Checklist of Galapagos Flowering Plants
Checklist of Galapagos Flowering Plants
Checklist of Galapagos Flowering Plants
Abstract
This Checklist of Galapagos Flowering Plants includes a total of all 1549 taxa reported from the Galapagos Islands.
For each name, detailed information is provided: its Galapagos distribution in islands groups or bioregions generated from the
specimen records, comments about the taxonomy (especially synonyms), the origin (native and introduced), taxon status (accepted
vs. rejected records) and relevant literature references.
Introduction
This publication lists all species of Galapagos Flowering Plants currently known.
Magnoliophyta are also called angiosperms or flowering plants. They can be distinguished from other seed
plants because of their flowers composed of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
Angiosperms can be divided into the following general groups:
• Primitive angiosperms include families such as the Nymphaeaceae, Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae,
Piperaceae, Lauraceae, Aristolochiaceae.
• Monocots are characterized by an embryo with only one cotyledon, a pollen grain opening with a single pore,
leaves with parallel venation, and vascular bundles irregularly dispersed throughout the stem. The majority
have flowers organized in sets of three.
• Eudicots or true dicots have an embryo with two cotyledons, a pollen grain with three pores, leaves with
reticulate venation, and vascular bundles organized within rings in their stem. The majority have flowers
organized in sets of five.
The angiosperms include approximately 257,000 extant species, which represents almost 90% of all known
terrestrial plants.
This group encompasses an enormous morphological diversity (e.g., herbs, shrubs, trees, vines), they occupy
almost all ecological niches in terrestrial environments, quite a few species are also well adapted to aquatic
ecosystems. Their highest diversity is found in the humid tropics, where they dominate the landscape.
Many species of angiosperms are economically very important as they represent the major part of foods
consumed by humans, and are used in many plant-derived products.
Methods
This checklist of all known Galapagos Flowering Plants is automatically generated using the online database of the Charles Darwin
Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist.
All CDF Galapagos Species Checklists represent the synthesis of many different records: literature citations, data from previously
unpublished reports (grey literature), specimen records of natural history collections located in Galapagos and all over the world. To
the best of their knowledge authors of the individual checklists revised all available data. When new information becomes available,
the taxonomy of a group changes or new species are discovered, the CDF online database and thus this publication becomes
updated.
For many poorly known species groups the higher taxonomic classification still regularly changes according to how our knowledge
about species being related changes. In many well known groups the phylogeny is somewhat stable, but to avoid confusion, in
particular for groups where taxonomic changes are frequent, all checklists presented here are sorted alphabetical according to genus
name and specific epithet. Please refer to the website for the currently accepted taxonomic hierarchy of each group.
Please be aware that the distribution presented here is automatically generated from specimen records and does not always
accurately reflect the known distribution for all species.
For marine species, the distribution generally refers to the five main bioregions of the archipelago (Far Northern, Northern, Western,
South Eastern and the Elisabeth Bay Bioregion). For the terrestrial species more than 120 islands, islets and small rocks have been
aggregated into Islands Groups, thus, for example, the island group "Santa Cruz" includes smaller islands like Santa Fé, Plaza Norte,
Plaza Sur, Baltra, Daphne Mayor, Daphne Minor, and others.
IUCN red-list assessments presented here may deviate from the global IUCN list for the following reasons:
• for well known species groups like vascular plants or vertebrates updates proposed to the IUCN are shown instead of the
outdated, but currently accepted status;
• for poorly known species groups (e.g., lichenized fungi) a general assessment is currently not possible and the list presented here
is a regional red-list list for Galapagos archipelago.
Numbers of the species included in this list are auto-generated. Adding up the number of species in each category will not always
equal the total number indicated. Some species have insufficient data to be categorized while others (e.g., category eradicated) will
not be included in the total.
Results
Names of taxa included in this checklist: 1549 (1349 accepted, 5 species with infraspecific taxa, 8 unidentified taxon, 15 doubtful,
58 problematic), 114 rejected.
Origin of the taxa included: 100 accidental, 576 cultivated, 2 eradicated, 147 escaped, 1 intercepted, 36 questionable accidental, 56
questionable native, 245 endemic, 234 indigenous, 7 questionable endemic.
7. Abutilon sp. 1
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Introduced, Cultivated.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
8. Acacia caven (Molina) Molina
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Acacia cavenia Hook. & Arn. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
Origin: Introduced, Cultivated.
Galapagos Distribution: San Cristóbal.
References: Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Hooker, J.D. et al. (1847), Hooker, J.D.
et al. (1847), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
23. Acalypha sericea var. baurii (B.L. Rob. & Greenm.) G.L. Webster
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Acalypha baurii B.L. Rob. & G.L. Greenm. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical
Garden (2010)
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
Galapagos Distribution: Unknown.
References: Itow, S. et al. (1997), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010),
Seberg, O. et al. (1984), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (1977), Webster, G.L. et al.
(1970), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
35. Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang & A.R. Ferguson
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa (A. Chev.) A. Chev.
Origin: Introduced, Cultivated.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Chen, J. et al. (2007), Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
217. Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. & J. Presl
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Datura suaveolens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
Origin: Introduced, Cultivated.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Brako, L. et al. (1993), Chen, J. et al. (2007), D'Arcy, W.G. et al. (1987), Guézou, A. et al.
(2010), Linares, J.L. et al. (2005), Nee, M. et al. (1986), Stevens, W.D. et al. (2001), Tropicos.org. et al.
(2009).
329. Cissus verticillata ssp. verticillata (L.) Nicolson & C.E. Jarvis
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Cissus sicyoides L.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, Marchena, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et
al. (2009), Van der Werff, H.H. et al. (s.a.), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
492. Diodia radula (Willd. & Hoffmanns. ex Roem. & Schult.) Cham. & Schltdl.
Taxon status: Taxonomic status unresolved or unrevised.
Syn.: Spermacoce radula Willd. & Hoffmanns. ex Roem. & Schult. All specimens of Borreria laevis and
Diodia radula listed in the CDS herbarium before March 18th, 2009 were renamed as Spermacoce remota or
S. sp. (name to be adopted in the forecoming revision of the Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador
(Charlotte Taylor, pers.comm. 2009). B. laevis is not the accepted name for any neotropical plant species
anymore (pers. Comm., Charlotte Taylor, MoBot, February 2009; refs. 157). D. radula, as treated by Wiggins
& Porter (1971), is considered by all recent taxonomic specialists of Diodia to be restricted to Venezuela, the
Guianas, and NE Brazil and has not been confirmed by them from the Galapagos (pers. comm. Charlotte
Taylor, 2009 and refs. 158 and 159). The previously mentioned specimens need to be revised to confirm
accurate identification.
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Jaramillo, P. et al. (1998), Jørgensen, P.M. et al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lawesson,
J.E. et al. (s.a.), McMullen, C.K. et al. (1987), Porter, D.M. et al. (1983), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew et al. (2010), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Van Leeuwen, J.F.
et al. (2008), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
517. Echinopsis pachanoi (Britton & Rose) Friedrich & G.D. Rowley
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Trichocereus pachanoi
Origin: Introduced, Cultivated.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010).
900. Neoregelia carolinae f. tricolor (M.B. Foster) M.B. Foster ex L.B. Sm.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Neoregelia carolinae var. tricolor M.B. Foster
Origin: Introduced, Cultivated.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Guézou, A. et al. (2010), Smith, L.B. et al. (1979), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
901. Neptunia plena (L.) Benth.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Desmanthus plenus (L.) Willd., Neptunia surinamensis Steud. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew &
Missouri Botanical Garden (2010).
Origin: Native, Indigenous.
Galapagos Distribution: Española, Floreana, Marchena, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santa Fé,
Santiago.
References: Abbott, I. et al. (1973), Adsersen, H. et al. (1987), Andersson, N.J. et al. (1855), Brako, L. et al.
(1993), Cayot, L. J. et al. (1987), Chen, J. et al. (2007), Christophersen, E. et al. (1932), D'Arcy, W.G. et al.
(1987), Eliasson, U. et al. (1965), Itow, S. et al. (1997), Robinson, B.L. et al. (1902), Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew et al. (2010), Schery, R.W. et al. (1951), Stewart, A. et al. (1911), Svenson, H.K. et al. (1935),
Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971), Windler, D.R. et al. (1966).
929. Opuntia echios var. zacana (Howell) E.F. Anderson & Walk.
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Opuntia zacana Howell.; Wiggins & Porter (1971) as Opuntia galapageia var. zacana Backeb.
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Anderson, E.F. et al. (1970), Davis, S. et al. (1987), Hicks, D.J. et al. (1996), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Lawesson, J.E. et al. (1987), Lundh, J.P. et al. (1995), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et
al. (1971).
1100. Pourouma bicolor var. chocoana (Standl.) C.C. Berg & Heusden
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Pourouma chocoana Standl.
Origin: Introduced, Cultivated.
Galapagos Distribution: Santa Cruz.
References: Berg, C.C. et al. (1993), Berg, C.C. et al. (1990), Chavez, J. et al. (1993), Jørgensen, P.M. et al.
(1999).
1277. Solanum cheesmaniae f. "Academy Bay" S.C. Darwin, Knapp & Peralta
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Origin: Native, Endemic.
IUCN Red List: Not Evaluated.
Galapagos Distribution: Fernandina, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
References: Tropicos.org. et al. (2009), Wiggins, I.L. et al. (1971).
1284. Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (Dunal) D.M. Spooner, G.J. Anderson & R.K. Jansen
Taxon status: Accepted name; taxon occurs in Galapagos.
Syn.: Solanum pimpinellifolium L.; in Tropicos 2010 as Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (L.) Mill.
Origin: Introduced, Escaped.
Galapagos Distribution: Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz.
References: CONABIO et al. (2009), Darwin, S. et al. (2003), Guerrero, A. et al. (2009), Jørgensen, P.M. et
al. (1999), Macbride, J.F. et al. (1962), Nuez et al. et al. (2004), Tropicos.org. et al. (2009).
Rejected taxa
5. Agrostis sp. 1
Misidentification. Based on single specimen of Sporobolus pyramidatus (CDS 9198).
6. Allium ampeloprasum L.
Syn.: Allium porrum L. The references are almost certainly based on observations of A. porrum (puerro, leek)
and on specimen CDS 12323, P.S. Bentley 448, which is a cebolla paiteña (purple onion), A. cepa.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful for the financial report received for this project. Please refer to the website (www.darwinfoundation.org/
datazone/checklist/) for a detailed list of all our donors.
This checklist would not be possible without adjunct and collaborating scientists, and volunteers of the Charles Darwin Foundation.
The following scientists and volunteers have contributed to the CDF Checklist of Galapagos Flowering Plants: Henning Adsersen,
Ivan Aldáz, Elena Antolín, Chris Buddenhagen, Baltasar Cabezudo, Susana Chamorro, César Gómez-Campos, Jacinto Gordillo, Ana
Mireya Guerrero, Ole Hamman, Syuzo Itow, Heinke Jäger, Jonas E. Lawesson, Simon Lægaard, Conley McMullen, Duncan M.
Porter, Paola Pozo, Alan Stewart, Maria M. Trigo, Alan Tye, Jorge Vera, Daniel Weber, Ira L. Wiggins, Erika Zambrano.
References
1. Abbott, I., Abbott, L.K. (1973) New distribution records of 65 plant species within the Galapagos
Archipelago. Charles Darwin Research Station (CDRS), unpublished.
2. Acosta Solís, M. (1945) Hábitat y distribución de las Cinchonas en el Ecuador. Flora, Revista al Servicio de
las Ciencias Naturales y Biológicas, Inst. Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales 6, 15–16, 9–18.
3. Adsersen, A., Adsesen, H. (1987) Botanical Investigation in 1987 Annual Report 1986-1987. Charles Darwin
Research Station. Botany. Pg 32,33.
4. Adsersen, A., Adsersen, H. (1987) Botanical Investigations in 1987 Annual Report 1986-1687. Charles
Darwin Research Station. Botany pg 32- 50
5. Adsersen, H. (1976) Ombrophytum peruvianum New Record (Balanophoraceae) found in the Galapagos
Islands. Bot. Notiser 129(2): 113-117.
6. Adsersen, H. (1980) Revision of the Galapagos endemic genus Lecocarpus (Asteraceae). Not. Tidsskrift
75(1): 63-76.
7. Adsersen, H. (1987) Patrones de distribución interna de las plantas vasculares en Galápagos. Memorias.
Investigación Botánica y Manejo en Galápagos. Pg.74-87
9. Adsersen, H. (1987) Plantas amenazadas en Galápagos. Memorias. Taller sobre investigación Botánica y
manejo en Galápagos.Pg. 12-16.
10. Adsersen, H. (1989) The Rare Plants of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador and their Conservation. Biol.
Conservation 47(1): 49-77.
11. Adsersen, H. (s.a.) Field notes, 1974 and 1977 collections Charles darwin Research Station, unpublished
Manuscript.
12. Adsersen, H. (s.a.) Personal observations Charles Darwin Research Station, unpublished Manuscript.
13. Agriculture & Resource Management Council, Australia & New Zealand, Australian & New
ZealandEnvironment & Conservation Council and Forestry Ministers (2000) Weeds of National Significance
Prickly Acacia (Acacia nilotica) Strategic Plan. National Weeds Strategy Executive Committee, Launceston.
