Buddha Terms PDF
Buddha Terms PDF
Buddha Terms PDF
OF THE
ZINBUN~KAGAKu~KENKYUSYO
. KYOTO UNIVERSITY
KYOTO
1954
, I
." , f,
"
I ,.
MADU
. • by
H. W. BAILEY
" , .
Capili!idge, Universi ty ,,
I
The Iranian madu, originally meaning 'honey','thence used for 'tnead',
later for 'intoxicant drink ',-," wines ,,-
' -' , especially ' wine froni grapes,
nas within re,cent years been found in the language ' of the Sogdian's!, in
manuscripts from Tunhming and Turfan, and in the languages of the
Saka people from Xhotan "and Tillushuq. ' The word (as" it is hoped to
show here) 'was adopted by ' the people of Kucna, who in turIl gave ' it
I
to the Turks. Earlier from' another form 'Of the 'same Iranian word in
Ferghana the Chinese in 128 RC. took the 'name. The present state
of this problem is the · subject .of the following .notes.
I . .
II
Old Iranianl ) *madu is attested by Avestan ma8'(J, 'Wine', and ma8umant..
'containing wine \ epithet or'the Zoroastrian 'myazla- 'offering'. This
word ' is, the well-known Iranian cognate of "Old Iridian madhu 'honey,
honey-drink ~: the~ used of the so~a, the intoxicant of the , sacri'fi'ce. In:
the KautiliY!l Arthasastra2) madhu is explained by . mrdvikiirdsa- 'juice
of grapes'. The Old Indian l1iadhu wasreplaced In KroraiiJ. (Lou-Ian)
north-western Prakrit by the frequent masu · (written so with su, for
*mazu~ since su was not marked with diacritic for zu). Of the related
words of other Indo-European . languages . it will suffice . to note Greek
. . ~ .
,1) "Old Iranian" is here used .for the earliest de!;lucible form ·of .the language attested
in the Avesta and Old Persian itiscriptions of the AchaerneIJians. . .
'. 2) . Ed~ l. ololly and R. Schmidt, p. 71. Cited in my article H(ira"u~ in the Festschrift Fr.
Weller (in the press).
2 H. W. BAILEY
-8- between vowels recalls the -h- of Khotan. byah-' to change', if :this
is from vi-vad-. '
.Pasto melawd 'grapes' from 'l'miidawya., and Balocl maviC 'raisins'
from *madvi-, have been associated with Jndia,nised Sans](. mrdvika. and
Pali mu4dika•. 1)
In addition to ma8u A vestan has also mada-, ma8a. 'intoxicant' cor·
res.ponding to Ind. mada-, , In Khotanese maya-, instr. meva ,jsa, rende,rs
Sansk. mada- in the SuvarI?-abhasa.!) The related participle is, miista-.
Turfan Mid. Pers. and Parth. my, Zor. Pahl. m'd,:rnY, m'k *ma8.
Krorain me3) are ambiguous in OrigiI:l §!ince , either madu· or mada- wOllld
suffice to explain the form may.
III
The history of the vine has been much investigated.4) For the present
purpose it will suffice to point to the evidence assembled by Schrader
for the knowledge of wine among Indo-European peoples. ' The vine was
known in pre-historic Italy and in Greece in the Mycenaean period. S) It
extended from the Balkans to the Caspian sea, in which region the origin
of the wild vine has been sought. To this evidence can };le added recent
information from Anatolia. , Here three forms of the word for , ' wine'
have been cited~): Hittite in cu,neiform ' script lJi~an-, in hieroglyphic
script lJ:ianas; Luwian lJ:in-. This is the, long-sought oldest cognate of
the Greek oinos, Lat. uinum, Aqnen. gini, Mingrel "rvin-i and Geo~ian
rvm-o.
Early Greek writers knew of the abundant use of wine in Persia. The
A vramiin ,documents 'are concerned with vineyards. 7) ,In the Tale of
Husrau wine is praised and some wines are named: , kangik 'Sogdian',
1) The Bud. Sanskrit Vinaya text hasTTl[dv1kli;panam, see Gilgit 'Manuscripts III l. ji: J.
Charpentier, Acta Orientalia 7.191 dealt with. melaUia, 'The umlautpas9ing oyer a syllable is
like that in Khotan. hiSana' 'iron' from ·as~any~, and ysl~ 'gold' from.arany~. For the
secondary -r- in mrdvikii, note the lavrna- ' salt' for the usual lava~ in the Brihnii inscription
dated in the time' of Huvi~ka, Sten 'Konow, Epigraphia Indica 21 (1931)" p. 60, line 7.
