of neem
cake@250kg/ha plus soil application of Trichoderma viride @2.5kg/ha plus
application potash fertilizer @80kg/ha plus seed treatment with Psedomonas
fluorescens @ 8g/kg seed along with foliar application of P. fluorescens @ 8g/l of
water at knee high stage was found to be the best treatment with maize grain yield of
7859kg/ha and disease incidence of 1.7% where as the crop yield was 7157 kg/ha and
disease incidence was 18.4 % in control plot. These results indicates that integration
of bio agents like T. viride, P. fluorescens,Neem cake and potash is one of the best
approach to minimize the PFSR incidence and increase the maize grain yields.
II-16 EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURE ON MAIZE SEED

GERMINATION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ANTIOXIDANT DEFENCE
SYSTEM
Mishra U 1, Gadag R N 1 and Elayaraja K 2

1
ICAR Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi
2
ICAR Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore
[email protected]
161
Among the cultivated cereals of huge prominence in feeding the world population,
maze is unique in many ways, including wide variability and flexibility in adaptation
to agroclimatic conditions. Though it is a major crop in Kharif or rainy season,
cultivation during other conditions like winter season in the Indian sub continent is
assuming increasingly greater importance due to various factors. These include the
demands of climate change, necessity of environment friendly. Soil health,
comparatively more efficient water utilization and need for crop diversification in
general. Maize seed is particularly susceptible to cold stress during germination, as
low temperature adversely affects both seed emergence and seedling health. This
experiment was performed to observe the effect of low temperature on maize seed
germination as well as antioxidant response (total antioxidants, free amino acids,
catalase and peroxidase activities) in the four maize lines. Of these, two each were
derived from Pusa composite 3 and 4, (PC 3 and PC 4), initially during Rabi season
2014 2015 in IARI field at Delhi. Germination percent ranged from 25 to 80 percent.
Which clearly indicated the adverse effect of low temperature on seed germination as
well as viability. Cold stress resulted in significantly increased levels of total
antioxidant, catalase and peroxidase. However, these increases were comparatively
high in tolerant lines compared to susceptible lines. Results showed that antioxidants
act as major defence against free radical mediated toxicity by protecting the damage
caused by free radicals. Plants with enhanced levels of antioxidants have been
reported to have greater resistance to oxidative damage. Such critical observationsand
biochemical assays would help in some understanding of the probable underlying
mechanisms. Continued selections and advancement of the generations during such
conditions would facilitate generating useful genotypes of maize, serving as
foundation for further improvement efforts. Such efforts are relevant in the context of
the factors mentioned earlier and developing maize cultivars with still more flexibility
and wider options to breeders and ultimately to the farmers.
II-17 DEVELOPMENT OF FIRST DROUGHT TOLERANT MAIZE

VARIETY (SMC-8) IN KASHMIR: A SUCCESS STORY OF AN INTER
INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH
Dar Z A 1, Lone A A 1, Naseer S 1, Gulzafar1, Dar S A 1, Alie B A 1, Sarkar B 2,

Sofi P A 1, Khuroo N S 1, Bidi I A 1, Ali G 1, Kanth R H 1, Khanorkar S M 3,
Rasool F 1 and Rakshit S 4
1
AICRP on Maize Srinagar Centre, Shere Kashmir University of Agricultural
2
ICAR Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad
3
Anand Agricultural University, Anand
4
In Kashmir Valley maize is grown as a sole crop at an altitude range of 1560 2250m
above mean sea level. Lack of potential varieties (composites & hybrids) having
genes for moisture stress tolerance is one of the major reasons for low maize
productivity in Kashmir as compared to state average yield of 1.96 tonnes. The
climate change scenario has further complicated the situation and the maize growing
period is invariably dry from the last 5 10 years. This warrants development of
drought resilient varieties to increase the adaptive capacities of poor farmers that are
inherently lacking and are highly vulnerable to climate change implications. Drought
162
tolerant varieties are the most economical approach that can help farmers to overcome
the challenges posed by risks of climatic variabilities especially frequent droughts.
Shalimar Maize Composite 8 (SMC 8) a white kernel variety developed using the
SMART CROSS STRATEGY performed exceedingly well over locations under
moisture stress conditions and was accordingly promoted for release on account of its
exceptional drought tolerance attributes. The variety represents a pilot model of
effective integration of screening modules to develop products that can be
immediately pushed into the farming systems and help the resource poor farmers to
reap the benefits of improved products across challenging ecologies.
II-18 GENETIC ANALYSIS IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L ) FOR VARIOUS

MORPHO-AGRONOMIC TRAITS UNDER TEMPERATE CONDITIONS
Dar Z A 1, Lone A A 1, Naseer S 1, Rasool F 1, Dar S A 1, Habib M 1, Khuroo N S 1,

Ali G 1, Abidi I 1, Kumar B 2, Khulbe R K 3, Bashir S 1, Nissa S 1, Rashid Z 1 and
Hakeem S A 1
1
2
3
ICAR Vivekanand Parvatiya Krishi Anunsandhan Sansthan, Almora
The present study was aimed to assess the general combining ability of parents and
specific combining ability of their crosses for yield and yield related traits. Eight
inbred lines were crossed with three testers using line × tester mating design. The
resulting twenty four crosses along with eleven parents were evaluated at two
locations during Kharif 2018 in a completely randomized block design. The parent
KDM 445A was identified as best combiner for grain yield plant 1 followed by CM
502 and KDM 347. Besides, KDM 445A was also accompanied with significant and
desirable gca for 100 grain weight, grain depth, shelling percentage, protein content,
number of kernels row 1, days to 50 per cent tasseling and days to 50 per cent silking.
Among the crosses, KDM 347 × SMC 7, KDM 445A × DMR N6 and V 351 ×
DMR N6 exhibited highly significant and desirable SCA effects for grain yield plant 1.
Therefore, these crosses can be utilized for developing high yielding hybrid varieties
in maize under temperate conditions
II-19 DEVELOPMENT OF ABIOTIC STRESS RESILIENT MAIZE

GENOTYPES UTILIZING HIGH THROUGHPUT PHENOMICS APPROACH
Dar Z A 1, Lone A A 1, Rane J S 2, Naseer S 1, Dar S A 1, Kanth R H 1, Sofi P A 1,

Khuroo N S 1, Khan J A 3, Abidi I 1, Ali G 1, Rasool F 1, Haq S A 1, Lone B A 1
and Rakshit S 4
1
AICRP on Maize Srinagar Centre, Shere Kashmir University of Agricultural
2
ICAR National Institute of Abiotic Stress management, Baramati
3
University of Agriculture Sciences, Bangalore
4
Phenomics is an emerging science aimed at non destructive methods that allow large
scale screening of genotypes, thereby complementing genomic efforts to identify
genes relevant for crop improvement under both favorable and unfavorable
163
environments. Thirty maize inbred lines from different sources (exotic and indigenous)
maintained at Dryland Agriculture Research Station (SKUAST Kashmir) were
chosen for the study. In the automated conveyer for plant transport and imaging
systems (the ICAR NIASM LemnaTecScanalyzer system for large plants), top and
side view images were taken of the VIS and NIR range of the light spectrum. The
Lemnagrid Integrated Analysis software for high throughput plant image analyses
was used for image based plant feature extraction. Image processing is divided into
two major parts: image segmentation and feature extraction. All thermal images were
obtained with a thermal imager (Vario CAM hr Inspect 575, Jenoptic, Germany). The
results introduced a dataset of 30 maize inbred lines. Images were collected daily for
11 days. Imaging started one day after shifting the pots from the greenhouse.
Different surrogates were estimated in the study such as area, plant aspect ratio,
convex hull ratio, caliper length, etc. A strong association was found between canopy
temperature and above ground biomass under stress conditions. Lines showing
promise in different surrogates should be crossed with locally adapted lines to develop
mapping populations for traits of interest related to drought resilience, in terms of
improved tissue water status and map genes/QTLs of interest.
II-20 EVALUATION OF CANOPY TEMPERATURE DEPRESSION AND

RELATIVE WATER CONTENT AS INDICATORS FOR DROUGHT
TOLERANCE IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L ) INBREDS
Islam N U 1, Ali G 2, Dar Z A 3, Rafiq S 4, Bhat A 5 and Nagoo S A

1
2
3
4
5
6
TSRI, Mirgund, SKUAST Kashmir
Drought denotes a period without appreciable precipitation, during which the soil
water content is reduced to such an extent that plants suffer from lack of water.
Drought tolerance is a complex trait involving morphological, physiological and
biochemical mechanism. Physiological changes due to moisture stress, which reflect
an adaptive mechanism in genotype, are worth measuring for relative assessment of
differences. Leaf RWC is a reliable indicator of leaf water deficit status at the time of
sampling. It is often used to examine the response of a plant to the progress of drought
stress. CTD is a direct function of evapotranspiration rate which is determined by a
number of physiological and metabolic processes. CTD becomes a suitable selection
criterion under heat stress environment. This study was conducted to determine the
effect of water stress on CTD and RWC to evaluate drought tolerance of maize
inbreds. Thirty maize inbreds were evaluated in greenhouse experiment based on
completely randomized design with three replications at two irrigation levels (well
watered and moisture stressed). Inbreds CML 470, DMR N6, CML 415 and LM 12
had cooler canopies under drought conditions. The difference between CTD under
irrigated and drought conditions was small initially (1.20) but increased progressively
at 2nd week of stress imposition (1.70) and was highest at 3rd week of stress
imposition (2.70) in all maize genotypes. CTD can be used to assess plant water status
because it represents an overall, integrated physiological response to drought and high
temperature. High CTD can be used as a selection criterion to improve tolerance to
164
drought and heat. RWC under drought conditions recorded highest value in DMR N6
followed by L 9 and V 335. The rate of RWC in plant with high resistance against
drought is higher than others. In other words, plant having higher yields under
drought stress should have high RWC. Relative water content can be said to be a good
parameter suitable to screening drought tolerant maize varieties
II-21 SCREENING FOR DROUGHT TOLERANCE OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L )

INBREDS UNDER IN-VITRO RESPONSE TO PEG
Islam N U 1, Ali G 2, Dar Z A 3, Rafiq S 4 and Bhat A 5

1
2
3
4
5
Drought is the most important abiotic stress affecting maize crop production
worldwide. Drought is defined as the mechanism causing minimum loss of yield in a
water deficit environment relative to the maximum yield in a water constraint free
management of the crop. Drought is the primary abiotic stress causing not only
differences between the mean yield and the potential yield but also causing maize
yield instability. Drought is the most pervasive limitation to the realization of yield
potential in maize. The selection of tolerant lines for drought in maize depends largely
on efficient selection criteria. To stabilize the production for year to year, emphasis
should be given to the screening and identification of genotypes under artificially
created moisture stress condition, which is pre requisite to achieve the goals of high
yield and moisture stress tolerance. PEG is a superior chemical to induce water stress.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules are inert, non ionic, virtually impermeable
chains and have been used frequently to induce water stress in crop plants. Poly
ethylene glycol (PEG) has been used often as abiotic stress inducer in many studies to
screen drought tolerant germplasm. The germplasm which has better growth under
stressed environment may have drought tolerance mechanism in it and these plants
may have capability of holding a homeostasis under stressed conditions. The
germplasm which is showing better performance can be considered as drought
tolerant. An experiment was carried out to study the effect of Polyethylene glycol
(PEG) at different levels 0% (control), 5%, 10% and 20%) on the root parameters like
primary root length, number of seminals roots , number of lateral roots and root
biomass of 30 maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds to screen them for drought tolerance. The
experiment was carried out in four replicates under factorial Complete Randomized
Design. All the root parameters had highest value under control and had significant
decline with increasing PEG concentrations (0% < 5% < 10% < 20%). The inbreds
having genetic potential to maintain the higher growth under stress conditions are
drought tolerant. The variation among maize inbreds for these traits was found to be a
reliable indicator to screen the drought tolerant genotypes at primary growth stage.
II-22 IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES OF RESISTANCE AGAINST

TURCICUM LEAF BLIGHT OF MAIZE UNDER HIGH ALTITUDE
CONDITIONS OF KASHMIR
165
Nasseer S 1, Dar Z A 1, Ahangar M A 1, Lone A A 1, Nair S 1, Rashid Z 1, Kumar

B 2, Rasool F 1, Majid S 1, Bashir S 1, Rasool Z 1, Nisa S 1, Hakeem S 1, Nagoo S 1
and Habib M 1
1
2
Tursicum Leaf blight also known as Northern Corn Leaf blight in maize is caused by
fungus Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs. It is economically the most
important disease affecting maize in the world and frequently occurs in high altitude
ecologies of Kashmir. A set of 100 germplasm lines of maize belonging to CIMMYT,
SKUAST K and IIMR Ludhiana were screened under artificial inoculation conditions
during Kharif 2017 2018. The experiment was carried out at MCRS Larnoo located at
an altitude of 2300 m amsl. Test lines were planted in 2 row plot of 3 m length with a
spacing of 60X 20 cm. The mixed inoculation of 20 day old culture of 4 isolates of
Exserohilum turcicum from Larnoo and Khudwani locations were utilised. The
genotypes viz. VL 1018641, VL 108665, VL 05614 and VL 102 showed resistance
reaction with disease grade 1 against Exserohilum turcicum whereas remaining
genotypes showed moderate resistance to susceptible reaction . The genotypes
Pahalgam Local and SMI 154 were found highly susceptible. To validate resistance,
the genotypes need further evaluation under controlled conditions against all the
available isolates of Exserohilum turcicum.
II-23 GENETIC POTENTIAL OF HILL MAIZE GERMPLASM FOR GRAIN

YIELD AND ITS COMPONENT TRAITS
Chandel U 1, Guleria S K 2 and Mankotia B S 1

Shivalik Agriculture Research and Extension Centre, Kangra
1
2
Hill Agriculture Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura
Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishva Vidyalaya
[email protected]
The development of new cultivars depends mainly on the magnitude of genetic

variability in the base material for the desired character. The knowledge of genetic
variability, heritability and genetic advance in a given crop species is of paramount
importance for the success of any plant breeding programme. With this objective, 40
maize inbreds developed from local germplasm along with three checks (LM 13, LM
14 and CM 212) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with two
replications at Experimental Farm of Shivalik Agricultural Research and Extension
Centre, Kangra during Kharif 2018. Inbreds were kept open for random mating. Data
were collected on days to anthesis and silking, anthesis silking interval, plant and ear
heights, ear length (cm), ear diameter (cm), number of rows/cob, 1000 grain weight (g)
and grain yield per plant. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences
between genotypes for all the considered traits. High magnitude of phenotypic and
genotypic coefficient of variations as well as high heritability along with high genetic
advance as percent of mean were observed for grain yield/plant, 1000 grain weight,
ear length, ear diameter, no of rows/cobs, plant and cob heights provides evidence that
these parameters were under the control of additive gene effects and effective
selection could be possible for the improvement of these characters, whereas, days to
166
anthesis, days to silking and anthesis silking interval recorded lower estimates of
heritability in broad sense and genetic advamce, indicated non additive gene action
and provides limited scope for improvement through selection. Inbreds viz., KI 3, KI
7, KI 17, KI 28, KI 29, KI 35 and KI 36 had less ASI (1 to 4 days) and recorded (>
20 %) higher yield than the best check. These selected inbreds could be effectively
used for enhancing maize yield.
II-24 PEST SUCCESSION OF MAJOR INSECT PESTS INFESTING MAIZE
Vyas A , Chhangani G and Mahla M K

Department of Entomology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharan Pratap
University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur
[email protected]
The experiment on incidence of pest succession of insect pests in Kharif, sown maize
was conducted at Agronomy Farm, RCA, Udaipur. The weekly observations after
germination revealed that major insect pests infesting maize in Udaipur region were
maize stem borer, fall armyworm (FAW), aphids, chafer beetle and termite. The peak
population of maize stem borer was found in third week of august to first week of
September; whereas, fall armyworm in second week of September. The maximum
population of aphids as well as chafer beetle were recorded: while, termite population
peaked in fourth week of September to throughout crop season.
II-25 MAIZE DISEASE SITUATION IN WESTERN MAHARASHTRA
Shinde V S 1, Dhonde S R 1, Latake S B 2 and Kute N S 2

1
AICRP on Maize, 2Pulses Improvement Project
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri
[email protected]
The survey was conducted in maize growing areas of Western Maharashtra for
recording occurrence of various diseases. During kharif 2018 19 the intensity of
diseases viz., Turcicum leaf blight, Maydis leaf blight and charcoal rot was observed
from trace to low. The incidence of false head smut [Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke)
Takahashi] disease was noticed on maize crop in Nadurbar district during October,
2018 and a perusal of literature revealed that it was the first report from Maharashtra.
The fungus infected male florets in the tassel at flowering stage and florets were
converted in large, velvety, green balls (pseudomorphs) which were more than twice
the diameter of normal florets. The ball surface was covered by powdery dark green
chlamydospores, conidia and mycelia. Microscopic observations revealed that,
conidia were round to elliptical with rough surface and 3 6 μm in diameter. During
kharif 2019 20 the diseases viz., Turcicum leaf blight, Maydis leaf blight and rust
were observed in surveyed areas of Ahmednagar, Nasik, Jalgaon and Dhule districts.
However, intensity of these diseases was traces to low.
II-26 SCREENING OF MAIZE RIL POPULATION FOR HIGH

TEMPERATURE STRESS TOLERANCE
Kaur S 1, Kumar R 2, Das A K 2, Kaur Y 2, Sharma P 3, Moghiya A 2 and Rakshit

S2
167
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agriculture University,

1
Ludhiana
2
3
School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana
Maize is mainly a kharif season crop and ideal temperature for maize cultivation is
10 33°C. Due to global warming temperature is increasing and increased temperature
is identified as one of the major threat to maize production. Keeping in mind the
emerging threat of increased temperature for maize cultivation an experiment was
conducted to screen a RIL population derived from the cross between normal maize
lines DML 1276 × DML 1343 having 143 lines of F6 stage. The material was planted
in three replications in α Lattice design at two locations i.e. Ludhiana and Delhi
during spring season, 2019. The sowing was done in 2nd week of March to expose the
population to high temperature at the time of flowering. The temperature during first
week of May (flowering time) was more than 40°C, which causes tassel blasting and
leaf firing resulting non setting of grains or cause barrenness. However some lines
namely 62, 23, 15, 46, 90, 68 and 19 recorded good grain yield at such a high
temperature and these lines are considered as heat tolerant lines whereas majority of
the lines failed to set grains or a very few grains were recorded and these lines are
considered as susceptible lines. Further, these lines will be genotyped for
identification of genomic regions responsible for heat stress tolerance so that we can
transfer the QTL’s in elite breeding lines.
II-27 DYNAMICS OF MAIZE DISEASES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

UNDER CHANGING CLIMATE SCENARIO
Harlapur S I , Salakinkop S R , Kachapur R M , Walli M C and Naidu G K

[email protected]
Maize is the one of the most important cereal crops in Karnataka and is widely grown
in various climatic conditions across the state. The occurrence and severity of diseases
and resultant losses are dependent on the prevailing agro climatic conditions and
hybrids grown in an area. The importance and magnitude of severity and loss depends
on interaction between host and pathogen under a given set of environment conditions.
Diseases of importance known at present like TLB, PFSR, common rust and polysora
rust will continue to represent problems in certain conditions. Other diseases like,
BLSB, CLS, MLB. Diplodia ear rot and Brown spot were not previously known as
limiting factors, but now identified as new challenges in maize production in
Karnataka. Diseases viz., Banded leaf and sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani f. sp.
sasakii), seedling blights (Exserohithum turcicum and Fusarium sp.) Curvularia leaf
spot (Curularia lunata) and Ear rots (Diplodia maydis. (Syn. Stenocarpella maydis),)
were predominantly prevalent in heavy rainfall with hot and humid climatic areas of
hilly and transitional zones. High foliar diseases severity may be attributed to
extensive and continuous cropping of maize and cultivation of susceptible hybrids.
The increasing trend in disease severity of maize can be attributed to late sowing (late
July to August) due to irregularity to rainy season. The crop sown during September
was subjected to severe incidence of foliar diseases. The foliar and stalk rot diseases
were more aggravated wherever the farmers have practices maize monocropping and
maize sorghum sequence. Extended periods of very dry or wet weather prior to
168
pollination followed by an abrupt change for several weeks after silking favors the
development of stalk rot fungi. High nitrogen levels combined with a low level of
potassium also responsible for increased stalk rot incidence in some places. Sowing
done a week or ten days before usual date of the break of monsoon with initial one or
two protective irrigations provides a better practice for the establishment of plants,
lowers disease severity and yield increases 15 20 per cent. Use recommended seed
rate so as to maintain optimum plant population. This is an important factor in
reducing stalk rots, lodging foliar disease and ear rots. Corp rotation should be done
on a regular basis, failure to rotate maize leads to increased losses from several
diseases including foliar disease, stalk rots (PFSR) and soil borne diseases. Maize can
be rotated with wheat, soybean, bengalgram, green gram, groundnut in a one year
rotation under irrigated and assured rainfall situations. It can be grown in rotation with
cotton and sugarcane in a two year rotation. For the management of seed rot, seedling
blight and PFSR, seed treatment with Carbendazim @ 2 g/kg seed or Thiram Flo 40
SC @ 5 ml/kg seed or Trichoderma harzianum @ 6 g/kg seed bioagent provides good
control measures. BLSB can be managed by seed treatment with biogent,
Pseudomonas fluorescence @ 10 g/kg seed followed by foliar spray with
Propiconazole @ 0.1% at 45 DAS. Foliar diseases can be effectively managed by
foliar application of Tebuconazole 250 EC @ 1 ml/1 or Azoxystrobin +
Difenconazole @ 1 ml or Propiconazole 25 EC @ 1 ml/l. Brown spot is managed by
foliar application of Benomyl @ 0.1% or Vitavax @ 0.2%. Resistant hybrids along
with chemical control measures provides effective strategy to combat the losses due to
diseases.
II-28 MANAGING ABIOTIC STRESSES: A KEY ROLE IN PRECISION

PHENOTYPING FOR CLIMATE RESILIENT MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L )
Shahi J P , Singamsetti A, Shikha K and Madankar K

Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
[email protected]
Rising demand for maize and declining productivity due to the effect of various
abiotic stresses, which are expected to increase with global climate change as
temperatures rise and alteration in rainfall distribution in key traditional production
areas of the country may leads to triple the maize imports by 2050. To overcome the
situation, developing climate resilient maize cultivars which ensure stable yields
along maximum mean yield across the environments is the primary aim of the maize
technologists. For this, taking up of managed stress experiments is mandatory. Large
scale controlled stress environments are now considered essential for further
development of stress tolerant maize lines. Imposing abiotic stresses such as drought
(water deficit), waterlogging (excessive soil moisture), heat/high temperature and
cold/chilling stress at the target stage of crop growth is the keystone factor for
precision phenotyping to evaluate the genotypes across the environments. Stress
timing, Stress intensity and Stress uniformity are the basic principles for monitoring
stress. Flowering stage in maize is the critical stage and responsible for greater yield
losses due to various abiotic stresses. Drought stress can be imposed by pausing
irrigation at 550 GDD (Growing degree days) value and resuming irrigation at 1000
GDD value in a trial with moderate to long duration corn genotypes. Besides, GDD
values, moisture stress can be managed more accurately by vapour pressure deficit or
169
VPD values (withholding irrigation between 120 and 220 VPD values) and moisture
probe data. Limiting irrigation at Knee high, Flowering and Grain filling stages under
field condition, Rain out shelter technique, SPAD meter observations and Green
Seeker Optical Sensor are also used to confirm their tolerance to drought. In excess
moisture experiments, waterlogging treatment applied at ‘Knee high stage’ (V6 V7
growth stage) continuously for seven days and then draining out of excess water must
be done from seventh day. Days to 50% anthesis, days to 50% silking, anthesis silking
interval (ASI), mortality per cent, lodging, chlorophyll content, senescence, leaf
rolling, stay green, number of nodes with brace roots and surface roots are the crucial
phenotypical traits under soil moisture stresses. Heat and cold stress strongly impair
growth and development of maize plant during tasseling, silking and grain filling
stage. A primary trait, grain yield is used to evaluate the degree of cold tolerance in
maize under cold stress. Some secondary traits such as the anthesis silking interval
(ASI), pollen sterility, silk balling and grain yield components which are reported
greater correlation with cold tolerance and also exhibit high heritability. Planting time
is important aspect in the heat and cold stress experiments which ensures that required
temperatures must coincide with the target crop growth stage to evaluate the stress
tolerant levels. Characters viz, tassel blast, senescence, leaf firing, pollen fertility,
stay green and lodging per cent are the responsible traits for greater yield loss in heat
stress experiments.
II-29 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL BASES OF RESISTANCE IN SPRING MAIZE

AGAINST SHOOT FLY, ATHERIGONA NAQVII STEYSKAL IN NORTH
INDIA
Goyal S 1, Jindal J 2 and Kaur K 3

