FOURIER TRANSFORM :

Let f(x) be a function defined in (, ) and be piece wise

continuous in each finite partial interval and absolutely integrable in
(, ) . Then the complex Fourier transform of f(x) is defined by


1
F(s)  Ff ( x )   f (x) e
isx
dx        (1)
2π 

The inverse Fourier transform of f(x) is defined by


1
 F (s) e
 isx
f ( x)  ds        (2)
2 

(1) and (2) are called Fourier transform pair.

FOURIER COSINE TRANSFORM :
The Fourier cosine transform of f(x) is defined by

2
Fc (s)  Fc f ( x ) 
π 0
f ( x ) cos s x dx        (1)

The inverse Fourier cosine transform of f(x) is defined by


2
Fc f ( x )cos s x ds        (2)
π 0
f (x) 

(1) and (2) are called Fourier cosine transform pair.

FOURIER SINE TRANSFORM :
The Fourier sine transform of f(x) is defined by

2
Fs (s)  Fs f ( x ) 
π 0
f ( x ) sin s x dx        (1)

The inverse Fourier sine transform of f(x) is defined by


2
Fs f ( x ) sin s x ds        (2)
π 0
f (x) 

(1) and (2) are called Fourier sine transform pair.

CONVOLUTION DEFINITION:
The Convolution of two functions f(x) and g(x) are defined as

1
f  g  ( x )   f ( t ) g( x  t ) dt
2π 

CONVOLUTION THEOREM:
STATEMENT:
The Fourier transform of the convolution of f(x) and g(x) is the product
of their Fourier transform
(i.e) F [ f ( x )  g ( x ) ]  F(s) G (s)  F [ f ( x ) ] F [ g ( x ) ]


1
Proof. W.K.T F [ f ( x )]   f (x) e
isx
dx
2π 


1
 [f ( x )  g ( x ) ] e
isx
F[ f (x )  g(x ) ]  dx
2π 

 
1 1
  f (t ) g(x  t ) dt e
isx
F[ f (x )  g(x ) ]  dx
2π  2π 

Let x  t  u  x  u  t and dx  du
when x  t    , u   
when x  t   , u  

 
1 1
  f ( t ) g(u ) dt e
is ( u  t )
F[ f (x )  g(x ) ]  du
2π  2π 
 
1 1

2 π 
 f (t) 2π


g (u ) e isu du e ist dt

 F(s) G (s).
PARSEVAL’S IDENTITY:
 
If F(s) is the Fourier transform of f(x) then  f ( x ) 2
dx   F(s)
2
ds
 

Proof. W.K.T F[f  g ]  F(s) G (s)

F 1 [ F(s) G (s)]  f  g

 
1 1
 F(s) G (s) e ds   f (t ) g(x  t ) dt
 isx

2π  2π 

Substitute x = 0
 

 F(s) G (s) e ds   f ( t ) g( x  t ) dt
 isx

 

Let g ( t )  f ( t ) i.e g ( t )  f ( t )

Substitute t = x
F[g ( x ) ]  G (s)  F[ f ( x ) ]  F(s)
 G (s)  F(s)

 


 F(s) F(s) ds   f ( t ) f ( t ) dt

 
2 2


F(s) ds   f (x)

dx

SELF RECIPROCAL : If a transformation of a function f(x) is equal

to F(s) then the function f(x) is called self reciprocal.
PROPERTIES:
1. LINEAR PROPERTY:
(i) F[ a f ( x )  b g ( x )]  a F(s)  b G (s)

(ii) Fc [ a f ( x )  b g ( x )]  a Fc (s)  b G c (s)

(iii) Fs [ a f ( x )  b g ( x )]  a Fs (s)  b G s (s)

2. CHANGE OF SCALE PROPERTY:

1 s
(i) F[ f (ax ) ]  F  , a  0
a a

1 s
(ii) F c [f (ax )]  Fc  
a a

1 s
(iii) F s [f (ax )]  Fs  
a a

Proof.