2) Khot. Texts . I 36 ' r 1; P351a, 63 r 4; Khot. Bud. Texts, p_ 63,. 79 r3. , .
3) Frahang iPahlavik 5. l. Krorain me, recognised by Renning; BSOAS 12.603, has-e
which can represent either -e o~ .:ai. , The diphthong ai could be ,shown in Krorain by the
macron stro'kebelow e, as was done .i n sthaira from sthavira, and saila.
4) O. Schrader-A. Nehring, Reallexikon; B. Laufer, Sino-lranica 220 If.; R; Campbell
Thompson, A Dictionary of Assyrian Botany 327 If.
5) Th~ word wo-ne-we :may mean' wine-dealer' in a Mycenaean tablet, see M. Ventris and
J. Chadwick, Journal Hellenic Society 73.97.
6) H. Th. Bossert, ' lahrbuch f.kleinasiat. ,Forschung 2. 180-1. J. Friedrioh, Hethitisches
W'orterbuch 336 has registered ~uia~? and hieroglyphic wG!.i)a~.
7) E. H. Minns, J. Hellenic Society 35.22 fr. '
4 ,H. W BAILEY~ - (
to ' distinguish ,two (or more) dental phonemes. Hence 't and ?-' could be
written for foreign t or d (and dh), beside the use "of Brahmi d. Thus
we find caT[uii.i,!", canta,!" 'candana, sandal', wirot 'virodha '; pud.Tiiikte
, Buddha' with 'deva'" putatatte 'Buddhadatta' ',' magat 'Magadha',
samudtar 'samudra '. Similarly occur in the language of Agni magat
, Magadha " pta-nkat 'Buddha', tanaSal 'dartasala:'.
2. -a- in Iran. *mad(u)-; Sogd. mw8~ .. NPers. rnul from , madu-. The
effect of labial p, b, m, w upon an adjacent -a- has , produced a sound
a or u in many words. I) In languages which distinguish '0 from uwe
find o"as in Armen. ' mht ~ 'w>ihe '; rnog, mov; gen.plur. 'mavan 'Magian',
Romani mal' wine '; Greek mau·, Georg~ mog-v-i "Magian '.
The change cun be seen in ' the following cas~s: ' -' -'
L magu- in Old Pers. magu-s, Av. rnayu,2) Greekmagos, Sabsk~
maga-, Syriac mgws. ' The 0 or u occurs ' in Sogd; mwr~ in' mwy-ztw
'massacre of the -Magians,'mwy'neh {;ynh 'Magiun religion '.3) , Uigur
has mwgwc, *moyui(or*muyuc), plur. moyue-lar ',Magi' in the Christian
Iegend. 4) The -c recalls the -c of kiizac 'jar '; which bdongs with Khotan.
kilysa. 'jar, pot' and NPers. kilzah, and of miskic 'cat : ~) In Chinese
the priests of Sulut~l (Zoroaster) are called tf::fc~(K 675, 120) mu-xu,
older miuk.yua,ina document of 1,2 69 A. D.~) ,In the west occur Zor.
PahI. ',mgwk, mgw, ' Inscription of Sahpuhr Sakansah mgw, ZOLPahl.
m{3wpt 'high priest', Pazand mo(3a8, and as loan-word , in Sogdianmy8f3y,
plur. my8{3t' ; NPer.s. muty' Magian '; maubi8. mobed 'chief Magian',
Armen. mag, inogpet, movpet'; Georg. mag-v-i..!)
2. ,Greek margarites 'pearl J. Mid. Parth. mwrg'r'yd,s) NPers. niurvatid.
3. Khotan. bilnaa- 'naked', Osset. bay nag, Wa~etsi-iin frotn*bagna.,
Sogd. f3yn'k, Av. mayna-, Zor. PahI. brahnak. 9)
4. Zor. Pahl., NPers. palang 'panther', Sogd. pwr8nVO)
5. Sogd. mwysk. ,'fly:' t~otp *niaxsika." . Khotan. r!!;ata ,'bee' from
*mWia. 11) , • '
l)$imilar cases are quoted by M. Gram~oni; Traite 'de ihon~tiq~, 'p, 215~:
2) , As also in' vohu, pouiu,. moum, " " '
3) Henning, JRAS 1944, 138. '
4) F. W, K,Miiller, Uigurica [I] 5:-:10,'w. Bang, "Le' M,useon 39 (1926) 43 ft; 'L. OISCllRi,
The Crib of Christ and the Bowl oJ Briddha,JAOS70 (1950) i61-A. ' •
5) Analytiseher Index kiiiiil;; Khotanese in lEAS 1954; 26. For miskit see,I: .Geri;heviteh,
Grammar of Manichean Sogdian., p. 58. " ,, ' '.'