1
Department of Entomology, 2Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics,
3
Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
[email protected]
Shoot fly, Atherigona naqvii Steyskal is a major biotic constraint to spring sown
maize in northern India. The host plant resistance is one of the most promising
alternatives to insecticides to manage this pest. In present studies, nineteen maize
inbreds selected from diverse sources were characterized for resistance traits against
shoot fly under natural infestation using moistened fish at Punjab Agricultural
University, Ludhiana during spring 2018 and 2019. The antixenosis to shoot fly for
oviposition was not observed in the test genotypes. The antibiosis and tolerance were
recognized as key mechanisms of resistance. Antibiosis was reported in terms of
significantly prolonged larval (10.17–11.18 days) and pupal (8.45–8.86 days) periods;
lower larval (55.90–58.49%) and pupal (54.92–64.89%) survival; and less larval
(3.30–3.77 mg) and pupal (3.25– 3.54 mg) weight, in resistant genotypes. Whereas,
the susceptible genotypes, SE 563 and LM 16, displayed significantly shorter larval
(8.72–9.33 days) and pupal (7.66–7.85 days) periods; higher larval (77.69–81.54%)
and pupal (69.72–71.09 %) survival; and more larval (3.91–4.04 mg) and pupal
(4.20–4.33 mg) weight. Tolerance to shoot fly, measured in terms of less proportion
of deadhearts out of shoot fly incidence (leaf injury+deadhearts), was significantly
more in resistant inbreds, SO1SHYQBBB13B, HK12 6 2 4, DMSC 28, CM 143 and
Winpop 8 (29.46–36.56%) in comparison to the susceptible genotypes SE 563 and
LM 16 (46.31–47.44%). More seedling vigor, less leaf area and thin stem were
significantly and positively correlated with resistance to shoot fly. Among
170
biochemical parameters, contents of total soluble sugars (TSS), proteins and amino
acids were higher in the susceptible inbreds and these were found associated with the
susceptibility to shoot fly. Whereas the contents of phenols and tannins; and activities
of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were higher in
resistant inbreds and had significant deleterious effects on shoot fly survival and
development. The stepwise regression revealed that the deadhearts were significantly
influenced by seedling vigour (R2= 65.2%), leaf area (R2= 7.5%) and number of
leaves per plant (R2= 2.8%). The larval period, per cent pupation, pupal weight
female, pupal weight male and adult emergence of shoot fly were significantly
influenced by PAL activity, which explained 71.5, 82.9, 47.0, 29.8 and 39.9 per cent
of their total variation, respectively. PPO activity significantly influenced the pupal
period (R2= 59.7%). Larval weight was significantly influenced by amino acids (R2=
56.9%), proteins (R2= 10.2%) and TSS (R2= 7.7%). These physico chemical
characters of the maize inbreds can be utilized as reliable markers traits to develop
shoot fly resistant maize hybrids.
II-30 FALL ARMY WARM, WEED AND BIO-ECONOMIC DYNAMICS IN

TRADITIONAL MAIZE AND LEGUMES INTERCROPPING SYSTEM
Salakinkop S R , Shridhar H S and Harlapur S I

AICRP on Maize, Main Agricultural Research Station,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
[email protected]
The present investigation encompassing traditional maize and legume intercropping

systems in various patterns conducted at Main Agricultural Research Station,
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India, revealed that the
maize equivalent yield was significantly higher in maize + blackgram (1:1) with 75
cm × 20 cm spacing (73.3 q ha 1). The higher land equivalent ratio (1.4) and area time
equivalent ratio (1.2) was recorded in maize + blackgram (1:1) with 90 cm × 20 cm
spacing. Significantly higher system productivity index was also observed in maize +
greengram (1:1) with 75 cm × 20 cm spacing (431.4). Fall army worm infestation was
higher on sole maize (5.7 %) as compared to the intercropping system. Among the
intercropping system fall army worm least infestation under maize + greengram at 1:2
row ratio in 90 cm × 20 cm spacing (1.7 %) followed by maize + greengram at 1:1
row ratio in 75 cm × 20 cm spacing (1.9 %) (Table 5). Crop diversity with legumes
reduced fall armyworm infestation and supports natural enemies (parasitoids and
predators). Similarly, sole maize recorded higher weed density (38.90 and 52.13 m 2 at
30 and 60 DAS respectively) and weed dry matter (26.57 and 42.10 g m 2 at 30 and 60
DAS respectively). Whereas, significantly lower weed density (22.83 and 35.10 m 2 at
30 DAS and 60 DAS respectively) and weed dry matter (10.43 and 14.00 g m 2 at 30
and 60 DAS respectively) observed in maize and cowpea intercropping of 1:2 row
ratio with 90 cm × 20 cm spacing (Table 4). The high suppression ability of the
cowpea could be due to early canopy cover and smoothening ability results in lower
availability of space and light leads to lower down the density of weeds and ultimately
recorded lower weeds dry weight in intercropping. Significantly higher gross, net
returns and B C ratio was recorded in 1:1 row ratio at 75 cm × 20 cm spacing of
maize + blackgram ( 1,44,516 ha 1, 88,668 ha 1 and 2.59) and it was on par with all
other intercropping systems except maize + cowpea at 1:1 and 1:2 row ratios in 90 cm
× 20 cm spacing (Table 6). The increased gross returns, net returns and B C ratio
171
were mainly due to better performance of component crops, which have higher
equivalent yield and higher market price of maize ( 1850 ha 1), greengram ( 5229
ha 1) and blackgram ( 4955 ha 1). Significantly lower gross and net returns were
recorded in sole greengram ( 55,479 ha 1 and 21,388 ha 1 respectively).The results
are corroborated with the findings of Artika et al., 2017 who reported significantly
higher gross returns ( 1,41,593 ha 1), net returns ( 1,21,719 ha 1) and B C ratio
(7.12) under clusterbean + cowpea (2:2) intercropping system. Most of the
intercropping competitive functions and bio economics were favourable under maize
+ blackgram and maize + greengram in 1:1 row ratio at 75 cm × 20 cm and hence; it
would be most advantageous sustainable maize production cropping system in South
India.
II-31 EFFICACY OF NEWER INSECTICIDES AGAINST MAIZE STEM

BORER CHILO PARTELLUS SWINHOE INFESTING MAIZE IN KHARIF
MAIZE IN SOUTHERN RAJASTHAN
Swami H , Chhangani G and Mahla M K

[email protected]
The field experiments on evaluation of efficacy of insecticides viz., Chlorantaniliprole

20 SC @ 0.3 &0.4 ml/litre, Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.1 &0.2 ml/litre, Novaluron 10
EC @ 0.75 &1.0 ml/litre and Deltamethrin 2.8 EC @ 0.4 ml/litre against Chilo
partellus was conducted under artificial infestation conditions at Rajasthan College of
Agriculture during 2015. The results revealed that the application of Flubendiamide
480 SC @ 0.2 ml/litre at 4 days after artificial infestation gave lowest LIR of 1.06
followed by Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.1 ml/litre at 4 days after artificial infestation
and were found promising for stem borer management. The Flubendiamide 480 SC at
half dosages proved most effective against the C. partellus followed by the
Chlorantaniliprole 20 SC @ 0.3 &0.4 ml/litre. The treatment application of Novaluron
10 EC @ 0.75 &1.0 ml/litre of water were next effective treatment against of C.
partellus. the application of Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.2 ml/litre resulted in higher
grain yield as compared to other treatments at harvest during 2015.
II-32 VALIDATION OF STABLE DISEASE RESISTANCE IN MAIZE

INBREDS AGAINST PERONOSCLEROSPORA SORGHI INCITANT OF
DOWNY MILDEW DISEASE
Jadesha G 1, Mallikarjuna N 1, Mahadevu P 1, Lohithaswa H C 2 and Swapna G 1

1
2
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, V.C. Farm,
Mandya
University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore
Downy mildew (DM) in maize caused by Peronosclerospora sorghi is a systemic

disease causing significant yield loss in the maize growing areas. Identification and
utilization of stable resistant sources are very crucial in resistance breeding
programme and ultimately managing the disease effectively. The study was conducted
during Kharif 2018, Rabi 2018 19 and Kharif 2019 comprises of 10 resistant inbreds
172
viz., MAI 1, MAI 2, MAI 3, MAI 7, MAI 8, MAI 10, MAI 12, MAI 13, MAI 16, MAI
20 and one susceptible composite CM 500. Experiment was conducted in randomized
block design with three replications. The study revealed that, among all ten inbreds
MAI 1, MAI 10, MAI 12, MAI 13 and MAI 20 have showed the complete resistance
with nil incidence of disease whereas susceptible check CM 500 has recorded the
incidence of 79.7 Per cent. Further MAI 2, MAI 3, MAI 7, MAI 8 and MAI 16 have
recorded the incidence of 3.9, 3.7, 4.0, 12.8and 4.1 respectively. Among all, nine
inbreds have showed the resistance (R) reaction with incidence less than 10 per cent
whereas MAI 8 has showed the moderate resistance (MR) with incidence of 12.8 per
cent.
II-33 EVALUATION OF MAIZE GENOTYPES UNDER IRRIGATED AND

HEAT STRESS ECOLOGIES
Moghiya A 1, Kumar R 1, Kaur Y , Jat S L 2 and Rakshit S 1

1
2
Maize is cultivated in diverse agro climatic conditions of the world and it is third most
important crop after rice and wheat. Genotype × environment interaction always an
important role in production of any crop and maize requires optimum temperature
(10 330C) for its growth and development. On the other side, increasing temperature
impairs growth and development of maize plant. This study was conducted to
evaluate 18 genotypes under optimum and heat stress conditions at Ludhiana in kharif
and spring, 2019 to assess their performance under differential environments. Material
was planted in two replications in RBD experimental design. For heat stress
conditions, sowing was delayed and planting was done on 15th of March to expose the
crop to high temperature during flowering stage. Temperature during the flowering
period varied between 37 450C and no significant rainfall was recorded. High
temperature causes reduction in grain setting and eventually grain yield decreases.
Some of the genotypes showed good performance under both the environments viz.
ZH 1799, ZH 17165, ZH 17153, ZH 16135 and ZH 191078 by showing least yield
reduction and stable grain yield even under stressed conditions. Whereas, some
genotypes i.e. ZH 191081, ZH 1783, ZH 16162, ZH 16418 and ZH 17123 showed
high reduction in yield. G × E interaction plays a vital role in differential expression
of genotypes. Best performing lines can further be evaluated under more diverse
ecologies over the years. The lines which were best across the environments can be
used as donors in development of hybrids for high temperature tolerance under a
suitable environment or as testers in assessing the performance.
II-34 EVALUATION OF SEED TREATMENT AGAINST CHILO PARTELLUS

INFESTING MAIZE
Mahla M K , Chhangani G , Vyas A and Singh B

Department of Entomology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture
[email protected]
The experiment to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides viz., Thiamethoxam 30 FS @

6.0 ml, 8.0 ml and 10.0 ml/kg seed, Imidacloprid 600 FS @ 4.0 ml, 6.0 ml and 8.0
173
ml/kg seed, Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 5.0 ml/kg seedand Fipronil 5 SC @ 6.0 ml/kg

seed against Chilo partellus infesting maize under artificial infestation conditions was
conducted during Kharif, 2017 at Agronomy Farm, RCA, Udaipur. The observations
were recorded at 30 days after artificial infestation in terms of leaf injury rating 1 9.
The results revealed that the LIR ranged from 3.67 5.87 in different treatments. The
lowest LIR 3.67 was recorded in treatment application of Thiamethoxam 30 FS @
10.0 ml/kg seed followed by 4.06 and 4.13 in treatment Thiamethoxam 30 FS @ 8.0
ml/kg seed and Imidacloprid 600 FS @ 8.0 ml/kg seed, respectively. The maximum
borer infestation was recorded in application of Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 5.0 ml/kg
seed, with LIR 5.87. The application of Thiamethoxam 30 FS @ 6.0 ml/kg seed,
Imidacloprid 600 FS @ 6.0 ml and 4.0 ml/kg seed and Fipronil 5 SC @ 6.0 ml/kg
seed LIR rating was 4.20, 4.60, 4.67 and 5.20 respectively. Highest LIR rating 7.13
was recorded in untreated control.
II-35 FIELD EVALUATION OF MAIZE HYBRIDS FOR RESISTANCE TO

TURCICUM LEAF BLIGHT
Devlash R and Guleria S K

Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishva Vidyalaya,
Hill Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura, Kullu
[email protected]
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important kharif cereals of Himachal Pradesh.
It is mainly used as food, feed and fodder in the state and is grown over a wide range
of agro climatic conditions. Diseases are an important constraint for maize production
in the state. The crop is affected by number of fungal diseases of which northern corn
leaf blight (NCLB) or turcicum leaf blight (TLB) caused by Exserohilum turcicum is
one of the important diseases causing severe reduction in grain yield to an extent of
28 to 91%. Turcicum leaf blight (TLB) affects the maize crop from the seedling stage
to maturity. Cultivation of resistant genotypes is the most economical and safer option
to manage this disease. Therefore, the present study involved 15 maize hybrids of
private and public sector for resistance against NCLB. Field trials were conducted
during kharif season of 2018 at CSK Himachal Agricultural University, Hill
Agricultural Research and Extension Centre, Bajaura. Maize hybrids were planted
during second fortnight of June in paired rows of 3 meter length in two replications by
adopting recommended package of practices. Plants were inoculated with pathogens
by dropping a pinch of inoculum consisting of ground powder made from infected
leaves of the previous season’s crop in the whorl in thirty five days old plants
followed by spray of water after inoculation in order to maintain high humidity. The
disease severity of maize hybrids was assessed using 1 9 disease scoring scale. Data
on disease were recorded at weekly intervals, starting from the appearance of disease
and that of yield (q/ha) at harvest. All the maize hybrids were found resistant/
moderately resistant against NCLB. Disease score of resistant hybrids varies from 2
3 with yield levels 9.0 – 11.8 t/ha. Maize hybrids Vyas Gold, HP 33 Gold, B 52 Gold,
B 52 Super, PSC3322 Gold, PG2500, PSC 4445, NMH1277 and DKC 8181 were
found promising.
II-36 CURRENT STATUS OF DISEASE RESISTANCE SOURCE OF MAIZE

IN INDIA
174
Olakh D S 1, Hooda K S 2, Bagaria P K 1, Aggarwal S K 1, Nara U 3, Mohit1,

Kumar R 1 and Rakshit S 1
1
2
ICAR National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resource, New Delhi
3
Maize is an important cereal crop after rice and wheat across the world. However this
crop is affected by many diseases like Turcicum leaf blight, Maydis Leaf Blight,
Banded Leaf and Sheath Blight, Common Rust, Charcoal Rot, Polysora Rust,
Sorghum Downy Mildew, Curvularia Leaf Spot, Bacterial Stalk Rot, Rajasthan
Downy Mildew, Fusarium Stalk Rot and Brown spot. In experimental fields, the
losses caused by these diseases have been recorded from time to time viz., TLB 13 50
%, MLB 15 46 %, BLSB up to 60 %, C Rust 18 49 %, C Rot 25 32 %, SDM up to
100 %, CLS %, BSR up to 85 %, RDM 10 60 %, FSR10 42 %, Brown spot up to 6
20 %. In this article we have reviewed the losses caused by different diseases under
artificially created epiphytotic conditions. The losses caused by these diseases are
very high and have negative impact on Indian economy. The efforts are being made
identify resistance sources and their use in breeding programmes. In India, 442 maize
cultivars have been released for cultivation at farmer fields and 103 resistant/tolerant
germplasm lines have also been registered for different diseases with NBPGR since
1964 to till date. This germplasm is available for resistance breeding programme or
further genetic studies. Hence, it is suggested that the resistance sources identified till
date might be revalidated with the help of molecular tools and the resistance
genes/genomic regions might be identified and transferred to elite germplasm.
II-37 MANAGEMENT OF IMPORTANT MAIZE DISEASES OF CENTRAL

WESTERN ZONE IN INDIA
Aggarwal S K 1, Hooda K S 2, Bagaria P K 1, Sharma S S 3, Baheti B L 3, Rathore

B S 3, Mohit1, Olakh D S 1 and Rakshit S 1
1
2
ICAR National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resource, New Delhi
3
[email protected]
Post Flowering Stalk Rot (PFSR), Curvularia Leaf Spot (CLS) and Cyst Nematode
(CN) are major threats of maize in the Central Western Zone of India particularly in
Rajasthan. A field study was conducted to evaluate the effective component to
manage these threats. A total of six and seven treatments were applied for
management of Post flowering stalk rot (PFSR) and Curvularia leaf spot (CLS)
diseases including fungicides, bio agents and botanicals respectively. In case of PFSR,
Out of six treatments, bioagent Trichoderma viride in 100 Kg FYM was found most
effective with 78.34% disease control followed by, Propiconazole @ 0.1% spray at 40
days (77.89% disease control). In case of CLS, seed treatment with fungicides
combination of Carbendazim +Mancozeb @0.25% as well as spray at 45 and 65 DAS
@ 0.2% found most effective with 70.0% disease control followed by, Alliete ST
@4g/Kg seed and FS at 45 and 60 DAS @ 0.2% (68.0% disease control).To manage
the cyst nematode, four biocontrol agent with different concentration were applied as
seed treatment. Out of these, bioagent Glomus fasciculatum 4% w/w showed
maximum reduction (51.33 %) in females/5g root and Cyst/100cc soil (49.32%)
175
followed by Metarrhizium anisopliae 4% w/w (41.59 % reduction in females/5g root

and 41.32 % reduction in Cyst/100cc) . These effective components can be validated
and used as effective management strategies of mentioned threats.
II-38 GENERATION MEAN ANALYSIS FOR INHERITANCE OF

NORTHERN CORN LEAF BLIGHT RESISTANCE IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L )
IN NORTH EASTERN HILL CONDITIONS OF INDIA
Bharali V and Sen D

School of Crop Improvement, College of Post Graduate Studies
Central Agricultural University, Umiam
Maize is an important cereal crop with high genetic variability that enables it to cope
up with climate change. By exploiting this, the biotic and abiotic factors causing
threat to maize production can be managed. The current study was undertaken to
elucidate the nature of gene action of the foliar disease Northern Corn Leaf Blight
(NCLB) caused by the hemibiotroph Setosphaeria turcica which limits maize
production globally. The plant material comprised of lines developed from different
landraces collected from North East Hill Region of India. For carrying out Generation
Mean Analysis (GMA) breeding populations comprising of F2 and backcross
generations (BC1 and BC2) were developed. Following artificial inoculation (4 x 103
conidia/ml) at knee height crop stage at average temperature of 22 25oC and relative
humidity of 80% and above, resistant components Area under Disease Progress Curve
(AUDPC) and Percent Disease Severity (DS) scores were studied for all six
generations of the crosses viz. RM16 x YS1, RM17 x YMA4 and RM7 x RT24.
Scaling test (Mather, 1949) and Joint scaling test (Cavalli, 1952) performed to
determine the presence or absence of non allelic interaction indicated inadequacy of
additive dominance model for all the three crosses. Analysis of gene effects based on
the six parameter model studies indicated that gene action was primarily population
specific. Highly significant mean effects for both resistance parameters studied
implied that NCLB inheritance was under polygenic control in all the three crosses.
The mean values of F2 generation for crosses RM17 x YMA4 and RM7 x RT24 were
intermediate of their respective backcrosses implying that the parents were highly
diverse with respect to NCLB resistance. Overall, predominance of additive variance
observed coupled with variable gene effects indicated that the resistance components
studied were fixable in nature for developing inbreds through identification of
transgressive seggregants or through family selection for heterosis breeding
programme.
II-39 APPROACHES FOR THE SELECTION OF MAIZE INBRED LINES

FOR DROUGHT TOLERANCE BREEDING PROGRAMME EMPLOYING
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES ENDORSED WITH STRESS
TOLERANCE INDICES
Vasmatkar P1, Kaur K 1 and Gill G K 2

1
Department of Biochemistry, 2Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
vasmatkar [email protected]
176
The present study was aimed at identifying drought tolerant maize inbred lines on the
basis of their physiological and yield related attributes and various stress tolerance
indices. Ten maize inbred lines were sown in the field under irrigated and drought
conditions. An evaluation of the stress tolerance indices showed that LM 13, CM 143
and CM 144 had high stress tolerance index, mean productivity, geometric mean
productivity, yield index, drought resistance index and harmonic mean. LM 15, CM
139 and CM 140 had high stress susceptibility index, tolerance index and stress
susceptibility percentage. Pearson correlation coefficient showed a negative
correlation between anthesis silking interval and yield related attributes. 3D diagram
showed that LM 13 had the highest stress tolerance index while LM 15 had the lowest
value under drought. Principal component analysis classified the inbred lines into four
groups with LM 13, LM 15 and CM 140 occupying distinct positions. Wards cluster
analysis also showed that LM 13, LM 15 and CM 140 were distantly apart from each
other. It may be concluded that LM 15 and CM 140 were drought sensitive lines while
LM 13 and CM 143 were drought tolerant lines with high yield.
II-40 FIELD EFFICACY OF SOME BIO-PESTICIDES IN MANAGEMENT

OF CHILO PARTELLUS (SWINHOE) IN MAIZE
Singh J M 1, Kumar A 1 and Chitarlekha2

1
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Rice Research Station,
Kaul
2
Station, Karnal
[email protected]
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most versatile crop with wider adaptability in varied agro
ecologies and has highest genetic yield potential among the food grain crops. In India,
maize is the most important cereal after wheat and rice. It is a multipurpose crop,
providing food and fuel for human, feed for poultry and livestock and have a great
nutritional value. Inclusion of maize in rice wheat growing areas is a useful
proposition. Therefore, it is emerging as a potential driving force for diversification.
In India, it occupies an area of 9.63 million hectares having annual production of
25.90 million metric tonnes with average productivity of 2.69 metric tonnes per
hectare (Anonymous, 2018). In Haryana, it is grown over an area of 11000 hectares
having production of 30000 tonnes with average productivity of 2.73 t/ha
(Anonymous, 2014). Maize productivity of India is 2.62 t/ha against the world
average of 5.79 t/ha. A number of factors are responsible for this low productivity, out
of which insect pests and diseases are among major constraints. In India, about 13.2
per cent economic yield losses have been reported due to insect pests attack and
disease incidence (Anonymous, 2014).Maize crop is subjected to attack by over 130
insect pests during different stages of its growth. However, only about a dozen are
quite serious (Siddiqui and Marwaha, 1993). Amongst different insect pests, maize
production is severely affected by maize stem borer, Chilo partellus to the degree of
15 60 per cent. A loss of 24 75 per cent has been reported by the attack of this pest
alone (Kumar, 2002). Management of C. partellus is indispensable for successful
cultivation of maize. Use of insecticides is not the right choice to control this pest due
to its cryptic behaviour of feeding inside the stem. Moreover, extensive use of
chemical insecticides directly increases the cost of cultivation and possesses many
health hazards. The attempts to control insects have changed over time from
177
chemicals to natural control methods. Among the various natural control methods,
bio pesticides have received considerable attention as a viable alternative to chemical
pesticides. The study was therefore, conducted to assess the bio efficacy of fungi
based bio pesticides viz. Beauveria bassiana (Bb 5a, Bb 23 and Bb 45), Metarhizium
anisopliae (Ma 35) @ 10 ml/l water, bacterial formulation, Delfin 5 WG @ 5 g/l
water, botanical neem formulation @ 5g/l water and compared with Monocrotophos
36 SL @ 1.25 ml/l water and untreated control. Studies were carried out in the
laboratory and research farm of the CCSHAU, Regional Research Stationand Karnal
during Kharif, 2016 to 2018. In all eight treatments, maize genotype (HPQM 1) was
shown in four rows of three meter row length at spacing of 75×20 cm and replicated
thrice. The plants were infested artificially. Larvae of C. partellus were collected from
infested maize plants in field at National Diary Research Institute, Karnal during
month of May to generate nucleus culture for mass rearing. Out of the four rows,
middle two rows were artificially infested with C. partellus. The plants were infested
with 10 15 black head stage eggs at 12 15 DAG in all treatments. First spray of the
bio pesticides/insecticide was done two days after the infestation and second spray 10
days after first spray. LIR (1 9 scale) was recorded 25 days after infestation on 1 9
scale as given by Sarup et el., 1978. Grain yield at harvest was recorded. Results
revealed that among different bio pesticides, Delfin 5 WG @ 5 gm/l water was found
superior to all other tested bio pesticides. Minimum leaf injury rating (3.10) was
observed minimum in Delfin 5 WG @ 5 gm/l water and it differed significantly with
Bb 5a B. bassiana, Bb 23 B. bassiana, Bb 45 B. bassiana, Ma 35 Metarhizium and
neem formulation. Maximum grain yield (55.65 Q/ha) was also observed in Delfin 5
WG @ 5 gm/l water and was found at par with Monocrotophos 36 SL @ 1.25 ml/L
water and neem formulation @ 5g/l water. Grain yield of all bio pesticides treatments
was found superior over untreated control except Beauveria bassiana Bb 5a and
Metarhizium anisopliae Ma 35 @ 10 ml/l water. Amongst the bio pesticides, Delfin 5
WG @ 5g/l water has shown promise in alleviating the infestation of maize stem
borer in maize crop.
II-41 MANAGEMENT OF FALL ARMYWORM, SPODOPTERA

