A STUDY CIRCLE(REGD,) MECHANICS OF FLUIDS FLOW TaReUcH PIES Abpraach PP Flow Through Pipes LOSS OF HEAD OF A LIQUID FLOWING IN A PIPE It has been experimentally found that when a liquid is flowing in a pipe, it loses its energy (or head) due to friction of the wall, change in cross section, obstruction in flow ete. All such losses are expressed in temr of velocity head. Losses can be broadly classified in two categories, whieh are (a) major losses (b) minor losses. MAJOR LOSSES: Loss of Head Due to Friction Frictional loss comes in this category. The basic equation used in the calculation of head loss hy in a pipe is the Darey-Weisbach equation, which is fLV? 2gD be= ‘where L is length of pipe of diameter D, V is mean velocity in the pipe, and fis the friction factor. ‘The ratio A/L = S; represents the energy slope which is equal to hydraulic gradient in uniform flow. In long pipelines he forms a very large part ofthe total toss. Proof: 7 Consider following figure. Flow Applying Bernoulli's theorem at 1-1 and 2-2 Ay 42, +h; pe pe 2g where heis frictional loss. But 21 ~ 22 as pipe is horizontal; Vi = V2 as same diameter =A_h a PE PE ‘SECOND FLOOR, SL TAN TOMER ROORKEE 247687 UTTARAGHANO PHEOTSS) 2528 Web wanvanieautyrcecom 1/22ceustes STUDY CIRCLE(REG: ui OF FLEES LOW THROUEPHPES. Z# EZ oo Frictional resistance = frictional resistance per unit wetted area per unit velocity x wetted area x (velocity or F=f (aaty? ‘The forces acting on the fluid between sections 1-1 and 2-2 are 1 Pressure force at section 1-1 = p, ie zp 2 Pressure force at 2-2 ~ p, Sa Resolving all forces pad d= fed? = @) apt hy? or (P,P) 7 But from (1) (Pp) Py) = pahy apy? - ype= yPB=— ‘LY? pvt or 4, ALL A pad 2gd here f = coeff. of friction and “f" is friction factor. Now a days “f” is preferred. Note: Values of f is like 0.006 and that of fis like 0.024 (ie. 4 x 0.006). 1= 4 * MINOR LOSSES. ‘The following losses are important minor losses from subject point of view: (1) Loss of head due to sudden enlargement, (2) Loss of head due to sudden contraction. (3) Loss of head at entrance in a pipe. (4) Loss of head at exit in a pipe. Loss of Head Due to Sudden Enlargement (or Expansion) ‘The physical model is that of a fluid flowing from a pipe of smaller diameter dy to a larger cone do, ‘SECOND FLOOR, SULTAN TOWER, ROORKEE —257687 UTTARAKHAND PHL (1537) 266328 Websaamieshdyciecon 2/22HECHAMICS OF FLUIDS STUDY CIRCLE(REGD, ROW THROUGH PIES A Focused Approach PPP Flow visualization experiments have indicate that the flow stream larger pipe is filled up by eddies that are essentially at the upstream pressure, pe pi By momentum balance, we obtain m (v2-¥1) = (PA = p22) + Pe (Az ~ Au) or PA2 (v3 -V,V5 Since m= pAyv; = pAgv2 in other words. a di) substituting the value of PL=P2. from eqn. (i) Pp =v} +2V? -2v,y, 2g or by 2g is the head fost at a sudden expansion, Loss of Head due to Sudden Contraction The fluid stream approaching a sudden contraction is accelerated. The acceleration results in a stream pressure lower than the surrounding, ‘The effect is a temporary compression of the with respect to the extemal. Consequently, the fluid stream due to the pressure differenti ‘SECOND FLOOR, SULTAN TOWER, ROORKEE 247857 UTTARAIAND PH:(OISZ) 268828 Webiwawariesbiytcecam 3/22orn STUDY CIRCLE(RE! MECHANIS lew Tanoes PIPES A Poossed Approach PPP fluid is not in full contact with the smaller’ pipe for a short distance downstream of the contraction, see figure below Further downstream, the fluid fills up the smaller pipe and normal flow continues. The minimum cross-section occurs at a section C-C known as the “Vena contracta’. A coefficient of contraction is defined as, Which is approximately 0.62 fora circular cross-section ‘The sudden contraction loss can then be visualized as an expansion foss from A, to Ag and is estimated as. By continuity. v, Hence or Experimental however indicate a higher loss, and we shall use the value as 0.52. for contraction. 