1
(i) For a > 0, F[f (ax )]   f (ax ) e
isx
dx
2π 

 y
1 is   dy
F [f (ax )] 
2π
 f ( y) e

a
a Put ax  y
s
1 1
 iy   a dx  dy
 .
a 2π  f ( y) e

a
dy
When x   , y  
1 s when x   , y   
 F  .
a a

When a < 0, Let a = - m,

 
1
 f ( m x ) e
isx
F [f (ax )]  dx
2π 

Put y   mx, dy   m dx
When x   , y   
when x   , y  

  y 
1 is   dy
F [f (ax )] 
2π
 f ( y) e

 m 
m
 y
1 is   dy

2π
 f ( y) e

a
m

 s
1 1 iy  

m 2π 
 f ( y) e a
dy

1  s 
 F 
a a
1 s
Combining (1) and (2) F [f (ax )]  F .
a a


2
(ii) Fc f (ax ) 
π 0
f (ax ) cos sx dx

Let ax = y then a dx = dy.

When x = 0, y = 0 and x  , y  


2 y1
Fc f (ax )   f ( y) cos s  dy
π0 aa
1 s
 Fc  
a a


2
(iii) Fs f (ax ) 
π 0
f (ax ) sin sx dx

Let ax = y then a dx = dy.

 When x = 0, y = 0 and x  , y  


2 y1
Fs f (ax )   f ( y) sin s  dy
π0 aa
1 s
 Fs  
a a

3. MODULATION THEOREM:

(i) Ff ( x ) cos ax   1 F(s  a )  F(s  a )

2

(ii) Fs f ( x ) cos ax   1 Fs (s  a )  Fs (s  a )

2

1
(iii) Fc f ( x ) cos ax   Fc (s  a )  Fc (a  s)
2

1
(iv) Fc f ( x ) sin ax   Fs (s  a )  Fs (a  s)
2

(v) Fs f ( x ) sin ax   1 Fc (s  a )  Fc (s  a )

2

Proof:

1
(i) Ff ( x ) cos ax    f (x ) cos ax e
isx
dx
2π 


1
 f (x ) cos ax e
isx
 dx
2π 

1  e iax  e iax  isx
  f (x )  2
2 π 
 e dx

1 1 
 
1
 f ( x ) e dx   f (x)
ix ( s  a )
  e ix ( s a ) dx 
2  2π  2π  
1
 Fc (s  a )  Fc (s  a )
2
 
2
(ii) Fs f ( x ) cos ax  
π 0
f ( x ) sin sx cos ax dx


2  sin(s  a ) x  sin(s  a ) x 

π0 f (x) 
 2  dx

1
 Fs (s  a )  Fs (s  a )
2


2
(iii) Fc f ( x ) cos ax  
π 0
f ( x ) cos sx cos ax dx


2  cos(s  a ) x  cos(a  s) x 

π0 f (x) 
 2  dx

1
 Fc (s  a )  Fc (a  s)
2


2
(iv) Fc f ( x ) sin ax  
π 0
f ( x ) cos sx sin ax dx


2  sin(s  a ) x  sin(a  s) x 

π0 f (x) 
 2  dx

1
 Fs (s  a )  Fs (a  s)
2


2
(v) Fs f ( x ) sin ax  
π 0
f ( x ) cos sx sin ax dx


2  cos(s  a ) x  cos(s  a ) x 

π0 f (x) 
 2  dx

1
 Fc (s  a )  Fc (s  a )
2
4) DERIVATIVE PROPERTY:
dnF  d n f (x) 
(i)  
F x n f ( x )  (  i) n
ds n
(iv) F n
n
  (is) F(s)
 dx 

d Fs (s) 2
(ii) Fc x f ( x )   (v) Fc f ' ( x )    f (0)  s Fs (s)
ds π

d F (s)
(iii) Fs x f ( x )    c (vi) Fs f ' ( x )    s Fc (s)
ds

Proof :