14. Al-Shehbaz, I.A., Mummenhoff, K. & Appel, O. (2002) Cardaria, Coronopus, and Stroganowia are united
with Lepidium (Brassicaceae) Novon 12(1): 5–11.
15. Alcivar, W. (1983) Evolution of the behavior of Tectona grandis, Piscidia carthagenensis, Hippomane
mancinella in Experimental Plots on Santa Cruz Island. Anual Report 1986-1987. Charles Darwin Research
Station. Pg 49-50
16. Allkin, R., Goyder, D.J., Bisby, F.A. & White, R.J. (1986) Names and synonyms of species and subspecies in
the Vicieae. Issue 3. Vicieae Database Project, Southampton Univ. 1–75.
17. Almeda, F. (2007) Melastomataceae. In: Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. 6. B.E. Hammel, M.H.
Grayum, C. Herrera & N. Zamora (eds.). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 394–574.
18. Ames, O., Correll, D.S. (1952) Orchids of Guatemala. Fieldiana, Bot. 26(1): i–xiii, 1–395.
19. Andersen, S.W., Hamann, O. (1986) Manglares de las Islas Galapagos. Revista Inst. Geogr. Mill. Ecuador.
23: 101-122.
20. Anderson, C. (2007) Revision of Galphimia (Malpighiaceae). Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 25: 1–82.
21. Anderson, D.E. (1974) Taxonomy of the genus Chloris (Gramineae). Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol.
Ser. 19(2): 1–133.
22. Anderson, E.F. (1967.) An Account of My Cactus Collecting Trip to the Galapagos Islands. Cactus and
Succulent J. Amer. 39:186-199.
23. Anderson, E.F., Walkington, D.L. (1970) New Combinations and Taxa in the Cactaceae of the Galápagos
Islands. Madroño 20(5): 256.
24. Andersson, A. (1960) South American terrestrial isopods in the collection of the Swedish State Museum of
Natural History. Arkiv Zool. Ser. 2. 12(34): 537-570.
25. Andersson, L. (1981) Revision of Heliconia sect. Heliconia (Musaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 1(6): 759–784.
26. Andersson, L. (1985) 221. Musaceae. Flora del Ecuador 22: 1–86.
27. Andersson, L. (1992) Revision of Heliconia subgen. Taeniostrobus and subgen. Heliconia
(Musaceae-Heliconioideae). Opera Bot. 111: 1–98.
28. Andersson, L. (1998) A revision of the Genus Cinchona (Rubiaceae-Cinchoneae). Memoirs of the New York
Bot. Garden, Volume 80.
29. Andersson, N.J. (1855) Om Galápagos Öarnes Vegetation. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien
Handl., Stockholm: 61-256.
30. Andersson, N.J. (1857) Om Galapagos-Oarnes Vegetation. Virgin, Kongliga Svenska Fregatten Eugenies
Resa, Pt 1:1-34
31. Andersson, N.J. (1858) Flora of the Galápagos Islands (translated from Swedish). Kongliga Svenska
Vetenskaps-Academien Botanik 1: 3-34
32. Andersson, N.J. (1861-1862) Ueber Die Vegetation der Galapagos-Inseln Linnaea 31: 571-631
33. Andrus, N., Tye, A., Nesom, G., Bogler, D., Lewis,C., Noyes, R., Jaramillo, P. & Francisco-Ortega, J. (2009)
Phylogenetics of Darwiniothamnus (Asteraceae: Astereae) – molecular evidence for multiple origins in the
endemic flora of the Galápagos Islands. Journal Biogeography 36(6): 1055-1069.
34. Appeltans, W., Bouchet, P., Boxshall, G.A., Fauchald, K., Gordon, D.P., Hoeksema, B.W., Poore, G.C.B.,
van Soest, R.W.M., Stöhr, S., Walter, T.C., Costello, M.J. (eds.) (2010) World Register of Marine Species
(WoRMS). Available online at http://www.marinespecies.org.
35. Arsiniegas, M. (1996) Caracterización, evaluación y conservación de cuatro especies de plantas endémicas
que se hallan en peligro de extinción en las islas Galápagos: Calandrinia galapagosa, Lecocarpus darwinii,
Scalesia helleri, Scalesia retroflexa. Tesis de Ing. Forestal, Univ. Téc. "Luis Torres", Esmeraldas.
36. Atahuachi, M., Arrázola, S. (1996) Catálogo de leguminosas nativas en Cochabamba. Legum. Agric. Boliv.
409–423.
38. Atkinson, R., Jaramillo, P., Simbaña, W., Guézou, A. & Coronel, V. (2008) Advances in the conservation of
threatened plant species of Galápagos. Galápagos Report, 97-102 (Eds L. Cayot and V. Toral). Puerto Ayora,
Galápagos, Ecuador.
39. Atkinson, R., Guézou, A. & Jaramillo, P. (2009) Siémbrame en tu jardín - Plantas nativas para jardines en
Galápagos. Fundación Charles Darwin, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador, 151 pp.
40. Atkinson, R., Jaramillo, P., Tapia, W. (2009) Establishin a new population of Scalesia affinis, a threatened
endemic shrub on Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos, Ecuador Charles Darwin Foundation, Santa Cruz,
Galapagos, Ecuador. Galapagos National Park Service, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador.
41. Atkinson, R., Trueman, M., Guézou, A., Jaramillo, P., Paz, M., Sanchez, J., Sánchez, Y. & Silva., M. (2010)
Native gardens for Galapagos – can community active help to prevent future plant invasions? . In Galapagos
Report 2009–2010. Puerto Ayora, Galapagos - Ecuador.
42. Atwood, J.T., Mora de Retana, D.E. (1999) Family #39 Orchidaceae: Tribe Maxillarieae: subtribes
Maxillariinae and Oncidiinae. Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 40: i–vi, 1-182.
43. Austin, D.F. (1982) 165. Convolvulaceae. In: G. Harling & B. Sparre (Eds). Fl. Ecuador 15: 1–98.
44. Bacigalupo, N., Cabral, E.L. (1999) Sobre la identidad de dos especies de Lamarck, Spermacoce laevis y S.
remota (Rubiaceae, Spermacoceae). Darwiniana 37: 333-334.
45. Bacigalupo, N.M., Cabral, E.L. & Taylor, C.M. (2008) Rubiaceae, En: F.O. Zuloaga, O. Morrone & M.J.
Belgrano (eds.): Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard.
107(3).
46. Baijnath, H. (1975) A study of Cyperus alternifolius L. sens. lat. (Cyperaceae). Kew Bull. 30(3): 521–526.
47. Barneby, R.C. (1977) Daleae Imagines—An illustrated revision of Errazurizia Philippi, Psorothamnus
Rydberg, Marina Liebmann, and Dalea Lucanus emend. Barneby, including all species of Leguminosae tribe
Amorpheae Borissova ever referred to Dalea. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 27: 1–891.
48. Barringer, K., Burger, W. (2000) Family 193. Scrophulariaceae. In: W. Burger (ed.), Flora Costaricensis.
Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 41: 1–69.
51. Berg, C.C. (1972) Olmedieae, Brosimeae (Moraceae). Fl. Neotrop. 7: 1–229.
52. Berg, C.C., Akkermans, R.W. & van Heusden, E.C. (1990) Cecropiaceae: Coussapoa and Pourouma, with
an introduction to the family. Flora del Neotropico 51: 1–208.
53. Berg, C.C., Franco, P. (1993) 27A. Cecropiaceae. Flora del Ecuador 48: 1–109.
56. Black, J. (1973) Galápagos. Archipiélago del Ecuador. Imp. Europa (CDF & WWF), Quito, 1-138.
57. Blair, C., Newton, A. (1985) Epiphytic Colonies in the highlands of Santa Cruz Annual Report 1986-1687.
Charles Darwin Research Station. Pg. 34,35.
58. Blake, S., Wikelski, M., Cabrera, F., Guézou, A., Silva, M., Sadeghayobi, E., Yackulik, C. & Jaramillo, P.
(2011) Gardeners of Galapagos? Seed dispersal by giant tortoises. Journal of Biogeography (submission):
1-41.
59. Blake, S.F. (1921) Revision of the Genus Acanthospermun. Contrib. US Natl. Herb. 20: 383-392
60. Bolton, M. P., James, P.A. (1985) A survey of prickly acacia (Acacia nilotica) in five western Queensland
shires. Townsville. Qld.: Stock Routes and Rural Lands Protection Board, lv.
61. Bolton, M.P., Carter, J.O. & Dorney, W.J. (1987) Seed production in Acacia nilotica subsp. indica (Benth.)
Brenan. Weed Seed Biology Workshop, Orange, NSW.
62. Boshier, D. H., Lamb, A. T. (1997) Cordia alliodora: Genetics and Tree Improvement University of Oxford,
Oxford Forestry Institute, Department of Plant Sciences, Tropical Forestry Papers 36
63. Brako, L., Zarucchi,J.L. (1993) Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst.
Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45: i–xl, 1–1286.
64. Brandbyge, J. (1986) A Revision of the Genus Triplaris (Polygonaceae). Nord. J. Bot. 6: 45-570.
65. Brenan JPM (1983) Manual on taxonomy of Acacia species. Present taxonomy of four species of Acacia (A.
albida, A. senegal, A. nilotica, A. tortilis). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. vi + 47
pp.; 9 pl.; 24 ref.
66. Breteler, F.J. (1989) The Origin and Identity of Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn. and its Synonym C. confusa
Sprague & Riley (Mimos.). Acta Bot. Neerl. 38(1): 79–80.
67. Browne FG (1968) Pests and diseases of forest plantation trees: an annotated list of the principal species
occurring in the British Commonwealth. Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
68. Brunck F (1994) Pests and diseases of Acacia nilotica. Bois et Forets des Tropiques, No. 239:59-65
http://www.cabi.org/isc/abstract/19950613675
69. Bruza, J. (1982) A revision of the Diodia teres complex (Rubiaceae). Ph. D. dissertation, Mississippi State
Univ.
70. Buddenhagen, C. E., Rentería, J. L., Gardener, M.; Wilkinson, S. R., Soria, M., Yánez, P.; Tye, A., Valle, R.
(2004) The control of a highly invasive tree Cinchona pubescens in Galapagos. Weed Technology 18,
1194–1202.
71. Burch, D. (1969) Notes on the Galápagos Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae). Annls. Missouri Bot. Gard.
56(2): 173-178.
72. Burch, D. (1970) A New Combination in Chamaesyce from the Galápagos Islands. Madroño 20(5): 253.
73. Burger, W., Huft, M. (1995) Family 113 Euphorbiaceae. Fieldiana, Bot., n.s. 36: 1–169.
74. Burkart, A. (1971) El género Galactia (Leguminosae—Phaseoleae) en Sudamérica con especial referencia a
la Argentina y países vecinos. Darwiniana 16(3–4): 663–796.
75. Burkart, A. (1976) A Monograph of the genus Prosopis (Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae). J. Arnold
Arbor. 57(4): 450–525.
76. CONABIO (2009) Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. Cap. nat. México 1.
77. Cabral, E.L., Bacigalupo, N.M. (1999) A Study of the American Species of Borreria series Laeves
(Rubiaceae, Spermacoceae). Darwiniana 37(3-4): 259–277.
78. Cabrera, A.L. (1983) Clethraceae, Ericaceae, Styracaceae, Polemoniaceae, Solanaceae. Fl. Prov. Jujuy
13(8).
79. Callejas, R. (2001) Piperaceae. In: Stevens, W.D., C. Ulloa, A. Pool & O.M. Montiel (eds.), Flora de
Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(3): 1928–1984.
80. Carter JO (1994) Acacia nilotica: a tree legume out of control’, in Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical
Agriculture, RC Gutteridge & HM Shelton eds, CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 338–51.
81. Carvajal, Y. (1985) Status and Rgeneration of Scalesia pedunculata in Galápagos Annual Report
1986-1987. Charles Darwin Research Station. Pg 40-42
82. Castro, S. A., Curtis, C.D., Silva, L., Torres-Santana, C.W., Reyes-Betancort, J.A., Atkinson, R., Jaramillo,
P., Guézou, A. & Jaksic, F. M. (2010) Floristic homogenization as a teleconnected trend in oceanic islands.
Diversity and Distributions, (Diversity Distrib.): 1-9.
83. Causton, C.E., Sevilla, C. (2008) Latest Records of Introduced Invertebrates in Galapagos and Measures to
control them. Galapagos Report 2006-2007, CDF, GNP and INGALA, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador, p.
142-145.
84. Cayot, L. J. (1987) Ecology of Giant Tortoise (Geochelone elephantopus)in the Galápagos Islands.
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology in the
Graduate School of Syracuse University.
85. Chase, A. (1929) The North American species of Paspalum. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 28(1): i–xvii, 1–310.
89. Chen, J., Craven, L.A. (2007) Flora of China. Flora of China 13: 321–328.
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10599
90. Chen, W., Dugan, F.M. & McGee, R. (2014) First report of dodder (Cuscuta pentagona) on chickpea (Cicer
arietinum) in the United States. Pl. Dis. 98: 165–165.