FRUGIPERDA (J E SMITH) IN GRAIN AND FODDER MAIZE IN PUNJAB
Cheema H K , Jindal J , Kumar S , Aggarwal N , Chawla J S and Sharma U

Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana
[email protected]
Fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) is a destructive pest, native to

Americas. It primarily feeds on maize followed by sorghum and pearl millet. It causes
elongated papery windows on leaf lamina, ragged edged holes and in later instars,
extensive leaf damage that can limit green fodder yield as well as damage tassel and
corn ear in grain maize. Keeping this in view. Insecticides Chlorantraniliprole18.5 SC
@ 0.4 ml/litre, Emamectin benzoate 5 WG @ 0.4 g/ litre and Spinetoram 11.7 SC @
0.5 ml/litre spray were evaluated alongwith Bt formulation (Delfin) @ 2 g/litre and
untreated control in both grain and fodder maize during late kharif 2019. The trials
were conducted at farmer’s fields on grain maize at Fazilka and on fodder maize at
Kharar, Ludhiana and Jalandhar. The spray fluid of 200 litres per acre for each
chemical was used in trials. The incidence of fall armyworm was recorded in 100
fresh whorls per replication before spray, 5 and 10 days after spray (DAS). Similarly,
178
the larval counts were recorded from 10 infested plants per replication at different
observation times. The yield of grain and fodder maize was also recorded on the
marked area for different treatments. In trial on grain maize, the incidence of FAW in
fresh whorls ranged from 12.20 16.20% in various treatments before spray. Five DAS,
the incidence in insecticide spray plot was 2.20 2.60 per cent, which was
significantly better than Bt formulation spray (9.0%) and untreated control (12.2%).
Similarly trend was observed 10 DAS. The larval counts before spray varied from
1.84 2.40 per 10 infested plants. Five and ten days after spray the counts in insecticide
spray plots varied from 0.14 0.18 and 0.16 0.18 per 10 infested plants, which was
significantly better than Bt formulation spray (1.06 and 0.98) and untreated control
(1.66 and 1.28 per 10 infested plants, respectively). The incidence of FAW in fresh
whorls in fodder maize before spray varied from 9.33 – 27.00 per cent. Five days after
spray, the incidence in insecticide spray plot varied from 1.33 5.00 per cent across
the locations, which was significantly better in reducing the incidence than Bt
formulation spray (7.67 18.33%) and untreated control (12.67 23.33%). Similarly
trend was observed 10 DAS. The larval counts of FAW in fodder maize at different
locations before spray varied from 6.33 – 9.33 per 10 infested plants. Five days after
spray the counts in insecticide spray plots varied from 0.67 3.33 per 10 infested plants
across the locations, which was significantly better in reducing the larval population
than Bt formulation spray (4.33 6.33 ) and untreated control (6.33 9.67 per 10
infested plants). Similarly, 10 DAS the larval counts in insecticide spray plots was
significantly lower (0.33 1.67) than the Bt formulation spray (2.67 5.67) and
untreated control (3.00 10.33 per 10 infested plants). The pooled data on fodder maize
revealed similar trend for the incidence as well as larval counts. The grain yield was
significantly more in insecticide treated plots (46.5 46.8q/ha) in comparison to Bt
spray (41.3) and untreated control (39.7q/ha). The green fodder yield was also
significantly more in insecticide treated plots in comparison to Bt spray and untreated
control. On pooled basis, the green fodder yield was 255.78 262.88 q/ha in
insecticide treated plots as compared to 213.99 q/ha in Bt spray and 209.84 q/ha in
untreated control. Overall, the results indicated that all the three insecticides
effectively managed the fall armyworm incidence at their respective doses.
II-42 MAJOR DISEASES OF MAIZE AND THEIR PROMINENCE IN

HARYANA
Singh H , Chauhan P and Soni N

station, Uchani, Karnal
[email protected]
Maize (Zea mays L.) occupies third most important place as a food crop in the world
agricultural economy after wheat and rice. In India, the maize in grown in Karnataka,
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana and Andhra Pradesh during
kharif, rabi and spring seasons. Diversification efforts are made by the government to
increase the maize area in kharif season and to discourage the paddy wheat cropping
pattern to save underground water in Haryana. The specialty corn such as sweet corn
and baby corn also getting popularity in the NCR region. The regular disease
incidence has always been a challenge to grow healthy crop during the kharif season.
Among the various diseases, maydis leaf blight (MLB), banded leaf and sheath blight
(BLSB) and curvularia leaf spot (CLS) are reported to cause significant yield losses in
179
kharif season. The survey conducted during Kharif 2018 and 2019 indicated the
regular incidence of these diseases from traces to moderate scale in major maize
growing districts of Haryana, viz., Karnal, Kurukshetra, Sonepat, Ambala, Panchkula
and Yamunanagar. The per cent disease intensity of MLB was observed medium to
high in all the districts during 2018. Similarly, BSLB incidence was low to medium
and CLS was in traces to low. During 2019 incidence of MLB and BLSB was low to
medium in scale. Incidence of CLS was low in Karnal and Kurukshetra, whereas, in
other districts the disease was observed in traces. The survey indicated that Haryana
prevails more conducive conditions for MLB and BLSB. The regular survey and
monitoring will help to emphasis agricultural practices to combat the challenges of
crop loss due to diseases and mitigate the problem by following better package of
practices.
II-43 FINE MAPPING OF FUSARIUM STALK ROT RESISTANCE QTL

qFSR3 1 AND ITS UTILIZATION IN MAIZE BREEDING PROGRAMME
Saini S 1, Lalit1, Vikal Y 2, Chawla J S 1, Kaur H 1

1
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, 2School of Agricultural Biotechnology,
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab
[email protected]
Maize stalk rot is one of the most devasting soil borne fungal disease caused by a
number of pathogens out of which Fusarium verticillioides is most prevalent in the
northwest India. Yield losses due to Fusarium Stalk Rot (FSR) varies from 10 to 42%
and can be as high as 100% in some areas. The disease is difficult to control by
chemical methods, therefore, host plant resistance is important for controlling the
disease. Segregation analysis of 190 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) in F8 and F9
derived from a cross between LM5 (resistant parent) and CM140 (Susceptible parent)
clearly indicated quantitative mode of inheritance of the disease. Through composite
interval mapping, a novel resistance QTL on chromosome 3 of maize flanked by SSR
markers umc2118 bnlg1647 explaining 23.07 per cent of phenotypic variance was
identified, conferring resistance to FSR. Genetic distance between reported markers
associated with FSR resistance QTL was 20 cM. The objective of this study was to
fine map the earlier identified QTL to narrow down the region and investigate the
gene or genes underlying resistance to FSR. New SSR markers were designed in the
predicted region using MISA. Using newly synthesized SSR markers, the region was
narrowed down from 20 cM to 6 cM, flanked by PAUS_7 and PAUS_10. This study
also indicated that under Punjab conditions, spring season is more prone to Fusarium
verticillioides infection than kharif. Newly identified linked markers for resistance to
FSR can be further used in marker assisted selections (MAS) and the resistant lines
derived from this cross can also be used in breeding programmes to improve
resistance for Fusarium Stalk Rot.
II-44 DEVELOPMENT OF CLIMATE RESILIENT MAIZE GENOTYPES

AND GENOME-WIDE IDENTIFICATION OF MIRNA PLAYING ROLE IN
DROUGHT AND WATER LOGGING STRESS TOLERANCE
Kumar B 1*, Kumar K 1 , Singh S B 1, Gami R 2, Kumar S G3 , Sravani D4 ,
Soundhini5, Kumar S 1, Singh B K 1, Meenakshi1, Singh V 1, Choudhary M 1,
Kumar P 1, Pushpender1, Jha A 1, Chaturvedi G 1and Rakshit S 1
180

1
Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Bhiloda

2
3
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
4
5
[email protected]
In India, around 80% of maize is still cultivated in rainfed ecologies that are more
prone to abiotic and biotic stresses due to their unpredictable and highly variable
weather patterns, topography and soil conditions. Research experiments were carried
out at multiple sites (total 8) for evaluation of maize genotypes under managed
drought and water logging stresses in field conditions during kharif 2017 (using 42
hybrid), kharif 2018 (83 hybrids), and kharif 2019 (6 hybrids). The drought stress was
imposed at flowering stage however; water logging was imposed at knee height stage.
For drought stress, the irrigation was stopped completely for 17 20 days (10 days
before/7 10 days after the initiation of flowering). The water logging stress was
imposed by stagnating water in field at knee height stage continuously for 10 days.
The data was recorded on all important shoot parameters, flowering, and yield and its
components traits. Potential hybrids identified for drought tolerance were CMH 12
686, CMH 08 292, PMH5, DMRH1417, and DMRH1419 and water logging were
CMH 08 287, CMH 08 292, IMH1527, and DMRH1419. These potential hybrids
identified better during various year/seasons of testing were yielding ranges from 4.0
t/ha to 6.9 t/ha in the drought and water logging stresses, respectively. There were
sufficient and well developed aerenchyma found in the water logging tolerant hybrids
comparing to the susceptible ones. These hybrids were also validated by
demonstrating them on large plots in farmer and experimental field. Further, 130
diverse inbred lines were also evaluated for water logging and drought stresses under
glass house conditions and the suitable lines identified as water logging tolerant were
DML 221, DQL 593 4, DQL 785 1 8, CML 409, CML 40BBB and for drought
tolerance, DQL 574 2, CML 420, DML 221, VL109126, and CAL14138. The 164
new diverse inbred lines and 6 BC1F1 families have been developed from using
drought tolerant and wild relatives, respectively, as donors for normal elite inbred
lines background. NGS for miRNA was carried out in root and shoot of susceptible
and tolerant genotypes to identify key regulatory elements for the target stresses.
Total 134 known and 75 novel miRNAs in water logging and 49 known and 76 novels
in drought stress were identified as differentially expressed in roots and/or in shoot
tissues. These results may be useful for development of functional markers for abiotic
stresses breeding programme. The new genotypes developed may be utilized in
breeding climate resilient maize hybrids and identified hybrids may be recommended
for cultivation in stress prone ecologies.
II-45 IN VITRO INTERACTION STUDIES OF PLANT PATHOGENIC AND

GROWTH PROMOTING BACTERIA WITH ZINC OXIDE
NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED THROUGH VARIOUS CHEMICAL
SYNTHESIS APPROACHES
Tondey M , Kalia A and Singh A ‡

*
Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities
†
Electron Microscopy and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Soil Science,
College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
181
‡
ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research, PAU Camus, PAU, Ludhiana
Maize (Zea mays L.) is third largest cereal crop for grain production after wheat and
rice in India. However, maize growth and yield is affected by a variety of abiotic and
biotic factors. Bacterial stalk rot caused by Dickeya zeae, is responsible for substantial
losses in Kharif sown maize crop due to aggravation of the disease symptoms during
subsequent monsoon rainfall coinciding with a susceptible growth stage in maize. The
aim of the present study was to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) via
chemical precipitation and sol gel methods followed by their evaluation for
antibacterial potential against plant pathogenic Dickeya isolate (obtained from
diseased maize plant) and plant growth promoting soil rhizobacteria, Azotobacter sp.
The ZnONPs were synthesized using following reducing agents, viz., natural
polymers (starch, cellulose, potato extract), bovine serum albumin, and thiourea while
zinc acetate and zinc chloride were used as salt precursors. The synthesized ZnONPs
exhibited quasi spherical shape and their average particle size was less than 100 nm
as characterized by Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM). The UV Vis
spectroscopy of ZnONPs showed characteristic absorption peak(s) lying between 190
800 nm wavelength. The FT IR spectroscopy of the synthesized ZnONPs depicted
presence of specific functional groups. Further, the antibacterial activity of the
synthesized ZnONPs was evaluated against Dickeya sp. and Azotobacter sp. A higher
antibacterial activity was recorded against Dickeya sp. as compared to Azotobacter sp.
Therefore, these ZnONPs appeared to exhibit differential antibacterial activity against
plant pathogenic bacteria as compared to the test soil PGPR. Apart from antimicrobial
potential, the free radical scavenging or antioxidant activity of various prepared
ZnONPs as determined through DPPH radical scavenging method was observed to be
vary considerably. Among these nanoparticles, the sol gel derivative nanoparticles
showed highest free radical scavenging activity. Thus, this study accentuates the
particle size and concentration dependent variability in the antioxidant and
antibacterial properties of the synthesized ZnONPs against test phytopathogenic and
PGPR bacteria.
II-46 MANAGEMENT OF FALL ARMY WORM ON MAIZE IN THE STATE

OF TELANGANA-AN IPM STRATEGY RECOMMENDED
Reddy, M L K 1 , Omprakash, S1 , Rajinikanth, E1 , Sai Charan, M1 and

Lakshmi Soujanya P 2
1
Maize Research Centre, PJTSAU, ARI, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad
2.
Fall army worm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) (Lepidotera, Noctuidae)

is native of United States of America (Florida and Southern Texas). It is regular and
serious pest of maize (Corn) particularly sweet corn is more preferred. It was reported
in West and Central Africa in 2016 and later on it was reported in India on maize in
Shivamogga district of Karnataka in 2018 (NBAIR, Bangalore). Soon after, ICAR
NBAIR has issued pest alert in India on July 30. Its incidence was also reported from
Telangana State on Kharif maize ranged from 3 60% and 30.8% during Rabi 2018 19.
Larval samples collected across the state were identified as Spodoptera frugiperda by
ICAR NBAIR. Control measures suggested by CIMMYT and FAO for management
of Fall Army Worm in African countries (2016) was validated on pilot basis at Maize
Research Centre and communicated strategy for management of this pest in
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Telangana State on maize. Four IPM modules were tested at different locations viz.,
RARS Jagtial, ARS Karimnagar and ARS, Tornala during Rabi 2018 19. The results
revealed that, all IPM modules tested were found to be effective against Fall Army
Worm over control at all the locations. The reduction in pest infestation was ranged
from 29.7 to 63.0% and reduction in severity of damage was from 26.6 to 52.0% over
control 70% and 65% respectively. The cost benefit ratio was highest in Module 4
(2.74). i.e., seed treatment with Imidacloprid 600 FS@4 ml/kg seed followed by
Chlorantraniliprole18.5 SC @0.3ml/l at 20 DAG and or Spinetoram 11.7SC @0.5ml/l
at 30 DAG ,then Poison bait with thiodicarb 75% WP @100 g/ acre before flowering.
An IPM strategy was communicated to the Department of Agriculture for
management of Fall Army Worm during Kharif, 2019 based on the results of research
done during the year 2018 19 i.e., summer ploughing, Intercropping with redgram,
green gram, black gram or cowpea 2:1 ratio, selection of single cross hybrid, seed
treatment with Imidacloprid 600 FS or Cyantraniliprole 19.8% + Thiomethoxam
19.8% @ 4 ml per kg seed, Erection of pheromone traps @ 4/acre soon after sowing
for monitoring, Erection of bird perches @ 15/acre during early stage of the crop,
application of balanced fertilizers (NPK @80:24:20), clean cultivation upto 45 DAS,
as general or common practices to all maize farmers. Further, on observation of FAW
at First window (0 to 30 days old crop): Whorl application of Neem formulation
(Azadiractin, 1500ppm) @ 5 ml /l of water soon after observation of egg laying,
whorl application of Emamectin benzoate 5 SG 0.4 g per liter of water soon after
observation of early instar larvae (5 10% damage) and or whorl application of
Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.4 ml/l or Spinetoram 0.5 ml/l of water (damage
>20%) or Release of Telenomus remus or Trichogramma pretiosum @ 50,000/ac at
weekly intervals (soon after observation of egg masses in the field) and Whorl
application of Metarhizium @ 5 g/liter of water or Application of Sand+lime (9:1
ratio) in whorl @ 10 kg /acre. Second window, Mid whorl to late whorl stage (31 65
old crop): If necessary apply above said control methods (1st window) one or two
times for management of FAW in 2nd window or Apply poison bait in whorls for the
control of grownup larvae with thiodicarb@100 g/ac (10 kg rice bran + 2 kg jiggery +
2 3 l of water, after mixing thoroughly keep for fermentation and then mix 100 g of
thiodicarb). Third window Flowering to grain hardening stage (>65 old crop):
Insecticide management is not cost effective at this stage, Hand picking and killing of
larvae is the best option. crop losses can be minimized by taking up timely control
measures in 1st & 2nd window, as it is the venerable stage of the crop.
II-47 DEVELOPMENT OF CHARCOAL ROT OF MAIZE CAUSED BY

MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA IN RELATION TO WEATHER
VARIABLES AND WATER STRESS
Kaur H and Ahmadi K

1
Ludhiana
2
Department of Plant Pathology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
[email protected]
Macrophomina phaseolina causing charcoal rot is a major constraint in the drier

region of India and yield reduction is estimated to the tune of 63.5 percent. The effect
of five different sowing dates on disease severity of charcoal rot of five maize hybrids
during spring 2018 and 2019 revealed that crop sown on 20th January suffered
183
minimum disease severity (40.91 and 36.3 %) resulting in maximum grain yield
(74.27 and 77.89 q/ha) during spring 2018 and 2019 respectively. The plant height
and cob height was found maximum on this date. As sowing date was delayed,
severity of charcoal rot increased, thus decreasing grain yield, plant height and cob
height. Among meteorological factors, disease severity was found positively
correlated with mean temperature and negatively correlated with mean relative
humidity and total rainfall. Multiple regression equation depicting all the dependent
variables revealed that when there was increase in one unit of mean temperature the
percent disease severity increased by 6.08 percent. However, increase in one unit of
rainfall will lead to 0.42 percent decrease in disease severity. The effect of three
irrigation schedules (additional irrigation at tasseling and silking stage, local practice
and stress at tasseling and silking stage) on the development of charcoal rot showed
that application of an additional irrigation at tasseling and silking stage had least mean
disease severity (36.28%) compared to other irrigation schedules and resulted in
highest mean grain yield (72.61 q/ha). Water stress at tasseling and silking stage of
the crop aggravated the disease development. Thus it can be concluded that
inoculating the plant at most susceptible stage, delayed sowing and water stress at
flowering and tasseling stage predisposes the plant to charcoal rot during spring
season in Punjab.
II-48 PROFILING OF LOW-NITROGEN STRESS RESPONSIVE MIRNAS

IN MAIZE USING HIGH-THROUGHPUT SEQUENCING
Kumar A , Aggarwal C , Kumar K , Singh S and Yadava P

ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research, Pusa Campus, New
The post green revolution agriculture is based on generous application of nitrogen

(N) based fertilizers and high yielding genotypes. Generally, plants cannot utilize
more than 40% of the applied nitrogenous fertilizer; hence more than half of the
applied fertilizer is lost to the environment and results in environmental pollution via
acidification, eutrophication, and depletion of ozone layer by emission of greenhouse
gas. Therefore, genetic improvement in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in crops is
desirable for a sustainable and profitable agriculture. There is a need to identify key
regulatory factors playing pivotal role in acquisition, transportation and utilization of
N in plants. Among other factors, microRNA (miRNA) mediated gene regulation
plays a crucial role in controlling low N stress adaptation and tolerance in plants. In
this endeavor, the present study was undertaken to identify N stress responsive
miRNAs in maize in tropical maize using high throughput sequencing. The HKI 163
maize inbred line was grown hydroponically with sufficient nitrogen (2mM) and
without nitrogen for 21 days. Observations were recorded on all important shoot and
root physiological parameters. The root and shoot samples were deep sequenced for
miRNA study. The expression analysis revealed 23 known miRNAs (11 up & 12
down regulated) in leaf and 3 known miRNAs (1 up & 2 down regulated) in root,
which expressed differentially under N stress. We also identified 53 (20 up & 33
down regulated) and 26 (9 up & 17 down regulated) novel miRNAs in leaf and roots
respectively. The knowledge gained will help understand the important roles that
miRNAs play in maize, while responding to a nitrogen limiting environment.
184
Theme-III
Production & Quality

Improvement under Climate
Change
III-1 NON- SETTING OF GRAIN IN MAIZE IN BIHAR
Mandal S S 1, Singh S B 2, Pathak S K 3, Singh A K 4 and Bhagat R K 5

1
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur
2
Regional Maize Research & Seed Production Centre, ICAR Indian Institute of Maize
Research, Begusarai
3
Department of Agronomy, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur
4
5
Agriculture, Munger commissionaire
Maize is life line of Bihar. The state has deep soil along with plenty of water for
irrigation and favorable weather condition for the crop. It is grown all year round like
rainy, winter and summer season. The Ganges and its attributes is hub of maize
cultivation. Productivity of rabi maize in Bihar is the highest in India. There is
variable weather condition in the state. In rabi season minimum temperature falls upto
10 C in the month of January. Whereas, 10 0 C 33 0 C temperature is suitable for
vegetative growth, pollen production, fertilization and grain setting. In 2018, winter
crop was adversely affected by low temperature. For investigation of non setting of
grain in maize, a detailed survey was done during March and April, 2018. Standing
crop of Muzaffarpur, Samastipur, Begusarai, Khagaria, Munger, Bhagalpur, Katihar,
Purnea, Araia, Kishanganj, Madhepura, Saharsa and Supoul Districts were observed.
Crop was healthy, uniform and vigorous. There was no or less grain in crop sown
between mid Octobers to mid November. In these fields there were elongated silk,
less tassel branching, mitten ear, high silking anthesis interval, tassel skeletonization,
less spikelets, less pollen production, grain on tassel and bareness. Daily mean
temperature of October, November and December of the same year was 20 C high in
comparison to previous year. Up to December crop attained mean temperature
between 1200 to 1400 0C that is required for tasseling. As a result tassel emerged 7 to
10 days earlier. Daily mean temperature of January, 2018 was observed lower
(386.450C) in comparison to 2015 (455.800C), 2016 (463.750C) and 2017 (470.45 0C).
In January minimum temperature was less than 100C and cold prolonged up to 1st
week of February that affected pollen production, increased in Anthesis Silking
Interval (ASI) and resulted in less fertilization as well as grain setting. To avoid cope
of low temperature, recommendation of sowing of crop after mid November will be
encountered with westerly wind at milking stage and resulted in more water
requirement, higher cost of crop production and low yield. Although, maize cob is
enclosed within 6 19 husks where there is air spaces between husks and it is bad
conductor of heat. Therefore, cob was least affected by low temperature. Hence,
apomictic maize is seems to be option to reduce low temperature risk.
III-2 TEOSINTE ALLELIC INFLUX AS A MEASURE TO ENHANCE AND

STRENGTHEN DIVERSITY IN MAIZE
Singh N K , Adhikari S , Joshi A and Sahoo S

[email protected]
185
Being a wild grass in nature, Teosinte has contributed significantly in supporting

economy, employment, food and feed requirement of the society across the continents
through evolving maize the highest yielding cereal grain. Domestication followed by
artificial selection completely transformed teosinte into a plant architecture
morphologically widely divergent from progenitor teosinte. This happened probably
because of the selective breeding and artificial selection of few hundred of genes
responsive to favourable environmental conditions. Consequently, genetic yield
potential of maize has increased tremendously on the one hand but on the other hand
consequences of domestication and breeding bottlenecks were realized in the form of
limited genetic diversity in cultivated maize when compared with diversity in wild
relatives of maize. Recapitulation of allelic diversity, which probably lost during the
domestication and selective breeding, through teosinte genomic influx is therefore
seems to be essential to ensure sound diverse genetic base for maize improvement
programme. Considering preceding facts and prospects in mind, maize inbred line
was crossed with teosinte, the resulting F1s were backcrossed with maize followed by
four generation of selfing to generate BC1F5 population consisted of 169 lines and
were evaluated during kharif 2018. Analysis of variance revealed significant
differences for all the characters indicating diverse nature of individuals of the BC1F5
population. Days to anthesis, silking and ASI were varied from 47 68, 44 67 and ( )
4 5 days in BC1F5 whereas the same were 52.5, 54.5, 2.5 and 81.5, 78 and ( ) 3.0
days in maize and teosinte, respectively. In teosinte and maize height of the plants
were 242 and 97.4 cm whereas in BC1F5 lines, it varied from 88 229.3 cm. One to
five ears/plant were noted in BC1F5 lines whereas in maize and teosinte, the same
was 1 and 242 on average. Ear length and diameter were greatly modified and a range
of 3.16 19.16 cm and 0.81 7.16 cm, respectively were observed. Kernel rows/ear and
kernels/row were varied from 2.66 16.0 and 3.5 44.8, respectively. Similarly, for
other traits namely flag leaf length, flag leaf width, node bearing first ear, test weight
and grain yield/plant, wide range of variations was observed in BC1F5 population. In
addition, variations were also observed for anthocyanin colouration of leaf sheath,
glumes and anthers, angle between leaves and stem and tassel length. The
observations of the investigation therefore indicate diversification of maize
germplasm for different characters. Variation for male and female flowering behavior
and angle between stem and leaf are seems to be the important allelic introgression
and may help in increasing adaptability and productivity of maize. However,
introgression of some undesirable features namely loose husk requires strategic
intervention to filter out the beneficial alleles from teosinte.
III-3 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL STABLE LINES AND HYBRIDS