1
(i) F(s)  F[f ( x )]   f (x) e
isx
dx
2π 

d  1 

d F(s)
 f (x) e
isx
  dx 
ds ds  2 π  

1 
 f (x ) s e dx
isx

2π 

1
 f (x ) (ix ) e dx
isx

2π 

1
 x f (x ) e dx
isx
i
2π 


d 2 F(s) 2 1
i x
2
 
f ( x ) e isx dx
ds 2 2π 
n 
d F(s) n 1
 i x
n
 
f ( x ) e isx dx
ds n 2π 


 i n F x n f (x) 
1 d n F(s)
i n ds n
 F x n f (x)  
d n F(s)
( i ) n
ds n
 F x n f (x)  
 
2
(ii)
π 0
Fc (s)  Fc [f ( x )]  f ( x ) sin s x dx

d  

 Fs (s)  d  2
 f ( x ) sin s x dx 
ds ds  π0 

2 

π0 f ( x ) (sin s x ) dx
s

2
π 0
 f ( x ) x cos s x dx

 Fc x f ( x )


2
(iii)
π 0
Fc (s)  Fc [f ( x )]  f ( x ) cos s x dx

d  

 Fc (s)  d  2
 f ( x ) cos s x dx 
ds ds  π0 

2 

π0 f ( x ) (cos s x ) dx
s

2
π 0
 f ( x ) ( x cos s x ) dx


2
π 0
 f ( x ) ( x cos s x ) dx

 Fs x f ( x )


d  1
(iv) Ff ' ( x )  F f ( x )   f ' (x) e
isx
dx
 dx  2π 

1  isx 

  
 e f ( x )     f (x) e
isx
(is) dx 
2π   

is
 f (x) e
isx
 dx
2 π 
Assume f ( x )  0 as x   
  is F(s)


 d2  1
Ff ' ' ( x )  F 2 f ( x )   f ' ' (x) e
isx
dx
 dx  2π 
 1  isx 

  
 e f ' ( x )     f ' (x) e
isx
(is) dx 
2π   

is
 f ' (x) e
isx
 dx
2 π 
Assume f ( x )  0 as x   
  (is) 2 F(s)

 dn 
 F n f ( x )  (is) n F(s)
 dx 


2
(v) Fc f ' ( x ) 
π 0
f ' ( x ) cos sx dx

2 

 f ( x ) cos sx 
0   f ( x ) (s) sin sx dx 
π 0 

2
  f (0)  s 2  f ( x ) sin sx dx
π π0
2
 f (0)  s Fs (s)
π


2
(vi) Fs f ' ( x ) 
π 0
f ' ( x ) sin sx dx

2 

 f ( x ) sin sx 
0   f ( x ) (s) cos sx dx 
π 0 

2
π 0
s f ( x ) cos sx dx

 s Fc (s)
5. SHIFTING THEOREM :
(i) Ff ( x  a )  e ias F(s)

(ii)  
F e iax f ( x )  F(s  a )

Proof :

1
(i) F[f ( x  a )]   f (x  a ) e
isx
dx
2π 

Let x  a  y, dx  dy when x  , y   and x   , y   


1
 f ( y) e
is ( a  y )
 dy
2π 

e ias
 f ( y) e
isy
 dy
2π 

 e ias F(s)


1
(ii) F[e iax f ( x )]  e
iax
f ( x ) e isx dx
2π 


1
 f (x) e
i (sa ) x
 dx
2 π 
 F(s  a )
6. CONVOLUTION PROPERTY :
If f(x) and g(x) are given functions of x and Fc [f ( x )] and G c [g ( x )] are
their FCT and Fs [f ( x )] and G s [g( x )] are their FST then
 
(i)  Fc [f ( x )]. G c [g( x )] ds   f ( x ) g( x ) dx
0 0

 
(ii)  Fs [f ( x )]. G s [g( x )] ds   f ( x ) g( x ) dx
0 0

Proof :
  
2
(i)  Fc [f ( x )]. G c [g( x )] ds   Fc [f ( x )]
π 0
g ( x ) cos s x dx ds
0 0