6) Cited in Chavannes and Pelliot, Traite mq,nif:heen, JA 1913. 146. ,
7) The reverse change of -6- before v t6 a is fouild in Abxaz a:.niiigw • shoe' from GeQrg.
mog-v-i • shoe', Zor. Pah!. mok, see JRAS 1954, 34. " " ' " ,
8) Andreas-Henning, Mittelirart. Manidw.ica Ill, p. 58.
9) Asiea, Trans, Philolog. Soc. 1945;7; G. .n4orgenstierne;' nFL '2, 'Index 38*;
10) See BSOAS 11. 782, " " ' h ' ,
11) Gersheviteh, loe. eit" p. 15; BSOAS 10.590. '
6 I • I ":' I H. W. BA.JLEY
6.Sodg. pwrf 'kettle', pwr-t 'cooked '/) Zor. Pahl.; NPers. puxt
, cooked' beside ' *paxua- in Pal§to pox, plur. piixa, Paraci plwk, pok,
Khotan; pq,ha.. '
7. Khotan. b~~-: bula- 'give' from baxs-: baxta·.
8. Khotan. muhu, buhu 'we' from *maxam.
9. Osset. mud,. myd 'honey' from *madu-.
10. Sogd.zwf-' mouth', Chr. Sogd. zwb-, Av. z(Lfan-. 2)
11. , Uigur sumnu beside symnu and s'mnu from Sogd. smnw 'Ahriman,
mara, evil on,e '. S)
12. Uigur suksumur 'cardamom " Sansk. su~mailii, Tib. sug.smel.
13. Uigtir sumur beside sumir, and samir from Sumeru.
14. Osset. burcii, byre 'pepper' from, Turkish, 4) attested in various
dialects,as Balkar ,bure. The source is ultimately Ind. marica-, and the
intermediaries are now known. Khotanese has miri1[tjsya. mirijsya, Sogd.
mr'ynck'" in Arabic script from al-Bairiinl mrj, vocalised marc, . mariC,
Coman burc, Uigur mire and mure, Turkish .in al-Kasrar1 murc Chinese
'*Jlx (K 1303; 54, 1212) muai-lji-tsie, later mei.li.t!fi.
,15. NPeJ;'s. guriiz 'boar', Zor.Pahl. variiz, Av. variiza·..
16. Chor~sri1ian ' wu~ • wife ',. Sogd. w~w ' from vadu, Av. va~u.&)
17. ' . Turk. Kazan maksim, maks'ima • beer from barley without hops',
Osset. .maxsumii, maxsymii • thin beer without hops', Cerkes maxsame,
baxsame, Turkish in al-KaSyaJ;I buxsum 'beer from barley '.') .
18. . Vologeses, place· name Vologesid, besideParthian coin wlgsy,
Zor. Pahl. wlxs, NPers. valiis, baliis, guliis, Armen. vaiars. 7)
For the presence of an Iranian word in Kuci and Agni reference can
be made to amok 'art ';8)
1) Gershevitcli,loc. cit., p. 87.
2) Gerehevi tch; ~oc. ci t., p. 248. .
.3) Tilrkische Turfa';"Te'ite 7.117 and Analytischer Index. .
4) For Turkish, see G. Neineth, Bibliotheca orientaiis hungarica 5.90; for Hungarian b(m,
see Gombocz arid Melich, Magyar etymologiai uotar, p. 491. Later Turkish has Kazan boroe,
Osmanli burn], Kirghjz burn$. Balkar is in Yaziki severnogo Kavkaza I 75. Khotanese miriTflojsya,
mirijsya is frequentoin medical texts. Sogd. mr'YMk' is in Padmacintlima~i 28. For al·Bairiinl,
see Zaki Validi, Kitdb a/"'saidanIJ.h 129.6. B. Laufer, Sino-lranica 374, treats of marica in
Chinese. Uigur is in ; Ral:hmati, lfeikunde der Utguren I ab.d 11. Ai.KliSra~j, Diwiin Ll:!rat
al·turk, ed. Istanbul i 343 (facsipIHe 173.5) has mitre explained by a/,.filfil.