91. Christophersen, E. (1932) A Collection of Plants from the Galápagos Islands. Nyt Mag. Naturvidenskaberne
70: 67-95.
92. Cifuentes, M. (19887) Conservación y Manejo de la Vegetación en Galápagos Memorias. Taller sobre
investigacion Botánica y Manejo en Galápagos. Pg. 273-277
93. Clavijo, P., Valdebenito, H. & Hurtado, F. (1991) Plantas introducidas en las areas urbanas de las islas
Galapagos. Typescript reports in files of Botany Dept.
94. Constance, L. (1990) Tardy transfers from Apium to Ciclospermum (Umbelliferae). Brittonia 42(4):
276–278.
95. Costea, M., Tardif, J.F. (2006) Biology of Canadian weeds. Cuscuta campestris Yuncker, C. gronovii Willd.
ex Schult., C. umbrosa Beyr. ex Hook., C. epithymum (L.) L. and C. epilinum Weihe. Canad. J. Pl. Sci. 86:
293–316.
96. Costea, M., Nesom, G.L. & Stefanovi■, S. 2006. (2006) Taxonomy of the Cuscuta pentagona complex
(Convolvulaceae) in North America. Sida 22: 151–175
97. Costea, M., Stefanovi■, S. (2009) Cuscuta jepsonii (Convolvulaceae), an invasive weed or an extinct
endemic? Amer. J. Bot. 96: 1744–1750.
98. Costea, M., Wright, M.A.R. & Stefanovi■, S. (2009) Untangling the systematics of salt marsh dodders:
Cuscuta pacifica a new segregate species from Cuscuta salina (Convolvulaceae). Syst. Bot. 34:787–795.
99. Costea, M., Stefanovi■, S. (2010) Evolutionary history and taxonomy of the Cuscuta umbellata complex
(Convolvulaceae): Evidence of extensive hybridization from discordant nuclear and plastid phylogenies.
Taxon 59: 1783–1800.
100. Costea, M., Spence, I. & Stefanovi■, S. (2011) Systematics of Cuscuta chinensis species complex
(subgenus Grammica, Convolvulaceae): Evidence for long-distance dispersal and one new species.
Organisms Diversity Evol. 11: 373–386.
101. Costea, M., García Ruiz, I. & Stefanovi■, S. (2011) Systematics of “horned” dodders: Phylogenetic
relationships, taxonomy, and two new species within the Cuscuta chapalana complex (Convolvulaceae).
Botany 89: 715–730.
102. Costea, M., García Ruiz, I., Docksteder, K. & Stefanovi■, S. (2013) More problems despite bigger flowers:
Systematics of Cuscuta tinctoria clade (subgenus Grammica, Convolvulaceae) with description of six new
species. Syst. Bot. 4: 1160–1187.
103. Costea, M., García, M.A., Baute, K. & Stefanovi■, S. (2015) (2403) Proposal to conserve Cuscuta
campestris against C. gymnocarpa
(Convolvulaceae). Taxon 64: 1325–1326.
104. Costea, M., García, M.A. & Stefanovi■, S. (2015) A phylogenetically based infrageneric classification of
the parasitic plant genus Cuscuta (dodders, Convolvulaceae). Syst. Bot. 40: 269–285.
105. Costea, M., García, M. Baute, K. & Stefanovie, S. (2015) (2403) Proposal to conserve Cuscuta campestris
against C. gymnocarpa (Convolvulaceae) International Association for Plant Taxonomy: 1325-1326
106. Costea, M., García, M., Baute, K. & Stefanovi■, S. (2015) Entangled evolutionary history of Cuscuta
pentagona clade: A story involving hybridization and Darwin in the Galapagos. International Association for
Plant Taxonomy: 1225 - 1242
107. Crespo, F. (2012) Simulación herbívora para un potencial agente defoliador de Rubus niveus en las Islas
Galápagos Trabajo de grado. Universidad del Azuay. Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología. Ecuela de Biología
del Medio Ambiente.
108. Croat, T.B. (1981 [1982]) A revision of Syngonium (Araceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 68(4): 565–651.
109. Cronquist, A. (1970) New Combinations in the Compositae of the Galápagos Islands. Madroño 20(5):
255-256.
110. Cuatrecasas, J. (1964) Cacao and its allies: A taxonomic revision of the genus Theobroma. Contr. U.S.
Natl. Herb. 35(6): 379–614.
111. D'Arcy, W.C. (1981) Jaltomata werfii (Solanaceae), a new species from the archipelago de Colón
(Galápagos Islands). Phytologia 52(1): 9-10.
112. D'Arcy, W.G. (1981) Jaltometa werfii (Solanaceae) a New species from the Archipielago de Colón
(Galápagos Islands). Missouri Botanical Garden.
113. D'Arcy, W.G. (1987) Flora of Panama. Checklist and Index. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 17(1):
i–xxx, 1–328; 18(2): i–ix, 1–672.
114. Darwin, S., Knapp, S. & Peralta, I.E. (2003) Taxonomy of tomatoes in the Galapagos islands: native and
introduced species of Solanum section Lycopersicon (Solanaceae). Systematics & Biodiversity 1: 29-53.
116. Davidse, G., Sousa, S.M. & Chater, A.O. (1994) Alismataceae a Cyperaceae. Fl. Mesoamer. 6: i–xvi,
1–543.
117. Davidse, G., Sousa S.M., Knapp, S., & Chiang Cabrera, F. (2009) Cucurbitaceae a Polemoniaceae. Fl.
Mesoamer. 4(1): 1-855.
118. Davidse, G., Sousa Sánchez, M., Knapp, S. & Chiang Cabrera, F. (2009) Cucurbitaceae a Polemoniaceae I.
Flora Mesoamericana. 4(1): 1–650.
119. Davis, S. (1987) El centro mundial para el monitoreo de la conservación y las floras insulares
amenazadas. Memorias. Taller sobre investigación Botánica y Manejo en Galápagos. Pg. 304-314
120. De Vries, T., Tupiza, A. (1987) Las dinámicas de Scalesia cordata (Asteraceae)en diferentes habitats de
Sierra Negra, Isla Isabela, Galápagos Memorias. Investigacion Botánica y Manejo en Galápagos. Pg.
154-165
121. DeLisle, D. G. (1963) Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Cenchrus. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 37(3):
259–351.
122. Deginani, N.B. (2001) Las Especies Argentinas Del Género Passiflora (Passifloraceae). Darwiniana
39(1–2): 43–129.
123. Delprete, P.G. (1995) Systematic study of the genus Delilia (Asteraceae, Heliantheae). Pl. Syst. Evol.
194(1/2): 111–122.
124. Dhileepan, K, Lockett, C., Robinson, M. and Pukallus, K. (2009) Prioritising potential guilds of specialist
herbivores as biological control agents for prickly acacia through simulated herbivory. Annals of Applied
Biology, 154: 97–105.
125. Dhileepan, K., Senaratne, K. A. D. W. and Raghu, S. (2006) A systematic approach to biological control
agent exploration and prioritisation for prickly acacia (Acacia nilotica ssp. indica). Australian Journal of
Entomology, 45: 303–307.
127. Dodson, C.H. (1975) Orchids of Ecuador: Stanhopea. Selbyana 1(2): 114–129.
128. Dodson, C.H., Gentry, A.H. (1978) Flora of the Río Palenque Science Center: Los Ríos Province, Ecuador.
Selbyana 4(1–6): i–xxx, 1–628.
129. Dodson, C.H., Dodson, P.M. (1980) Orchids of Ecuador. Icon. Pl. Trop. 1: 1–100.
130. Dodson, C.H., Gentry, A.H. & F. M. Valverde (1985) La Flora de Jauneche: Los Ríos, Ecuador. Fl. Zonas
Vida Ecuador 1–512.
131. Dodson, C.H., Bennett, D.E. (1989) Orchids of Peru. Icon. Pl. Trop. Series II. Fascicle 1–2: 1–200.
132. Dodson, C.H. (2003) Oncidium - Restrepiopsis. Nat. Ecuad. Orch. 4: 665–883.
133. Dwyer, J. D. (1981) Leguminosae, Subfamily Papilionoideae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 67(3): 523–818.
134. Eliasson, U. (1965) Studies in Galápagos Plants. I. Leguminosae. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 59: 345-367.
135. Eliasson, U. (1965) Studies in Galápagos Plants. II. Cyperales. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 59: 469-491.
136. Eliasson, U. (1966) Studies in Galápagos Plants. III. Centrospermae. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 60:
393-439.
137. Eliasson, U. (1967) Studies in Galápagos Plants IV. The Genus Chysanthellum. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift
61: 88-92.
138. Eliasson, U. (1968) Studies in Galápagos Plants. VI. On the Identity of Calandrinia galapagosa St. John.
Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 62: 365-368.
139. Eliasson, U. (1968) Studies in Galápagos Plants. V. Some New Botanical Records from the Archipelago.
Svensk Botanisk Tidsskrift 62: 243-250.
140. Eliasson, U. (1968) Studies in Galápagos Plants. VII. On Some New Or Otherwise Noteworthy Plants from
the Archipielago. Botaniska Notiser 121: 630-640.
141. Eliasson, U. (1970) Nomenclatural Changes and New Subspecies in the Centrospermae of Galápagos
Islands. Madroño 20(5): 264-266.
142. Eliasson, U. (1970) Studies in Galápagos Plants VIII: Cromosome Numbers of Some Endemic Species.
Botaniska Notiser 123: 149-154.
143. Eliasson, U. (1971) Studies in Galápagos Plants. X the Genus Lecocarpus. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 65(3):
246-277.
144. Eliasson, U. (1972) Studies in Galapagos Plants XIII, Three New Floristic Records and Two Supplementary
Remarks. Bot. Notiser 125(4): 321-322.
145. Eliasson, U. (1972) Studies in Galápagos Plants XI. Embryology of Macraea laricifolia. Svensk Botanisk
Tidskrift 66: 43-47.
146. Eliasson, U. (1974) Studies in Galapagos Plants. XIV. The Genus Scalesia Arn. Opera Botanica 36: 1-117.
147. Eliasson, U. (1984) Chromosome Number of Macraea laricifolia (Compositae) and Its Bearing on the
Taxonomic Affinity of the Genus. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 88(3): 253-256.
148. Eliasson, U. (1985) Identity and taxonomy affinity of some members of the Amaranthaceae from the
Galapagos Islands. Bot. J. of Linnean Soc. 91(3): 415-433.
149. Eliasson, U. (1989) Especies de Amaranthaceae en las Islas Galápagos y sus relaciones con las especies
del continente Sudamericano. Pg. 33 - 38. Memorias. Taller sobre investigación Botánica y menejos en
Galápagos.
150. Eliasson, U. (1990) Species of Amaranthaceae in the Galapagos islands and their affinities to species on
the South American mainland. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 32: 29-33.
151. Eliasson, U.H. (1970) Studies in Galapagos Plants IX, New Taxonomic and Distributional Records. Bot.
Notiser 123: 346-357.
152. Eliasson, U.H., Uno (1987) Amaranthaceae. Flora del Ecuador 28: 1–138.
153. Eliasson, U.H. (1993) 35A. Phytolaccaceae. Flora del Ecuador 46: 1–43.
154. Eliasson, U.H., Uno (1996) Aizoaceae. Flora del Ecuador 55: 14–27.
155. Epling, C.C. (1935) Synopsis of the South American Labiatae [prim.]. Repertorium Specierum Novarum
Regni Vegetabilis. Beihefte 85: 1-96.
156. Epling, C.C. (1936) Synopsis of the South American Labiatae. Repertorium Specierfum Novarum Regni
Vegetabilis. Beihefte 85: 193-341.
157. Escobar, J. (1985) Physical Characteristics, Germination, and Survival at Transplanting of three Timber
Species on Santa Cruz Islands Annual Report 1986-1987. Charles Darwin Research Station. Pg 45-47
158. Espejo Serna, A., López-Ferrari, A.R. & Valdés-Reyna, J. (2000) Poaceae. Monocot. Mexic. Sinopsis
Floríst. 10: 7–236 [and index].
159. Estupiñan, I. (1985) Study of the Initial Behavior of Miconia robinsoniana and Scalesia pedunculata with
goal of protection on San Cristobal Island Annual Report 1986-1987. Charles Darwin Research Station. Pg
42-44
161. Filgueiras, T.S. (2003) Sorghum. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): III. Subfamilies
Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46: 598-606.
162. Finston, T.L., Peck, P.B. & Perry, R.B. (1997) Population density and dispersal ability in Darwin's
darklings: fligtless beetles of the Galapagos island. Pan-pacific Entomologist 73(2): 110-121.
163. Flores, E. (1985) Censo de Plantas Introducidas desde el Canal de Itabaca hasta Puerto Ayora. Tesis de
Ingeniero Forestal, Univ. Técnica Luis Vargas Torres, Esmeraldas: 1-132.