2
   Fc [f ( x )] g ( x ) cos s x dx ds
0 0
π
 
2
  g(x )
π 0
Fc [f ( x )] cos sx ds dx
0

  f ( x ) g( x ) dx
0

  
2
(ii)  Fs [f ( x )]. G s [g( x )] ds   Fc [f ( x )]
π 0
g ( x ) sin s x dx ds
0 0


2
   Fs [f ( x )] g ( x ) sin s x dx ds
0 0
π
 
2
  g(x )
π 0
Fs [f ( x )] sin sx ds dx
0

  f (x ) g(x ) dx
0
PROBLEMS :
e iωx axb
1) Find the complex Fourier transform of f(x) if f (x)   .
 0 otherwise.


1
Solution : F[f ( x )]   f (x) e
isx
dx
2π 

b
1
e
i ωx
 e isx dx
2π a
b
1

2π
 a
e i ( ωs ) x dx

b
1  e i ( ωs ) x 
  
2 π  i (ω  s )  a


1 1

e i ( ωs ) b  e i ( ωs ) a 
2 π i (ω  s )


1

( i ) i ( ω  s ) b
e  e i ( ωs ) a 
2 π (ω  s )
 x x a
2) Find the complex Fourier transform of f(x) if f (x)   .
0 x a


1
Solution : F[f ( x )]   f (x) e
isx
dx
2π 

a
1
 xe
isx
 dx
2π a
a
1

2π
 x [cos sx  i sin sx ] dx
a
a
2
 i  x sin sx ] dx sin ce x cos sx is odd function and x sin sx is even function.
2π 0
a
2i  cos sx sin sx 
  x  2 
2π  s s 0
2   a cos sa sin sa 
i  2 
π  s s 
2  sin sa  sa cos sa 
i
π  s2 


1 x 1
3) Find the complex Fourier transform of f(x) if f (x)   and hence
0 x 1
  2
sin s π
deduce (i) 0 s ds  2 (ii)  sin2 s ds  π
s 0
2


1
Solution : F[f ( x )]   f (x) e
isx
dx
2π 

1
1

2π
 (1)
1
e isx dx

1
1

2π

1
[cos sx  i sin sx ] dx

1
2

2π
 cos sx dx
0
 Since cos sx is even function and sin sx is odd function.

1
2  sin sx 
  s 
π  0
2  sin s 
   0
π s 
2  sin s 

π  s 

By inverse Fourier transform,


1
 F(s) e
 isx
f (x)  ds
2π 

1 2  sin s  isx

2π


π  s  e ds


1 2  sin s 

2π


π  s 
[cos sx  i sin sx ] ds

sin s sin s
Since cos sx is even function and sinsx is odd function
s s

2  sin s 
f ( x )    cos sx ds
π 0  s 

π  sin s 
f (x)    cos sx ds      (1)
2 0 
s 

(i) Put x = 0 in (1)


π  sin s 
f ( 0)    cos s 0 ds
2 0 
s 

π  sin s 
 ds
2 0  s 
(ii) By parseval’s identity,
 
2 2
 F(s)

ds   f (x)

dx

 1
2 sin 2 s
 π s 2 ds  1dx

2 sin 2 s

π  s 2
ds  [ x ]11


2 sin 2 s
π  s 2
ds  2


sin 2 s
 2 ds  π
 s

sin 2 s π
0 s 2 ds  2

a  x x a
4) Find the complex Fourier transform of f(x) if f ( x)   and
 0 x a
 2  4
 
hence deduce (i)  sin2 t
dt  (ii)  sin4 t
dt 
t 0
2 t 0
3


1
Solution : F[f ( x )]   f (x) e
isx
dx
2π 

a
1

2
 (a  x )
a
e isx dx

a
1

2

a
(a  x )[cos sx  i sin sx ] dx

a
2

2
 (a  x ) cos sx dx
0

Since cos sx is even function and sin sx is odd function.