WITH LOW PHYTIC ACID AND HIGHER TRYPTOPHAN CONTENT IN
MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L)
Lydia P J 1, Ravikesavan R 2, John J A 3 and Vinothana N K 4

1
Center for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,
Coimbatore
2,4
Department of Millets, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore
3
Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai
Maize is an essential cereal crop that serves as a staple crop to meet the dietary and
industrial demands of around 60 per cent of the world’s population (Shah et al.2016).
It is known to be rich in essential nutrients like phosphorous, magnesium, calcium,
186
manganese, iron, zinc, calcium and selenium. Although it comprises the needed daily
requirements of the protein and micronutrients, there was a constraint in its
bioavailability due to the presence of phytic acid and the lack of tryptophan. Maize is
a predominant feed in the poultry sector and the absence of tryptophan reduces its
protein efficiency and phytic acid hinders the micronutrient absorption by its
chelation (Vasal,2000 and Raboy et al.2001). Considering the fact to improve both
these nutritional factors, an experiment involving forty inbreds, were screened across
three locations with twenty morphological and four biochemical traits viz., phytic acid,
starch, free inorganic phosphorous and tryptophan. Results of AMMI and GGE biplot
revealed, four inbreds viz., UMI 467, UMI 447, LPA 2 395 and LPA 2 285 with
stable lower phytic acid content (2.51 3.47 mg/g) and higher free inorganic
phosphorous. Following these inbreds, UMI 158, UMI 1099 and UMI 113 were
moderately stable with medium phytic acid levels. Six lines, DMR QPM 04 05,
DMR QPM 01 06 02, DMR QPM 03 72, DMR QPM 06 12, DMR QPM 09 13 1
and DMR QPM 11 17 had a higher tryptophan content (0.06 0.09%) across locations.
There were perturbations observed in the yield and starch content of the identified lpa
inbreds, whereas the tryptophan lines were found to be high yielding (Lorenz et
al.2007 and Naidoo et al.2012,). These identified stable donors for low phytic acid
and higher tryptophan were further incorporated in a hybrid development program
along with three elite ruling inbreds viz., UMI 1200, UMI 1201 and UMI 1205 from
the Department of Millets, TNAU. The higher tryptophan and elite inbreds were used
as females with stable lpa donors as male and hybridization was carried out in a line x
tester fashion. The seventy two hybrids obtained were yet again screened across three
locations with two hybrid checks viz., CO 6 and CO H(M) 8 for identifying superior
stable lpa hybrid with higher tryptophan. Considering the general combining ability,
UMI 1200 and UMI 1205 possessed a good gca for yield and yield contributing traits
across locations. The testers, LPA 2 285, LPA 2 395 and UMI 447 favored the
reduction in phytic acid content with a significant negative gca for phytic acid. The
inbreds DMR QPM 04 05 and DMR QPM 01 06 02 lines had exhibited a positive
gca for tryptophan content across locations. The standard heterosis for phytic acid in
comparison to the elite check was observed to be significantly negative for all the
hybrids obtained and none of the hybrids surpassed the yield levels of standard checks
across locations. This presented influence of reduction in phytic acid in all the
resultant hybrids (Raboy et al.2001). By AMMI and GGE biplot, UMI 1200 x UMI
467, UMI 1200 x LPA 2 285 and DMR QPM 11 17 x LPA 2 285 were high yielding
with stable low phytic acid and DMR QPM 09 13 1 x UMI 1099, UMI 1200 x UMI
467 and UMI 1205 x UMI 467 were stable for their yield. The hybrid UMI 1200 x
UMI 467 possessed a favorable reduced phytic acid (4.92mg/g) with higher
tryptophan (0.07%) content across locations and this hybrid could be studied further
to be released as an elite hybrid for its traits of industrial quality.
III-4 EFFECT OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY ON PRODUCTIVITY OF

MAIZE IN MAHARASHTRA
Sutar M W 1, Karad S R 2 and Khot G G 3

Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Sub montane Zone, Shenda Park, Kolhapur
Maize is grown throughout the year i.e. Kharif, Rabi and summer season in India.
Maize is the third most important cereal crop in India after rice and wheat. It
accounts for 9 per cent of total food grain production in the country. Maize
187
production in India has grown at a CAGR of 5.5 per cent over the last ten years
from 14 MnMT in 2004 05 to 23 MnMT in 2013 14. During 2009 10 there was a
decline in production primarily due to drought that affected production of kharif
crops in the country. Due to climatic variability and dependence of Agriculture on
monsoon India’s yield at 2.5 MT/hectare is less than half the global average of 5.5
MT/hectare. Productivity of maize (yield) has increased at a CAGR of 2.9 per cent
from 1.9 MT/hectare in 2004 05 to 2.5 MT/hectare in 2013 14.Kolhapur district is
having highest productivity compared to average productivity of Maharashtra. It
was observed that total area under Maize cultivation in Maharashtra is increasing
since 2001 (3.26 lakh ha) to 2018 (9.42 lakh ha).Maharashtra has received low
rainfall during 2015 (855.7mm) which affected the productivity of Maize crop
decreased up to (1554 kg/ha). Since 2001 Maharashtra has got highest productivity
(3300 kg/ha) in 2013 due to good amount (1526mm) and well distribution of
rainfall throughout the state. Due to climate variability the infestation of Fall Army
worm is increasing which affects the yield and productivity of crop throughout the
state.
III-5 POTENTIAL OF HIGH AMYLOSE BREEDING TOWARDS

IMPARTING FOOD QUALITY AND INDUSTRIAL USES
Arora A 1, Rakshit S 2, Das A K 2 and Chaudhary D P 2

1
Ludhiana
2
[email protected]
Starch is categorized on the basis of digestibility into two major types, viz., soluble
starch and resistant starch. Soluble starch is readily assimilated by the body and
quickly elevates blood sugar level leading to high glycemic index (GI). Whereas, the
resistant starch, amylose escapes itself from being digested in small intestine and has
lower rate of gastric emptying which contributes to lower glycemic index. Amylose
starches contribute to lower risk of developing type II diabetes, cardiovascular
diseases, colon cancer and obesity. Use of amylose in development of biodegradable
thermoplastics has a huge potential to replace the harmful non biodegradable plastics.
Moreover, it is also utilized as an ingredient in gum candies and adhesive for
corrugated cardboards. Marker assisted selection (MAS) plays an important role in
hastening the breeding process. Development of markers which trace gene responsible
for high amylose, amylose extender1 (ae1) and markers for several modifiers which
are known to increase amylose content up to 70% against normal 25% are a huge
milestone. Twenty six high amylose maize sources and white maize hybrids available
at IIMR, Ludhiana are being used for parental diversity and tracking ae1 gene (SbeIIb)
and modifiers (SbeI) for foreground selection and whole genome for background
selection. The work paves the way for development of white maize with better food
quality and industrial use.
III-6 IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON PHENOLOGICAL RESPONSES

AND PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE
Devesh P , Shankar M , Kumar M , Singamsetti A and Singh R

188

[email protected]
Changing global climatic conditions critically affect the growth and productivity of
maize. Maize is no exception and to safeguard a future supply we must initiate to
understand how climate influences both phenological development and productivity
of maize. Temperature and precipitation are the two climatic factors that will have a
significant advantage in maize phenology and profitability. The warming climate will
accelerate the phenological improvement in light of the fact that the quantity of
thermal units required for leaf appearance is generally consistent in the vegetative
stage. The efficiency of maize is diminished when unusual temperature occurrences
during pollination and are additionally distorted when there are water shortages at
pollination. During the kernel filling period, warm temperatures over the upper limit
cause a decrease in yield. Model evaluations recommend that for each 1°C increment
in temperature there is almost a 10% yield decrease. To satisfy world needs, new
adjustment rehearses are expected to give water to the developing harvest and stay
away from outrageous temperatures during the growing season. Environmental
change will keep on influencing maize creation and understanding these impacts will
help figure out where future generation zones exist and inventive adjustment practices
to profit yield strength could be used. The necessity to study phenological responses
of maize to changing climatic conditions is therefore important to conserve maize
productivity.
III-7 EVALUATION OF QUALITY PROTEIN MAIZE HYBRIDS SUITABLE

FOR SOUTHERN KARNATAKA
Mahadevu P , Shobha D , Mallikarjuna N , Jadesha G , Ravindrababu B T ,

Shivakumar B S and Swapna G
Maize is an important multipurpose crop grown for food, feed, fodder, culinary and
industrial purpose in fulfilling food and nutritional needs of both human and livestock.
Recently developed QPM hybrids play an important role in terms of fulfilling the
micronutrients through bio fortified maize and concentrated feeds. We evaluated
different QPM hybrids during Kharif season at Zonal Agricultural Research Station,
V.C.Farm, Mandya during 2015 16 to 2018 19. Among the HQPM hybrids evaluated,
HQPM 7 recorded highest mean grain yield of 9034 kg/ha as compared to other
HQPM hybrids and also normal grain hybrids HEMA (8533 kg/ha) and MAH 14 5
(8396 kg/ha). Similarly is the hybrid HQPM 7 also recorded higher grain yield of
9595 kg/ha as compare to other hybrids during year 2017 18 at Mandya. These
hybrids are found promising as a source of nutrient enriched maize based food and
feed for achieving nutritional security for both human and livestock in the country.
III-8 Supercharging Crops for addressing climate change
Gagan Jeet, Kaur S., Bhushan B, Singh A. and Rakshit S.

[email protected]
189
Increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and the rise in global warming have
sensitized people world over to design new ways to tackle this universal problem.
Amongst the many endeavours, the idea of addressing climate change by enabling
crops to absorb more CO2 is gathering attention. Agriculture, itself is a big driver of
climate change due to its use of fossil fuels in farm mechanization. However, the
photosynthetic capability of crops, if enhanced, can allow plants to take up more CO2,
and delay the rise in global temperatures. Annually, plants absorb a net of about 19
gigatons of CO2, while about 37 gigatons is released in the environment due to human
activity. Engineering plants to absorb more CO2 would result in annual decrement in
the global temperature gradient. Maize, being an important cereal crop, can be
potentially deployed for mitigation of temperature rise, along with other crops. The
recent understanding of the CO2 absorption in plants and plant engineering to increase
photosynthetic activity are discussed.
III-9 CLIMATE-RESILIENT MAIZE VARIETIES PRODUCTION AND

DEPLOYMENTS IN FARMING SYSTEM: TODAY’S NEED TO COMBAT
THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
Choudhary J R , Choudhary M 2, Tripathi A 3 and Aggarwal S K 2

1
ASCO, Rajasthan State Seed and Organic Certification Agency, Jaipur
2
Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana
3
Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar
Most of the corn in developing world is grown as a rain fed crop that is prone to the
vagaries of seasonal monsoon rains and that severely affect the corn yields. The
uneven distribution of monsoon rains leads to drought or water logging at different
stages of crop growth, which is the key factor responsible for low productivity in rain
fed maize. Because of the risk for uncertain economic returns, farmers often hesitate
to invest in improved seeds, fertilizers, and inputs, which further increase the poor
yield of rain fed maize. The effects of climate change are further threatened by the
already complex mega environment of maize in the Asian tropics, identified as
climate sensitive, with high vulnerability and low capacity for acceptance.
Smallholders still rely mainly on open pollinated varieties (OPV) or obsolete hybrids
created 30 years ago, which limits their ability to provide food and nutrition security.
Climate resistant corn has been specially developed to increase tolerance to
characteristics associated with a variable and changing climate, along with the yield
potential of crops, protective qualities and consumer preferences. More evidence is
emerging that confirms the benefits of climate resistant maize for increasing yields,
reducing crop yield variability, and ultimately improving food security. To Increase
genetic benefits of maize in the tropics of stress, as well as increase the speed,
accuracy and efficiency of reproductive progress, the rational and effective integration
of modern tools / strategies, in particular a high density of genotyping, a high
productivity and precise phenotyping, DH technology, Molecular marker assisted
selection and genomic selection based breeding are essential. New developing seed
enterprises in the developing world also need to be strengthened to become more
market oriented and dynamic in order to provide smallholders with greater access to
affordable and climate resistant improved seeds.
190
Theme-IV
Best production Practices –

Maize and Maize Based
Systems
IV-1 ECOLOGICAL INTENSIFICATION A STEP AHEAD FOR CLIMATE

RESILIENT MAIZE BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS
Singh N , Yadav D B , Kamboj M C and Sharma P

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station,
Karnal
[email protected]
Maize is the third most important cereal crop in India after rice and wheat. The
diversified use of this crop is gaining demand as grain, animal feed and other
industrial uses. For food security pressure is there on policy maker, scientist and
farmers to increase the yield of maize crop. Strategies to address future global food
security thus require innovation to increase agricultural production in a sustainable,
affordable way in the poorest regions of the Indiaand to reduce the environmental
impact of agriculture and its dependence on non renewable resources. Ecological
intensification, the smart use of biodiversity mediated ecosystem functions to support
agricultural production, is portrayed as the most promising avenue to achieve these
goals. For this an experiment on Ecological intensification with maize wheat –
moong cropping system was conducted in kharif 2017 at CCS Haryana Agriculture
University, Regional Research Station, Karnal. The layout of the experiment in RBD
design with three replication with eight treatments: T1 Farmer practice, T2 Ecological
Intensification (EI), T3 EI minus tillage practice (Conventional tillage without
residue retention in all crops), T4 EI minus Nutrient management (Absolute control
for nutrients in all crops), T5 EI minus Planting density (Farmer adopted genotype
and density in all crops), T6 EI minus Water management (Complete rainfed for
maize and farmers practice for rest of the crops), T7 EI minus Weed management
(No weed management in all crops) and T8 EI minus Disease and insect
management (No management in all crops). In kharif 2017 in maize crop treatment T2
gave significantly higher grain yield (70.8 q/ha) which was at par with treatment T3
(70.7 q/ha) as compared to all the treatments. Minimum grain yield was observed in
treatment T7 (15.0 q/ha) and T4 (35.0 q/ha). In wheat crop maximum grain yield
(71.3 q/ha) was observed in treatment T2 (71.3 q/ha) which was at pat with T1 (71.0
q/ha), T3 (68.1 q/ha), T5 (70.5 q/ha), T7 (67.2 q/ha) and T8 (70.3 q/ha). Minimum
grain yield was observed in T4 (45.0 q/ha) and T6 (48.2 q/ha). In both the crops
Ecological intensification performs best and maximum yield was recorded.
IV-2 MAIZE BASED SYSTEM WITH PRECISION CONSERVATION

AGRICULTURE: A SUITABLE ALTERNATIVE TO RICE-WHEAT
ROTATION IN INDO-GANGETIC PLAINS OF INDIA
Singh A K 1, Jat S L 1, Parihar C M 2, Mahala D M 1, Bamboriya S D 1 and

Ritesh1
1
2
Rice wheat (RW) cropping system in north west India, although providing food
security in the country, have led to soil degradation and over exploitation of
underground water resources (Hobbs and Gupta, 2004; Sharma et al., 2012).
Furthermore, conventional crop management practices for RW system entail high
production costs and are highly inefficient in the use of inputs. The diversification of
191
RW systems with maize based systems and alternate soil and crop management
practices could help enhance the system productivity, sustain soil health and
environmental qualityand save irrigation water and labour costs, provide palatable
fodder and meet increased demand of maize grains from piggery and poultry
industries (Singh et al., 2016).
Maize, an important crop for food and nutritional security as maize grain is mainly
used for feed (63%), food (23%) and industrial purpose (13%) in the country (Yadav
et al., 2014). In the past, maize was evaluated as an alternate crop to rice with
conventional management practices in RW system, but it was not proved economical
due to its lower yield and market price. However, in recent years with the introduction
of single cross high yielding maize hybrids and mechanized maize cultivation with
availability of good postemergence herbicides provided options for crop
diversification in RW systems.In the north western Indo Gangetic plains (IGP) maize
is commonly grown in rotation with wheat. Integration of short duration legumes (e.g.
mungbean) in cropping system improves the soil health and increase farmer’s profit in
a cereal based cropping systems (Parihar et al. 2016a). Hence, an experiment was
initiated at ICAR IIMR, Ludhianato compare the performance of the rice wheat
moongbean(RWMb)with maize wheat moongbean(MWMb)systemunder
conventional and conservation agriculture practices. In comparison to RWMb system,
the system productivity was 33% (15% in 2017 18) and 25% (11% in 2017 18) higher
in conservation and conventional tillage basedMWMb system, respectively in the 2nd
year. The B:C ratio were also highest in conservation MWMb system (2.67 and 3.35)
followedbyconventionalMWMb system (2.03 and 2.75) and least inconventional
RWMbsystem (1.88 and 2.24). Further, the MWMb system was also water use
efficient as it reduced water consumption by 82.8 % as compared to rice wheat
system. Hence,MWMb system can be grown 5 6 times, with the same amount of
waterused to grow one cycle of rice wheat system. So, replacement of RWMb system
with MWMb system increased system productivity (up to 33%), profitability (up to
50 %) and also resulted in huge (82 %) water saving.Therefore, the maize wheat
mungbean system with conservation followed by conventional practices offers
suitable alternative to the conventional rice wheat system for saving of wateralong
with enhancing productivity and profitability to ensure sustainability of agriculture in
North Western plain zone and similar agroecologies.
IV-3 BACTERIAL DIVERSITY ANALYSIS OF RICE-WHEAT AND MAIZE-

WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEMS
Verma D 1, Mahala D M 1, Bhar F A 2, Singh A K 1, Singh A 1

1
2
Shere Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Conventional tillage (CT) practices in rice wheat and maize wheat cropping system is
adversely affecting bulk densities of soil aggregates. Conservation agriculture (CA) is
a step towards preserving soil from disturbance and promoting low input agriculture.
In order to understand the impact of management practices on the bacterial diversity
in the fields, soil samples were taken from different fields, viz., 4 from rice wheat
cropping systems, 4 from conventional tillage maize wheat cropping systems and 4
from conservation agriculture maize wheat cropping systems. The fields have been
under the same cropping pattern for the third year, as of now. The different cropping
systems were fertilized according to 4 different schemes, viz., Farmer Filed Practices
192
(FFP), Recommended Dose of Fertilization (RDF), Green Seeker based application

(GS) and Site specific nutrient management (SSNM). Serial dilution method was used
to identify the microbial population present in all the cropping systems. Chromogenic
agar medium was used for the isolation and differentiation of bacterial profiles in soil.
Results were observed after the incubation period of 24 hours at 37° C. The typing of
bacterial diversity provides a way to understand the role of micronutrient application
on soil flora as well as provides a means to monitor field performance after successive
years of a particular management practice.
IV-4 WEED SEED BANK STUDIES UNDER DIFFERENT CROPPING

SYSTEMS OF INDO-GANGETIC PLAINS
Bahar F A 1, Singh A K 2, Jath S L 2, Parihar C M 3, Mahala D M 2, Bamboriya

S D 2 and Ritesh2
1
2
3
Weed infestations are the major constraints and its control is a major hurdle in
conservation agriculture (CA) based systems since weed ecology and management are
entirely different in CA systems. Weeds pose serious threat to the companion crop
through its competition for nutrients, water, sunlight and space, which cause
considerable reduction in yield. The sources of these huge economic losses and weed
infestations in crops is primarily due to weed seed bank (WSB) which describes the
reservoir of viable weed seeds or fruits found in soil or at its surface. To deplete the
weed seed bank, weed seed set should be avoided by all means and needs to be
addressed in a holistic way. Keeping in view the above facts, the present investigation
was undertaken to study the “weed seed bank studies under different cropping
systems of indo gangetic plains” at ICAR Indian Institute of Maize Research,
Ludhiana, Punjab. During the course of study it was observed that lower weed density
(No./8 kg soil) of 88.67 and 118.33 was observed in Rice Wheat Moong system
(conventional agriculture) at both 0 5 cm and 5 15 cm soil depths. At 5 15 cm soil
depths, Maize Wheat Moong in both the systems (conventional and conservation
agriculture) recorded more number of weeds than Rice Wheat Moong system
(conventional agriculture). Weed density (No./8 kg soil) was highest at 0 5 cm soil
depth in conservation agriculture than 0 5 cm in conventional agriculture. Highest
total and average weed density (No./8 kg soil) of 508.33, 254.16 was observed in
Maize Wheat Moong system (conservation agriculture) followed by 433.33, 216.66
and 207, 103.5 in Maize Wheat Moong system (conventional agriculture) and Rice
Wheat Moong system (conventional agriculture) respectively. Therefore it can be
concluded that weed seeds and weed growth is highest in conservation agriculture
than conventional agriculture and needs more focus for weed management for
increasing productivity and profitability of cropping systems in Indo Gangetic plains
of India.
IV-5 EFFECT OF VARIED ESTABLISHMENT METHODS VIS-A-VIS

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE IN BIHAR
Kumar M 1, Kumar A 2, Pramanick B 1, Alam T 3 and Chand P 4
193
Department of Agronomy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University,

1
Samastipur
2
Department Plant Breeding and Genetics, 3Department of Entomology, 4Department
of Plant Pathology, Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur
[email protected]
Maize (Zea mays L.) together with rice and wheat provides at least 30% of the food
calories to more than 4.5 billion people in 94 developing countries. Maize is a
versatile crop having wider adaptability and particularly important to the poor people
for overcoming hunger and improving food security not only in India but also in other
parts of the World. For increasing its productivity, better nutrient management
systems coupled with suitable establishment method are needed to complement
genetic improvement efforts. This present experiment was conducted during rabi
season of 2017 18 at research farm of TCA, Dholi. The experiment was carried out in
a split plot design with 3 replications. Different establishment methods such as
permanent bed, zero tillage and conventional tillage were laid in main plot and varied
nutrient management options viz. RDF, SSNM, FFP were there in sub plot. Total
treatment combinations were nine. The maximum amount of cob as well as grain
yield of maize was found in permanent bed managed with SSNM, while, the lowest
values of grain yield was attained in zero tillage managed with FFP. Both the
permanent bed and SSNM depicted significantly higher grain yield values being 9.29
and 9.07 Mg ha 1, respectively. Better yield under the permanent bed might be
attributed to better establishment of the crop as well as adequate moisture supply
escaping water logging. Under SSNM, proper demand of the nutrient for better crop
growth was met up and it was ultimately reflected through superior yield. So, it can be
concluded that permanent bed along with SSNM would be the best option to the
farmers of Bihar to get higher productivity of rabi maize.
IV-6 RESPONSE OF SWEET CORN HYBRIDS TO CROP

ESTABLISHMENT METHODS AND FERTILITY LEVELS UNDER
TEMPERATE CONDITIONS
Hussain A 1, Dar Z A 2, Ganai M A 1, Jehangir I A 1, Shikari A B , Najeeb S 1,

Teeli N A and Bhat N A 1
Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Khudwani, Anantnag
2
Dryland Agriculture Research Station, Budgam
Shere Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir
The awareness about sweet corn in Kashmir valley is growing gradually and may
further increase with the growth in tourism industry. Direct seeding results in poor
crop stand due poor germination and cutworm damage especially during early sowing.
Therefore a field investigation effect of sweet corn hybrids, crop establishment
methods and fertility levels on yield and profitability was conducted during the year
kharief 2018 at Mountain Research Centre For Field Crops (SKUAST K), Khudwani,
Anantnag. A field experiment was conducted on sweet corn Hybrids and crop
establishment methods under varied fertility at Mountain Research Centre for Field
Crops, Khudwani, Anantnag. The treatments comprised of two hybrids viz Mithaas
and Sugar 75, two crop establishment methods viz direct seeding, transplanting
evaluated under four fertility levels viz 90:30:15, 120:45:30, 150:60:45of N:P2O5:
194
K2O kg/ha and 10 t FYM/ha+150:60:45 of N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha. Soil medium was

prepared by thoroughly mixing soil: sand: manure in the ratio of 2:1:1.A poly bag of
300 g capacity was filled with this mixtures. Further a 110:54:40 mg N:P2O5:K2O5/kg
soil was also added to the potting mixture. A single seed was placed in each poly bag
and same was watered with a rose cane. On the same day the seed of two hybrids was
sown in direct seeded treatments. Twenty two (double the required plant population)
were sown in each row. The poly bag was tared without disturbing the lump of soil
holding the root zone. Crop establishment methods had a non significant effect but
higher fertility levels resulted in significant increase in plant height. However, plant
population was far higher in transplanting method. Transplanting method resulted in
almost 50% increase in plant population that contributed to higher green cob and
stover yield. Direct seeding resulted in significantly higher no. of cobs/plant and
similarly higher fertility level of 150:60:45 10 t FYM+150:60:45), resulted in higher
no of cobs/plant. Mithas hybrid recorded higher no. of grains/cob. Among the crop
establishment methods direct seeding resulted in higher no of grains/cob because of
sparse plant population. Fertility levels also resulted in a significant increase in no. of
grains /plant upto highest fertility level of 10 t FYM+150:60:4510 t FYM+150:60:45.
With regard green cob yield with and without husk, Mithas hybrid yielded higher by
13% and 14.7 %, respectively. Transplanting method resulted in 29 and 32% increase
in green cob yield with and without husk, respectively. With the increase in fertility
levels from F1 to F4, the increase in green cob yield without husk was to the extent of
16, 24, 30% respectively over F1.The corresponding figures for the green cob yield
with husk were 23, 36 and 48% respectively. Higher green stover yield to the extent
of 12, 17 and 24 % was recorded at F2, F3 and F4 over F1, respectively was recorded,
because increased and consequent uptake of nutrients. A net profit of Rs 411804 and
Rs 351724 and B:C ratio of 4.48 and 3.83 was realized in Mithas and Sugar 75.
Transplanting registered 26 % higher net profit.
IV-7 PERFORMANCE OF SWEET CORN (ZEA MAYS L SSP SACCHARATA)

