AP Physies Multiple Choice Practice ~Waves and Optics SECTION A — Waves and Sound 1. A string is firmly attached at both ends. When a frequency of 60 Hz.is applied, the string vibrates in the standing wave pattern shown, Assume the tension in the string and its mass per unit length do not change. Which of the following frequencies could NOT also produce a standing wave pattern in the string? A)30Hz B)40Hz ©)80Hz —D) 180 Hz 2. Ifthe frequency of sound wave is doubled, the wavelength: ‘A) halves and the speed remains unchanged. 'B) doubles and the speed remains unchanged, ©) halves and the speed halves, 1D) doubles and the speed doubles. 3. The standing wave pattem diagrammed to the right is produced in a string fixed at both ends. The speed of waves in the string is 2 mv, ‘What is the frequency of the standing wave pattern? . = A)O2SHz B)1Hz C)2Hz D)4Hz Lom 4. Two waves pulses approach each other as seen in the figure. The ‘wave pulses overlap at point P, Which diagram best represents the —-> Sparc ofthe wove ple ae eae ol PP Se + Ifthe speed of sound in a is 340 mis, the length of the organ pipe, open at both ends, that can resonate at the fundamental frequency of 136 Hz, would be: A)040m B)080m C)125m D)2Sm 6. As sound travels from steel into air, both its speed and its: ‘A) wavelength increase B) wavelength decrease C) frequeney increase) frequency remain unchanged 7. A pipe that is closed at one end and open at the other resonates ata fundamental frequency of 240 Hz. The next lowesthighest frequeny it resonates at is most nearly, A)80Hz B)120Hz C)480Hz —D) 720 Hz 8, Assume that waves are propagating in a uniform medium. If the frequency of the wave source doubles then ‘A) the wavelength of the waves halves. __B) the wavelength of the waves doubles. ©) the speed of the waves halves. 1D) the speed of the waves doubles. 9. Assume the speed of sound is 340 m/s, One stereo loudspeaker produces a sound with a wavelength of 0.68 ‘meters while the other speaker produces sound with a wavelength of 0.65 m, What would be the resulting beat frequency? A)3Mz B)231lz CSS Hz D)11,333 tz10. The diagram shows two transverse pulses moving along a string. One pulse is moving to the right and the second is moving to the Ie v Both pulses reach point x at the — same instant. What would be the resulting motion of point x as the two pulses pass each other? Point x A) down, up, down B) up then down ©) up, down, up ) there would be no motion, the pulses cancel one another costo pipes ‘OPEN PIPES y meter nM | |X oy OG oy 11, Multiple Correct. The diagrams above represent 5 different standing sound waves set up inside ofa set of organ pipes I m long Which ofthe following statements correctly relates the frequencies of the organ pipes shown? Select two answers 'A) G, is twice the frequency of C,._B) Czis five times the frequency of Cy (©) Oy is twice the frequency of O,. D) Oxis twice the frequency of Cy. ‘Questions 12-13: The graph below was produced by a microphone in front of a tuning fork. It shows the voltage produced from the microphone as a function of time. Teo 12. The frequency of the tuning fork is (approximately) ‘A)0.004sB)0.020s C)SOHz —D) 250 Hz. 13. In order to calculate the speed of sound from the graph, you would also need to know A)piteh B) wavelength C) frequency D) volume 14. A tube is open at both ends with the air oscillating inthe 4" harmonic, How many displacement nodes are located within the tube? A2 B3 C4 DS20. 21 A person vibrates the end of a string sending transverse waves down the string. Ifthe person then doubles the rate at which he vibrates the string while maintaining the same tension , the speed of the waves ‘A) is unchanged while the wavelength is halved. B) is unchanged while the wavelength is doubled. (©) doubles while the wavelength doubled. 