 a
2

2
 (a  x)
0
cos sx dx

a
2  sin sx cos sx 
  (a  x) 
2  s s 2  0
2   cos sa 1  2 1  cos sa 
   2
2  s
2
s    s 2 


By inverse Fourier transform,


1
 F (s) e
 isx
f ( x)  ds
2 

1 2 1  cos sa  isx

2 
   s 2  e ds


1 2 1  cos sa 

2


  s 2  [cos sx  i sin sx ] ds


 1  cos sa   1  cos sa 
Since cos sx 2 is an even function and cos sx is an odd function
 s   s2 


2  1  cos sa 

 cos sx   ds
0  s2 

 sa
Since 1  cos   2 sin 2  1  cos sa  2 sin 2
2 2


2 cos sx sa
 
 0 s 2
.2 sin 2
2
ds

sa
 cos sx sin 2
4 2 ds            (1)

 
0 s2

Put x=0 in (1)

 sa
 sin 2
4 2 ds
f ( 0) 
  cos s(0)
0 s 2

sa
 sin 2
4 2 ds
a
 
0 s 2

sa a 2
Let  t  ds  dt  ds  dt
2 2 a
 2
4 sin t 2dt
a 
 0  2t  2 a
 
a

sin 2 t 
 2
dt 
0 t 2

By parseval’s identity,
 
2 2


F ( s ) ds  

f ( x ) dx

2

 2  1  cos sa  a

aa  x  dx
2
   s 2 
  ds 
 
 2 a
2  1  cos sa 
2   ds  2  ( a  x ) dx
2

0
 s 2
 0
2
 2 sa 
  2 sin  a
2  ds  2  a  x   1 
3
4 
 0  s 2
 
  3 0
 
 
4 sa
8 sin
 3
  2 ds  a
 0 s4 3
sa a 2dt
Let t   dt  ds  ds 
2 2 a
 4 3
8 sin t 2dt a
 0 2t 4 a  3
  a

8 sin 4 t 4 a3

 0 16t 4a a 2 dt 
3

sin 4 t 
 0 t 4 dt  3
 1  x 2 x 1
5) Find the complex Fourier transform of f(x) if f ( x)   and
 0 x 1
   2
sin t  t cos t sin x  x cos x x  sin s  cos s 
hence deduce (i )  3
dt (ii )  3
cos dx (iii )    ds
0 t 0 x 2 0 s3 

Solution:

1
 f (x) e
isx
F[f ( x )]  dx
2π 

a
1
 (1  x
2
 ) e isx dx
2 a
a
1

2

a
(1  x 2 )[cos sx  i sin sx ] dx

a
2
 (1  x
2
 ) cos sx dx
2 0
1
2 2 sin sx cos sx 2 sin sx 
  1 x

 
 sx 2  
s s s 3 0
2  sin s  s cos s 
2
  s3 


1
 F (s) e
 isx
(i ) By inversion formula f ( x)  ds
2 

1 2  sin s  s cos s 
f ( x) 
2
2

  s3  (cos sx  i sin sx )ds

 sin s  s cos s   sin s  s cos s 
 3  cos sx is an even function and   sin sx is an odd function
 s   s3 

4  sin s  s cos s 
 0 
f ( x)   cos sx ds          (1)
s3 
Put x  0 in (1)

4  sin s  s cos s 
 0 
f ( 0)   cos s (0) ds
s3 
   sin s  s cos s 
4 0  ds

s3 
 
 sin t  t cos t  
changing s to t ,  
0 t 3 

ds 
4
Put x  1 in(1)
2

4  sin s  s cos s 
f (1 )   1
 cos s ( 2 ) ds
2   s 3

0

3  sin s  s cos s  s
   cos s ( 2 ) ds
16 0  s3 
changing s to x

3  sin x  x cos x  x
   cos s ( 2 ) ds
16 0  x3 

x2
6. Show that is self reciprocal under Fourier Transform.

e 2

Solution:
  x 
2
 x2
1 
e
isx
F e 2  e 2
dx
  2 

 1
1  ( x 2  2 isx )