UNDER VARYING PLANT DENSITIES AND FERTILITY LEVELS
Singh D , Chouhan D and Parik N

The field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2018 at Instructional Farm,
Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur on clay loam soils having
medium fertility status (285.6 kg N, 21.6 kg P2O5 and 301.6 kg K2O ha 1).The
objectives of experimentation were to standardize economically viable plant density
and fertility level for sweet corn. The treatment consisted combinations of four plant
densities (55,555, 66,666, 83,333 and 1,11,111 plants ha 1) and four fertility levels (80
kg N + 30 kg P2O5 + 20 kg K2O, 110 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 + 30 kg K2O, 120 kg N + 50
kg P2O5 + 40 kg K2O and 140 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 50 kg K2O ha 1). These 16
treatments combinations were evaluated under factorial RBD with three
replications.The results of present experiment revealed that advancing plant densities
from 55,555 to 1,11,111 significantly increased plant plant population at successive
stages. Increasing plant density from 55,555 to 66,666 plants ha 1 failed to record
significant variation in plant height, however, further increase in plant densities
significantly increased plant height at successive stages. Days to 50 per cent tasseling
and silking failed to record perceptible variation under increasing plant densities. The
maximum dry matter plant 1 and LAI were recorded under 55,555 plant ha 1.
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Advancing plant density from 55,555 to 1,11,111 plants ha 1 decreased dry matter
plant 1 and LAI at successive stages. Increasing plant densities from 55,555 to
1,11,111 plants ha 1 significantly increased the crop growth rate between 45 60 DAS
and 60 DAS to harvest of crop. However, increasing densities failed to record
perceptible variation in RGR at early duration. The cob plant 1 and grain rows cob 1
did not influenced under varying plant densities. Advancing plant densities from
55,555 to 1,11,111 plants ha 1 significantly increased green cobs, fodder and
biological yield. However, the green cobs yield recorded 83,333 to 1,11,111 was
statistically at par. The maximum nutrient content and minimum uptake were
recorded under 55,555 plants ha 1. Advancing plant densities from 55,555 to 1,11,111
plants ha 1 decreased nutrient content in grain and stover, however, improved uptake
of nutrient by grain, stover as well as total uptake. Advancing plant density from
55,555 to 1,11,111 plants ha 1 increased PFSR incidence on sweet corn crop.
Maintaining 66,666 plants ha 1 recorded significantly higher B C ratio over 55,555
plants ha 1 and proved economically profitable compared to rest of densities
Increasing fertility level significantly enhanced plant height, dry matter and LAI at
successive stages and CGR at initial and at later durations. At the same time
increasing fertility levels significantly reduce days to 50 per cent tasseling, silking,
plant population and RGR at both the durations. Advancing fertility levels from 80 kg
N + 30 kg P2O5 + 20 kg K2O ha 1 to 140 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 50 kg K2O ha 1 increase
various yield attributing parameters consequently green cobs, green fodder and
biological yield significantly. However, cobs plant 1, grains cob 1 and grain row cob 1
did not vary significantly under increasing fertility levels. Increasing fertility levels
from 80 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 + 20 kg K2O ha 1 to 140 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 50 kg K2O
ha 1 brought about significant increase in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content
and uptake of the sweet corn grain and stover at varying extents. There was no
significant variation in the TSS content of grain. However, the protein content
increases with increasing fertility levels. Application of 110 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 + 30
kg K2O ha 1 significantly increased net return and B C ratio and proved economically
beneficial over 80 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 + 20 kg K2O ha 1.
IV-8 RESPONSE OF GROWTH, YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF

POPCORN (ZEA MAYS EVERTA) TO ORGANIC AND INORGANIC
SOURCES OF NUTRIENTS
Rashid Z , Iqbal S , Kanth R H , Dar Z A , Rakshanda A , Mehfuza H , Sabina

N , Saleem K , Sabiya, Seerat, Shabina M and Faisal
Faculty of Agriculture, Division of Agronomy, Wadura Campus,
In order to study the effect of different organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on
growth, yield and yield attributes of popcorn, an experiment was conducted at crop
research farm of Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher e Kashmir
University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Wadura during
kharif 2017. The results indicated that the application of RDF (N120P60K40) kg ha 1
recorded highest growth and yield parameters viz. plant height (187.58 cm), number
of functional leaves (12.05), leaf area index (6.68), dry matter accumulation (139.9 q
ha 1), yield attributes {number of grains per cob (480.0) and 1000 grain weight
(193g)}, grain yield (38.8 q ha 1), stover yield (110.2 q ha 1) and benefit :cost ratio but
was at par with 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 ha 1 + AZO + PSB + KSB (T7) while
196
significantly lowest value of above mentioned parameters was found in control (T1).
No significant differences were found in rest of the treatments. So, it was considered
that application of 75% RDF + FYM @ 10 t ha 1 + AZO + PSB + KSB over RDF
should be recommended because of its considerable influence on improving soil
health and maintaining ecological balance and also with better net and gross returns.
IV-9 INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SOURCES OF

NUTRIENTS ON SOIL HEALTH AND QUALITY PARAMETERS OF POP
CORN
Iqbal S , Rashid Z , Kanth R H , Dar Z A , Aiyman, Shaista, Mehfuza, Sabina N ,

Seerat, Shabina, Sabiya, Saleem K , Rakshanda and Bhat R A
Faculty of Agriculture, Division of Agronomy, Wadura Campus
The field experiment was conducted at crop research farm of Division of Agronomy,
Faculty of Agriculture, Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and
Technology of Kashmir, Wadura during kharif 2017. The experiment was laid in
RCBD having twelve treatments and three replications. The treatments where
T1(Control),T2 (RDF) (120:60:40 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha 1 respectively), T3 (FYM @
15t ha 1), T4 (Vermi compost @ 5t ha 1),T5 (Poultry manure @ 5t ha 1), T6 (75% RDF
+ FYM @ 10t ha 1), T7 (75% RDF + FYM @ 10t ha 1 + Azospirillum + PSB + KSB)
T8 (FYM @ 10t ha 1 + Azospirillum), T9 (FYM @ 10t ha 1 + Azospirillum + PSB), T10
(FYM @ 10t ha 1 + Azospirillum + PSB + KSB), T11 (Vermi compost @ 5t ha 1 +
Azospirillum + PSB + KSB) , T12 (Poultry manure @ 5t ha 1 + Azospirillum + PSB +
KSB ).The results of the study showed that the treatment (T2) recorded highest quality
parameters viz. popping percentage (83.5%), popping expansion volume (13.2 ml),
flake size (2.7 cm), protein content (8.8%), total nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium
uptake were (127.44, 36.72 and 159.33 kg ha 1), respectively but was at par with 75%
RDF + FYM @ 10t ha 1 + AZO + PSB + KSB (T7) while significantly lowest quality
parameters viz. popping percentage (73.1%), popping expansion volume (11.6 ml),
flake size (1.8 cm), Protein content, total nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium uptake
were 49.80, 12.86 and 69.118) kg ha 1, respectively were recorded for the treatment
(T1).
IV-10 EFFECT OF PLANTING DENSITY AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

PRACTICES ON THE YIELD OF MAIZE HYBRIDS IN KASHMIR
Ayman1, Alie B A 2, Singh P 3, Kanth R H 1, Dar Z A 4, Sadaf1, Shayista1, Shayan1

and Saima5
1
Division of Agronomy, FOA/ RRS, Wadura
2
Saffron research station, Konnibal, Pampore
3
Krishi Vigyan Kendra , Shopian
4
Dry Land Agricultural Research Station, Srinagar
5
Division of Basic Sciences & Humanities, FOA /RRS, Wadura
[email protected]
The field experiment entitled “Planting density and nutrient management effects on
yield of maize hybrids in temperate ecology of Kashmir” was carried out at Dryland
197
(Karewa) Agriculture Research Station, SKUAST K, Budgam during the Kharif

season 2017. The experiment comprised of three factors with two maize hybrids viz.
Kanchan 101 and Bio 605 as main plot treatments and two plant geometries viz. 60
cm×20 cm (83,000 plants ha 1), 60 cm×15 cm (1, 11,111 plants ha 1) and three
nutrient management practices viz. RDF (Recommended Dose of Fertilizers), SSNM
(Site Specific Nutrient Management) and FP (Farmers Practice) as sub plot
treatments replicated thrice. The results of the experiment revealed that among maize
hybrids Bio 605 recorded significantly higher values of yield parameters like grain
row cob 1, grains row 1 and grains cob 1, thus, higher grain yield (8.36 t ha 1). The
highest cobs plant 1, grain rows cob 1, grains row 1, grains cob 1, grain yield (8.16 t ha 1)
and harvest index (29.3 %) was found higher with plant population of 83,000 plants
ha 1. Application of SSNM improved yield attributes (cob length, grain rows cob 1,
grains row 1) consequently grain yield (8.70 t ha 1), stover yield (19.24 t ha 1) and
harvest index (31.9 %). Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium uptake were found
maximum under plant population of 1, 11,111 plants ha 1 with SSNM nutrient
management practice .From present study it can be concluded that maize hybrid Bio
605 under 60 cm×20 cm spacing (83,000 plants ha 1) with SSNM found better suited
for temperate conditions of Kashmir as it gave the higher gross profit (₹164770 ha 1),
net return (₹111759ha 1) and B:C ratio (2.11).
IV-11 ECOLOGICAL INTENSIFICATION FOR CLIMATE RESILIENT

MAIZE BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN NEW ALLUVIAL ZONE OF
WEST BENGAL
Biswas S 1, Debnath S 2 and Saha A 3

1,2
AICRP on Maize, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya,
Kalyani
3
College of Agriculture, Lembucherra, West Tripura
[email protected]
Ecological intensification is the process of improving both yields and environmental

performance of crop production with a focus on precise management of all production
factors and maintenance or improvement of soil quality. An experiment was
conducted at District Seed farm, Kalyani, Nadia, Bidhan Chandra Krishi
Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal during kharif 2017 with the objective to develop the
best crop management practices by enhancing the ecological processes and buffering
the risk against the climatic aberrations for enhancing the resource use efficiency and
soil health. The soil of the experimental field was alluvial having sandy clay loam in
texture, pH neutral in reaction (7.2) and medium in organic carbon content (0.54 %).
The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with twelve treatments [T1:
Farmer practice, T2: Ecological intensification (EI), T3: EI minus tillage practice
(Farmer adopted tillage and residue management in all crops), T4: EI minus Nutrient
management (Farmer adopted nutrients in all crops), T5: EI minus Planting density
(Farmer adopted genotype and density in all crops), T6: EI minus Water management
(Complete rainfed for maize and farmers practice for rest of the crops), T7: EI minus
Weed management (Farmer adopted weed management in all crops) and T8: EI minus
Disease and insect management (Farmer adopted management in all crops)] and
replicated three times. The experimental results revealed that ecological
intensification (EI) recorded maximum grain yield (10,211 kg ha 1), stover yield
(12,243 kg ha 1), plant height (274.4 cm), 100 seed weight (46.0 g), net return (RS.
198
90,022 ha 1) and B: C ratio (2.6) of maize. Among the treatments T4 i.e nutrient
management played significant role in maximum yield reduction both grain (5988 kg
ha 1) and stover (7778 kg ha 1 ) which also produced lowest plant height (241.8 cm),
100 seed weight (36.0 g), net return (Rs. 35,416 ha 1) and B: C ratio (1.7) of maize. It
was found that maximum uptake of nutrients (231.9 kg N ha 1 , 61.0 kg P ha 1 and
230.7 kg K ha 1) by crop were recorded in EI treatment with maximum organic carbon
content. Therefore, from the experiment it can be concluded that Ecological
intensification (EI) in maize is an option for achieving higher yield, economic benefit
and also leads to increase nutrient supply capacity of soil, input use efficiencies and
soil health.
IV-12 MAIZE-LEGUME INTERCROPPING SYSTEM FOR ENHANCING

THE PRODUCTIVITY AND SUSTAINABILITY OF AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION
Rasool F , Nasseer S, Hakeem S A , Majid S , Bashir S , Rashid Z , Nisa S , Dar

Z A and Habib M
AICRP on Maize Srinagar Centre
The study was conducted at Dryland Agriculture Research Station (DARS), Srinagar
during Kharif, 2019 to enhance the production and productivity of the intercropping
system. As the availability of land for agriculture is shrinking every day and is
increasingly utilized for non agricultural purposes. Under this situation, one of the
most important strategies to increase the agriculture output is the development of high
intensity cropping system. Among different treatments, Maize (60 cm) and common
bean grown under 1:1 ratio showed better results compared to maize plus bean in a
paired row arrangement. The intercropping system was evaluated interms of crop
yields and growth. The Land equivalent ratio (LER) for yield and growth was 1.12
and 1.25 respectively showing yield and growth advantage of intercropping system.
Maize equivalent yield (MEY) was also highest for most of the intercropping
treatments relative to sole crop maize with yield advantage of 14% from single row
IPA (inter planting arrangement). Also financial returns showed increase by 16%
relative to sole crop maize.
Key words: Intercropping, LER,MEY, Zea mays
IV-13 RESPONSE OF SWEET CORN (ZEA MAYS L VAR SACCHARATA)

TO SOWING DATES AND DIFFERED MULCHING IN SPRING SEASON
Bhatnagar A and Dehury S

Department of Agronomy, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology,
Pantnagar
Field experiment was conducted at N.E.B. Crop Research Centre, G.B. Pant
University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar during spring season 2016 to
study the effect of different sowing dates and time of application of rice straw mulch
@5t/ha on growth, yield and economics of sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata).
The soil of experiment plots was sandy loam in texture with neutral in reaction,
organic carbon (0.65%), available nitrogen (289 kg/ha) and available phosphorus
(29.1 kg/ha) and available potassium (245.3 kg/ha). The experiment consisted of 12
199
treatments; having 4 sowing dates (8th, 18th, 28th February and 10th March) and 3 time
of mulch application (no mulch, mulch application after 2nd and 3rd irrigation) was laid
out in Split Plot Design with three replications. Sowing dates were accommodated in
main plots and mulch treatments in sub plots. The growth, yield attributes, husked cob
yield, dehusked cob yield, biological yield, TSS in grains and economics were influenced
significantly by sowing dates. Crop sown on 8th February being at par with 18th February
resulted in significantly more husked cob yield (15870 kg/ha), dehusked cob yield (11427
kg/ha) and total soluble solids (15.59 brix) than that of other sowing dates. The maximum
gross return (Rs. 171406/ha), net return (Rs. 110361 /ha) and B:C (1.80 ) were obtained
under 8th February which was at par with 18th February but significantly superior to rest of
sowing dates. Application of rice straw mulch after 2nd irrigation being at par with
mulch application after 3rd irrigation resulted into better growth and produced
significantly more husked cob yield (15497 kg/ha) and dehusked cob yield (11128
kg/ha) than without mulch. TSS in grain was not affected significantly by mulch
application. The maximum gross return (Rs. 166932/ha), net return (Rs. 105337/ha)
and B:C (1.71) were recorded under mulch application after 2nd irrigation that was
significantly higher than without mulch but remained statistically same with mulch
application after 3rd irrigation. From present study it can be inferred that, during
spring season in north western plains of India, sweet corn should be sown from 2nd to
3rd week of February. Application of rice straw mulch @ 5 t/ha after 2nd irrigation is
effective in increasing growth and productivity with higher economic returns.
IV-14 RESPONSE OF MAIZE TO FOLIAR AND SOIL APPLICATION OF

ZINC
Gajbhiye P N , Karad S R and Khot G G

Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Shenda Park, Kolhapur
AICRP on Maize, Kolhapur
[email protected]
Zinc deficiency in soil is induced due to soil micronutrient depletion from

intensification of cultivation, application of high analysis NPK fertilizers and lesser
use of organic manure. Among the various growth factors, zinc was recognized as one
of the main limiting factors of maize crop growth and yields. This hypothesis was
verified by conducting an experiment on zinc deficient soil to study the response of
applied zinc through soil and foliar Zn EDTA application at two stages of crop
growth. The results revealed that soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha 1 recorded the
highest grain yields (62.9 q ha 1) which was at par with soil application of ZnSO4 @
20 kg ha 1 (61.5 q ha 1) whereas, decline in grain yield of maize was observed at
higher level of zinc soil application. Among the methods of zinc application, the
combination treatment of seed fortification by 0.5 % of Zn EDTA and two sprays of
0.2 % Zn EDTA at 5th leaf stage and tasseling stages recorded relatively highest grain
yield (59.0 q ha 1) when compared to seed fortification and foliar application alone.
Soil application of Zn explicitly influenced the Zn uptake by maize crop. The
significantly highest Zn uptake was recorded by treatment application of ZnSO4 @ 25
kg ha 1 (545 g ha 1) which was at par with treatment, application of ZnSO4 @ 20 kg
ha 1(532 g ha 1). The accumulation of DTPA extractable Zn in the soil varied
considerably within the treatments. Significant higher accumulation of DTPA
extractable Zn was recorded by soil application of ZnSO4 @ 30 kg ha 1(0.43 mg kg 1)
which was statistically at par withsoil application of ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha 1 (0.42 mg kg
200
1
). The zinc fractions did not show much variation however, treatment receiving zinc
through soil application showed increased concentration of Zn fractions versus other
methods of zinc fertilization. In general, application of 30 kg ZnSO4 ha 1 recorded
higher concentration but no distinct trend was observed. The highest concentration of
WS Zn (0.17 mg kg 1), S Zn (0.08 mg kg 1) CA Zn (0.25 mg kg 1) was recorded by
application of 30 kg ZnSO4 ha 1. RES Zn emerged as a dominant Zn fraction followed
by OM Zn. The Zn fractions were positively and significantly correlated with DTPA
Zn and Zn uptake and also exhibited positively and significantly correlated with each
other.
IV-15 INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS

L)
Pilane M S , Karad S R , Kumbhar S D , Patil S A and Khot G G

All India Coordinated Research Project on Maize, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Kohlapur
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal crop of the world and
contributes to food security in most of the developing countries. In India, maize is
emerging as a third most important crop after rice and wheat. Maize is cultivated in a
variable range of conditions with wide range of production environments. With green
revolution the productivity of the crops has been increased tremendously. The
abundant use of chemical fertilizers with improved varieties are main reasons of this
increase. However, one sided use of chemical fertilizers devoid of organic sources,
have made our soils sick and problematic. It is essential to make the agriculture eco
friendly production system capable of sustainable growth in agriculture to meet the
basic needs of rapidly increasing population. Balanced use of nutrients is very
essential for this. Therefore, an experiment comprised of eleven treatments has been
conducted at AICRP on Maize, Kolhapur in randomized block design with three
replications for two years (viz., Kharif 2018 and Kharif 2019). The treatments
comprised of chemical fertilizers, organic manures and organic plus inorganic
fertilizers. Among the various treatments T7 (100% RDF + 5t/ha FYM) recorded
highest grain and stover yield (68.52 and 103.94 q/ha, respectively) followed by T10
(100% RDF + 5 kg/ha Zn) (64.08 and 96.37 q/ha) and T2 (100% RDF) (61.89 and
94.45 q/ha). These treatments were also found superior for important agronomic traits
viz., plant height, number of cobs/ha and 100 seed weight. The treatment T7
comprising of 100% RDF (120:60:40 kg N:P:K /ha) plus 5 tonnes FYM per ha is
recommended for maize cultivation in Maharashtra.
IV-16 PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF SWEET CORN (ZEA

MAYS L SACCHARATA STURT)-BASED INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS
Menia M 1 and Saad A A 2

1
Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher e Kashmir University of
Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu, Main Campus, Chatha
2
Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher e Kashmir University of
Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Wadura, Sopore
[email protected]
201
A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2017 at the Agronomy
Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture of Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural
Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Wadura to evaluate the productivity and
resource use efficiency of intercropping of sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt)
with Rajmash (Vigna vulgaris L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merril). The
intercrops were grown in additive series with sweet corn as regular rows of 1:1 and
paired rows of 2:1 and 2:2. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design
having three replications. Among intercropping, sweet corn grown in association with
soybean in 1:1 recorded significantly higher values of growth parameters such as
plant height, LAI and percent PAR intercepted. Among different intercropping
combinations, the highest corn equivalent yield (CEY) of 24.8 t/ha was also with
sweet corn + soybean in 1:1 row ratio. The nutrient use efficiency of NPK applied
and irrigation water use efficiency were the highest with the same treatment. The
highest benefit cost ratio of 9.00 was also worked out with sweet corn + soybean (1:1)
intercropping system. From the present study, it was concluded that intercropping of
sweet corn with soybean in regular rows of 1:1 ratio could achieve higher productivity
and profitability among different intercropping systems.
IV-17 PERFORMANCE OF SWEET CORN BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS

UNDER DIFFERENT CROP COMBINATIONS AND NUTRIENT
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN RAINFED UPLAND
Swain B 1, Naik P 2, Swain D 2, Paikaray R K 1 and Garnayak L M 1

1
Department of Agronomy, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology,
Bhubaneswar
2
AICRP on Maize, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar
A field experiment was conducted to study the response of sweet corn based cropping
systems under different inter crops and nutrient management practices in rainfed
upland during 2017 18 at AICRP on Maize, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The soil
was sandy loam with 4.7 pH and low in available N, high in available P and medium
in available K. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design in three replications
with four cropping systems namely, C1 (rice Horsegram), C2 (sweet corn horsegram),
C3 (sweet corn + blackgram in 2:2 horsegram) and C4 (sweet corn + cowpea in 2:2
horsegram) in main plots and three nutrient management practices i.e., N1 (Inorganic:
RDF), N2 (INM: soil test based 75% RDN + 25% N from FYM + lime 0.2 LR +
biofertilizers consortium) and N3 (Organic: FYM, Vermicompost and Neem Oil cake
to supply 1/3rd RDN each + biofertilizers consortium) in the sub plots. Different inter
crops did not affect yield and yield attributes of sweet corn, though the sole crop
registered numerically higher values of green cob yield (7.41 t ha 1). INM package (N2)
resulted in maximum plant height, LAI, dry matter accumulation, CGR, RGR, NAR,
cobs ha 1, cob length, cob diameter, test weightand sweet corn cob yield of 8.48 t ha 1,
which was 18% and 38% higher than the inorganic (N1) and organic practice (N3),
respectively. Inter cropping did not affect the quality parameters of sweet corn. INM
(N2) resulted in the highest TSS (13.50 Brix), sugar (23.6%) and protein (9.4%)
content being at par with 100% RDF. Horsegram grown on residual soil fertility after
harvest of sweet corn intercropped with cowpea (C4) produced seed yield of 932 kg
ha 1, being at par with other maize based cropping systems. Residual effect of INM
(N2) practice resulted in the maximum seed yield of horsegram (958 kg ha 1), which
was on a par with organic practice (N3). Sweet corn + cowpea (2:2) horsegram
202
system (C4) under INM practice (N2) produced the highest system yield of 12.20 t
SEY ha 1 with B:C of 2.18. Nutrient uptake was maximum in sweet corn + cowpea
horsegram system (123.9 kg N, 92.5 kg P and 161.8 kg K ha 1) and INM practice
(130.8 kg N, 55.0 kg P and 158.0 kg K ha 1). Inclusion of blackgram or cowpea as
intercrops with maize increased the organic carbon, soil microbial biomass carbon
pool and nutrient (N P K) status of the soil in organic practice (N3) followed by INM
practice (N2). Hence, sweet corn based cropping systems involving legumes as
intercrop and fertilized with integrated source of nutrients (N2) were more productive,
profitable and sustainable.
IV-18 EFFECT OF PLANTING GEOMETRY AND NUTRIENT

MANAGEMENT ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE HYBRIDS UNDER
RAINFED CONDITIONS OF ODISHA
Naik P 1, Swain D 1 and Nanda A 2