1D) doubles while the wavelength is halved, ‘Atube of length L, is open at both ends. A second tube of length Z. is closed at one end and open atthe other end. This second tube resonates at the same fundamental frequency as the first tube. What is the value of 2? A)4L, B)2L, CL, D)’L, For a standing wave mode on a string fixed at both ends, adjacent antinodes are separated by a distance of 20 com. Waves travel on this string at a specd of 1200 cmv. At what frequency is the string vibrated to produce this, standing wave? (A) 1200Hz — (B) 60H (C)40Hz (30H ‘What would be the wavelength of the fundamental and first two overtones produced by an organ pipe of length that is closed at one end and open atthe other? ALL “LE BY’L,AL,V6L CAL 43,45 DY AL, 2,L ©) A small vibrating object S moves across the surface of a ripple tank producing the wave fronts shown above. The wave fronts move with speed v. The object is traveling in what direction and with what speed relative to the speed of the wave fronts produced? Direction ed (A) To the right qual to v (B)Totheright’ Less than v (©) Tothelet Less thany (D) To the left Greater than v ‘A vibrating tuning fork sends sound waves into the air surrounding it, During the time in which the tuning fork makes one complete vibration, the emitted wave travels (A) one wavelength (B) about 340 meters (Oa distance directly proportional to the square root of the air density (D) a distance inversely proportional to the square root of the pressure ‘Two wave pulses, each of wavelength 2, are traveling toward cach other along a rope as shown, When both pulses are in the region between points X and Y, which are a distan par, the shape of the rope is, x — “w ® OQ oe" oQuestions 22-23, +}. A standing wave of frequency 5 hertz is set up on a string 2 meters long with nodes at both ends and in the center, as shown above. 22, The speed at which waves propagate on the string is A)O4m/s B)25m/s C)Sm/s D)10 m/s 23, The fundamental frequency of vibration of the string is A)IHz B)2SHz C)SHz D)10Hz 24, Multiple correct: In the Doppler Effect for sound waves, factors that affect the frequency that the observer hears include which of the following? Select two answers. AA) the loudness of the sound BB) the speed of the source ©) the speed of the observer D) the phase angle 25. The figure above shows two wave pulses that are approaching each other. Which of the following best shows the shape of the resultant pulse when the centers of the pulses, points P and Q coincide? © ® L © (a) cr 26. Multiple Correct: One end of a horizontal string is fixed to a wall. A transverse wave pulse is generated at the other end, moves foward the wall as shown and is reflected at wall, Properties ofthe reflected pulse include which of the following? Select two answers: (A) Ithas a greater speed than that of the incident pulse, (B) Ithas a greater amplitude than that of the incident pulse. (©) Itis on the opposite side of the string from the incident pulse, {D) It bas a smaller amplitude than that ofthe incident pulse, 27. A small vibrating object on the surface ofa ripple tank is the source of waves of frequency 20 Hz and speed 60 emvs. Ifthe source $ is moving to the right, 3 WA @B OC MD29, Multiple Correct: Two fire trucks have sirens that emit waves of the same frequency. As the fire trucks approach a person, the person hears a higher frequency from truck X than from truck Y. Which ofthe following statements about truck X ean be correctly inferred from this information? Select two answers. AA) Itis traveling faster than truck Y. B) Its closer to the person than truck Y, ©) Itis speeding up, and truck Y is slowing down, 1D) _Its wavefronts are closer together than truck Y. Questions 30-31) ‘The figure above shows a transverse wave traveling to the right at a particular instant of time. The period ofthe wave is 0.2 30, What is the amplitude of the wave? A)4em B)Sem C)8em D)10em 31, What is the speed of the wave A)4em/s B)2Sem/s C)50em/s_ D) 100 cm/s 32, Multiple Correct: A standing wave pattem is created on a guitar string as a person tunes the guitar by changing the tension in the string, Which of the following properties of the waves on the string will change as a result of adjusting only the tension in the string? Select two answers ‘A) the speed of the traveling wave that creates the pattern BB) the wavelength of the standing wave ©) the frequency of the standing wave 1D) the amplitude of the standing wave 320AP Physics Free Response Practice — Waves and S 198084, In the graphs that follow, a curve is drawn in the first graph of each pair, For the other graph in each pair, sketch the curve showing the relationship between the quantities labeled