2


e 2
dx

2isx
Consider x 2  2isx  x 2   x 2  2isx  (is ) 2  (is ) 2
2x
 ( x  is ) 2  i 2 s 2  ( x  is ) 2  s 2
  x   
2
 1
1  ( x  is )) 2  s 2
F e 2


 2 
e 2
dx

 1
1 s
2
  x is 2

2
 e 2


e 2
dx

Let x  is  u  dx  du
 1
1 s
2
 u2

2
e 2
e

2
du

 1
2 s
2
 u2

2
e 2
e
0
2
du

2 s
2
    12 u 2  
 e 2   e du 
 2  2 
 0
2
s
e 2
 7. Find Fourier Sine and Cosine transforms of

2 2 a 
 cos sxds ,a>0 and hence deduce the inverse formula.

e ax  
0
  a2  s2 

Ans:

2
Fs  f ( x)   f ( x)sin sxdx
 0


2
Fs  e   
 ax
e  ax sin sxdx
0

2  e  ax  2 1  2 s 
  2 2   a sin sx  s cos sx   =   2 2  0  s    
 a  s 0  a  s    a2  s2 

2
Fc  f ( x)    f ( x) cos sxdx
 0


2  e  ax  2 1  2 a 
  2 2   a cos sx  s sin sx     2 2  a    
 a  s 0  a  s    a2  s2 

By inverse sine formula By inverse cosine

 
2 2
formula f ( x) 
  F (s) cos sxds
F ( s ) sin sxds
s f ( x)  c
0
 0

 
2 2 s  2 2 a 
 
 ax  ax
e    sin sxds e    cos sxds
0
  a2  s2  0
  a2  s2 
   
2 2 2  s  2  a 
 F (s) ds  f ( x) dx e    2 2  sin sxds    2 2  cos sxds
 ax  ax
c e
0 0
 0 a  s   0 a  s 
 
 s    ax  a  
0  a 2  s 2  sin sxds  2 e if a>0   a
0
2 2
s 
cos sxds  e  ax if a>0
2
  x, 0  x  1 
 
8. Find Fourier Sine transform of f ( x)  2  x,1  x  2 
0, x  2 
 

Ans:

2
Fs  f ( x)   f ( x)sin sxdx
 0

1 2
2 
  x sin sxdx   (2  x)sin sxdx 
 0 1 

u  x,  dv   sin sxdx, u  2  x

 cos sx
u  1, v  ,
s u   1

 sin sx
v 
s2

2    x cos sx sin sx  
1
cos sx sin sx  
2

      (2  x )   
   s s 2 0  s s 2 1 

2    cos s sin s   sin 2 s cos s sin s   2  2sin s sin 2 s 

    2  0   0  2   2     2 
  s s   s s s    s2 s 

sin x, 0  x  a 
9. Find Fourier Sine transform of the function f ( x)   
0, x  a 

2
Ans: Fs  f ( x)   f ( x)sin sxdx
 0

 a
2 2  cos(1  s) x  cos(1  s) x 
Fs  f ( x)    0 
sin x sin sxdx  dx
0 2

a
1  sin(1  s) x sin(1  s) x 
 
2  1  s 1  s  0

1  sin(1  s )a sin(1  s )a 
Fs  f ( x)  
2  1  s 1  s 
 cos x, 0  x  a 
4.Find Fourier cosine transform of f ( x)   
0, x  a 

Ans:

2
Fc  f ( x)    f ( x) cos sxdx
 0


2
Fc  f ( x)    cos x cos sxdx
 0

 a
2 cos( s  1) x  cos( s  1) x 1  sin( s  1) x sin( s  1) x 
 
0 2
dx 
2  s  1

s  1  0

1  sin( s  1)a sin( s  1)a 

Fc  f ( x)  
2  s  1 s  1 

Properties of sine and cosine transforms

i)Sine and cosine transforms are linear
(i.e) Fc  af ( x)  bg ( x)  aFc  f ( x)  bFc  g ( x)