AICRP on Maize, 2FASAL, AICRP on Agrometeorology
1
Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar
A Field experiment was carried out at AICRP on Maize, Odisha University of

Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha during kharif for three
consecutive years of 2014, 2015 and 2016 to find out the effect of planting geometry
and nutrient management practices on productivity of hybrid maize in rainfed upland.
The experimental arrangement was split split plot design in three replications with
two hybrids (V1: Hishell & V2: P3441) in main plots, two planting geometry (S1:
60x20 cm2 & S2: 50x20 cm2) in sub plots and three nutrient management practices
[N1: Recommended dose of fertiliser (RDF), N2: Site specific nutrient management
(SSNM) & N3: Soil test based crop response (STCR)] in sub sub plots. The pooled
results over three year revealed the response of hybrid maize to high density planting
(50x20 cm2) with 7.7% higher yield over normal density (60x20 cm2). The high
density planting (50x20 cm2) resulted in significantly higher net return of 17.4% more
over normal plant density (60x20 cm2) with B:C ratio of 1.41 and 1.34, respectively.
Among various nutrient management practices (RDF, SSNM & STCR), STCR was
found to be significantly superior with 19.2%, 4.8% higher yield over SSNM and
RDF, respectively. STCR practice significantly increased net return which was 7.0%
higher over SSNM and 38.8% higher over RDF with B:C ratio of 1.46, 1.38 and 1.11
for three nutrient management practices, respectively. Hence, high planting geometry
and STCR based nutrient management practices along with suitable maize hybrids are
recommended for achieving targeted yield and enhancing the profitability of maize in
kharif rainfed condition of Odisha.
IV-19 DESIGNING PLANT ARCHITECTURE FOR HIGH DENSITY

PLANTING IN MAIZE: A STEP TOWARDS PRODUCTIVITY
ENHANCEMENT
Sarkar A , Sandhu S K and Kumar M

Maize Section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics
aditi pbg @pau.edu
203
Achieving sustainable food security with limited arable land is a major challenge in
today’s scenario of changing climate and increasing global population. Maize plays an
increasingly vital role in global grain production. Maize, a C4 plant, has high yield
potential and is predicted to become the number one cereal in the world by 2020.
With the menace of paddy straw burning issues and hence environmental
consequences coupled with depletion of underground water, maize crop has more
strongly emerged as a candidate for crop diversification during kharif season in
Punjab but the wide gap in potential and actual productivity of maize hinders the
economic viability and consequently wider adoption by the farmers in Punjab state.
High density planting which envisages higher productivity by increased plant
population per unit area has undergone a constant evolution over the years, with the
purpose of enhancing the crop yield and has been documented as is one of the
research interventions to break the maize productivity plateau. Earlier studies in this
domain indicated that crowding stress reduced the ability of plants to use soil N
prominently during the post silking period. The increased incidence of lodging and
biotic stresses has also been indicated. Recently, Punjab Agricultural University
(PAU), Ludhiana has taken up designing plant architecture amenable to high density
planting. It is expected that the high density apposite inbred lines would generate high
density responsive hybrids. Understanding of the traits which makes the plant best
suited to higher plant population is of critical importance for the improvement of
maize productivity through high density planting. The identification of efficient
inbred lines, with key variants which may facilitate to cope up crowding stress viz.,
altered plant height, leaf angle and area, ear placement, ear and kernel traits and
maturity patterns, has been carried out. A germplasm stock available at PAU
comprising materials from inbred lines from CIMMYT, Mexico; NBPGR, New Delhi,
local collections; WNC, Hyderabad and inbreds from different pools being
maintained at PAU were sown in plot of 4 rows of 4m each at 60 x 20cm plant to
plant and row to row spacing, respectively in kharif, 2019. About 50 lines were
identified which harbored traits contributing towards HDP. Amongst selected lines,
PML 1049, PML 387, JCY 45, PML 368 and JCY 31 1 possessed the maximum
number of traits contributing towards suitability to HDP. These lines have been
identified with narrow, erect to semi erect leaves with leaf angle ranging from 450
600, medium high ear placement, less number of branches in tassel and stay green
plant habit.
These inbred lines can be utilized in breeding program for development of hybrids
tailored for high density planting thus, contributing towards productivity enhancement.
IV-20 EFFECT OF PLANTING DENSITY AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

PRACTICES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HYBRIDS IN KHARIF AND
RABI SEASON
Sivamurugan A P and Ravikesavan R

Field experiments were conducted at Department of Millets, Tamil Nadu Agricultural

University, Coimbatore during kharif and Rabi, 2017 to study the effect of planting
density and nutrient management practices on growth and yield attributes of maize
hybrids. During Kharif, 2017, the soil was sandy clay loam and medium in available
N (314 kg/ha), P (20.0 kg/ha) and high in available K (473 kg/ha) with a pH of 8.26.
During Rabi, 2017, the soil was low in available N (202 kg/ha), medium in available
204
P (21.0 kg/ha) and high in available K (635 kg/ha) with a pH of 8.32. In Kharif, 2017,
in the main plot, two hybrids viz., CO 6 and NK 6240 and in the sub plot, two
spacings viz., 60 × 20 cm and 50 × 20 cm and in the sub sub plot, three nutrient
management practices viz., RDF ( 250:75:75 NPK kg/ha), STCR (142:82:38 NPK
kg/ha) and SSNM (110:61:90 NPK kg/ha) and during Rabi, 2017 with same main and
sub plot with the sub sub plot, having three nutrient management practices viz., RDF
( 250: 75:75 NPK kg/ha), STCR (191:80:38 NPK kg/ha) and SSNM (110:61:90 NPK
kg/ha) were tried in three replications. Experimental results revealed that Maize
hybrid CO 6 recorded the maximum grain yield of 6727 kg ha 1 which was
comparable with NK 6240. Among the planting densities, 50 x 20 cm recorded higher
yield (6755 kg ha 1) and it was comparable with 60 x 20 cm .Among the nutrient
management practices, RDF recorded higher yield (7511 kg ha 1) which was
significantly superior to STCR during Kharif, 2017.In Rabi, 2017 Maize hybrid CO 6
registered the maximum grain yield of 6955 kg ha 1 which was significantly superior
to NK 6240. Among the planting densities, 50 x 20 cm recorded higher yield (6978 kg
ha 1) and it was significantly superior to 60 x 20 cm. Among the nutrient management
practices, RDF recorded higher yield (7567 kg ha 1) which was superior to STCR and
SSNM .Based on the results of two seasons of experimentation, it is concluded that
Maize hybrid CO 6 under 50 × 20 cm spacing with the RDF (250:75:75 NPK kg/ha)
recorded higher grain yield (8086 kg ha 1), net return (Rs.77, 344 ha 1) and B: C ratio
(2.35).
IV-21 STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON GRAIN YIELD OF MAIZE
Sivamurugan A P and Ravikesavan R

Field experiment was carried out at Department of Millets, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Coimbatore during Kharif, 2018 to study the influence of organic manures
and inorganic fertilizers on the yield attributes and yield of maize hybrid CO 6. The
soil was sandy clay loam and low in available N, medium in available P and high in
available K. The treatments viz., Unmanured, 100% RDF, 75% RDF, 50% RDF,
FYM 10t/ha + Azatobactor, Maize + legume intercropping with FYM 10 t/ha +
Azatobactor, 100% RDF + 5 t/ha FYM, 75% RDF + 5 t/ha FYM, 50% RDF + 5 t/ha
FYM, 100% RDF + 5 kg Zn/ha and FYM 5 t/ha were tried in three replications.
Experimental results revealed that the treatments evinced significant influence on
yield attributes and yield of maize. Among the different treatments, 100% RDF +
FYM 5 t/ha recorded higher plant height (224.8 cm) at harvest, cob length (19.3 cm),
cob girth (15.9 cm), no. of grain rows/cob (14.9) and no. of grains/row (34.1).There
was no significant influence of treatments in respect of No. of grain rows/cob, No. of
grains/row and 100 seed weight. In respect of yield, 100% RDF + FYM 5 t/ha
recorded higher grain yield of 7324 kg ha 1 which was comparable with 100% RDF +
5 kg Zn/ha, 100% RDF, 75% RDF + 5 t/ha FYM and 75% RDF .The lowest yield of
3533 kg ha 1 was recorded in Unmanured treatment. Based on the results of
experimentation and economics, it is concluded that application of 100% RDF
(250:75:75 NPK kg/ha) recorded higher grain yield (7244 kg ha 1), net return
(Rs.72132/ha) and B: C ratio (2.48) in Maize hybrid CO 6.
205
IV-22 EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM TILLAGE AND RESIDUE

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON PEST INFESTATION IN RABI MAIZE IN
MAIZE-MAIZE-SESBANIA SYSTEM
Suby S B 1, Parihar C M 2, Jat S L 1, Kumar N 1, Gambhir G 1and Rakshit S 1

1
2
[email protected]
Conservation agriculture based crop management of no tillage and residue retention

found to be resource efficient, productive and remunerative in maize based cropping
system in India (Parihar et al., 2016). Understanding the dynamics of key pests in
varying tillage and residue management practices will help to custom design system
based sustainable crop protection practices. In India, major pests of maize are spotted
stem borer (Chilo partellus Swinhoe) in kharif, pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens
Walker) in rabi and shoot fly (Atherigona spp.) in spring seasons. Fall armyworm
(FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith), which invaded India in 2018 was found
to damage both kharif and rabi maize. Effect of tillage practices [permanent beds with
residue (PB), zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT)] on infestation S.
inferens in maize maize Sesbania system was studied in a long term experiment
going on at fixed site since 2008. Infestation of S. inferens was identified by the
sudden wilting and/or dying of the central whorl called ‘dead heart’ in V3 V6 stage
maize plants, recorded during rabi seasons of 2017 18, 2018 19 and 2019 20 (up to
December 2019). The highest percentage infestation of S. inferens was observed in
PB (10.4 to 26.1 %), followed by ZT (5.7 to 20.2 %) and least in CT (4.8 to 6.2 %),
with significant differences over the years. In 2020, heavy infestation of FAW was
also observed as high as 99.5% in CTand the least in ZT (84.19%). Severity of
damage in terms of Davis score 1 9 (Davis and Williams, 1992) was assessed, where
least severity was observed in ZT and highest in CT. However, CT recorded low
survival of FAW and high recovery of plants in subsequent observations. Since FAW
feeds on plant whorl, while S. inferens infests the base, system needs to be observed
closely in the coming years.
IV-23 SEASONAL CHANGES IN SOIL HEALTH PARAMETERS

AFFECTED BY NITROGEN AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
UNDER LONG-TERM CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE IN MAIZE
SYSTEM
Jat S L , Gambhir G , Kumar N , Suby S B, Parihar C M and Rakshit S

[email protected]
Conservation agriculture based management found to be effective for enhancing

productivity, profitability and soil properties in maize based cropping system. We
have assessed changes in the key soil enzymatic activities under long term CA in
spring and kharif season. In our experiment, the zero tillage practices with residue
(WR) and without residues (WoR) with two maize cropping system (MMuMb:
Maize Mustard Mungbean and MWMb: Maize Wheat Mungbean) considered as
main plots and further in four different nitrogen management (F0: RDN, F1: 33+GS
206
(green seeker), F2: 50+GS, F3: 70+GS) in sub plots. The soil was sampled after
harvest of spring 2019 and kharif 2019 for analysis of the soil organic carbon and
NPK in the experiments started at fixed site since kharif 2012. The enzymatic
properties were analyzed at the flowering stage of the crop during spring mungbean
and kharif maize. Compared to CT plots, the soil physical properties like penetration
resistance (PR) showed significant (P < 0.05) declined at various depths. The soil
organic carbon (SOC) increased in MWMb in F1 at with residue in 0 15 and 15–
30 cm depths while SOC increased in MMuMb without residue in F3. In all enzyme
activity assays, at flowering of kharif season showed better enzyme activity as
compared to summer season whereas in macronutrients (NPK) showed higher values
in soils after harvest of summer season. For microbial biomass carbon (MBC),
MMuMb showing highest activity in both the depths but at different nitrogen
management practices. For florescein diacetate (FDA), at 0 15 cm depth, MMuMb
showed highest activity with residue at F3 whereas at 15 30 cm depth, MWMb has
highest activity without residue. At both the depths, highest urease activity was
observed in same cropping system i.e. MWMb but with different nitrogen doses (F4
and F1). Alkaline phosphatase activity was more in MWMb with residue at RDN in
0 15 cm depth whereas in 15 30 cm depth, MMuMb showed highest activity with
residue at RDN. In glucosidase enzyme assay, MMuMb has highest activity in RDN
with residue and at 15 30 cm depth, highest activity was observed in another cropping
system MWMb but with same dose of nitrogen. The nitrogen was highest in MMuMb
with F2 at 0 15 cm and in 15 30 cm. The potassium content in both the depths was
highest in MWMb system at F3 whereas highest phosphorous was observed in
MMuMb at 0 15 cm depth while in MWMb at 15 30 cm depth. Hence, it can be
concluded that residue retention in the conservation agriculture improved the
enzymatic activities and NPK content along with decreases the penetration resistance.
IV-24 COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SEEDLING GROWTH TRAITS

AND DRY MATTER PARTITIONING TO ROOTS IN MAIZE INBREDS AND
HYBRIDS
Reddaiah K 1, Gadag R N 1, Mukri G 1, Pandey R 1, Kumari J 2 and Bhat J 1

1
ICAR Indian Agricultural research Institute, New Delhi
2
[email protected]
Heterosis is typically detected in adult hybrid plants as increased yield or vigor

compared to their parents. Heterosis is observed at different growth stage of the plant.
Little is known about the manifestation of heterosis at early growth stages. Seedling
stage is the earlist possible stage where one can quantify superiority of the given
genotype by evaluating them for various growth parameters. As heterosis is the
superiority of the hybrids over its parents, for underlying traits, we tried to compare
the hybrids and their parents at seedling stages. Total four hybrids and five inbred
lines were evaluated at seedling stage for their seedling vigor index, shoot length,
seedling dry weight, root length, root surface area, root projected area, root diameter,
root volume, root dry weight. Seedling traits were recorded 7 days after sowing. Root
parameters were recorded through root image scanner (WinRHIZO Pro) at 14 and 21
days after transplanting under hydrophonics. Hybrids, AH 4158, AH 4271, PJHM 1
and inbreds, PML 105 and UMI 1210 showed mean highest seedling vigor index (SVI)
as well as total root length. Mid parental heterosis for SVI of AH 4158 was highest
207
(81.50%) followed by AH 4271 (66.05%) where as for all the root parameters under
study, AH 4271 showed highest mid parental heterosis compared to AH 4158. It was
evident from the study that, root parameters are significantly correlated with the dry
matter accumulation at seedling stage. Hence, the phenomenon of heterosis at
different growth stage needs to be dissected to understand the role of early growth
parameters in deciding the heterosis in maize.
IV-25 PRODUCTION, PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF MAIZE

(ZEA MAYS) AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT AGRONOMIC PRACTICES
Lakra A K and Sinha A K

Section of Agronomy
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Rajmohini Devi Collage of Agriculture and
Field experiments were conducted at Research farm of RMD College of Agriculture

& Research Station, Ambikapur to study the effect of different agronomical practices
on production, productivity and profitability of maize during 2017 20. There were
eight treatments viz. farmer practices, ecological intensification (EI), EI tillage
practices, EI nutrient management, EI planting density, EI water management, EI
weed management and EI disease and insect management which were laid out in
randomized block design (RBD) and replicated thrice. Ecological intensification
treatment recorded higher growth and yield attributing features of maize were
significantly influenced by different management practices. Maximum cob length,
cob girth, number of kernel/cob, number of kernel/row and test weight of maize were
obtained from ecological intensification treatment over rest of the treatment. The
kernel yield of maize recorded at ecological intensification (67.45 q ha 1) was
significantly higher than all other management treatments. However, it was on a par
with that obtained at EI water management (63.48 q ha 1) and EI disease and insect
management (6191.55 q ha 1). The highest net returns of maize was recorded under
ecological intensification (56958.68 Rs.ha 1) followed by EI water management
(56517.42 Rs.ha 1), while returns per rupee of investment were obtained with EI water
management (1.36) which was at par with ecological intensification treatment (1.34).
Ecological intensification recorded significantly minimum total weed density (61.49
m 2) and weed dry weight (14.73 g) as compared to all other treatments.
IV-26 INTERCROPPING OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) WITH BEAN

(PHASEOLUS VULGARIS) INFLUENCED BY VARYING TILLAGE AND
FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES UNDER RAINFED
CONDITIONS OF KASHMIR VALLEY
Bhat S F , Saad A A , Kanth R H , Masood A , Nazir A , Bhat T A and Rather M

Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir,
Shalimar
[email protected]
A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2016 at the Research Farm
of Faculty of Agriculture and Regional Research Station, Wadura of SKUAST K to
evaluate the performance of intercropping of maize (Shalimar Composite 4) with
bean (WB 1634) in the row ratio of 1:1 under conventional and zero tillage having
208
varying fertility levels (control, 75%RFD,100%RFD). The experiment was conducted

in split plot design keeping tillage (conventional & zero tillage) and cropping system
(sole & intercropping) in main plots and fertility levels in sub plot. Bean was
intercropped with the various fertility levels of maize. Under zero tillage land was
prepared by applying glyphosate (41% EC) at the rate of 1.0 kg a.i. ha 1.Sowing of
maize and pole bean was done by opening narrow furrow at a row distance of 60 cm.
The growth parameters of both the crops were significantly affected by the treatments.
Growth parameters of maize and pole bean were significantly higher with
conventional tillage sole systems (CSM & CSB) followed by conventional tillage
intercropping of maize+bean system (CMB). Grain yields of maize and pole bean
were also higher with conventional tillage sole systems. These parameters were also
higher with 100% RFD irrespective of tillage & cropping system. Among interaction
of treatments, grain yields of maize and pole bean were higher in conventional tillage
sole cropping of the respective cropsalong with 100% RFDand conventional tillage
intercropping of these crops (CMB × 100% RFD). However zero tillage sole maize
along with 100% RFD was at par to conventional tillage sole maize along with 100%
RFD. Significantly higher system productivity was observed with conventional
tillage intercropping at 100% (CMB × 100% RFD) followed by intercropping under
zero tillage at 100% RFD (ZMB × 100% RFD) and intercropping under conventional
tillage at 75% RFD (CMB × 75% RFD). The yield advantage (LER) under CMB ×
100% RFD was only about 6.6% higher than ZMB × 100% RFD. Maize crop was
more aggressive than pole bean in conventional tillage zero tillage system,
irrespective of fertility levels. With respect to fertility level, maize was more
aggressive in control plots, however at 75% RFD of maize both the component crops
were equally competitive. But at 100% RFD, pole bean became more aggressive than
maize crop. Nutrient use efficiency was higher with CSB &CMB followed by ZSB &
ZMB. However energy use efficiency was higher with ZMB.The results concluded
that intercropping of maize and bean under zero tillage supplied with 100%RFD of
maize was the next alternative after conventional intercropping supplied with
100%RFD of maize.
IV-27 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TILLAGE PRACTICES AND NUTRIENT

MANAGEMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L ) IN
MAIZE-MUSTARD CROPPING SYSTEM
Mahajan G and Paradkar V K

AICRP on Maize, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi
Vishwa Vidyalaya, Chhindwara
[email protected]
The moisture and nutrient up taking capacity of plants is highly determined by the
spatial distribution of the root system through the soil profile and it ultimately affects
the growth and productivity of crop. In a general view the distribution of underground
parts of plant in soil is directly effect by the soil compaction or the tilth of soil. As
compared to conventional tillage, minimum tillage protects the soil from wind and
water erosion, favours microbial growth, improved soil structure, increase infiltration
rate, soil respiration, dehydrogenase activity in upper layer, soil organic carbon and
soil microbial biomass. Fertilizer application recommendations are often based on
crop response data averaged over large areas, though farmers’ fields show large
variability in terms of nutrient supplying capacity and crop response to nutrients.
209
Thus, blanket fertilizer application recommendations may lead farmers to over

fertilize in some areas and under fertilize in others, or apply an improper balance of
nutrients for their soil or crop. An alternative to blanket guidance, Site Specific
Nutrient Management (SSNM) aims to optimize the supply of soil nutrients over time
and space to match the requirements of crops. Keeping these facts in consideration,
the present investigation was carried out to find out Effect of different tillage practices
and nutrient management on productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) in maize mustard
cropping system. The study was conducted during Kharif season of 2017, 2018 &
2019 consecutively at a fixed site at JNKVV, Zonal Agriculture Research Station,
Chandangaon, Chhindwara. It is situated at a height of 682m above mean sea level
with a latitude range of 21° 28’ N and longitude range of 78° 10' E. It receives an
average rainfall of 1084 mm during the crop period the rains were normal. The
experiment was laid out in split block design keeping with six treatments viz: Tillage
practices as main plot factor (Zero Tillage, Conventional tillage & Permanent bed )
whereas, the sub plot treatment includes nutrient management practices ( ½ RDF,
RDF & SSNM based on nutrient expert i.e.140:34:71; N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha) where the
RDF was 120:60:40; N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha. The experiment was laid out with three
replications. The results from the present experiment clearly indicate that under the
climatic conditions of Chhindwara, the method of conventional tillage planting gave
higher yield. Amongst nutrient management practices, SSNM resulted in significantly
higher yield over rest of the nutrient management options.
IV-28 EFFECT OF TILLAGE PRACTICES AND HYDROGEL DOSES ON

THE PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L ) UNDER RAINFED
CONDITIONS
Paradkar V K and Mahajan G

AICRP on Maize, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi
Vishwa Vidyalaya, Chhindwara
[email protected]
Maize is the third most important cereal crop in India after rice and wheat. maize can
be grown throughout the year in summer, autumn, winter and spring seasons. Under
rainfed condition during kharif season, it suffers from natural calamities such as
frequent and heavy rainfall or drought with heavy infestation of diseases and insect
pests. As such, the average yield of kharif maize is low. Water is an important life
saving natural resource for the crop. It profoundly influences photosynthesis,
respiration, absorption, translocation and utilization of mineral nutrient and cell
division. The use of soil conditioners like hydrogel has a great potential to exploit the
existing water in soil for agricultural crops by increasing their production. When
hydrogel is incorporated into the soil it is presumed that they retain large quantities of
water and nutrients, which are released as required by the plant. Thus, plant growth
could be improved with limited water supply. The incorporation of super absorbent
polymer enhanced seed germination and emergence, crop growth and yield. The
present investigation was carried out for Enhancing water use efficiency in rainfed
maize. The study was conducted during Kharif season of 2017& 2018 at JNKVV,
Zonal Agriculture Research Station, Chandangaon, Chhindwara. It is situated at a
height of 682m above mean sea level with a latitude range of 21° 28’ N and longitude
range of 78° 10' E. It receives an average rainfall of 1084 mm during the crop period
the rains were normal. The experiment was laid out in split block design keeping with
210
twelve treatments. The main plot treatments included tillage viz: T1= Tillage
Conventional; T2= Tillage Conventional + Mulching; T3= Zero tillage and T4= Zero
tillage + Residues whereas sub ploy treatment includes application of hydrogel to
crops viz: G1= Hydrogel control; G2= Hydrogel 2.5 g gel and G3= Hydrogel 5.0 g gel.
The results of the study showed that the rainfed maize responded to tillage practices.
It was found that zero tillage + mulch resulted yield enhancement by 24 % higher
yield over without mulch. Amongst various hydrogel treatments the application of
hydrogel @5.0 kg/ha resulted yield increment by 10.9% at, Chhindwara over no
hydrogel application.
IV-29 PRODUCTION POTENTIAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF

MAIZE AND PULSE INTERCROPPING IN DIFFERENT ROW RATIOS
UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS OF NORTH- EAST INDIA
Singh S D , Nongmaithem N , Konsam J and Senjam P

[email protected]
A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2016 17 at upland research
farm of ICAR, Mizoram centre, Kolasib. The experiment was undertaken to evaluate
the effect of maize and pulse intercropping under different row ratios on its yields,
yield attributing characters, intercropping efficiencies and monetary return. The
results of the experiment showed the yield and yield attributing parameters of the sole
crops were higher than the yields in intercropping system. There was a trend of
decreasing maize yield with increasing row ratio in intercropping treatments, however,
the intercrops (soyabean and green gram) yield were increased with increase of row
ratios. Maize intercropping with green gram at 1:2 ratios produced the maximum land
equivalent ratio (1.471) and land equivalent coefficient (0.536) whereas
maize+soyabean in 1:2 ratio produced the highest area time equivalent ratio (1.270).
Among the competition indices, relative crowding coefficient value (11.672) was
maximum under maize+green gram in 1:1 ratio. There was positive aggressivity of
maize and negative aggressivity in soyabean and green gram. In terms of monetary
return parameters such as maize equivalent yield, system productivity, production
efficiency, net return and B:C ratio were attributed to maize+soyabean at 1:2 ratios.
IV-30 EFFECT OF DETOPPING ON YIELD OF MAIZE CROP
Rajanikanth E , Manjulatha G , Sravani D , Usharani G and Vijayabhaskar A