on the axes. Your graph should be ‘consistent with the first graph in the pai, (©) y *Displacemeat of a y Sering of Lengta L, Fixed at Boon Ends, ‘Vibrating at 2 Frequency £100 berez ol L x = Distance from One End of me String y = Displacement of a 1 Seeing of Lengeh L. Flared at Both Eade, ‘being 2 = iS Botere «Distance trom One ot o End of the String (@) (+ Opecrved Frequency Wen Obeerver Moves ‘Toward Seatoaary Source Emiting Sims of Fremueney fo 24) = 3peas of Mowieg Oeerver i --\ ‘eat ‘ ' i I i = Spe of Moving a i Sine F ° Teese * "Sal199586. A hollow tube of length L open at both ends as shown, is held in midair. A tuning fork with a frequeney f, vibrates at onc end of the tube and causes the air inthe tube to vibrate at its fundamental frequency. Express your answers in terms of L and f, >> ‘a. Determine the wavelength of the sound, Determine the speed of sound in the air inside the tube. ¢.Determine the next higher frequency at which this air column would resonate. The tube is submerged in a large, graduated cylinder filled with water, The tube is slowly raised out ofthe water andthe same tuning fork, vibrating with frequency fy is held a fixed distance from the top ofthe tube 4. Determine the height h ofthe tube above the water when the air column resonates fr the first time. Express your answer in terms of L. i= h t Note: Figure not drawn to scale. ‘Tuning Fork” 1998BS. To demonstrate standing waves, one end of a string is attached to a tuning fork with frequency 120 Hz. TThe other end of the string passes over a pulley and is connected to a suspended mass M as shown in the figure above, The value of M is such thatthe standing wave pattern has four "loops." The length of the string from the tuning fork to the point where the string fouches the top of the pulley is 1.20:m. The linear density of the string is 1.0.x 10 kg/m, and remains constant throughout the experiment, a, Determine the wavelength of the standing wave. . Determine the speed of transverse waves along the string. cc. The speed of waves along the string inereases with increasing tension in the string. Indicate whether the value ofM should be increased or decreased in order to double the number of loops in the standing wave patter, Justify your answer. 4. Ifa point on the string at an antinode moves a total vertical distance of 4 em during one complete eycle, what is the amplitude of the standing wave?= = t L, Resonance | Resonance 2 Note: Figure not drawn to scale. 'B2004B3., A vibrating tuning fork is held above a column of air, as shown in the diagrams above. The reservoir is raised and lowered to change the water level, and thus the length of the column of air. The shortest length of air ‘column that produces a resonance is Ly = 0.25 m, and the next resonance is heard when the air column is L2= 0,80 m long. The speed of sound in air at 20° C is 343 m/s and the speed of sound in water is 1490 mis, (2) Caleulate the wavelength of the standing sound wave produced by this tuning fork. (b) Calculate the frequency of the tuning fork that produces the standing wave, assuming the air is at 20° C. () Caleulate the wavelength of the sound waves produced by this tuning fork in the water, given thatthe frequency in the water is the same as the frequency in air. (4) The water level is lowered again until a third resonance is heard. Calculate the length L; of the air column that produces this third resonance. () The student performing this experiment determines that the temperature of the room is actually slightly higher than 20° C. Is the calculation of the frequency in part (b) too high, too low, or sill correct? Too high Too low___ Still correct Justify your answer.AP Physics Multiple Choice Practice ~ Waves and Opties — ANSWERS ION A = Waves and Sound 10. ‘olution ‘The given diagram is the 3" harmonie at 60 Iz, That means the fundamental is 20112. The other possible standing waves should be multiples of 20 Frequency and wavelength are inverses From diagram, wavelength = 0.5 m. Find the frequeney with v= fA ‘After waves interfere they move along as if they never met Fe the hi fi by. fy =e with nd ‘or an open-open pipe the harmonic frequency is given by. f, = 2 with n= 2b ‘When sound travels into less dense medium, its speed