5) Henning, :QSOAS 10.98. .
6) Radloff, Vef&uch, 1999; O$setic Dictionary ;K. Bouda, Zeits. f. vgl. Sprachf. 1938, 180.
on Ossetic and Cerkes. . ' . .
7) H. Hiibschmann, Arm.en. Gram. 79, with other forms. .
8) The west Irani/m dniiik was discussed in Trnns. Philolog. Soc. 1936, 98-101, and an
origin in ham-auk· pointed out. O. Hansen in Tochari!ch·iranische Beziehungen, ZDMG 94 (194.0),
no. 4, by a lapaus cited Lit. m6kyti • to teach', but Baltic Lit. 0 and Lett. a re.present Indo·
Europ. li, and have no connexion with Iran. au (=Indo·Eur. eu, ou or au). The same article
has evidence for other connexions between Iranian and the languages of Ktici and Agni.
MADU, A CONTRIBU1'ION TO THE HISTORY OF WINE 7
v ,. . r
Probably wit~ . the spread of the knowledge of wine (the most favour
able ground for a loan-word) the Iranian word madu reached the Turks,
among whom the earlier Chinese reports did not mention wine. . In Uigur
the word' bor wa,s used for 'intoxicant' in ' medical texts ' translated from
Buddhist Sanskrit. The word bor has been, it is hoped' to make probable,
taken ' from Kuci mot. . It is necessary therefore to explain the difference
in sounds. . I
1. bor renders Sansk. madya. 'intoxicant' .1) Related words are borluq
, vineyard " borluq& ar 'gardener',borCi kisi 'drinker '.2)
2. For the initial variation, b varYing with m in a loan·wora, note
buxsum 'beer', maksima, as abOve; bure 'pepper', Uigur mire aild mure,
as above; Armen. loan·word manousak 'violet', Zor. ra,hI. vanafiak,
NPers. banafsah, Arab. manafiaJ, and banafsap) Variation occurs also
in early Indo·Iranian where the Ind. brav- 'speak' has replaced mrav·
retained in Iranian, as three thousand years later, Khowar b'i· 'die'
comes ' from mri·. The words xormzizda, xurmusta have produced kur·
bustan in the language of the Altai Tatars.4) 'There is ' also variation
with original b: thus Uigur has amari 'some, others' from Mid. Iran.,
Pers. a{3iirir according to the Analytischer Index.
3. Final·r in variation with foreign d or 8. 5) With bor from Kuci
I would now compare the bur 'Buddha' of Turkish Uigur burqan, burxan,
both to fortify the derivation of bor and to support ihis interpretation
of the much·discussed bur.')
1) Rachmati, Heilkunde der UihuTefl 11 22, line 28, a translation of the Siddl).as~a;
2) Radlolf, Ver5uch, 1661,1269, 1271; Radlov-Malov, Uigurische Sproclulenkmiilir 373; W.
Bang, Georgpassion 49; P. Pelliot, T,hnng Pao 1914, 453.
3) HubschJnAlln, Annen, Grqm., p. 191. ,
4) This name was used to render Buddhist loom. From Manich. Sogd. xwrmzt came
Uigut qormuzta and Mongol xurmli5ta. The Altai forms are quoted from U. Harva, Folklore
Fellows Communications 52, 141.
5) Varil\tion of rand .z in foreign loan.words is banal in many languages, and the!Je sound8
may also vary with 8 (or the stops.dand t). Some familiar cases were cit~ in BSOAS 11..787,
8S Bud. .5ansk. kiiga~a- . 'paper', in the Chinese-Sanskrit Lexicons kakari; kiikali, Sogd·. k'7~'kh,
Uig. k'gd', NPers. kara8. .others can be seen in Khotan. hallrai 'myrobalan', Zor •.Pahl. halilak.
NPerg. halllah from a Prakrit form of Sansk. harUaki, for which Uigur.shows "ryry *ariri (:with
-y taken from Sogd. -y .from older -'k), and in Kuci arinik; the Khotanese place name Cira,
in Tibetan fila; Uigur $uk5umur' cardamom' with -r from Sansk. $ii~T1/ailii" Khotan. ~u~~l(J,
Tib. $ug-5mel. The r from 8 (also from intervocalic t) is particularly familiar . in Armenian J
10I!n-word~ from Iranian; and in the Iranian dialects of Tati and Kumzari. .