Professor Jaya Shankar Telangana State Agricultural University
Now days fodder is the main constraint in particularly during rabi season. In maize
growing areas, the de topped Maize is one of the alternative sources of fodder, which
may be used as green fodder. Hence to find out the effect of detopping on Maize yield
this experiment was planned. A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural
Research Station, Karimnagar for two years during Rabi 2013 14 & 2014 15, to find
out the effect of de topping on maize yield in red sandy loam soils. The initial soil
status indicated of high available N, P, K (613.9, 62.8, 436 kg/ha respectively). The
experiment was carried out in Randomized block design in two sub experiments. First
sub experiment conducted with 7 treatments (Stages of De topping i.e T1 14 Days
211
after tasseling (DAT), T2 19 DAT, T3 24 DAT, T4 29 DAT, T5 34 DA7, T6

40 DAT & Control Without De topping) and with 6 treatments in second sub
experiment (Length of De topping i.e T1 The fifth node above the cob, T2 The
fourth node above the cob, T3 The third node above the cob, T4 The second node
above the cob, T5 One node above the cob & T6 Control (Without De topping).
Significantly higher grain yield and yield attributes were recorded with control (no
detopping) and it was on par with detopping (by leaving five leaves above the cob) at
40 days after tasseling in addition green fodder yield of 1.96 t/ha is obtained.
Detopping by leaving two, three and four leaves above the cob placement resulted in
22, 18 & 17% yield loss respectively than compared to the control.
IV-31 AGRONOMIC INTERVENTIONS TO ENHANCE THE

PRODUCTIVITY OF KHARIF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L )
Kumar M , Chawla J S , Sandhu S K , Garg T and Singh G

Maize Section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, PAU Ludhiana
[email protected]
In Punjab, the optimum time for sowing of kharif maize is from last week of May to
end of June. The planting of maize during kharif season experienced high rainfall in
monsoon season which often causes temporary flooding in flat method of sowing,
there by affecting its germination. Efforts were made to device alternate methods viz.,
bed or ridge planting which may lead to higher grain yield than the flat sowing
method due to better germination, good plant establishment, increased nutrient use
efficiency, better irrigation management, better weed management through inter bed
cultivation and increase aeration in root zone. These methods may resist lodging and
will produce higher grain yield than flat sowing. The field experiments were
conducted to find out the appropriate planting method to enhance the germination
during kharif 2017 and 2018 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The
experiment comprised of 15 treatment combinations with three planting methods as
main plot treatments (flat, ridge and bed sowing) and five nitrogen levels as sub plot
treatments (0, 90, 120, 150 and 180 kg N ha 1) in a split plot design. The N was
applied in the form of urea in three equal splits, at sowing, knee high stage and pre
tasseling stage. The sowing was done by dibbling method. The row to row spacing of 60
cm and plant to plant spacing of 20 cm was kept for flat and ridge sowing methods and
row to row spacing of 67.5 cm and plant to plant spacing of 18 cm was kept for bed
sowing. Significantly higher grain yield was obtained in bed sowing as compared to
flat sowing irrespective of nitrogen levels. The yield contributing attributes like
number of cobs, cob length, girth, number of rows per cob were higher in bed sown
crop. Maize crop sown on beds and ridges gave 14.9 and 9.7 per cent higher yields
than flat sowing, respectively. The yield response with respect to nitrogen application
was recorded upto 150 kg/ha. On the basis of two years data, the yield at 150 kg N/ha
(64.2 q/ha) and 180 kg N /ha (65.8 q/ha) were at par but significantly higher than
lower test doses. The yield response at higher nitrogen level (150 kg/ha), as
compared to recommended level of 120 kg N/ha, may be due to low organic carbon
(0.36%) of the experimental plot. Based on experimental results, it was concluded
that maize crop should be sown on beds using recommended dose of nitrogen
fertilizer during kharif season for better crop stand, to avoid water stress due to
excessive rainfall and may leads to higher yield.
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IV-32 PRECISION NITROGEN MANAGEMENT THROUGH OPTICAL

SENSOR TOOL
Sreelatha D 1, Anuradha G 1, Reddy M L K1, Madhavi A 2 and Srijaya T 2

1
Maize Research Centre, ARI, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad
2
AICRP on STCR, ARI, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad
Farmers tend to apply higher rates of N fertilizer than recommended to ensure

maximum yield. Excessive N rates for the yield attained often results in unused N
moving to ground and surface water in the form of nitrate and result in sizeable
fertilizer N losses, not only reduces grower profits but can also lead to environmental
contamination. Use of proximal plant canopy sensors offers an opportunity for corn
producers to adjust N requirement according to the crop requirement and demand.
Hence, a three years (2017 19) field study was conducted in sandy clay loam soils
having medium Nitrogen, high Phosphorus and Potassium status (288 92 513 N
P2O5 K2O/ha) during kharif season in Randomized block design with twelve
treatments consists of Control (No N, only Recommended P&K); RDF(200 60 50);
STCR(246 52 60); NE(141 60 90);and remaining treatments (T5 to T11) were
formulated with 33%, 60% and 70% as basal ,30%+30% and 35%+35% as basal
and 25 DAS with recommended N and remaining N doses based on NDVI readings
obtained with green seeker at knee high and tasseling stages were tested with T12 N
rich Strip(300 60 40 N P2O5 K2O/ha) treatment.The pooled results revealed that, N
rich strip (300 60 40 N P2O5 K2O/ha) has realized significantly higher grain yield
(8.9 t/ha) compared to all other treatments. However, Soil test based recommendation
(8.6 t/ha) and RDF (8.0 t/ha) gave grain yields on par with N rich strip. Hence, the N
requirement can be given through STCR to save N dose (54 kg N/ha). Further, it is
revealed that the green seeker based N applications at knee high and tasseling stages
with various treatments also realized yields (7.5 to 8.1 t/ha) which are on par with
RDF. Among the green seeker based N application treatments, the treatment 11(35%
basal N (66 kg N/ha)+ 35% at 25 DAS (66 kg N/ha) +Green seeker based N at
tasseling stage (35 kg N/ha) has realized highest maize grain yield (8.1t/ha). Hence,
the results reveals that green seeker based application is the best option with saving of
33 kg of N/ha compared to RDF.
IV-33 EFFECT OF PLANTING METHODS AND MULCHING ON GROWTH

AND YIELD OF SPRING MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L ) HYBRIDS
Singh M and Kumar M

Department of Agronomy
[email protected]
A field experiment was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana

during spring 2017 and 2018 to study the influence of planting methods (bed, ridge
and flat planting) two mulching levels (no mulch and paddy straw mulch @ 5 t ha 1)
and three hybrids (PMH 10, PMH 8 and DKC 9108) on the growth and yield of
spring maize. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications.
The experiment was conducted in loamy sand soil having normal pH, electrical
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conductivity and organic carbon, medium in available nitrogen, high in available

phosphorus and potash. In bed and ridge planting methods was significantly high
growth parameters like plant height, no. of leaves, leaf area index and dry matter
accumulation per plant as compared to flat sowing method. In bed planting method
maximum grain yield of 80.4 q ha 1 and 78.4 q ha 1 in 2017 and 2018 respectively
recorded which was statistically at par with ridge planting method (79.9 q ha 1 in 2017
and 77.7 q ha 1 in 2018) but was significantly higher than that recorded under flat
sowing. Significantly increased growth parameters with paddy straw mulching 5 t ha
1
as compared to no mulching. Application of mulch increased grain yield by 7.8 per
cent in 2017 and 5.0 per cent in 2018 as compared to no mulch treatments. Among the
different hybrids, DKC 9108 and PMH 10 produced better growth parameters as
compared to PMH 8. DKC 9108 recorded highest grain yield but was statistically at
par with PMH 10 while PMH 8 recorded significantly lower yield but was at par with
PMH 10.
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Theme-V
Mechanization, Processing
and Value Addition - Key for
Maize Growth
V-1 GLYCEMIC INDEX (GI) OF MAIZE BASED PRODUCTS UNDER

DIFFERENT COOKING METHODS
Shobha D 1, Joshi N 2 and Pooja H D 1

1
2
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra,
Bengaluru
[email protected]
Carbohydrate foods consumed with same amount of glucose produce different

glycemic responses depending on the nature of food, type and extent of food
processing or cooking. Considering this, a study was conducted to assess the glycemic
index of maize based products under different cooking methods .Maize products were
standardized using traditional cooking methods such as toasting; maize roti (100 %
maize flour), boiling; maize upma (100 % maize semolina), steaming; maize kadabu
(75 % maize flour + 25 % black gram flour) and fermentation; maize idli (75 % maize
semolina + 25 % black gram). The GI of the products was estimated as per WHO,
(2003) protocol. Ten healthy volunteers aged between 20 25 years participated in the
study. Test foods (50 g carbohydrate) were provided on different days after an
overnight fast. Blood samples were drawn by finger prick method using glucometer
(Accu check active) at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after the meal. The GI was
calculated by dividing the incremental area under the curve (IAUC) for the test food
by that for the standard food (IAUCS). The nutritional composition of the products
was estimated by standard AOAC (2000) method. The study revealed that, among
different cooking methods , steam cooked products (Kadabu and Idli) were found to
be superior with moisture (37.41%, 38.81 %), protein (8.47%, 12.45 %), fat (2.25%,
1.95%), ash (1.77 %, 1.62 %) carbohydrate (42.01%, 72.43 %) and energy
(221.56 ,356 K cal/ 100g), respectively .The glycemic index (GI) of the maize
products under different cooking methods revealed that GI of maize kadabu (56.91),
maize idli (61.78) were found to fall under moderate GI (50 70) category, while
maize roti (74.70) and maize upma (69.91) were under high GI (70 100) category.
Thus the study indicated that the combination of ingredients used as well as the
method of cooking had significant influence on GI of the products.
V-2 QUALITY PROTEIN MAIZE (QPM) BASED SNACK FOOD-

“CRISPIES” ENRICHED WITH MICRONUTRIENTS
Shobha1 D , Mahadevu P 1 and Phagna R 2

1
2
[email protected]
Maize (Zea mays L) is the third most important cereal in India, after Rice and Wheat.
An attempt was made at the AICRP (Maize), ZARS, Mandya to test the feasibility of
maize flour incorporation along with other ingredients in crispies preparation and its
impact on quality of crispies in terms of nutritional, sensory and storage behavior was
assessed. Different levels of maize flour viz., 50, 60, 70 % levels were tried along with
other ingredients. Nutritional composition of the developed crispies was analyzed by
standard methods. Samples were packed in two types of packaging materials i.e
215
LDPE covers and Alluminium covers (alluminium cover + one tensil polyester 3 layer
film) for a period of 30 days to analyse moisture, peroxide valueand free fatty acids.
The overall acceptability scores of crispies prepared by incorporating maize flour at
50 % scored between very good to excellent (4.2) with a textural value of 3.8 along
with taste value of 4.10 indicating that crispies were acceptable in terms of sensory
parameters. The developed crispies contained 18.18 % protein, 35.20 % fat with a
energy content of 564 K cal/ 100 g. The peroxide value was significantly increased
from 2.40 to 7.00 and 2.0 to 2.33 to 8.25 in Alluminium packs and LDPE covers
respectively over 15 days of storage period. The moisture changes during storage
period were 1.39 to 2.08and 1.38 to 2.89 in aluminum covers and LDPE pouches
respectively. Hence the study revealed that the crispies from maize were found to be
acceptable in terms of sensory, nutritional and storage quality and kept up to 15 days
at room temperature without affecting its organoleptic quality.
V-3 DEVELOPMENT OF NUTRITIONALLY ENRICHED GLUTEN FREE

PASTA USING QUALITY PROTEIN MAIZE (QPM)
Kambalimatha V 2, Shobha D 1, Joshi N 2 and Phagna R K 3

1
2
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra,
Bengaluru
3
[email protected]
Pasta is a popular convenience food worldwide, prepared from durum wheat or rice
using extrusion cooking. In recent years people allergic to gluten (Celiac disease) are
increasing and food products devoid of gluten protein are beneficial to such people
with variation in their diet without gluten. Maize is a good source of starch (65 70%),
protein (8 10%), fat (3 4%) and some of the important vitamins and minerals and is
devoid of gluten protein. The Quality Protein Maize (QPM) has got special distinction
among the cereals due to presence of high amount of two essential amino acids viz.,
lysine and tryptophan with better amino acid balance, hence can be used in diversified
ways. Gluten free pasta was developed using QPM(Q), black gram(B) and soya
flour(S) in different proportions (T1;Q:B:S 50:30:20, T2;Q:B:S 60:30:10, T3;Q:B
70:30, T4;Q:B 80:20), while control pasta was prepared with wheat (100 %). The
extrusion process was performed using single screw extruder (Dolly Pasta Extruder
P3 model). Organoleptic characteristics such as color, appearance, texture, taste,
flavorand overall acceptability were evaluated by a panel of semi trained judges using
9 point hedonic rating scale. Among the various blends studied, the QPM, black gram
and soya flour combination of 60:30:10 (T2) had better acceptance when compared to
other combinations tested. Further, pasta (T2) was also enriched with the addition of
spirulina powder at different levels (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 %) to enhance the sensorial and
nutritional quality (Spirulina contains 70% protein, with all essential amino acids, 15–
20 % carbohydrates, β carotene, vitamin B1,B2,B3, iron, calcium, phenolic acids and
tocopherols). The sensory attributes such as color (7.4), appearance (7.5), texture (7.5),
flavor (7.4), taste (7.6), stickiness (7.4), bulkiness (7.4), firmness (7.5) and overall
acceptability (7.6) were significantly higher for 6 % spirulina incorporated QPM pasta.
Incorporation of spirulina powder resulted in nutritionally rich pasta as compared to
control (wheat pasta) due to increased nutrient content viz., protein (15.6g/100g),
calcium (37.2 mg/100g), iron (5mg/100g), magnesium (144.9 mg/100g)and potassium
216
(625.9 mg /100g) with a carbohydrate and energy content of 59 % and 323 k cal/100g,
respectively.
V-4 MECHANIZED MAIZE CULTIVATION OPTIONS FOR SMALL

FARMERS
Bamboriya J S 1, Bamboriya S D 2 and Dhayal B L 3
1
Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and
Technology, Udaipur
2
3
Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Mechanization is application of machine power instead of draught animals or human
labour to complete different agricultural tasks. It increases the speed and saves time
and labour in farming operations. It lowers production cost and improves farm income.
Maize being a wide spaced crop, allow tractor based intercultural and weeding
operations. Hybrid seed cultivation is quite common in maize. Hybrids has uniform
seed and plant type which germinates and grows together and matures at once which
suits seed to seed mechanization. Maize is predominantly (75%) grown as rain fed
crop where operations like sowing, weeding, earthing up etc. are all dependent on the
rainfall conditions which provided little window period to perform all these
operations. Hence, mechanized cultivation will help in doing these critical operations
in no time and will reduce drudgery and enhance farm profitability of rain fed maize.
Further, the declining trend of labour in agriculture sector also highlighted the need of
farm mechanization. Animal drawn ridge maker, cutivator and harrow for seed bed
preparation; naveen dibbler, rotary dibbler, one row seed cum ferti drill, metallic tip
dibbler, animal drawn multi crop planter for seeding; serrated sickle for harvesting;
tubular/octagonal, rotary type, pedal operated maize sheller etc. are some affordable
equipment for small maize farmers. Two wheeled tractor with different attachments
can also fulfill multiple field tasks like land preparation, planting, inter cultivation,
spraying, harvesting, transportation etc and are also cheaper and affordable by small
farmers. Further, custom hiring of larger and costly farm machinery (laser land
leveller, pneumatic planter, combine harvester, maize thresher silo pack machine etc.)
is another viable option for large scale farm mechanization among small farmers.
V-5 MAIZE ANTHOCYANINS: A POTENTIAL SOURCE FOR NUTRITION

AND FORMULATION OF NOVEL FUNCTIONAL FOOD
Bhushan B , Dagla M C , Dhir A , Chaudhary D P
[email protected]
The maize crop is well known for its commercial usage around the world. India is also
focussing on its popularization through the development of quality based inbreds or
hybrids. The market or saleable quality of food is dictated mainly by the color. The
color food not only increases the appeal of a food item but its various shades are being
fascinated towards a large population. The anthocyanins are water soluble pigments
which are receiving more prominence not only for their colorant properties but also to
their antioxidant potential. In order to develop functional food at IIMR, a total of 18
exotic entries including few inbreds and selected maize germplasm from NBPGR
were screened for total anthocyanin content. The selection of inbreds was based on
217
high yield potential and color types. The major drawback of usage of anthocyanin is
its stability in the basic food items. To overcome this, there is a need to assess the
genotypes having maximum anthocyanin content for stability attribute either through
composites or nanotechnological interventions.
V-6 STANDARDIZATION AND EVALUATION OF GRAIN STAINING

TECHNIQUES IN MAIZE FOR RAPID SCREENING OF IRON AND ZINC
CONTENT USING
Sharma D , Pal R S, Khulbe R K, Pattanayak A and Kant L

ICAR Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi AnusandhanSansthan, Almora
[email protected]
Micronutrient malnutrition is the major problem in developing country affecting

billions of people worldwide. Biofortification of crops is the important strategy for
combating the malnutrition problem. Maize is the third most important staple food
crop consumed worldwide by billions of people directly or indirectly. A great extent
of genetic diversity present in the available germplasm for iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn)
micronutrient content. Screening of the germplasm for high Fe and Zn content using
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery (AAS) or Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass
Spectrometry (ICP MS) is costly and time consuming. Though these analytical
techniques produce results with great precision, alternative methods are required for
screening of a large number of germplasm lines in short period of time. Keeping this
in view, in the present investigation a rapid staining method was followed and
standardized for screening a set of 33 maize genotypes for Fe and Zn content in the
grain. Perl’s Prussian Blue and Dithizone (DTZ: 1, 5 diphenyl thiocarbazone) were
used as reagents for Fe and Zn, respectively. The intensity of color developed was
visually scored as 1, 2 and 3 for high, medium and low micronutrient content,
respectively. The reliability and effectiveness of the staining method was tested
through correlation analysis between dye staining score and AAS values. The staining
score was significantly (P < 0.05) associated with the AAS values of Fe (r=0.55**)
and Zn (r=0.63**) which was further confirmed through t test. The AAS analysis
results were in strong congruence with the dye staining method. The genotype VLQC
8(1) was found to have highest level of iron (46.60 mg/kg) andCS 16 2 1had highest
level of zinc (30.10 mg/kg) among the genotypes assayed. Besides these,
genotypesBS 21 2 3 1, VLQC 1(2), CML 169, CM 212 and V 336 were found to be
having considerably higher levels of iron and zinc in the grains. These lines may be
used directly for developing hybrids with higher Fe and Zn content or suitable
combinations of these lines may be used as source populations for deriving lines with
high levels of Fe and Zn through conventional methods or use of molecular markers
in combination with double haploid technology. In the present investigation, the
colour intensity scores were found to be reliable indicators for grain Fe and Zn
content and, the grain staining technique could, therefore, be effectively used as an
initial screening tool for identification of high Fe and Zn genotypesin large genotype
sets in a short period of time.
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Theme-VI
Sustainable Livestock
Industry - Maize a Key Player
VI-1 PERFORMANCE OF MAIZE HYBRIDS FOR FODDER AND GRAIN

YIELD DURING SPRING SEASON
Kamboj M C, Sharma P , Singh N , Jangid K and Kumar P

Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station,
Karnal
The Indian farmers are dependent upon two major enterprises; crops and livestock for
maximizing their family income. Livestock production is the backbone of Indian
agriculture contributing 5.4% to National GDP and a source of employment and
ultimate livelihood for 70% of the population in rural areas. The milk production in
India is 176.3 million tonnes (2017 18), the highest in the world. The milk production
to a large extent depends upon the availability of good quality fodder. To meet out the
needs of the good quality fodder the production as well productivity of fodder is to be
increased by cultivating it at limited area. Green forages are rich and cheapest source
of carbohydrates, protein, vitamins and minerals for dairy animals. By providing
sufficient quantities of fodder instead of costly concentrates and feeds to the milk
animals, the cost of milk production can considerably be reduced. Due to increase in
cost of cultivation of cereal and cash crops the fodder production has been decreased.
At present, the country faces a net deficit of approximate 61.1% green fodder, 21.9%
dry crop residues and 64% concentrate feeds. To meet the current level of livestock
production maize can be best solution as fodder. So, the cost of milk production can
considerably be reduced by substituting high quality forages for concentrate.
Moreover, the nutrients from the fodders are not only easily digestible but palatable
also as compared to the nutrients from concentrates. Maize is one of the most versatile
emerging crops having wider adaptability under varied agro climatic conditions. As it
has higher potential for grain and fodder yield than any other cereal, it is sometimes
referred to as the miracle crop or the ‘Queen of Cereals’. It is the crop which may be
grown throughout the country in all season and is also best as silage crop. The cost of
seed production of single cross hybrids is very high as compared to three way crosses
and that is why the seed of public sector hybrids is not available to the farmers.
Keeping these problems in mind eighteen hybrids (eight single cross and ten three
way crosses) were evaluated for grain yield and fodder yield, days to dough stage ,
tryptophan per cent and other important agronomic traits during Spring 2019 at CCS
HAU Regional Research Station Farm, Karnal. Among the single cross hybrids
HQPM 4 gave maximum fodder yield (508.2 q/ha) followed by HM 10 (502.4 q/ha)
while among the three way crosses HM 10 × HKI 161 gave maximum fodder yield
(501.3 q/ha) followed by (HKI 193 2 x HKI 163) × HKI 161 (496.8 q/ha) and HQPM
5 × HKI 193 2 (490.7 q/ha). Maximum grain yield was observed in HM 11 (70.2 q/ha)
followed by HM 10 (69.4 q/ha), HQPM 4 (68.2 q/ha) among the single cross hybrids
while among three way crosses maximum grain yield was found in (HKI 193 2 × HKI
163) × HKI 161 (69.6 q/ha) followed by (HKI 170 x HKI 193 2) x HKI 161 (69.1
q/ha) and HQPM 5 × 193 2 (68.4 q/ha). Days to dough stage varied from 101 days
(HM 8, HM 9 and HM 9 x HKI 163) to 107 days (HM 10, HM 11, HQPM 4, (HKI
193 2 ×HKI 163 ) x HKI 161, The tryptophan content varied from 0.41 per cent (HM
8) to 0.77 per cent (HQPM 4). Among all the hybrids tested HQPM 4 was found best
for fodder and silage as it is having maximum fodder yield (508.2 q/ha), with 0.77 per
cent tryptophan followed by two three way crosses (HKI 193 2 × 163) × HKI 161
(fodder yield: 496.8 q/ha, tryptophan: 0.71 per cent) and HQPM 5 × HKI 193 2
219
(fodder yield: 490.7 q/ha and tryptophan: 0.76 per cent). These two three way crosses
may be used for fodder and silage purpose after multi location testing.
VI-2 ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP

WITH HETEROSIS FOR FORAGE TRAITS IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L )
Doggalli G , Mahadevu P , Lohithaswa H C , Shekar B G and Mallikarjuna N

Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V. C. Farm, Mandya
University of Agricultural sciences, Bangalore
An investigation was carried out to estimate the genetic diversity, combining ability
and to assess the relationship between parental diversity and heterosis in newly
developed inbred lines for forage traits in maize (Zea mays L.) at the Zonal
Agricultural Research Station, V. C. Farm, Mandya and Main Research Station,
Hebbal during 2018 19. Fifty inbred lines were grouped in to seven clusters using
Mahalanobis D2 statistic. The cluster II composed of maximum number of inbred
lines (18) followed by cluster III (14). Combining ability analysis was performed
using 50 lines and four testers by employing Line × Tester mating design. The ratio of
GCA to SCA variance revealed the preponderance of non additive gene action in the
expression of all the traits under study. The lines viz., 1 50 7, 1 63 5 and 1 17 19 in
E1;1 17 19, 5 6 1 and 1 50 7 in E2; 1 50 7, HCL 7 and 2 4 1 2 and tester CAL 1443
were identified as best general combiners for forage yield and yield related characters.
Among crosses, 1 5 12 × VL121096, 1 17 19 × CAL 1443, 1 19 5 × CAL 1443,
MAI 179 × VL108867, 1 44 9 × CM 202, 1 50 7 × CM 202, 1 63 5 × CAL 1443
and 5 12 1 1 × CAL 1443 exhibited highest significant sca effects and high heterosis
over checks for green forage yield. The parents were grouped into four classes based
on mean and standard deviation of D2 values and found that maximum number of
heterotic crosses resulted from parents included in medium divergence classes. The
200 hybrids, 50 inbred lines and four testers along with two standard checks (CM 202
and Nithyashree) were evaluated for their reaction to Turcicum leaf blight. Out of 200
hybrids, 98 hybrids showed resistance and 58 were moderately resistant. Among 54
parents, 26 lines showed resistant reaction, 12 lines showed moderate resistance, 10
lines were moderately susceptible and six lines recorded susceptible reaction.
VI-3 PERFORMANCE OF FODDER MAIZE GENOTYPES FOR HIGHER