Fs  af ( x)  bg ( x)  aFs  f ( x)  bFs  g ( x)

1
ii) Fs  f ( x)sin ax    Fc (s  a)  Fc (s  a)
2
1
iii) Fs  f ( x) cos ax    Fs (s  a)  Fs (s  a)
2
1
iv) Fc  f ( x)sin ax    Fs (a  s)  Fs (a  s)
2
1
v) Fc  f ( x) cos ax    Fc (s  a)  Fc (s  a)
2

Parseval’s Identity for Fourier Sine and Cosine Transform:

 
i)  Fs ( s ) 2 ds  f ( x) 2 dx
0 0

 
ii)  Fc ( s ) ds  f ( x) dx
2 2

0 0
Identities
If Fc(s), Gc(s) are the Fourier cosine transform and Fs(s), Gs(s) are the Fourier sine
transform of f(x) & g(x) respectively then
 
i)  f ( x) g ( x)dx   F ( s)G ( s)ds
c c
0 0

 
ii)  f ( x) g ( x)dx   Fs ( s)Gs ( s)ds
0 0

  
iii)  | f ( x) |2 dx   | Fc ( s ) |2 ds   | Fs ( s ) |2 ds
0 0 0

x
1. Find Fourier Sine transform of and Fourier Cosine transform of
a  x2
2

1
and hence deduce
a  x2
2

 
dx x2
0 (a 2  x 2 )2 0 (a 2  x 2 )2 dx by using Parseval’s identity.
&

Ans:

2
Fs  f ( x)   f ( x)sin sxdx
 0


 x  2 x
Fs  2 2
a  x 
 
 0 a  x2
2
sin sxdx

 x  2    as    as
Fs  2 2
  e  e
a  x  2  2


 1  2 1
Fc  2 2
a  x 
 
 0 a  x2
2
cos sxdx


 1  1 2  a 
Fc  2    2 2  cos sxdx
 a  x  a  0  a  x 
2

1 2    as  1   as
  e  e
a  2  a 2
Parseval’s identity for Fourier sine transform is
 

 | f ( x) |
2
dx   | Fs ( s ) |2 ds here f(x)=e-ax
0 0

2

 2

s 
 (e ) dx  
 ax 2
 ds
0 0 
 s  a 2 
2

2 

2  s 

 e 2 ax  1
  2 2 
ds   e 2 ax dx =  2a  =
 0 s a  0   0 2a

 2 
 s    x2  
0  s 2  a 2  ds  , a  0 therefore   2 2 2 
dx  ,a  0
4a 0  ( x  a )  4 a

Parseval’s identity for Fourier cosine transform is

 

 | f ( x) |
2
dx   | Fc ( s ) |2 ds here f(x)=e-ax
0 0

2

 2

a 
 (e ) dx  
 ax 2
 ds
0 0 
 a  s 2 
2

 2 
2  a 
  2 2 
 0 s a 
ds   e 2 ax dx
0

 
2  a2   e 2 ax  1
  2 2 
ds =   =
 0  (s  a )   2a  0 2a

 dx  
  ( x
0
2 2 2 

 a )  4a 3

2.Find Fourier sine and cosine transform of xn-1

Ans: Gamma function is given by

 1  1
Fs  
 x s 


n   e  x x n 1dx, n  0
n
e ( x )n 1 dx 
 isx 0

0
insn
Put x=at , dx=adt when x=0,t=0; x=∞, t=∞
 
n   e  at (at ) n 1 adt  a n  e  at (t ) n 1 dt
0 0

 
n n
 e (t ) dt 
 at n 1
n
,  e  ax ( x) n 1 dx  n  (1)
0
a 0 a
Put a=is in (1)

n
e ( x) n 1 dx 
 isx

0
in sn
n
   n
  cos  i sin 
 2 2 sn
 n
 n n  n
 (cos sx  i sin sx)( x)
n 1
dx  cos  i sin
0  2 2  sn