164. Forzza, R.C., Leitman, P.M.; Costa, A.F.; Carvalho Jr., A.A.; Peixoto, A.L.; Walter, B.M.T.; Bicudo, C.;
Zappi, D.; Costa, D.P.; Lleras, E.; Martinelli, G.; Lima, H.C.; Prado, J.; Stehmann, J.R.; Baumgratz, J.F.A.;
Pirani, J.R.; Sylvestre, L.; Maia, L.C.; Lohmann, L.G.; Queiroz, L.P.; Silveira, M.; Coelho, M.N.; Mamede,
M.C.; Bastos, M.N.C.; Morim, M.P.; Barbosa, M.R.; Menezes, M.; Hopkins, M.; Secco, R.; Cavalcanti, T.B.;
Souza, V.C. (2010) Introdução. in Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro.
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/.
165. Fosberg, F. R. (1976) Status of the name Chloris barbata (L.) Swartz. Taxon 25(1): 176–178.
166. Fosberg, F. R. (1987) Vegetación inalterada en Fernandina, 1964 Memorias. Investigación Botánica y
Manejo en Galápagos. Pg. 66-74
167. Fosberg, F. R. (1987) New Nomenclatural combinations for Galapagos Plant Species Botany Dept.,
Smithsaonian Institution Washington, D. C. 20560, USA.
168. Foster, R.C. (1958) A catalogue of the ferns and flowering plants of Bolivia. Contr. Gray Herb. 184: 1–223.
170. Freytag, G.F. (1951) A revision of the genus Guazuma. Ceiba 1(4): 193–225.
171. Freytag, G.F., Debouck, D.G. (2002) Taxonomy, distribution, and ecology of the genus Phaseolus
(Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) in North America, Mexico and Central America. Sida Bot. Misc. 23: i–xviii,
1—300.
172. Fryxell, P. (1979) The Natural History of the Cotton Tribe (MALVACEAE - Tribe Gossypieae). College
Station: Texas A & M University Press.
173. Fryxell, P.A. (1992) 118. Malvaceae. Flora del Ecuador 44: 1–141.
174. Funk, V.T., Hollowell, T., Berry, P., Kelloff, C. & Alexander, S.N. (2007) Checklist of the Plants of the
Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana).
Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 55: 1-584.
175. Garay, L.A. (1978) 225(1). Orchidaceae (Cypripedioideae, Orchidoideae, Neottioideae). Flora del Ecuador
9: 1–305.
176. Garcia-Barriga, H., Forero, E. (1968) Las Leguminosas: Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Papilionaceae.
Cat. Il. Pl. Cundinamarca 3: 1–136.
177. Gardener, M., Atkinson, R., Rueda, D. & Hobbs, R. (2010) Optimizando la restauración de la degradada
parte alta de Galápagos: un marco conceptual. Informe Galápagos 2009-2010.
178. Gardener, M. R., A. Tye and S.R. Wilkinson (1999) Control of Introduced plants in the Galapagos Islands.
Twelfth Australian Weeds Conference, Tasmania Weed Society. Pp 396-400.
179. Gardener, M.R., Atkinson, R. and Rentería, J.L. (2010) Eradications and people: Lessons from the plant
eradication program in Galapagos. Restoration Ecology Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 20–29.
180. Gargominy, O., Bouchet, P., Pascal, M., Jaffre, T., Tourneu, J.V. (1996) Conséquences des introductions
d'espèces animales et végétales sur la biodiversité en Nouvelle-Calédonie. Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 51:375-401.
181. Gentry, A.H. (1977) 178. Bignoniaceae. Flora del Ecuador 7: 1–172.
183. Gentry, A.H. (1992) Bignoniaceae—Part II (Tribe Tecomeae). Fl. Neotrop. 25(2): 1–370.
184. Gentry, H.S. (1982) Agaves of continental North America. The University of Arizona Press.
185. Gentry, J.L., Standley, P.C. (1974) Solanaceae. In Gentry, Jr., J. L. & P. C. Standley (eds.), Flora of
Guatemala - Part X, Numbers 1 and 2. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(10/1–2): 1–151.
186. Gerecke, R., Peck, S.B. & Pehofer, H.E. (1995) The invertebrate fauna of the inland waters of the
Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador) - a limnological and zoogeographical summary. Arch. Hydrobiol./ Suppl.
107(2): 113-147.
187. Gibbs, G.E., Welman, W.G., Reitief, F., Immelman, K.L., Germishuizen, G., Pienaar, B.J. & Nicholas, A.
(1987) List of species of southern African plants. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt.
2).
189. González, J. (2007) Onagraceae. In: Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. 6. B.E. Hammel, M.H.
Grayum, C. Herrera & N. Zamora (eds.). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 828–845.
190. Gordillo, J. (1987) La colonización de San Cristobal, Islas Galápagos una Perspectiva Histórica
Memorias. Investigación Botánica y Manejo en Galápagos.Pg. 278-281
191. Gould, F.W. (1979) Poaceae. In R. A. Howard (ed.). Fl. Lesser Antilles 3: 25–220.
192. Gradstein, S.R. (1994) Die Moose der Galapagos Inseln. In: Zizka, G. & K. Klemmer (eds.): Pflanzen- und
Tierwelt der Galapagos Inseln. Kleine Senckenbergreihe, Palmengarten, Frankfurt 20: 59-63.
193. Graham, S.A. (1989) Revision of Cuphea sect. Leptocalyx (Lythraceae). Syst. Bot. 14(1): 43–76.
194. Grant, P.R., Grant, B.R. (1980) The breeding and feeding characteristics of Darwin's finches on Isla
Genovesa, Galapagos. Ecological Monographs 50:381-410
195. Grant, P.R. (1985) Responses of Darwin's finches to unsual rainfall. In G. Robinson and E. M. del Pino
(eds.). El Nino en las islas Galapagos. El evento de 1982-83: 417-447. Fundacion Charles Darwin, Quito,
Ecuador.
196. Grant, P.R., Grant, B.R. (1987) Interacciones entre plantas y animales: consumo de semillas por los
Pinzones de Darwin. Memorias. Investigación Botánica y Manejo en Galápagos. Pg.199-209
197. Grayum, M.H. (2003) Dracaenaceae. In: Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, B.E. Hammel, M.H. Grayum,
C. Herrera & N. Zamora (eds.). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 566–568.
198. Grayum, M.H. (2003) Musaceae. In: Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, B.E. Hammel, M.H. Grayum, C.
Herrera & N. Zamora (eds.). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 670–674.
199. Grear, J.W. (1978) A revision of the New World species of Rhynchosia (Leguminosae — Faboideae). Mem.
New York Bot. Gard. 31(1): 1–168.
200. Green, P.S. (1994) A revision of Chionanthus (Oleaceae) in S. America and the description of
Priogymnanthus gen. nov. Kew Bull. 49(2): 261–286.
201. Grehan, J. (2001) Biogeography and evolution of the Galapagos: integration of the biological and
geological evidence. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 74: 267-287.
202. Guerrero, A., Tye, A. (2009) Darwin's Finches as seed predators and dispersers. The Wilson Journal Of
Ornithology 121 (4):752-764, 2009
203. Gunn, C.R. (1979) Genus Vicia with notes about Tribe Vicieae (Fabaceae) in Mexico and Central America.
Techn. Bull. U.S.D.A. 1601: 1–41.
204. Guézou, A., Trueman, M., Buddenhagen, E., Chamorro, S., Guerrero, A.M., Pozo, P., Atkinson, R. (2010)
An extensive Alien Plan Inventory from the Inhabited Areas of Galapagos Plos One/ www.plosone.org.
Volume 5/ Issue 4/e10276
205. Gómez-Laurito, J. (2003) Cyperaceae. In: Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, B.E. Hammel, M.H. Grayum,
C. Herrera & N. Zamora (eds.). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 92: 458–551.
206. Hamann, O. (1974) Contributions to the Flora and the Vegetation of the Galapagos Islands. I. New
Floristic Records from the Archipelago. Bot. Notiser 127: 245-255.
207. Hamann, O. (1974) Contributions to the Flora and Vegetation of the Galapagos Islands: III. Five new
Floristic Records. Bot. Notiser 127: 309-316.
208. Hamann, O. (1979) Taxonomic and floristic notes from the Galapagos Island. Bot. Notiser 132: 435-440.
209. Hamann, O. (1984) Changes and threats to the vegetation. In: Perry, R. (ed.) Key Environments:
Galapagos. Pergamon Press, Oxford, p. 115-131.
210. Hamann, O., Wium-Andersen, S. (1986) Scalesia gordilloi sp. nov. (Asteraceae) from the Galapagos
Islands, Ecuador. Nord. J. Botany 6(1): 35-38.
211. Hamann, O. (1987) Investigación y manejo en las Galápagos: algunas consideraciones botánicas.
Memorias. Taller sobre investigación Botánica y manejo en Galápagos. Pg. 5-11.
212. Hamann, O. (1993) On vegetation recovery, goats and giant tortoises on Pinta Island, Galapagos, Ecuador.
Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 138-151
213. Hammel, B.E. (2007) Hypericaceae. In: Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. 6. B.E. Hammel, M.H.
Grayum, C. Herrera & N. Zamora (eds.). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 26–31.
215. Harley, R.M., Pastore, J.F.B. (2012) A generic revision and new combinations in the Hyptidinae
(Lamiaceae), based on molecular and morphological evidence. Phytolaca 58: 1-55.
216. Harling, G. (1958) Monograph of the Cyclanthaceae. Acta Horti Berg. 18: 1–428.
217. Harling, G. (1962) On Some Compositae Endemic to the Galápagos Islands. Acta Horti Bergiani. 20(3):
63-119.
219. Harling, G. (1991) 190(10). Compositae—Mutisieae. Flora del Ecuador 42: 1–105.
220. Harriman, N.A. (1999) Synopsis of New World Commicarpus (Nyctaginaceae). Sida 18(3): 679–684.
221. Hassler, A. (1939) On the Limitation of the Species Within the Euphorbia Group Cheloneae Boiss:
Preliminary Note. Bot. Notiser 1939: 745-748.
222. Heleno, R., Blake, S., Jaramillo, P., Traveset, A., Vargas, P. & Nogales, M. (2011) Frugivory and seed
dispersal in the Galápagos: what is the state of the art? Integrative Zoology 6: 110-128.
223. Helsen, P., Verdyck, P., Tye, A., Van Dongen, S. (2008) Low levels of genetic differentiation between
Opuntia echios varieties on Santa Cruz (Galápagos) Springer-Verlag. 2009
224. Hendrix, L.B., Smith, S.D. (1986) Post eruption revegetation of Isla Fernandina, Galapagos II. (NB no
recs cited in Lawesson et al. nor in database.) Nat. Geograph. Research 2(1): 6-16.
225. Hickman, C.P. Jr. (1998) A Field Guide to Sea Stars and other Echinoderms of Galápagos. Sugar Spring
Press, Lexington, Virginia, 83 pp.
226. Hicks, D.J., Mauchamp, A. (1996) Evolution and conservation biology of the Galapagos Opuntias
(Cactaceae). Yearbook Cactus Succulent Soc. Am. 4:
227. Hitchcock, A.S. (1927) The grasses of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 24(8): 291–556.
228. Hitchcock, A.S. (1935) New Species of Grasses from the Gálapagos and the Revillagigedo islands. Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci. 21(24): 295-300.
231. Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. & Huber, O. (2008) Nuev. Cat. Fl. Vas. Venezuela 1–860.
232. Holm-Nielsen, L.B., Jørgensen, P.M. & Lawesson, J.E. (1988) 126. Passifloraceae. Flora del Ecuador 31:
1-130.
233. Holmgren, N.H., Molau, U. (1984) 177. Scrophulariaceae. Fl. Ecuador 21: 1–189.
234. Holmgren, N.H., Holmgren, P.K. & Cronquist, A. (2005) Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West,
U.S.A., subclass Dilleniidae. Intermount. Fl. 2(B): 1–488.
235. Hooker, J.D. (1846) Description of Pleuropetalum, a New Genus of Portulacaceae from the Galápagos
Islands. London J. Bot. 5: 108-109.
236. Hooker, J.D. (1847) An Enumeration of the Plants of the Galapagos Archipelago; with descriptions of those
which are new. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 20: 163-233.
237. Hooker, J.D. (1847) On the Vegetation of the Galápagos Islands as Compared with that of some other
Tropical Islands Of the Continet of America. Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: 235-262.
238. Howard, R.A. (1988) Leguminosae. Fl. Lesser Antilles (Dicotyledoneae–Part 1) 4: 334–538.
239. Howell, J.T. (1933) The Amaranthaceae of the Galapagos Islands. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 21(9) 87-116.
240. Howell, J.T. (1933) The Cactaceae of the Galapagos Islands. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 21(5): 41-54.
241. Howell, J.T. (1933) The genus Mollugo in the Galápagos Islands. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Series 4, 21(3):
13-23.
242. Howell, J.T. (1935) New flowering plants from the Galápagos Islands. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Series 4, 21:
329-336.
243. Howell, J.T. (1937) The Plant Genus Coldenia in the Galapagos Islands. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Series 4,
22(3): 99-110.
244. Howell, J.T. (1941) The genus Scalesia. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Series 4, 22: 221-271.
245. Howell, J.T. (1966) Plantae Galapaganae excerptae. Leafl. West. Bot. 10: 351-352.
246. Howell, J.T., Porter, D.M. (1968) The Plant Genus Polygala in the Galápagos Islands. Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci. 32(19): 581-586.