GREEN FORAGE YIELD AND QUALITY IN SOUTHERN DRY ZONE OF
KARNATAKA
Mahadevu P , Shekara B G , Chikuragi N and Manasa N

AICRP on Forage crops and utilization, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Mandya
An experiment was conducted at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V.C.Farm,

Mandya during kharif 2019 to identify fodder maize genotypes having higher green
forage yield and quality suitable for southern dry zone of karnataka. Among the
genotypes evaluated, J 1006 recorded highest mean green forage yield of 475.6 q/ha
as compared to other entries. However, the genotypes TSFM 15 5 and CO HM 8
found superior with higher crude protein percentage (9.2%) and crude protein yield
(9.3 q/ha) respectively as compared to other genotypes and checks. CO HM 8 also
recorded higher dry matter yield of 131.7 q/ha followed by ADV 6737 (109.3 q/ha) as
compared to all other genotypes.
220
Theme-VII
Innovative Marketing
Linkages for Profitability in
Maize - Way Forward
VII-1 TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY AND SKILL TRAINING

PROGRAMMES TO PROMOTE MAIZE BASED ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Shobha D , Puttramnaik and Mahadevu P

[email protected]
Value addition to maize is important to make maize a nutritionally enriched and

acceptable grain. The Quality Protein Maize (QPM) which has better amino acid
balance can be utilized in diversified ways. Technologies developed at AICRP (Maize)
like lime treatment of grains, milling, extrusion enrichment with other ingredients and
enhancing their palatability through standardization process have been adopted to
make maize a viable ingredient for value addition. Maize processing unit established
at AICRP (Maize), Mandya has plant and machinery such as dry mill, papad maker,
noodle making machine, pasta unit, dryer and pop corn maker were made use of in the
production of flour, semolina, papad, pasta, vermicelli, crispies and RTC products
such as nutri mix, idli mix and vada mix from maize . Around 250 SHG women and
small entrepreneurs were trained in the processing, value addition, packing and
marketing of the products. Commercially the maize value added products were sold
by an entrepreneur Mr Aaaradhya of Aaradhya Agro Food and Beverages, Mysore
under the brand name “Maizy”. The nutritious products of QPM can replace fancied
and highly priced industrial foods. These products can also be prepared in villages
with minimum machinery and could be great source of rural entrepreneurship. Thus
QPM based rural industries have a wider scope for employment generation and rural
prosperity.
VII-2 PRODUCTIVITY AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF MAIZE (ZEA

MAYS, VAR SHALIMAR MAIZE COMPOSITE-6) AS AFFECTED BY
DIFFERENT TILLAGE METHODS AND SOWING TIME UNDER
TEMPERATE CONDITIONS OF KASHMIR
Yousuf W , Qayoom S , Ahmad B , Ahmad L and Mushtaq N

Division of Agronomy,
A field experiment was conducted at Crop Research Farm Faculty of Agriculture,

Wadura, during kharif 2017 and 2018 on a clay loam soil, to study theEffect of tillage
methods and sowing time on productivity and economics of maize,( Zea mays , var.
Shalimar Maize Composite 6) under temperate conditions. The experiment
comprising of 12 treatment combinations viz., 3 tillage methods (minimum tillage,
ridge bed sowing and conventional tillage)and 4 dates of sowing ( 20th, 21st 22nd and
23rd meteorological standard week, was laid out in a strip plot design with three
replications. The results revealed that grain yield (46.70qha 1) and stover yield
(69.12qha 1) of maize increased significantly for maize sown in 20th standard
meteorological week with concomitant increase in its yield attributes and growth
characters. The minimum tillage resulted in significantly higher grain (45.38 qha 1)
and stover yield (65.73 qha 1) of maize along with all the growth and yield attributing
characters studied. The highest benefit:cost ratio of 2.2and net profit of 79873 6
was recorded with treatment combination of maize sown in 20th standard
meteorological week and minimum tillage, hence this treatment combination was
recommended for obtaining most profitable grain yield of maize.
221
Author Index
Abidi I. I 21, I 57, II 18, Bhat A. I 58, II 20, II Dar Z. A. OP 5, I 21, I
II 19 21 22, I 23, I 26, I 57, I
Adhikari S. OP 1, I Bhat J. I 19, IV 24 58,II 14, II 17, II 18, II
27,II 3, III 2 Bhat J.S. OP 2, I 18, I 19, II 20, II 21, II 22,
Aggarwal N. II 41 47 IV 6, IV 8, IV 9, IV 10,
Aggarwal S.K. I 38, II Bhat M.A. OP 5 IV 12
36, II 37 Bhat N.A. IV 6 Das A. I 2
Ahangar M.A. I 21, I 57, Bhat R.A. OP 5, IV 9 Das A.K. I 9, I 38, I 51,
II 22 Bhat S.F. IV 26 I 52, I 53, I 54, I 67, I
Ahir K.C. II 6 Bhat T.A. OP 5, IV 26 71
Ahmad B. VII 2 Bhatnagar A. I 3, IV 13 Das A.K. OP 2, II 26,
Ahmad L. VII 2 Bhushan B. V 5 III 5
Ahmed Z. I 14 Bidi I.A. II 17 Das S. I 41
Aiyman IV 9 Biradar B.D. II 5 Debnath S. II 1,IV 11
Akhter F. I 23 Biswas S. II 1, IV 11 Dehury S. IV 13
Alam M.I. I 49 Buchh J.H. I 22 Devesh A. I 33
Alam T. I 65, II 12, IV Chand G. OP 2 Devesh P. III 6
5 Chand P. I 65, II 12, Devlash R. I 64, II 35
Ali G. I 21, I 57, I 58, IV 5 Dhandapani A. I 42
II 17, II 18, II 19, II 20, Chandel U. I 64, II 23 Dhayal B.L. V 4
II 21 Chandra P.B. OP 8 Dhir A. I 71,V 5
Alie B.A. I 21, II 17, Chaudhari C.S. I 24 Dhonde S.R. I 24, II 25
IV 10 Chaudhary D.P OP 7, I Divya S. II 11
Anuradha G. I 6, I 68, 38, I 67, I 71, I 72, I 73, Dodahatti S. I 28
II 15 III 5, V 5 Doggalli G. I 12, VI 2
Arora A. III 5 Chauhan H.S. OP 2 Elayaraja K. II 16
Arsalan ul Haq I 22 Chauhan P. II 42 Faisal IV 8
Ashraf W. I 22 Chawla J.S. I 56, II 41, Fayaz F. I 23
Ayman IV 10 II 43 Fayaz S. I 1
Ayoub L. I 23 Cheema H.K. II 41 Gadag R.N. I 18, I 19,
Ayushi L. II 13 Chhabra S. OP 2 I 47, II 16, IV 24
Azad A. I 1 Chhangani G. OP 3, II Gaganjeet I 13, I 67
Badiya V. I 39 24, II 31, II 34, II 6 Gajbhiye P.N. IV 14
Bagaria P.K. II 36, II 37 Chhangani S. II 2 Gambhir G. OP 10, IV
Bahar F.A. OP 5, I 21, Chikappa G.K. I 7, I 17, 22, IV 23
IV 4 I 37, I 51, I 52, I 53, I Ganai M.A I 1, IV 6
Baheti B.L. II 37 54, I 67 Ganesan K.N. I 46
Bamboriya J.S. V 4 Chikuragi N. OP 14, Gangoliya S.K. I 51
Bamboriya S.D. IV 2, VI 3 Gangoliya S.S. I 52, I
IV 4,V 4 Chitarlekha II 9, II 40 53, I 54
Bashir S. I 21, I 57, II Choudhary A. OP 13 Garg T. I 56
18, II 22, IV 12 Choudhary J.R. I 55 Garnayak L.M. IV 17
Baveja A. OP 2 Choudhary M. I 2, I 7 Gill G.K. OP 4, I 25, I
Bhadru D. I 42, I 68, II Chouhan D. IV 7 43, I 61, II 13, II 39
15 Dadheech A. I 39 Goshal T. I 51, I 53, I
Bhadrunaik D. I 6 Dagla M.C. V 5 54
Bhagat R.K. III 1 Dar S.A. I 21, I 26, I 57, Goyal S. II 29
Bhar F.A. IV 3 II 17, II 18, II 19 Guleria S.K. I 64
Bharali V. II 38
222
Guleria S.K. OP 2, II 23, Kanth R.H I 1, II 17, II 60, I 67, I 72, I 73, II
II 35 19, IV 8, IV 9, IV 10, 26, II 33, II 36
Gull A. I 22, I 23 IV 26 Kumar S. OP 8, I 7, I
Gulzafar II 17 Kanungo P. I 40 15, I 17, I 37, I 39, I 44,
Gulzar S. I 26 Kapoor U. I 51, I 52, I I 51, I 53, I 54, I 60, I
Gupta N. OP 9, I 19, I 53, I 54 64, II 41
47 Karad S.R. I 34, I 35, Kumar V. I 65, II 12
Gurjar N.R. I 39 III 4, IV 14, IV 15 Kumari J. I 19, IV 24
Habib M. I 21, I 57, II Kasana R.K. I 17, I 37 Kumari S. I 10
18, II 22, IV 12 Kaur A. OP 12 Kumbhar S.D. I 34, I 35,
Hakeem S. II 22 Kaur C. OP 7, I 72, I 73 IV 15
Hakeem S.A. I 21, I 57, Kaur H. I 8, I 43, I 61, Kute N.S. I 24, II 25
II 18, IV 12 II 43 Lakra A.K. IV 25
Haq S.A. I 21, II 19 Kaur J. OP 12 Lalit II 43
Harlapur S.I. I 4, I 31, I Kaur K. I 25, II 13, II Latake S.B. II 25
32, I 70, II 4, II 27, II 29, II 39 Lekha II 6
30 Kaur N OP 11 Lenka D. I 40, I 41, I 59
Hombaradi P.R. I 31 Kaur R. I 25 Lohitashwa H.C. OP 14,
Hooda K.S. II 36, II 37 Kaur S. I 2, I 13, I 67, I 12, II 32, VI 2
Hossain F. OP 2, I 43, II 26 Lone A.A. I 21, I 22, I
I 61 Kaur Y. I 9, I 38, II 26, 23, I 26, I 57, II 14, II
Hussain A. I 1, IV 6 II 33 17, II 18, II 19, II 22
Iqbal S. I 1, IV 8, IV 9 Khan J.A. II 19 Lone B.A. II 19
Islam N.U. I 58, II 20, Khanorkar S.M. OP 16, Longmei N. OP 4
II 21 II 17 Lydia P.J. III 3
Jacob S. I 26 Khokhar M. OP 6 Madankar K. II 28
Jadesha G. OP 14, I 48, Khot G.G. III 4, IV 14, Madankar K.S. I 10
II 4, II 32, III 7 IV 15 Mahadev P. II 4, II 32
Jagadev P.N. I 40 Khot G.G. I 34, I 35 Mahadevu P. OP 14, I
Jaishreeprianka R. I 5 Khulbe R. K. I 29, I 30 12, I 48, III 7, V 2, VI 2,
Jaiswal S. OP 2 Khulbe R.K. II 18 VI 3, VII 1
Jangid K. VI 1 Khuroo N.S. I 21, I 57, Mahajan G. IV 27, IV
Jat B. S. I 7, I 14, I 17, II 14, II 17, II 18, II 19 28
I 37 Konsam J. I 20, I 62, II Mahajan V. I 51, I 53,
Jat M.L. OP 9 7, IV 29 I 54
Jat S. L. OP 8, OP 10, Kuilya J. II 1 Mahala D.M. IV 2, IV 3,
II 33, IV 2, IV 4, IV 22, Kumar A. I 17, I 37, I IV 4
IV 23 43, I 51, I 52, I 53, I 54, Mahla M. K. OP 3, II 2,
Jehangir I.A. IV 6 I 61, I 65, II 12, II 40, II 24, II 31, II 34, II 6
Jindal J. II 29, II 41 IV 5 Majid S. II 22, IV 12
John J.A. III 3 Kumar B. I 7, I 17, II Mallaiah B. I 68, II 15
Joshi A. OP 1I, 27, II 3, 18, II 22 Mallikarjuna I 12
III 2 Kumar C.V. I 19 Mallikarjuna N.
Joshi N. V 1, V 3 Kumar K. I 37 Mallikarjuna N.
Kachapur R.M I 4, I 28, Kumar M. I 69, II 8, III Mallikarjuna N.
I 31, I 32, I 42, I 70, II 6, IV 5, IV 19 Mallikarjuna N. OP 14,
27 Kumar N. OP 10, IV 22, I 48, II 4, II 32, III 7,
Kambalimatha V.V 3 IV 23 VI 2
Kamboj M.C I 16, IV 1, Kumar P. I 7, VI 1 Manasa N. OP 14, VI 3
VI 1 Kumar R. OP 4, OP 11, Manchanda P I 8.
Kant L. I 30 I 9, I 14, I 18, I 38, I 51, Mandal S. S. I 5, III 1
I 52, I 53, I 54, I 57, I
223
Manjulatha G. I 6, I 11, Parik N. IV 7 Ravindrababau B.T. OP

I 63, IV 30 Patel M.B. I 9 14, I 48, III 7
Mankotia B.S. II 23 Pathak S.K. III 1 Reddaiah K. IV 24
Masood A. IV 26 Patil N.L. I 4, I 31, II 5 Reddy M.L. I 68, II 11,
Mehfuza H. IV 8 Patil S.A. I 35, IV 15 II 15
Mehfuza IV 9 Patne N. I 44 Ritesh IV 2, IV 4
Menia M. IV 16 Patra K. OP 9 Saad A.A. IV 16, IV 26
Mishra T.K. I 66 Pattanayak A. I 29, I 30 Sabina N. IV 8, IV 9
Mishra U. II 16 Phagna R.K. V 2, V 3 Sabiya IV 8, IV 9
Moghiya A. I 9, II 26, Pilane M.S. I 35, IV 15 Sadaf IV 10
II 33 Pooja H.D.V 1 Saha A. IV 11
Mohit II 36, II 37 Pramanick B. IV 5 Saha S. OP 2
Motagi B.N. I 32 Pradeep T. I 6, I 36 Sahoo S. OP 1, I 27, II
Mukri G. I 18, I 19, I Prakash R. I 45 3, III 2
47, IV 24 Pramanick B. I 65, II 12 Saima IV 10
Mushtaq N. VII 2 Praveen H. I 32 Saini S. II 43
Muthusamy V. OP 2 Praveena V.M. I 70 Salakinkop S.R. II 27,
Nagesh K.M.V. I 6 Preeti I 51, I 53, I 54 II 30
Nagoo S. II 20, II 22K Puttramnaik VII 1 Saleem K. IV 8, IV 9
Nagratana T.K. I 26 Qayoom S. VII 2 Sandhu S.K. I 56, I 69,
Naidu G.K. II 27 Rafiq S. I 58, II 20, II IV 19
Naik P. IV 17, IV 18 21 Sarita OP 6
Nair S. II 22 Rajanikanth E. I 6, I 11 Sarkar A. I 69, IV 19
Nair S.K. OP 4 Rajanikanth E. I 63, IV Sarkar B. II 17
Najeeb S. IV 6 30 Sarojini S. I 66
Naliath R. I 13, I 67 Rakshanda A. IV 8 Satyanarayana P.V. I 44
Nanda A. IV 18 Rakshanda IV 9 Seerat IV 8, IV 9
Nara U. II 36 Rakshit S. OP 10, I 2, I Seetharam K. II 8
Naseer S. I 21, I 57, II 7, I 9, I 14, I 17, I 37, I Sekhar J.C. I 51, I 53, I
17, II 18, II 19, II 22, 38, I 42, I 51, I 52, I 53, 54, II 11, II 14
IV 12 I 54, I 67, I 71, I 72, I Sen D. II 38
Nayak H.S. OP 9 73, II 11, II 17, II 19, Senjam P. I 20, I 62, II
Nazir A. OP 5, IV 26 II 26, II 33 II 36, II 37, 7, IV 29
Neelam N. I 54 III 5, IV 22, IV 23 Sethi M OP 7, I 72
Neelam S. I 26, I 38, I Ramesh P. I 42 Shabina IV 9
51, I 52, I 53 Rana B. OP 9 Shabina M. IV 8
Niji M.S. I 46 Rane J.S. II 19 Shahi J.P. I 9, I 10, I 33,
Nisa S. II 22, IV 12 Rangari S.K. I 8 II 10, II 28, II 8
Nisar M.. II 14 Rashid Z. I 21, I 57, II Shaista IV 9
Nissa S. I 21, I 57, II 18 18, II 22, IV 8, IV 9, Shankar M. I 33, III 6
Nongmaithem N. I 20, IV 12 Shanthkumar II 5
I 62, II 7, IV 29 Rasool F. I 21, I 57, II Sharma D. I 30
Olakh D.S. II 36, II 37 17, II 18, II 19, II 22, Sharma G. I 18
Paikaray R.K. IV 17 IV 12 Sharma K. II 6
Pal D. I 18 Rasool I. II 14 Sharma P. I 8, I 16, I 25,
Pandey R. IV 24 Rasool Z. II 22 II 26, IV 1, VI 1
Pandey V. I 29 Rather M. IV 26 Sharma P.K. OP 2
Paradkar V. K. OP 16, Rathore B.S. II 37 Sharma S. OP 11, I 43,
IV 27, IV 28 Raveendra H.R. II 4 I 56, I 61
Parihar C. M. OP 9, OP Ravikesavan N.R. I 45 Sharma S.S. OP 6, II 37
10, IV 2, IV 4, IV 22, Ravikesavan R. I 46, Sharma U. II 41
IV 23 III 3, IV 20, IV 21 Shayan IV 10
224
Shayista IV 10 Sivaraj N. I 42 Vivek B.S. I 44

Sheikh T.A. OP 5 Sobha R.T. I 6 Vyas A. II 2, II 24, II 34
Shekar B.G. OP 14, I 12, Sofi P. A. I 26, II 17, II Vyas A.K. OP 3
VI 2, VI 3 19 Wali M. C. I 4
Shikari A.B. I 26, IV 6 Soni N. II 42 Walli M.C. II 27
Shikha K. II 10, II 28 Soujanya P.L. II 11 Wani A.R. II 14
Shilpa K.M. I 47 Sravani D. I 11, I 36, I Wani M.A. I 23, II 14
Shinde V.S. I 24, II 25 42, I 6, I 63, IV 30 Yadav D.B. IV 1
Shivakumar B.S. I 48 Srilatha D. I 68, II 15 Yadav H.K. I 51, I 52,
Shivakumar B.S. OP 14, Srivastava S. I 51, I 52, I 53, I 54
II 4, III 7 I 53, I 54 Yadav K. OP 6
Shobha D.OP 14, I 48, Suby S.B OP 10, I 38, Yadav N.K. I 50
III 7, V 1, V 2, V 3, II 11, II 14, IV 22, IV Yadav O.P. I 51, I 53, I
VII 1 23 54
Shridhar H. S. II 30 Sudha M.K. I 8 Yathish K.R. I 17, I 37,
Sidhu H.S. OP 9 Sumalini K. I 36, I 6 I 42, I 51, I 52, I 53, I
Singamsetti A. I 10, I Sunil N. I 42, II 11 54, II 11
33, II 8, II 28, III 6 Sutar M.W. III 4 Yousuf N. I 26
Singh A. I 13, I 14, I 25, Swain B. IV 17 Yousuf W. VII 2
I 67, I 72, I 73, IV 3 Swain D. I 40, I 41, I 59, I Zaidi P.H. OP 4, II 8
Singh A. K. OP 8, III 1, 66, IV 17, IV 18 Zunjare R.K. OP 2
IV 2, IV 3, IV 4 Swami H. II 31
Singh B. OP 3, OP 11, Swapna G. OP 14, I 48,
II 34 II 32, III 7
Singh B.P. I 59 Talekar S.C. I 28, I 31,
Singh D. OP 13, IV 7 I 32, I 70
Singh G. I 56 Tanwar P.S. OP 15
Singh H. II 42 Teeli N.A. I 1, IV 6
Singh J. I 43, I 61 Thakur D.K. I 49, I 50
Singh J.M. II 40 Tripathi A. I 55
Singh M. II 9 Tripathy S.K. I 41
Singh N. I 16, IV 1, VI Uma R.R. I 6, I 11
1 Uppal N. I 8
Singh N.K. OP 1, I 3, I Usha R. G I 6
7, I 27, II 3, III 2 Usharani G. I 11, I 63,
Singh P. IV 10 IV 30
Singh R. I 33, III 6 Vasmatkar P II 39
Singh R.P. I 3 Vemuri H. OP 4
Singh S. OP 15, II 10 Verma D. I 13, I 14, IV
Singh S.B. I 9, I 17, I 3
37, I 38, I 51, I 52, I 53, Verma H.K. OP 15
I 54, III 1 Verma S.S. I 55
Singh S.D. I 20, I 62, II Vijayabhaskar A. I 6, I
7, IV 29 11, I 63, IV 30
Singh V. I 3 Vikal Y. OP 4, I 8, I 25,
Singh V.K. OP 9 I 43, I 61,II 43
Singhamsetti A. II 10 Vinayan M.T. OP 4, II
Sinha A.K. IV 25 10
Sinha S.K. I 7, I 49, I Vinodhana K. I 42, I 45
50 Vinodhana N.K. I 46,
Sivamurugan A. P. IV III 3
20, IV 21 Viqar un Nisa I 22
225
226
227

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National Seminar on Maize for Crop Diversification under Changing Climatic Scenario

INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

I am happy to know that a National Seminar on “Maize for Crop Diversification

(Anand Kumar Singh)

I am delighted to learn that a National Seminar on “Maize for Crop Diversification

MAIZE FOR CROP DIVERSIFICATION UNDER CHANGING CLIMATE

Sh Suresh Kumar, IAS (retd)

of maize and conservation agriculture practices are available to promote maize as an

MAIZE FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN CHANGING CLIMATE

Baldev S Dhillon1, Surinder K Sandhu2 and J S Chawla3

Climate change and its affect on agricultural production are intertwined.

Maize grain productivity

Maize as green fodder and silage crop

Major constraint in the commercial cultivation of speciality maize types, like

Tolerance to abiotic stresses

Tolerance to biotic stresses

Development of medium capacity fast drying maize dryers

Agronomic interventions to reduce yield gaps

New breeding methods and approaches

Molecular breeding and exploring wild resources

Seed production and public private partnership

Strengthening All-India Maize Improvement Project

INCREASING MAIZE PRODUCTIVITY, CLIMATE RESILIENCE AND

2 Building Resilience in Farming Communities to Climate-induced Risks

tolerance into improved maize varieties in the climate vulnerable tropical

For new climate resilient crop varieties to contribute towards smallholders’

3 Increasing Genetic Gain for Climate Resilient Traits

3 1 Genomic-assisted Breeding for Increasing Genetic Gain and Accelerating

example (https://seedsofdiscovery.org/maize/maize molecular atlas/).

3 1 2 Marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC): MABC is widely used for trait

3 1 3 Genomic selection: CIMMYT’s maize GS strategy currently centers on a

3 2 Reducing Breeding Cycle Time

3 3 High-throughput Field-based Phenotyping for Breeder-preferred Traits

4 Modernization of Breeding Programs

5 Improving Resource Use Efficiency and Saving Production Costs

with direct seed machinery in conservation agriculture systems, compared to

6 Tackling Malnutrition and Hidden Hunger through Dietary Diversification

7 Protecting Genetic Gain from Devastating Pathogens and Insect-pests

Technologically, we are living in exciting times. Genomics assisted breeding,

Muthusamy V, Hossain F, Nepolean T, Choudhary M, Saha S, Bhat JS, Prasanna BM,

NEED FOR CROP DIVERSIFICATION WITH MAIZE IN PUNJAB

Maize is predominantly a rainy season (kharif) crop in India. Traditionally it

CROP DIVERSIFICATION – TO ENSURE AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE

Sain Dass1, S L Jat2, Chikkappa G Karjagi2, C M Parihar3, Mukesh

Agro-climatic region Cropping system

West coast plain and hills Maize pulses Rice maize

Figure 1: Maize as better remunerative alternate crop in era of climate change

Maize is a solution for emerging problems of depleting water table and

STRESS-RESILIENT MAIZE: DOWNSIZING RISKS REALIZING YIELD

In India, maize is largely grown as rainfed crop, which is prone to the

Stress-resilient maize: an option for current and future climate

Developing stress-resilience maize – integrating novel tools in mainstream

development, deployment and scaling out of climate resilient cultivars in stress

VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT IN MAIZE FOR HIGHER

K Srinivas and Ranjit Kumar

Maize is important to India as 15 million Indian farmers are engaged in Maize

AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM IN INDIA: MARKETING

S R Singh, Deputy Director (Marketing and Skills)

Major issues and concerns