6) A. von SatiH-Holstein, in Radlov, TiSastvustik 141 If. (pur from Chinese); B. L8uf~r,
JAOS 36.390 If. (bur not originally' Buddha ',- largely now antiquated); P. Pelliot, JA 1925.
1. 254 (doubtful); D. Mironow, Rocimik Oriental. 6. 74 (bur from Kuci, by graphic error of
Uigur r for t); Analytischer Index (bur from Chinese); W. Eberhar~" ..BeIleten 35, Turk tarik
kuru mu 1945 (burqan not originally 'Buddha '). . .
8 I' '. H. W! BAILEY o.
The name' Buddha' was received in the Tarim region before reaching
China. The most immediate source for a Turkish name of 'Buddha'
was therefore the kingdom, ofKuci and Agni. . E~idence f~r the pcipular
form of the name of B}lddha(heside the learned Sanskrit one) is now
~ abundant. Thus we find BOdLJOon the KuSiin coins. In Krorain ' but
occurs ~n the ' name b,/ ftsena-,butsimga- ' beside the f~ller budhasena~,
budhaseng·a-. Khotan has in compounds prattika~bzida-yauna- 'pratyeka
buddha-yana.', budii~aittra- 'huddhak~etra~', and in proper names na~
maubudii, saTftgabudi, vidyabudi, siribudi, brabuda, budarma- (for bud
darma-).I) Kuci has pud in the compound pud-iiCikte (in pr()se pa-) with
the proper name puiatatte 'Buddhadatta', 2) and Agni has pattd-nkat,
ptd-iikiit. Sogdian has Bud.pwty, Man. pwtyy, bwty, abI. bwt'h (=but-),
Zor. Pahl. bwt *but, NPers. but. . Uigur has pwt in the Iormwa . namo
buddMya, and pzpr- in' burqan. Chinese offers ~ (K 47) fa from b'iuCJt,
which was about 800 A. D. wdtt~n' in Tibetan script bur,~bw, ~wur,
and in Khotan~se script hvara~ hvira. 3)
Khotanese used balysa- for' Buddha'.4) With ita title is associated
gyasta- 'worshipped', Av. yazata-, giving the phra,~e gyasta- baIysa"
which is used even in the Triratna formula. This gyasta- translates
Sansk. deva, and like deva is used both of 'gods' and 'kings'. In
Kuci and Agni also occur the compounds pud-nakte and piittd-nkiit where
t.he second Gomponent means 'deva'. .The Turkish bur-qan is best ex
plained as ~ linguistic, calque based upon Kuci or. Agni , words, with qan
, kIng' to render iiiikte. 5) Turkish Uigur has also the full phrase tiingr~
bur-qanf> with tiingri 'god " which recalls the pleonasm found in Zor.
Pahl. kai Vistasp sdh. . The use ' of tiingriwithqan produced th~ com
pound tiingrikan. 7) On this view the Turkish bur 'Buddha' did not
come from Chinese f!Jtl fa. Later t}le name burqan 'became imprecise
and could mean 'an idol', as happened to . but in Persia. , The Zoroa
1) Klwt. Bud. Texts, p. 145, 3 v 2; P 5537. 35; Klwt.Texts II, pp. 20, 26, 28.
' 2) W. Couvreur, Twintigste Vlaams Philologencongres, p:' 91. .
3) ZDMG 91. 35. The , final sound of these Chinese' sylitlbles ending'in a dental (indicated
by -t in Karlgren, alldby -8 in Maspero, BEFEO 20) was in the north-west dialect some r
sound for which G. Haloun used an inverted r in explaining' for me names in Hedin Khotanese·
Chinese bilinguals, as in namaubuda,written in Chinese~1tN nan-morlr1TW (K 650, 640,637
namrmialL-muat) for Which Haloun gave me nddmrmau-mbo inverte'd r_ '
. -4) Tumshttq Saka has biirs(]", see BSOAS 13.651. The word is a nominal derivative from
braz-, the verbal base whic,h expresses intellectual activity, p6ssibly,as I hope to show elsewhere,
connected with Slavonic blat-.
5) Mironow had already seen this, but had wrOngly cJi:plained, the -r of bur as ·a graphic
mistake fort. '
6) M liller, Uigurica III 54.