247. Huft, M.J., van der Werff, H. (1985) Observations on Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae) in the Galapagos
Islands. Madrono 32(3): 143-147.
248. Hunt, D.R. (1993) Galapagos. Archipelago del Ecuador. Fl. Novo-Galiciana 13: 130–201.
251. Hágsater, E., Salazar, G.A. (1990) Orchids of Mexico, pt. 1. Icon. Orchid. (Mexico) 1: plates 1–100.
252. Hágsater, E. (2007) The genus Epidendrum. Part 6. "Species new & old in Epidendrum". Icon. Orchid.
(Mexico) 9: i–xiii, pl. 901-1000.
253. Iltis, H.H. (1960) Studies in the Capparidaceae - VII. Old World Cleomes adventive in the New World.
Brittonia 12(4): 279–294.
254. Irwin, H.S., Barneby, R.C. (1982) The American Cassiinae: A synoptical revision of Leguminosae tribe
Cassieae subtribe Cassiinae in the New World. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 35: 1–918 [in 2 parts].
255. Isely, D. (1975) Leguminosae of the United States: II. Subfamily Caesalpinioideae. Mem. New York Bot.
Gard. 25(2): 1–228.
256. Itow, S. (1987) Comunidades Herbaceas y Ericaceas en las tierras altas de Santa Cruz Islas Galápagos.
Pg. 52 - 65. Memorias: Taller sobre investigación Botánica y manejo en Galápagos.
257. Itow, S. (1997) List of Plant Specimens collected in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Bulletin of the Faculty
of Liberal Arts, Nagasaki University, Natural Science, 38 (1): 53-144.
258. Itow, S. (2003) Zonation pattern, succession process and invasion by aliens in species-poor insular
vegetation of the Galapagos Islands. Global Environmental Research, 7:39-58.
259. Jansen, R.K. (1985) The systematics of Acmella (Asteraceae—Heliantheae). Syst. Bot. Monogr. 8: 1–115.
261. Jaramillo, P. (1999) Impact of Human Activities on the Native Plant Life in Galapagos National Park.
Galapagos Report, 50-55 (Eds P. Ospina and E. Muñóz.). Quito-Ecuador: Fundación Natura and World
Wildlife Fund (WWF).
262. Jaramillo, P. (1999) Impacto de las Actividades Humanas sobre las comunidades de plantas nativas en el
Parque Nacional Galápagos. Informe Galápagos, 50-55 (Eds P. Ospina and E. Muñóz). Quito-Ecuador:
Fundación Natura y el Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza (WWF).
263. Jaramillo, P. (2000) Plantas amenazadas y medidas de conservación en varias islas del archipiélago.
Informe Galápagos, 70-76 (Eds P. Ospina and E. Muñoz.). Quito-Ecuador: Fundación Natura y el Fondo
Mundial para la Naturaleza (WWF).
264. Jaramillo, P. (2003) Phenotypic Variation in Calandrinia galapagosa St. John. (Portulacaceae). Noticias
de Galápagos 62: 28-29.
265. Jaramillo, P., Bassantes, J. & Tye, A. (2005) Viability of seeds in food products proposed for field trips in
Galapagos. Noticias de Galápagos 63: 16-18.
266. Jaramillo, P. (2005) Scalesia affinis, “la Scalesia de Puerto Ayora” casi extinta en Santa Cruz. Fundacion
Charles Darwin.
267. Jaramillo, P., Trigo, M. M. (2006) Pollen morphology of the Galapagos endemic genus Scalesia Arn.
(Asteraceae). Noticias de Galápagos 64: 26-30.
268. Jaramillo, P. (2007) Amenazas para la Sobrevivencia de las Últimas Plantas de Scalesia affinis.
Información Técnica para El Colono. Parte II. Puerto Ayora. Isla Santa Cruz.
269. Jaramillo, P. (2007) Ayúdanos a conservar la Scalesia de Puerto Ayora El Colono. Parte IPuerto Ayora.
Isla Santa Cruz.
270. Jaramillo, P., Atkinson, R., Cipriano, F. & Málaga, J. (2009) Using molecular markers to define
conservation management strategies: the critically endangered Calandrinia galapagosa from San Cristóbal
Island. Proceeding of the 2009 Galapagos Science Symposium, Charles Darwin Foundation, Vol. 87-90 (Eds
M. Wolff and M. Gardener). Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador.
271. Jaramillo, P., Atkinson, R. (2010) Evaluating Genetic Diversity for the Conservation of the Threatened
Galápagos Endemic Calandrina galapagosa (Portulacaceae) Biotropica. The journal, of Tropical, Biology
and Conservation
272. Jaramillo, P., Atkinson, R. & Gentile, G. (2010) Evaluating Genetic Diversity for the Conservation of the
Threatened Galapagos Endemic Calandrinia galapagosa (Portulacaceae). Biotropica: 1-7
273. Jaramillo, P., Trigo, M. M., Ramírez, E. &Mauchamp, A. (2010) Insect Pollinators of Jasminocereus
thouarsii, an endemic cactus of the Galapagos Islands. Galapagos Research 67: 21-25.
274. Jeffrey, C., Trujillo, B. (1992) Cucurbitaceae. Fl. Venezuela 5(1): 11–202.
275. Jeffrey, C. (2001) Cucurbitaceae. En: Stevens, W. D., C. Ulloa, A. Pool & O. M. Montiel (eds.), Flora de
Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(1): 688–717.
276. Jeppesen, S. (1981) 188. Lobeliaceae. Flora del Ecuador 14: 9–170.
277. Jeppesen, S. (1981) 189B. Goodeniaceae. Flora del Ecuador 14: 175–178.
278. Jiménez, Q. (2007) Meliaceae. In: Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. 6. B.E. Hammel, M.H. Grayum,
C. Herrera & N. Zamora (eds.). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 575–614.
279. Johnston, I.M. (1923) Diagnoses and Notes Relating to the Spermatophytes Chiefly of North America.
Contr. Gray Herb. 68: 80-104.
280. Judziewicz, E. J. (1990) Family 187. Poaceae (Gramineae). Fl. Guianas, ser. A, Phanerog. 8: 1–727.
281. Junaedi, D.I., Mutaqien, Z. (2010) Diversity of tree communities in Mount Patuha region, West Java.
Biodiversitas 11 (2): 75-81
282. Jäger, H., Tye, A., Kowarik, I. (2007) Tree invasion in naturally treeless environments: Impacts of quinine
(Cinchona pubescens) trees on native vegetation in Galápagos Institute of Ecology, Department of
Ecosystem Sciences and Plant Ecology, Technical University Berlin, Rothenburgstr. 12, 12165 Berlin,
Germany.
283. Jäger, H., Kowarik, I., Tye, A. (2009) Destruction without extinction: long-term impacts of an invasive tree
species on Galápagos highland vegetation. Journal of Ecology 97, 1252–1263.
284. Jäger, H., Kowarik, I. (2010) Resilience of native plant community following manual control of invasive
Cinchona pubescens in Galápagos. Restoration Ecology 18, 103–112.
285. Jäger, H. (2011) Cinchona pubescens In: Roloff, A., Weisgerber, H., Lang, U., Stimm, B. (Eds.):
Enzyklopädie der Holzgewächse, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 58. Erg.Lfg. 06/11, 14 pp.
286. Jørgensen, P.M., Ulloa, C. (1994) Seed plants of the high Andes of Ecuador—A checklist. AAU Rep. 34:
1–443.
287. Jørgensen, P.M., León-Yánez, S. (eds.) (1999) Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. Monographs
in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis,
1181 pp.
288. Jørgensen, P.M., Nee, M. & Beck, S. G. (2010) Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de Bolivia. Monogr.
Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard.
289. Kearney, T.H. (1952) Notes on Malvaceae. III. Abutilon and Pseudabutilon in the Galápagos Islands.
Madroño 11: 285-289.
290. Kellogg, V.L., Kuwana, S.I. (1902) Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos Expedition, 1898–1899
X. Entomological results (8). Mallophaga from birds. Proceedings of the Washington. Academy of Sciences,
4, 457–499, pls 28–31.
291. Kennedy, H., Andersson, L. & Hagberg, M. (1988) 224. Marantaceae. Flora del Ecuador 32: 11–192.
292. Killip, E.P. (1938) The American Species of Passifloraceae [concl.]. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser.
19(2): 333–613.
293. Kirkbride, J.H. (1993) Biosystematic Monograph of the Genus Cucumis (Cucurbitaceae). Biosyst. Monogr.
Cucumis i–x, 1-159.
294. Klimaszewski, J., Peck, S.B. (1998) A Review of Aleocharine rove beetles from the Galápagos Islands,
Ecuador (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 105(2): 221-260.
295. Koecke, A. V., Muellner, A. N., Pennington, Terence D., Schorr, G. and Schnitzler, J. (2013) Niche
Evolution Through Time and Across Continent: The Story of Neotropical Cedrela (Meliaceae). American
Journal of Botany
296. Koyama, T. (1970) New Combinations in the Cyperaceae of the Galápagos Islands. Madroño 20(5):
253-254.
297. Krukoff, B.A. (1939) The American species of Erythrina. Brittonia 3(2): 205–337.
298. Krukoff, B.A., Barneby, R.C. (1974) Conspectus of species of the genus Erythrina. Lloydia 37(3): 332–459.
299. Kunjithapatham Dhileepan, Ayyapillai Balu, Selvaraj Murugesan, Ponnusamy Senthilkumar & Roger G.
Shivas. (2013) Survey and prioritisation of potential biological control agents for prickly acacia (Acacia
nilotica subsp. indica) in southern India. Biocontrol Science and Technology 23-6: 646-664.
300. Kvist, L.P., Skog, L.E. (1992) Revision of Kohleria (Gesneriaceae). Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 79: 1–83.
301. Laegaard, S., Peterson, P.M. (2001) 214(2). Gramineae (part 2) Subfam. Chloridoideae. Fl. Ecuador 68:
1–131.
302. Laegaard, S., García, P.P. (2004) Invasive grasses in the Galapagos Islands. Lyonia, 6(2):171-175.
303. Lawesson, J.E. (1987) Plantas exóticas en las Islas Galápagos, un resumen. Memorias. Taller sobre
investigación Botánica y manejo en Galápagos. Pg. 17-23.
304. Lawesson, J.E., Adsersen, H. & Bentley, P. (1987) An updated and annotated check list of the vascular
plants of the Galapagos islands. Rept. Bot. Inst., Univ. Aarhus 16: 1-74.
305. Lawesson, J.E. (1987) Especies de plantas amenazadas y lugares prioritarios para la conservación de las
plantas en las Islas Galápagos. Memorias. Taller de Investigación Botánica y Manejo en Galápagos
306. Lawesson, J.E., Hamann, O., Black, J. (1987) Recopilación de las recomendaciones del taller:
Investigación Botánica y Manejo en Galápagos Memorias. Investigación Botánica y Manejo en Galápagos.
Pg.329-336
307. Lawesson, J.E., Ortiz, L. (1987) Plantas Introducidas en las Islas Galápagos Memorias. Investigación
Botánica y Manejo en Galápagos. Pg.224-235
308. Lawesson, J.E., Adsersen, H. (1987) Notes on the endemic genus Darwiniothamnus Haling (Asteraceae,
Astereae) from the Galapagos Islands. Opera Botanica 92: 7-15.
309. Lawesson, J.E. (1988) Contributions to the Flora of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Phytologia 65(3):
228-230.
310. Lawesson, J.E., et al. (1990) Taller sobre Investigacion Botánica y Manejo en Galapagos, abril 11 - 18 de
1987. .
311. Lawesson, J.E. (s.a.) Pers. obs. field notes, collections 1985-7.
312. Le Houerou HN (1980) Chemical composition and nutritional value of browse in tropical West Africa. In:
Le Houerou HN, ed, Browse in Africa: The Current State of Knowledge. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: International
Livestock Centre for Africa, 261-289.
313. Leach, L.C. (1973) Euphorbia tircalli L.: its typification, synonomy and relationships, with notes on
'Almeidina' and 'Cassoneira. Kirkia 9: 69–86.
314. Legrand, C.D. (1962) Las especies americanas de Portulaca. Anales Mus. Nac. Montevideo, ser. 2, 7(3):
1–147, la|4m. I–XXIX.
315. Leuenberger, B.E. (1986) Pereskia (Cactaceae). Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 41: 1–141.
316. León, J. (1966) Central American and West Indian species of Inga (Leguminosae). Ann. Missouri Bot.
Gard. 53(3): 265–359.
317. León-Yánez, S., Valencia, R., N. Pitman, L. Endara, C. Ulloa Ulloa & H. Navarrete (2011) Libro rojo de
las plantas endémicas del Ecuador. 2 da. Edición. Publicaciones del Herbario QCA, Pontificia Universidad
Católica del Ecuador, Quito. Pp. 957.
318. Linares, J.L. (2005) Listado comentado de los árboles nativos y cultivados en la república de El Salvador.
Ceiba 44(2): 105–268.
319. Lindeman, J.C., Stoffers, A.L. (1963) Gramineae. Fl. Netherl. Antilles 1: 121–203.
320. Linsley, E.G., Chemsak, J.A. (1966) Cerambycidae of the Galápagos Islands. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th
ser., 33(8): 197-235.