decreases (unlike light) ... however, like all waves when traveling between two mediums, the frequency remains constant. Based on v= 1% if the speed decreases and the frequency is constant then the 2 must decrease also, ‘Open-closed pipes only have odd multiples of harmonic so next fis 3x fy For a given medium, speed is constant. Doubling the frequency halves the wavelength Determine each separate frequency using the speed of sound as 340 and v= fA. Then subtract, the two frequencies to get the beat frequency. Step the ewo pulses through each other alittle bit ata time and use superposition to see how the amplitudes add, At first the amplitude jumps up rapidly, then the amplitude moves down as the rightmost negative pulse continues to propagate. At the very end of their passing the amplitude would be all the wave down and then once they pass the point will jump back up to equilibrium Wavelengths of each are (disteyele) ... 4L, 4/3 L, 4/5 L, L, 2/3 L Frequencies are f= v/ WL, 3V/4L, Sv4L, vIL, 3V/2L ... Oy is 2x Cy F= cycles / seconds To use v= £2, you also need the & To produce pipe harmonics, the ends are always antinodes. ‘The first (fundamental) harmonic is ‘when there ae two antinodes on the end and one node in-between, To move to each next harmonic, ad another node inthe middle and fil inthe necessary antinodes. (ex, 2“ harmonic is ANANA ... So the 4! harmonic would be ANANANANA and have four nodes. Alternative solution .. if you know what the harmonies Took like you can draw them and manually count the nodes. Since the medium stays the same the speed remains constant, Based on v= f, for eonstant speed, fand change as inverses. ‘We should look atthe harmonic shapes open-open vs open-closed \ L L Lf ‘Comparing the fundamental harmonie ofthe open-open pipe tothe Oy? closed-open pipe. The closed-open pipe should be half a long as the an ‘open-open pipe in order to fit the proper number of wavelengths of the a same waveform to produce the given harmonic in eac. Answer20. 21 2. 24, 25, 26. 21. 28. 28. ‘Two antinodes by definition will be % % apart. So 20 em= "2, and the A= 40 em. Then using v= fh we have 1200 = £ (40) This is similar fo question 26, except now the Iength of the tube remains constant and the wave is changing within the tube to make each successive waveform (this would be like using different tuning forks each time for the same tube). The diagrams would look like this now: 3 3 1 Each his given by So dist /eycle Doppler effect, The waves at right are compressed because the object is moving right. However, the waves are moving faster than the object since they are out in front of where the objec is. ‘The time to make I eyele, is also the time it takes the wave to travel 12. ‘Superpose the two waves on top of each other to get the answer. ‘Based on the diagram, the 3 is clearly 2m. Plug into v= 2. ‘The diagram shows the second harmonic in the string. Since harmonics are multiples, the first harmonic would be half ofthis, ‘A fact about the Doppler effect. Can also be seen from the Doppler equation (which is not required). Use superposition and overlap the waves to see the resultant. ‘When hitting a fixed boundary, some of the wave is absorbed, some is reflected inverted. The reflected wave has less amplitude since some of the wave is absorbed, but since the string has not changed its properties the speed of the wave should remain unchanged. Clearly at point C the waves are compressed so are more frequent. Harmonies are multiples of the fundamental so the fundamental must be £2. Based on the Doppler effect, only speed matters. The faster a vehicle is moving, the closer together the sound waves get compressed and the higher the frequency. Take the case of a very fast vehicle traveling at the speed of sound; the compressions are all right on top of each other. So faster speed means closer compressions and higher frequencies. Choice I must be true because X is # higher frequency so must be going faster. Distance to the person affects the volume but not the pitch so choice II is wrong. III seems correct but its not. It doesn’t matter whether you are speeding up or slowing down, it only matters who is going faster. For example, suppose truck X was going 5 mph and speeding up while truck Y