Equating real and imaginary part on both sides


 n  n
 cos sx( x)
n 1
dx   cos  n →(2)
0  2 s

 n  n
 sin sx( x)
n 1
dx  sin →(3)
0  2  s n
From (2)

2 2 n  n

n 1
cos sx( x) dx  cos
0
  2  s n
2 n  n
(i.e) Fc  x n 1    cos  n
  2  s
From (3)

2 2  n  n

n 1
sin sx( x) dx  sin
0
  2  s n
2  n  n
(i.e) Fs  x n 1   sin
  2  s n
In particular , put n=1/2
 1  1  1  1
Fc   and Fs   
 x s  x s
1
Hence is self reciprocal under Fourier sine and cosine transform.
x
3. Find the fourier cosine transform of f(x) = e-ax, (a>0), and hence prove

 am
that  cos
2
mx
2
dx  e
0x a 2a

Solution:
Fourier cosine transform of f(x) is given by

2
Fc [ f ( x)] 

 f ( x) cos(sx)dx
0


2
Fc [e ax ]  e
 ax
cos(sx)dx
 0


2  e  ax 
  2 2
( a cos( sx )  s sin( sx ))
  s a 0

2 a 
Hence Fc [e  ax ]   Fc ( s )
  s  a 
2 2

By inverse fourier cosine transform, we get,


2
f ( x) 

 F (s) cos(sx)ds
0
c


2 2 a 
f ( x) 
 
0   s 2  a 2 
cos( sx )ds

2a  cos( sx ) 
 0  s 2  a 2 
e  ax  ds


 cos( sx )    ax
  s
2
a 2 
ds 
2a
e
Therefore 0

Replace s = x and x = m, ( changing the dummy variable of

integraton )
 
cos mx  am
x
0
2
a 2
dx 
2a
e

Hence the proof


1
 (x 2
 a )( x 2  b 2 )
2
dx
4. Evaluate 0 using fourier transforms.

Solution:

From the foureir cosine transform of f(x) = e-ax, we know that

2 a 
Fc [e  ax ]   Fc ( s )
  s  a 
2 2

Similarly, if g(x) = e-bx, then

2 a 
Fs [e bx ]   Gc ( s )
  s b 
2 2

From the identities of fourier sine and cosine transforms, we have

 

 Fc (s)Gc (s)ds   f ( x) g ( x)dx

0 0

 
2 a  2 b 

0

  s 2
 a 2  
   s 2
 b 2 

ds   e ax e bx dx
0

 
2ab  1 
  2
 2 2 2 
 0  s  a s b 
ds   e ( a b ) x dx

0 

 e ( a b ) x  1
  
  ( a  b)  0 a  b


 1  
0  s 2 a 2 s 2 b 2
  ds 
2ab(a  b)
Hence 
 
 1  
  x 2
a 2
 2 ds 
x b  2

2ab(a  b)
i.e., 0

1
5. Find the fourier sine transform of x

Solution:
Fourier sine transform of f(x) is given by

2
Fs [ f ( x)] 

 f ( x) sin(sx)dx
0


1 2 1
Fs   
x 
 x sin(sx)dx
0

Replace sx = y
s dx = dy and hence dx = dy/s

1 2 sin y 2 
Fs   
x
 y
dy 
 2

Therefore  0 2


sin y 
 y
dy 
2
since 0

1 
Fs   
Hence x 2

Practice Problems:
1. Find the fourier sine transform of f(x) = e-ax, (a>0), and hence


prove that  x sin
2
mx
2
dx  e  am
x a 2 0

2 s 
Fs [e  ax ]   Fs ( s )
  s  a 
2 2
Answer:
 
x sin mx 
x 2
a 2
dx  e  am
2
By inversion formula for fourier sine transform 0

e  as
s
2. Find the function f(x) if its fourier sine transform is , a>0.
2 a 
f ' ( x) 
  x  a 
2 2
Answer:
2 x
f ( x)  tan 1  
 a