321. Liogier, H.A. (1988) Spermatophyta: Leguminosae to Anacardiaceae. Descr. Fl. Puerto Rico & Adj. Isl. 2:
1–481.
322. Liogier, H.A. (1994) Spermatophyta: Cyrillaceae to Myrtaceae. Descr. Flora de Puerto Rico & Adj. Isl. 3:
1–461.
323. Liu, H., Tye, A., Jaramillo, P., Simbaña, W., Madriz, P., An, S., Wang, Z., Xu, X., Wang, F. G., Xu, H.,
Song, X. Q., Trusty, J., Maunder, M., Lewis, C. &Francisco-Ortega, J. (2012) Science at Fairchild:
Conservation and biodiversity on Pacific Ocean Islands. Tropical Garden 65(1): 28-31.
324. Lockett, C. J., Palmer, W. A. (2003) Rearing and release of Homichloda barkeri (Jacoby)(Coleoptera:
Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) for the biological control of prickly acacia, Acacia nilotica ssp. indica
(Mimosaceae) in Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology, 42(3), 287-293.
325. Lockettb, C.J., K. Dhileepanb, M. Robinsona, K.J. Pukallusa (2012) Impact of a biological control agent,
Chiasmia assimilis, on prickly acacia (Acacia nilotica ssp. indica) seedlings. Biological Control, 62-3:
183-188.
326. Loope, L.L., Hamann, O. & Stone, C.P. (1987) Comparative conservation biology of oceanic archipelagoes
Hawaii and the Galápagos. BioScience 38(4): 272-282.
327. Lorence, D.H. (1999) A nomenclator of Mexican and Central American Rubiaceae. Monogr. Syst. Bot.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 1–177.
328. Lourteig, A. (1989) 135. Lythraceae. Flora del Ecuador 37: 1–46.
329. Lourteig, A. (2000) Oxalis L. subgéneros Monoxalis (Small) Lourt., Oxalis y Trifidus Lourt. Bradea 7(2):
201–629.
330. Lowry, P.P. (1989) A revision of Araliaceae from Vanuatu. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 11:
117–155.
331. Luer, C.A. (1972) The Orchids of the Galápagos Islands. Bull. Amer. Orchid Soc. 41: 868-872.
332. Lundh, J.P. (1970) A New Variety Opuntia megasperma from the Galápagos Islands. Madroño 20(5): 254.
333. Lundh, J.P. (1995) Some additional information and comments on the Annotated Check list of Vascular
Plants of the Galapagos Islands by Lawesson, Adsersen and Bentley. Charles Darwin Research Station,
unpublished.
334. Luteyn, J.L. (1990) 151. Plumbaginaceae. Flora del Ecuador 39: 39–48.
335. Luteyn, J.L. (1999) Páramos, a checklist of plant diversity, geographical distribution, and botanical
literature. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 84: viii–xv, 1–278.
338. MacDonald, I. A. W. (1987) Estrategias para limitar la invasión de organismos introducidos a las áreas
protegidas Memorias. Investigación Botánica y Manejo en Galápagos. Pg.210-223
339. Macbride, J.F. (1943) Leguminosae Flora of Peru. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3/1): 1–506.
340. Macbride, J.F. (1943) Leguminosae (Fabaceae) Flora of Peru. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser.
14:1-112.
341. Macbride, J.F. (1951) Euphorbiaceae Flora of Peru. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(3A/1): 3–200.
342. Macbride, J.F. (1959) Convolvulaceae Flora of Peru. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5/1): 455–536.
343. Macbride, J.F. (1960) Verbenaceae, Flora of Peru. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5/2): 609–721.
344. Macbride, J.F. (1962) Solanaceae, Flora of Peru. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(5B/1): 3–267.
345. Mackey, A.P., Barker M, Dorney W, James P, Jeffrey P, March N, Marohasy J & Panetta D (1996) Prickly
acacia in Queensland. Pest Status Review Series. Department of Natural Resources Queensland.
346. Mackey, A.P. (1998) Acacia nilotica ssp. indica (Benth.) Brenan. The Biology of Australian Weeds, Vol. 2.
(edited by Panetta FD, Groves RH and Shepherd RCH). RG and FJ Richardson.
347. Madsen, J.E. (1989) 45. Cactaceae. Flora del Ecuador 35: 1–79.
348. Marechal, R., Mascherpa, J.M. & Stainier, F. (1978) Etude taxonomique d'un groupe complexe d'especes.
Phaseolus et Vigna (Papilionaceae) sur informatique. Boissiera 28: 1–273.
349. Martínez, M. (1998) Revision of Physalis section Epeteiorhiza (Solanaceae). Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac.
Autón. México, Bot. 69(2): 71–117.
350. Mauchamp, A. (1995) Informe de viaje de campo a Darwin y Wolf. Inventario sistematico de la flora y
fauna de las islas. Charles Darwin Research Station, unpublished.
351. Mauchamp, A., Aldaz, I., Ortiz, E. & Valdebenito, H. (1998) Threatened species, a re-evaluation of status
of eight endemic plants of the Galapagos. Biodiversity and Conservation 7: 97-107.
352. Mauchamp, A., Atkinson, R. (2008-2009) Pérdida de hábitat rápida, reciente e irreversible:Los Bosques
de Scalesia en las Islas Galápagos. Fundación Charles Darwin Research Station
353. Mayo, S. (1991) A revision of Philodendron subgenus Meconostigma (Araceae). Kew Bull. 46(4): 601–681.
354. McClintock, E., Epling, C. (1946) A revision of Teucrium in the New World, with observations on its
variation, geographical distribution and history. Brittonia 5(5): 491–510.
355. McCluggage, T. (1998) Herbicide trials on Tradescantia fluminensis Conservation Advisory Science
Notes: 180. Wellington, New Zealand Department of Conservation
356. McClure, F.A. (1957) Bamboos of the genus Phyllostachys under cultivation in the United States. Agric.
Handb. 114: 1–69.
358. McMullen, C.K. (1987) Biologia reproductiva de las Angiospermas de las Islas Galapágos. Pg. 39 - 52.
Memorias: Taller sobre investigación Botànica y manejo en galapágos.
359. McMullen, C.K. (1999) Flowering plants of the Galapagos. Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London,
370 pp.
360. McMullen, C.K. (2007) Pollination biology of the Galápagos endemic, Tournefortia rufo-sericea
(Boraginaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 153: 21-31.
361. McMullen, C.K. (2010) Nocturnal and diurnal pollination of Clerodendrum molle (Verbenaceae) in the
Galápagos Islands Plant Syst Evol (2011) 292:15-23
362. McMullen, C.K. (2011) Pollination of the heterostylos Galápagos native, Cordia lutea (Boraginaceae)
Plant Syst Evol (2012) 298:569-579
363. McVaugh, R. (1951) A revision of the North American black cherries (Prunus serotina Ehrh., and
relatives). Brittonia 7(4): 279–315.
364. McVaugh, R. (1956) Tropical American Myrtaceae: Notes on generic concepts and descriptions of
previously unrecognized species. Fieldiana, Bot. 29(3): 143–228.
366. Meerow, A.W. (1990) 202. Amaryllidaceae. Fl. Ecuador 41: 1–52.
367. Mesa, A. (1981) Nolanaceae. Fl. Neotrop. 26: 1–197.
368. Meyer, F.K. (2000) Revision der Gattung Malpighia L. (Malpighiaceae). Phanerog. Monogr. 23: 1–630, pl.
1–151.
369. Meyer, M., Adsersen, H. (1987) Imágenes satelitarias: Una herramienta para estudios de vegetacion,
conservacion y manejo en Galápagos Memorias. Taller sobre Investigación Botánica y Manejo en Galápagos
370. Mohlenbrock, R.H. (1958) A revision of the genus Stylosanthes. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 44(3): 299–354.
371. Mohyuddin A. (1981) Phytophages associated with Acacia nilotica in Pakistan and possibilities of their
introduction into Australia. In: Del Fosse ES, ed. Proceedings of the fifth International Symposium on
Bioogical Control of Weeds, 161-166.
372. Molau, U. (1981) The genus Calceolaria in NW South America. VI. The sections Urticopsis, Lobatae and
Micranthera. Nordic J. Bot. 1(2): 165–185.
373. Molau, U. (1988) Scrophulariaceae. Part I. Calceolarieae. Fl. Neotrop. 47: 1–326.
375. Moldenke, H.N. (1955) Notes on New and Noteworthy Plants. XX. Phytologia 5: 225-230
376. Moldenke, H.N. (1967) Notes on New and Noteworthy Plants. XIVI. Phytologia 14: 325-326.
377. Moldenke, H.N. (1968) Additional Notes on the Genus Avicennia. IV. Phytologia 15: 470-477.
378. Moldenke, H.N. (1968) The Vervains Collected on the Galápagos Islands by Charles Darwin. Phytologia
16(4): 340-342.
379. Moldenke, H.N. (1969) Six Additional Verbenaceous Novelties. Phytologia 18: 209-211.
380. Moll, E. (1990) A Report on the Distribution of Introduced Plants on Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Charles
Darwin Reaearch Station, unpublished.
381. Monro, A.K. (2001) Synopsis of Mesoamerican Pilea (Urticaceae), including eighteen typifications and a
key to the species. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Bot.) 31(1): 9–25.
382. Monro, A.K., Rodríguez, G.A. (2009) Three new species and a nomenclatural synopsis of Urera
(Urticaceae) from Mesoamerica. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 96(2): 268-285.
383. Mora, M., Clark, J. (2016) Molecular Phylogeny of the Neotropical Genus Paradrymonia (Gesneriaceae),
Reexamination of Generic Concepts and the Resurrection of Trichodrymonia
and Centrosolenia The American Society of Plant Taxonomists. Systematic Botany (2016), 41(1). 1-24.
384. Morrone, O., Zuloaga, F.O. (1992) Revisión de las especies sudamericanas nativas e introducidas de los
géneros Brachiaria y Urochloa (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae). Darwiniana 31(1–4): 43–109.
385. Morrone, O., Anton, A.M. & Zuloaga, F.O. (1995) Axonopus. Fl. Fan. Argent. 19(1): 11–16.
386. Motooka, P. (1987) El Papel de los herbicidas en el manejo de tierras para conservación Investigación
Botánica y Manejo en Galápagos. Memorias.
387. Mueller-Dombois, D., Loope, L. (1987) Algunos Aspectos Ecológicos unicos en Ecosistemas de Islas
Oceánicas. Memorias Taller sobre investigación Botánica y manejo en Galápagos. Pg. 24-32.
388. Mukherjee, S.K. (1954) Revision of the genus Saccharum Linn. Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 8: 143–148.
389. Munz, P.A. (1974) 141. Onagraceae. Flora del Ecuador 3: 1–46.
390. Nash, D.L. (1976) Tribe V, Heliantheae. In: Nash, D.L. & Williams, L.O. (eds.): Flora of Guatemal a - Part
XII. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(12): 181–361, 503–570.
391. Nash, D.L. (1976) Tribe III, Astereae. In: Nash, D.L. & Williams, L.O. (eds.): Flora of Guatemala - Part
XII. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(12): 128–164, 483–495.
392. Navarro, G. (1996) Catálago ecológico preliminar de las cactáceas de Bolivia. Lazaroa 17: 33–84.
394. Nicolson, D.H. (1980) Summary of cytological information on Emilia and the taxonomy of four Pacific taxa
of Emilia (Asteraceae: Senecioneae). Syst. Bot. 5(4): 391–407.
395. Norman, E.M. (1979) Distichlis spicata var. stricta (Torr.) Beetle (Poaceae). Modrono 26: 100.
396. Norman, E.M. (1982) 176. Buddlejaceae. Fl. Ecuador 16: 1–24.
398. Nowak, J.B. (1985) Regeneration of the Vegetation in the burned areas of Sierra Negra, Isabela Island
Annual Report 1986-1987. Charles Darwin Research Station.Pg 37-40
399. Nowak, J.B. (1987) Final report on studies in burnt area, Sierra Negra, Isabela Island, Galapagos Islands
Ecuador. Charles Darwin Research Station, unpublished.
400. Nowak, J.B., Lawesson, J., Adsersen, H., de Vries, T. (1987) Dos años de estudio de la dinámica de la
vegetación posterior al incendio en el sur de Isabela, Islas Galápagos, Ecuador. Memorias. Taller sobre
Investigación Botánica y Manejo en Galápagos. Pg. 139-153.
402. O'Donell, C.A. (1959) Las especies americanas de Ipomoea L. sect. Quamoclit (Moench) Griseb. Lilloa 29:
19–86.
403. Pankhurst, R.J. (2001) Rosaceae. En: Stevens, W.D., C. Ulloa, A. Pool & O.M. Montiel (eds.). Flora de
Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85: 2202–2206.
404. Pennington, T.D., Styles, B.T. & Taylor, D.A. (1981) Meliaceae. Flora del Neotropico 28: 1–470.
406. Pennington, T.D., Revelo, N. (1997) El Género Inga en el Ecuador Morfología, Distribución y Usos. Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew: 1-177
407. Pensiero, J.F. (1999) Las especies sudamericanas del genero Setaria (Poaceae, Paniceae). Darwiniana 37:
37-151.