was going 50 mph and slowing BC cp AD30, 31 32. down, this is an example of choice IIT but would not meet the requirement that X has a higher frequency because only actual speed matters, not what is happening to that speed. By ingpetion A By inspection, the Ais Wom, £-1/T=5, Then we vf [F nv ac Based on v= [== the enson changes the speed, Then based on J, = = this resuing 7% L \ /L speed change will effect the frequency also, But since the frequency increases in direct proportion to the speed, and v= f', the 2 should remain unchanged, Note: equation of wave speed not requiredAP Physics Free Response Practice ~ Waves and Sound - ANSWERS. 197584, ©) simple graph with 1.5x the frequency 4) Graphs are based onthe Doppler equation. ‘The graph given inthe problem is fora moving observer. Vans +, Which is based on f= f Met Yo) As the observer's velocity inreases, the frequency increases linearly with it Vand «sis shown in the problem ‘The new graph is based on a source moving towards you, "= f——" As can be seed from this equation, Crna = Voource) ‘as the source increases velocity, the frequeney increases but when the source approaches the speed of sound, the frequency approaches » and becomes undefined so has limit to it unlike in the frst graph.199586, 4) The fundamental in a open-open pipe looks like this 4. and is % of a wavelength of the wave. Since this % ‘wavelength fits in the length L, the total ‘7 | wavelength would have to be 2L. 2x aN rN as ») Simply use v= £2 > v= 2LK .) Harmonies are multiples of the fundamental, so the next frequeney is 2f, 4) This is the same tuning fork so it is the same wavelength and waveform but the bottom is now closed so the wave looks % of a wavelength inside, and since its the same wavelength wave, again % of This is impossible for a standing wave in an open-closed tube, and its also not the fundamental anyway so we have to change the the wavelength of this wave length to make it look lke the ‘would fit in length L and it, fundamental, Shown below. To do ‘would look lke this, this, we make the length half of what it used to be. ha u2 1998B8, a) = dist / cycles = 1.2 m/4=0.60m byv=t 120)(0.60) = 72. m/s ©) More ‘loops’ means a smaller wavelength. The frequency of the tuning fork is constant, Based on v= £2, less speed would be required to make smaller wavelength. Since speed is based on tension, less M, makes less speed. 4) mn one fall cycle, a point on a wave covers 4 amplitudes ... up, down, down, up. ‘So the amplitude is 1 em,18200483. 2) The shortest length makes the fundamental which looks like this |\\ /] ands %of the wavelength, This length is known to be 025m. SoL)~%2....4= Ly = Im. Note: This is a real experiment, and in the reality of the experiment itis known that the antinode of the wave actually forms slightly above the top of the air column (you would not know this unless you actually performed this experiment), For this ‘reason, the above answer is technically not correct as the tube length is slightly less than 1/4 of the wavelength. The better Way fo answer this question is to use the two values they give you for each consecutive harmonic, You are given the length of the frst frequency (fundamental), and the length of the second frequency (third harmonic). Based on the known shapes of these harmonies, the difference in lengths between these two harmonics is equal to 1s the wavelength of the wave. Applying this > AL='%4h .. O8-0.25=%% yea 1.1m. Unfortunately the AP exam scored this question assuming you knew about the correction; though you received 3 out of 4 points for using the solution initially presented. We teachers, the authors of ths solution guide feel this isa bit much to ask far. ) Using v= £2 with the actual % .... (340)=£(L1) ... £=312 Hz. C)V=ER 2. (1490) = (B12) Paar Pyar = 4.8 4) Referring to the shapes of these harmonics is useful. ‘The second length Ls was the 3" harmonic. ‘The next harmonic (54) will ‘oceur by adding another 13 to the wave (based on how it looks you ean see this). This will give a total length of La + ¥4% (0.8) +% (11) = 135 m ©) As temperature increases, the speed of sound in air increases, so the speed used in part (b) was too low. ‘Since f=vy/ A, that lower speed of sound yielded a frequency that was too low.