7) W. Bang, Ungar. }ahrbuch 5.249.
MADU, A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF WINE 9
strian author of the Bun-dahisn knew but still in the sense of an Indian
god. I)
To support this comparison of Turkish bur and Kuci pud it should
be noted that other Buddhist technical terms are found in Kuci forms
in Turkish. Two good cases are offered by the following.
1. Kuci anantadii- 'immediate (in reference ·to punishment for evil)"
attested in the plural .anantiirsii-ntu. 2) This is in Uigur "n'nttsyky
*anantarSiki (the -ki represents an Indian form with -aka) and "n'ntrys
*anantaris from *anantadi. 3) The · Bud. Sanskrit word is anantarya".
The Kuci word shows -"5- from Prakrit -rz- replacing _ryy_.4) It contrasts
with the Khotanese modification anantanarya- of the same .Prakrit word.
2. Uigur kz'ry 'the red or yellow ka~aya- robe of the Buddhist
mendicant '. The word with metathesis became Sogd. kr'z'kh, whence
come Uigur kr'~', k'r'~'. Both derive from the equivalent of Krorain
ka~ara-, Kuci ka~ar, Agni ka~ar, kii~iiri.5)
The word burqan cannot be discusSed even thus briefly without con
sideration also of Uigur bur-sang. Here too bur has earlier been derived
from Chinese ' l9a fa. . But Chinese does not use the compound of this
fa 'Buddha' with fff s()ng to refer to the 'community of mendicants '.6)
Though widelr accepted this derivation from a non-existent Chinese
compound cannot be sustained. 7)
The Sogdian has pwrsnV) 'community of mendicants', with adj.
suffix -anak pwrsnk'n'k. From Sogdian the Turks received their pwrs'nk
and pwrswnk *bursang, bursong. In the Uigur the hendiadys bursang
quwray repeats in quwray 'group' the meaning of sang. The corre
sponding Bud. Sanskrit word is bhi~u-sangha-, for which two Prakrit
forms are found in Krorain bhic;hu-sarrtga- and bhighu-sarrtgha-. The
form with -c;h- (retroflex ch) is north-western Prakrit, and the one with
-gh- from Central IndianPrakrit bhikkhu-. From this same Prakrit come
, . VI
The Chinese learnt to know grapes and wine in Ferghanain 128 B. c.S)
This was a region of the Saka tribes, para SUBdam of the Achaemenian
inscriptions.') The Chines~ adopted the local name for the newly dis
covered vine and its fruit. This word they wrote fFIf ;fJk, frWla, lrIi·~ (K.,
Gram. serica 102, 1145, 1047) p'u-t'au ftomb'u-d'au. It has long been
1) For Kuci I know only siihk and siin. .
3) Khot. Texts I 166, 82 v 5 beside the usual pipali· and Ind. pippali. .
habits. .
proposed to trace in the name an Iranian word. I) But only recent dis
coveries of Iranian materials have shown how the borrowed word can be
interpreted. The pronunciation of the signs as .*b'wo-d'og about 700
B. c., and as *b'uo-d'au .in 600 A. D. allow .the assumption of an inter
mediate *bodau or *budau (or with fricative *{3odau, *(3udau). This will
give another example of the stop b (or fricative (3) replacing the nasal
m, as known in Ossetic burcii and as claimed above in Uigur bor. The
second syllable is to be compared with the -au- attested from u-stems
in the Avestan aranaum 'fight', Old Pers. dahyauS 'district', and in
Sogd. (Chr.) dyx'w *dixaw, that is, a form arising by ablaut in the
inflexion. It should however also be pointed' that from -u-stems . ad
jectival .derivatives were made in -a1f:a- and -ayp,-, as found in Khotahese
rraysau- 'empty.' from the base raz- 'be void', and in various Sogdian
sufJixes. 2) . The f<:>rm of *bodau thus understood confirms the claim for
. Iranian origin.
The subsequent development of viticulture in China is sketched
La~fer's book . . From China the name came as budau to Japan.
I '
, I
. ..)
1) Laufer, Sino,[ranica 225; J. Charpentier, Acta Orient. 7. 191; Menning, :BSOAS 10. 98.
No prima hcie case can be m'lde out for Greek b6trus; it l'I'as rejected ' by Laufer, loco cit.
2) Gershevitch, Grammar, p. 164 If.
~:,