408. Pensiero, J.F., Zuloaga, F.O. & Morrone, O. (2003) Pennisetum. In Catalogue of New World Grasses
(Poaceae): III. Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S.
Natl. Herb. 46: 527-536.
409. Peterson, P., Soreng, R. (2016) A revision of Poa subsection Aphanelytrum (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poaeae,
Poinae); and a new species, Poa auriculata PhytoKeys 63: 107–125 (2016)
410. Peterson, P.M., Annable, C.R. (1991) Systematics of the annual species of Muhlenbergia
(Poaceae-Eragrostideae). Syst. Bot. Monogr. 31: 1–109.
411. Peterson, P.M., Herrera-Arrieta, Y. (2001) Bouteloua. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): II.
Subfamily Chloridoideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 41: 20-33.
412. Peterson, P.M. (2001) Cynodon. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): II. Subfamily
Chloridoideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 41: 59-63.
413. Peterson, P.M. (2001) Dactyloctenium. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): II. Subfamily
Chloridoideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 41: 64-65.
414. Peterson, P.M. (2001) Muhlenbergia. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): II. Subfamily
Chloridoideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 41: 143-173.
415. Peterson, P.M., Boechat, S.C. & Veldkamp, J.F. (2001) Sporobolus. In Catalogue of New World Grasses
(Poaceae): II. Subfamily Chloridoideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 41: 200-219.
416. Piper, C.V. (1926) Studies in American Phaseolineae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 22(9): 663–701.
417. Pirie, M.D., Klitgaard, B.B. & Pennington, R.T. (2009) Revision and Biogeography of Centrolobium
(Leguminosae - Papilionoideae). Syst. Bot. 34(2): 345-359.
418. Pohl, R.W. (1980) Family 15. Gramineae. In: W. C. Burger, (ed.), Flora Costaricensis. Fieldiana, Bot., n.s.
4: 1–608.
419. Pohl, R.W. (1994) 100. Bouteloua Lagasca, nom. cons. Fl. Mesoamer. 6: 293–295.
420. Pool, A., Smith, D.A. (2001) Flacourtiaceae. En: Stevens, W.D., C. Ulloa, A. Pool & O.M. Montiel (eds.),
Flora de Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85(2): 1084–1105.
421. Pool, A. (2007) Lamiaceae. In: Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. 6. B.E. Hammel, M.H. Grayum, C.
Herrera & N. Zamora (eds.). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 111: 49–89.
422. Poorman, L.H. (1983) New molluscan species (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) from the tropical eastern
Pacific. The Veliger 26(1): 5-9.
423. Porter, D.M. (1968) Psidium (Myrtaceae) in the Galápagos Islands. Annls. Missouri Bot. Gard. 55(3):
368-371.
424. Porter, D.M. (1969) The genus Kallstroemia (Zygophyllaceae). Contr. Gray Herb. 198: 41–153.
425. Porter, D.M. (1970) The Genus Dodonaea (Sapindaceae) in the Galápagos Islands. Occ. Pap. Calf. Acad.
Sci. 81: 1-4.
426. Porter, D.M. (1977) Typification of Tiquilia darwinii and Tiquilia fusca (Boraginaceae). Rhodora 79(18):
288-291.
427. Porter, D.M. (1978) Nomenclatural Changes in Spilanthes, Lycopersicum and Opuntia for the Galápagos
Islands. Madroño 25(1): 58-59.
428. Porter, D.M. (1980) The vascular plants of Joseph Dalton Hooker's "An Enumeration of the plants of the
Galápagos Archipelago; with descriptions of those which are new". Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 81: 79-134.
429. Porter, D.M. (1983) Vascular Plants of the Galapagos: Origins and Dispersal. In: Bowman, R.I., Berson,
M. & Leviton, A.E. (eds.): Patterns of evolution in Galápagos organisms. Pacific Division, AAAS, San
Francisco, California, p. 33-96.
430. Porter, D.M. (1984) Endemism and Evolution in Terrestrial Plants. In: Perry, R. (ed.): Key Environments
Galapagos. Pergamon Press, Oxford, p. 85-99.
431. Porter, D.M. (1987) Situacion y necesidades taxonomicas Investigación Botánica y manejos en Galápagos.
Memorias. Taller sobre investigación Botánica y manejos en Galápagos. Pg.1-4.
432. Prado Erazo, G.E. (1986) Informe preliminar, Censo de especies arboreas introducidas en la zona agricola
de la isla Santa Cruz. Charles Darwin Research Station, unpublished, typescript CDF library
433. Prado Erazo, G.E. (1988) Census of introduced of tree species in the Agricultural zone of Santa Cruz Island
Annual Report 1986-1987; unpublished typescript, CDF Library
434. Prado, L., et al. (1995) Informes de salida al campo, abril y mayo de 1995, Isla Isabela, Investigacion
agroforestal. Charles Darwin Research Station, unpublished, Archivos de Botanica.
435. Quintana, C., Girardello, M., Barfod, A. & Balslev, H. (2016) Diversity patterns, environmental drivers and
changes in vegetation composition in dry inter-Andean valleys. Journal of Plant Ecology: 1–15
436. Quintana, M.C. (2010) Wild plants in the dry valleys around Quito-Ecuador. Publicaciones del Herbario
QCA, PUCE. Quito-Ecuador, 266 pp.
437. Rahn, K. (1974) Plantago section Virginica. Dansk Bot. Arkiv 30 (2).
438. Rauh, W. (1992) Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri. Fl. Pl. Africa 52(1): 2051.
439. Ravenna, P. (1979) New species of Iridaceae from Galapagos and Colombia. Bot. Notiser 132: 436-466.
440. Reck, G. (1986) Personal notes from Bellavista agricultural fair, Feb 1986.
441. Reed, J., Pomponi, S. (1995) Submersible and scuba collections in the coastal waters of the Galapagos
Islands. Biomedical and Biodiversity research of the benthic communities with emphasis on the Porifera,
Algae and Gorogonacea. Preliminary Cruice Report.
442. Reeder, J.R., Reeder, C.G. (1970) A New Combination in Trichoneura from the Galápagos Islands.
Madroño 20(5): 253.
443. Reeder, J.R., Reeder, C.G. (1971) Gramineae. Grass family. in Flora of the Galápagos Islands. 823–892.
444. Rentería, J. L., Atkinson, R. & Buddenhagen, C. (2007) Plan de manejo para la erradicación de Acacia
nilotica, especie invasora de limitada distribución en la isla Santa Cruz. Fundación Charles Darwin.
445. Renvoize, S.A. (1998) Gramíneas de Bolivia. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. i–xxx, 1–644.
446. Restrepo, A., Bush, M., Correa-Metrio, A., Conroy, J., Gardener, M. R., Jaramillo, P., Steinitz-Kannan, M.,
Overpeck, J. & Colinvaux, P. (2011) Impacts of climate variability and human colonization on the vegetation
of the Galápagos Islands. Ecology: 1-42.
447. Rhodes, D.G. (1975) A revision of the genus Cissampelos. Phytologia 30(6): 415–484.
448. Rick, C.M. (1956) Genetic and Systematic Studies on Accessions of Lycopersicon from the Galápagos
Islands. Amer. J. Bot. 43: 687-696.
449. Riley, L.A.M. (1925) Critical Notes on Galápagos Plants (St. George Pacific Expedition, 1924). Kew Bull.
Misc. Info. 1925(5): 216-231.
450. Roberts H. (1969) Forest insects of Nigeria with notes on their biology and distribution. Commonwealth
Forestry Institute, Oxford, Paper No. 44. pp. 206.
http://www.cabi.org/isc/abstract/19690602882
451. Robinson, B.L., Greenman, J.M. (1895) On the flora of the Galápagos Islands as shown by the collections
of Dr. Baur. Amer. J. Sci. 50: 135-149.
452. Robinson, B.L. (1900) Synopses of the Genera Jaegeria and Russelia. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci.
35(16): 315-321.
453. Robinson, B.L. (1902) Flora of the Galapagos Islands. Papers from the Hopkins-Stanford Expedition to the
Galapgaos Islands. Proc. Amer. Acad. 38(4): 78-270.
454. Robinson, H. (1990) Six new combinations in Baccharoides Moench and Cyanthillium Blume (Vernonieae:
Asteraceae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 103(1): 248–253.
455. Robinson, H. (2006) Compositae-Heliantheae, Part I: Introduction, genera A-L. Flora of Ecuador 77(1).
456. Robson, N.K.B. (1990) Studies in the genus Hypericum L. (Guttiferae). 8. Sections 29. Brathys (part 2) and
30. Trigynobrathys. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Bot. 20(1): 1–151.
457. Rogers, C.M. (1984) Linaceae. N. Amer. Fl., ser. 2, 12: 1–58.
459. Rosenberg, D. (1987) Impacto de los herbívoros introducidos sobre el Pacha y de Galápagos (Laterallus
spilonotus) Memorias. Investigación Botánica y Manejo en Galápagos. Pg.188-198
460. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden (eds.) (2010) The Plant List, Version 1., online
publication. http://www.theplantlist.org/
461. Rudd, V.E. (1969) A synopsis of the genus Piscidia (Leguminosae). Phytologia 18(8): 473–499.
462. Rutenberg, C. (1880-1889) Reliquiae Rutenbergianae. Abh. Naturwiss. Vereine Bremen 7(1): 1-54; 7(2):
198-214; 7(3): 335-365; 9(4): 401-403; 10(3): 369-396.
463. Rücker, H.W. (1984) Metophthalmus nodosus sp. n. (Coleoptera: Lathridiidae) von den Galápagos-Inseln.
Entomol. Blätter, 79(2-3): 176-178.
464. Sarah Reichard, Lizbeth Seebacher (2009) Weed Risk Assessment for Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delil,
Addendum to the report: Analysis and Assessment of the Invasive risk of Acacia nilotica;. University of
Washington, College of Forest Resources, Center for Urban Horticulture.
466. Schatz, G.E., Phillipson, P. (2010) Catalogue of the Native and Naturalized Vascular Plants of
Madagascar. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. ined.
467. Schery, R.W. (1951) Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38(1): 1–94.
468. Schofield, E.K. (1971) Field Guide to Some Common Galápagos Plants. Lindblad Travel, Inc., NY: 1-42.
469. Schofield, E.K. (1973) Galapagos Flora: The Threat of Introduced Plants. Biol. Conservation 5(1): 48-51.
470. Schofield, E.K. (1984) Plants of the Galapagos Islands. Field Guide and Travel Journal. Universe Books,
New York, 159 pp.
471. Schweinfurth, C. (1958) Orchidaceae. Orchids of Peru. Fieldiana, Bot. 30(1): 1–260.
472. Schweinfurth, C. (1960) Orchidaceae, Orchids of Peru. Fieldiana, Bot. 30(3): 533–786.
474. Seberg, O. (1984) Taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae) in the Galapagos
Archipelago, Ecuador. Nordic J. Botany 4(2): 159-190.
475. Sequeira, A.S., Lanteri, A.A., Scataglini, M.A., Confalonieri, V.A. & Farrell, B.D. (2000) Are flightless
Galapaganus weevils older than the Galápagos islands they inhabit? Heredity 85: 20-29.
476. Shaw, R.B., Webster, R.B. (1987) The genus Eriochloa (Poaceae: Paniceae) in North and Central
America. Sida 12(1): 165–207.
477. Sheik M.I. (1989) Acacia nilotica (L) Willd. ex Del.: its production, management and utilization, Pakistan.
Field Document FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, No. 20, 45 pp.; 50 ref.
http://www.cabi.org/isc/abstract/19930666232
478. Shimizu, Y. (1997) Competitive relationships between tree species of Scalesia (S. pedunculata, S. cordata,
S. microcephala) and introduced plants (Cinchona succirubra, Psidium guajava, Lantana camara) with
reference to regeneration mechanism of Scalesia forests in the Galápagos Islands. Repr. from Regional
Views 11, 23–172. Inst. for Applied Geography, Komazawa Univ., Tokyo.
479. Sleumer, H.O. (1935) Revision der Gattung Pernettya. Gaud. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem. 12:
626-655.
480. Smith, A.G. (1964) Land snails of the Galápagos. In: Bowman, R.I. (ed.): The Galápagos. Proc. Symposia
G.I.S.P., Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley: 240-251.
481. Smith, L.B., Downs, R.J. (1979) Bromelioideae (Bromeliaceae). Fl. Neotrop. 14(3): 1493–2142.
482. Smith, L.B., Wasshausen, D.C. & Klein, R.M. (1981) Gramíneas. Gêneros: 1. Bambusa até 44. Chloris. Fl.
Il. Catarin. 1(GRAM): 1–435.
483. Smith, L.B., Wasshausen, D.C. & Klein, R.M. (1982) Gramíneas. Géneros: 45. Deschampsia até 84.
Pseudechinolaena. Fl. Il. Catarin. 1(GRAM): 443–906.
484. Smith, L.B., Wasshausen, D.C. & Klein, R.M. (1982) Gramíneas. Gêneros: 85. Paspalum até 115. Zea. Fl.
Il. Catarin. 1(GRAM): 909–1407.
485. Sparre, B., Andersson, L. (1991) A taxonomic revision of the Tropaeolaceae. Opera Bot. 108: 1–140.
486. St. John, H. (1937) A New Calandrinia from the Galápagos Islands. Amer. J Bot. 24: 95.
487. Stahl, B. (1991) 156. Oleaceae. Flora del Ecuador 43: 45–57.
488. Standley, P.C. (1937) Nyctaginaceae. Flora of Peru. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(2/2): 518–546.
489. Standley, P.C., Steyermark, J.A. (1946) Cruciferae. In: Standley, P.C. & Steyermark, J.A. (Eds.), Flora of
Guatemala-Part IV. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(4): 354–380.
490. Standley, P.C., Steyermark, J.A. (1946) Burseraceae. In Standley, P.C. & Steyermark, J.A. (eds.) Flora of
Guatemala - Part V. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(5): 434–444
491. Standley, P.C., Steyermark, J.A. (1949) Euphorbiaceae. In: P.C. Standley & J.A. Steyermark (eds.): Flora
of Guatemala—Part VI. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(6): 25–170.
492. Standley, P.C., Steyermark, J.A. (1958) Cyperaceae. In: P.C. Standley & J.A. Steyermark (eds.): Flora of
Guatemala—Part I. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(1): 90–196.
493. Standley, P.C., Williams, L.O. (1962) Cactaceae. In: Standley, P.C. & L.O. Williams (eds.) Flora of
Guatemala - Part VII. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(7/2): 187–234.
494. Standley, P.C., Williams, L.O. (1973) Scrophulariaceae. In Standley, P. C. & L. O. Williams (eds.). Flora
of Guatemala - Part IX, Number 4. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(9/4): 319–416.
495. Staples, G.W., Herbst, D.R. (2005) A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants cultivated in the Hawaiian islands and
other tropical places. Bishop Museum, Honululu, Hawai'i, Bishop Museum Press, 918 pp.
496. Stefanovic, Olmstead (2004) Molecular phylogeny shows that "Cuscutaceae" is paraphyletic. Tye, A. 2009
497. Stevens, W.D., Ulloa, C., Pool, A., & Montiel, O.M. (2001) Flora de Nicaragua. Monogr. Syst. Bot.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 85: i–xlii, 1–2666.
498. Stewart, A. (1911) A botanical survey of the Galápagos Islands. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4th Series, 1: 7-288.
499. Strong, M.T. (2006) Taxonomy and distribution of Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae) in the Guianas, South
America. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 53: 1–225.
500. Stutzman, J., Lickey, E. Weeks, A. McMullen, C. (2012) A taxonomic study of the Galápagos endemic
Varronia (cordiaceae) species with nomenclatural notes. J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 6(1): 75 – 99.
502. Svenson, H.K. (1935) Plants of the Astor Expedition, 1930 (Galapagos and Cocos Islands). Am. J. Bot. 22:
208-277.
503. Svenson, H.K., Weatherby, C.A. (1938) Pteridophyta of the Galápagos Islands. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 65:
303-333.
504. Svenson, H.K. (1939) The Cyperaceae. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 22: 187-193.
505. Swallen, J.R. (1955) Gramineae. In: P. C. Standley & J. A. Steyermark (eds.), Flora of Guatemala—Part II.
Fieldiana, Bot. 24(2): i–ix, 1–390.
506. Tapia, W., Jaramillo, P. (1999) Las especies introducidas agresivas en las islas Galápagos y medidas
tomadas para su control. El Parquero. 40 años del Parque Nacional Galápagos, 14-16.
507. Tateoka, T. (1963) Taxonomic studies of Oryza III. Key to the species and their enumeration. Bot. Mag.
(Tokyo) 76(899): 165–173.
508. Taylor, P. (1989) The genus Utricularia. A taxonomic monograph. Kew Bull., Addit. Ser. 14: 1–724.
509. Tebbs, M.C. (1993) Revision of Piper (Piperaceae) in the New World 3. The taxonomy of Piper sections
Lepianthes and Radula. Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Bot.) 23(1): 1–50.
510. Terrell, E.E., Duvall, M.R. (2000) Leersia. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): I. Subfamilies
Anomochlooideae, Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae, and Pharoideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 39: 64-67.
511. Terrell, E.E., Duvall, M.R. (2000) Oryza. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): I. Subfamilies
Anomochlooideae, Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae, and Pharoideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 39: 89-92.
512. Thomas, W.W. (1984) The systematics of Rhynchospora section Dichromena. Mem. New York Bot. Gard.
37: 1–116.
513. Tovar, Ó. (1993) Las Gramíneas (Poaceae) del Perú. Ruizia 13: 1–480.
514. Trelease, W., Yuncker, T.G. (1950) Piperaceae. N. South Amer. 1–838.
515. Trinius, C.B. (1831) Graminum genera quaedam speciesque complures descriptionisub illustrata.
Mémoires de l'Académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg 1: 54-95.
516. Trinius, C.B., Ruprecht, F.J. (1842) Species Graminum Stipaceorum. Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci.
Saint-Pétersbourg, Sér. 6, Sci. Math., Seconde Pt. Sci. Nat. 5(1): 1-189
517. Troncoso, N.S. (1979) Verbenaceae in A. Burkart. Fl. Il. Entre Ríos 6(5): 229–294.
518. Tropicos.org. (2009) Database of Missouri Botanical Garden. Missouri Botanical Garden,
http://www.tropicos.org.
519. Tucker, G.C. (1986) The species of Cyperus described by Liebmann in "Mexicos halvgraes". Syst. Bot.
11(1): 14–19.
520. Tucker, G.C. (1994) Revision of the Mexican species of Cyperus (Cyperaceae). Syst. Bot. Monogr. 43:
1–213.
521. Tye, A., M. C. Soria and M. R. Gardener (2002) A strategy for Galapagos weeds. In Veitch, C. R. and
Clout, M. N. (eds.) Turning the tide: the eradication of native species. IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist
Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group. IUCN,
Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
522. Tye, A. (2008) The Grasses Urochloa multiculma and U. fusca (Poaceae) in the Galápagos archipielago
Department of Botany Charles Darwin Research Station, Galápagos-Ecuador. Present Adrdress: SPRED, PO
Box 240, Apia, Samoa. email:[email protected]
524. Tye, A. (2010) The Galápagos Endemic Darwiniothamnus alternifolius (Asteraceae, Astereae) transferred
to Erigeron. Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 20(1):111-112. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.3417/2008081
525. Utreras, M. (1982) Distribución de la guayaba (Psidium guajava) y aplicación de tres químicos
(Herbicidas) para su cotrol en la isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos. Informe pleniminar, Fundacion Charles Darwin
526. Vagvolgyi, J. (1974) Nesopupa galapagensis, a new Indo-pacific element in the land snail fauna of the
Galápagos Islands (Pulmonata: Vertiginidae) Nautilus 88 (3): 86-89
527. Valencia, R., Pitman, N., León-Yánez, S. & Jørgensen, P.M. (2000) Libro Rojo de las Plantas Endémicas
del Ecuador. Herbario QCA, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador. Ecuador 2000 i–iv, 1–489.
528. Van Leeuwen, J.F., Froyd, C.A., van der Knapp, W.O, Coffey, E.E., Tye, A. & Willis, K.J. (2008) Fossil
Pollen as a Guide to Conservation in the Galapagos. Science, 2008 Nov 21, 322(5905): 1206, DOI:
101126/Science. 1163454.
529. Van der Werff, H.H. (1977) Vascular plants from the Galápagos Islands: new records and taxonomic
notes. Bot. Notiser 130(1): 89-100.
530. Van der Werff, H.H. (1978) The vegetation of the Galapagos Islands. PhD thesis. Lakenman & Ochtman,
Zierikzee.
531. Van der Werff, H.H. (1987) Los Helechos como indicadores de tipos de vegetación en las Islas Galápagos.
Memorias. Investigación Botánica y Manejo en Galápagos. Pg.88-103
532. Van der Werff, H.H. (s.a.) Pers. obs. and colls. Personal observations and collections.
533. Vega, A.S., Rúgolo de Agrasar, Z.E. (2003) Digitaria. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): III.
Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46:
193-213.
534. Veldkamp, J.F. (1973) A revision of Digitaria Haller (Gramineae) in Malesia. Blumea 21(1): 1–80.
535. Vásquez, D. L., Calvo, J. (2016) Senecio sangayensis (Asteraceae, Senecioneae): a striking new species
from the Ecuadorian highlands Phytotaxa 268 (3): 203–208.
536. Vásquez. M.R., Rojas, G. & Rodríguez, E.F. (2003) Adiciones a la Flora Peruana: especies nuevas, nuevos
registros y estados taxonómicos de las Angiospermas para el Perú. Arnaldoa 9(2): 43–110.
537. Väre, H., Häkkinen, M. (2009) (1903) Proposal to conserve the name Musa velutina against M. dasycarpa
(Musaceae). Taxon 58(3): 1009.
538. Véliz Pérez, M.E (2008) Las Cactáceas de Guatemala. Cactáceas Guatemala 1-129.
539. Wallander, E. (2008) Systematics of Fraxinus (Oleaceae) and evolution of dioecy. Pl. Syst. Evol. 273(1-2):
25–49.
540. Waterfall, U.T. (1967) Physalis in Mexico, Central America and the West Indies. Rhodora 69(778):
203–240.
541. Weber E. (2003) Invasive plant species of the world: A reference guide to environmental weeds.
Wallingford, UK: CAB International, viii + 548 pp
542. Weber, D. (1973) Deux orchidacees nouvelles pour la flore des iles Galapagos. Extrait du Bull. Soc.
Neuchateloise Scien. Nat. 96: 17-32.
543. Webster, G.L. (1970) Notes on Galápagos Euphorbiaceae. Madroño 20(5): 257-263.
544. Weeks, A., Tye, A. (2009) Phylogeography of palo santo trees (Bursera graveolens and Brusera
malacophylla; Burseraceae) in the Galápagos archipielago Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009,
161, 396-410.
546. Wiegleb, G., Kaplan, Z. (1998) An account of the species of Potamogeton L. (Potamogetonaceae). Folia
Geobot. Phytotax. 33: 241–316.
547. Wiggins, I.L. (1968) A New Species and Subspecies of Galvezia (Scrophulariaceae) from the Galápagos
Islands. Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. 65: 1-7.
548. Wiggins, I.L., Porter, D.M. (1971) Flora of the Galapagos Islands Standford University Press, Stanford.
550. Windler, D.R. (1966) A revision of the genus Neptunia (Leguminosae). Austral. J. Bot. 14(3): 379–420.
551. Wolf, T. (1879) Ein Besuch der Galapagos-Inseln. Samml. Vorträgen 1(9/10): 196-304.
552. Woodson, Jr., R.E. (1938 [1937]) Studies in the Apocynaceae. VII An evaluation of the genera Plumeria
and Himatanthus Willd. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 25: 189–224.
553. Wunderlin, R.P. (1978) Flora of Panama, Part IX. Family 182. Cucurbitaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.
65(1): 285–366.
554. Yuncker, T.G. (1946) The Genus Peperomia in the Galápagos Islands. Occ. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus.
18: 225-234.
555. Yuncker, T.G. (1953) The Piperaceae of Argentina, Bolivia and Chile. Lilloa 27: 97–303.
556. Zizka, G. (1988) Revision der Melinideae Hitchcock (Poaceae, Panicoideae). Biblioth. Bot. 138: 1–149.
557. Zuloaga, F.O., Ellis, R.P. & Morrone, O. (1992) A revision of Panicum subgenus Phanopyrum section Laxa
(Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 79(4): 770–818.
558. Zuloaga, F.O. (1997) Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la Argentina. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot.
Gard. 74 (2 parts).
559. Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. (2003) Cenchrus. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): III.
Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46:
144-150.
560. Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. (2003) Ichnanthus. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): III.
Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46:
257-270.
561. Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. (2003) Melinis. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): III. Subfamilies
Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46: 287.
562. Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. (2003) Oplismenus. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): III.
Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46:
299-303.
563. Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. (2003) Panicum. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): III.
Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46:
306-441.
564. Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O. (2003) Paspalum. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): III.
Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46:
443-527.
565. Zuloaga, F.O., Morrone, O., Belgrano, M.J., Marticorena, C. & Marchesi, E. (2008) Catálogo de las
Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur (Argentina, Sur de Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Urugray). Monogr. Syst. Bot.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 107(1): i–xcvi, 1–983; 107(2): i–xx, 985–2286; 107(3): i–xxi, 2287–3348.
566. von Poellnitz, K. (1934) Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 35: 159–160.
Disclaimer
The Charles Darwin Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist is a continuously updated list of all species currently known from the Galapagos
Islands and reflects up-to-date knowledge compiled by scientists of the Charles Darwin Foundation (CDF) in collaboration with experts from
around the world. CDF shares this data publicly and invites comments, corrections and additions.
Please do not hesitate to contact us; your input is very welcome. However, please understand that additions, changes, and corrections will be
posted at periodic intervals after thorough cross-referencing of all new data. As an independent international scientific organization, the Charles
Darwin Foundation relies on funding from donors who support our work. Please contact us at [email protected] if you would like to
support the Charles Darwin Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist and help make knowledge of Galapagos biodiversity more widely
available.