2g = Contraction loss can be avoided ifthe entry to the smaller pipe is profiled according 10 the dotted streamlines up and downstream of the vena contracta, Such shaping, or near about so, is indeed practiced wherever possible. {SECONDFLOOR, GULTANTOWER ROORKEE 27687 UTTARAIAND PHEOESE2) 206228 Wob-wmwarushojcicecan 4/22ee ‘STUDY CIRCLE(REGI fe atone Hf Pocusedt sEpproach » > Y Exemple A horizontal pipe 200 mm diameter suddenly enlarges to 300 mm diameter, and then afier some length it suddenly reduces to 150 mm diameter. If the water flowing in the pipe be 200 hares/sec., find (a) loss of head due to sudden enlargement, and (0) loss of head due to sudden contraction, Solution a Refer figure. ‘Area a, Fx(0 2) m? 2. (0.3) m° 4 x(0.15)° m? : Loss of head due to sudden enlargement Let hy. head loss due to sudden enlargement We know that the velocity of water at section | eee ; yo 2B anes 0 » Ex@2) pxary Similarly, velocity at seotion 2 OF 280 see. (i and 20 eet Gi 99 Using the relation, =) 2g with usual notations ‘SECOND FLOOR, SULTAN TOWER, ROORKEE 2476G7 UTTARAGUND PH(OTSH2) 205028 Wes www anesticyrclecom 6/22STUDY CIRCLE(REG! gmeeae EO fuera res [4 Poaused Appeal ii Au Ans, 2x98 Loss of head due to sudden contraction —* Loss of head due to sudden contraction, > 0375x, me h, M99 Fj = 2.446 mm Ans. 2g 2x9.81 Problem 4 6 om diameter pipe has a discharge of 490 L/min, At a section the pipe has a sudden expansion to a size of 9 cm diameter. If the pressure just upstream of the expansion is 20 Nin’, calculate the pressure just after the expansion. Assume the pipe to be horizontal at the expansion region. Answer: 21.73 KPa Example (AMIE Summer 2001, 8 marks) A horizontal pipe of diameter D; has a sudden expansion to a diameter Dz, At what ratio Di/D2 would the differential pressure on either side of the expansion be maximum? What is the corresponding loss of head and differential pressure head? Solution Ina sudden expansion, the loss of head v-Ve y «, gtd For an expansion in a horizontal pipe we, Oey 2g oe By continuity V,D? = V,D3 y,=v 2] =vye D. COND FLOOR, SULTAN YOWER, ROORCEE ~24TE87 UTTARNIGIANO PH (0152) 204008 Webcwwreanicsoysidecon 6/22: STUDY GIRGLE(REGD.) ECHANIES OF FLUIDS FLOW ranouad PIPES L__# Focused Appreach bw | where d(Ap/y) Por maximum pressure ditferenial SCP ) ix 2 4x8 21 ox) 2x) =0 = 2x5 + 2x - 2x) =0 or (Qx-1)=0 or x ie. Di=V2D, | (w= 28 Differential pressure héad (I Loss of Head at Entrance ‘The loss of head, due to entrance depends upon the form of entrance. (b) Head toss hy = Ap _ 2, y 2g 44) 22 a Pipe a pipe, is actually a Joss due to sudden contraction and Experimentally, the value of loss head at entrance has been found to be equal t Where “v’ is the velocity of the liquid in pipe In case of long pope this loss of head is negligible as compared to frictional loss and hence neglected., Loss of Head at Exit of a Pipe The loss of head, due to exit in a pipe, is actually a loss due to the energy of head, which the fluid has, by virtue of its motion. The value of loss of head at exit has been found to be equal to: "SECOND FLOOR, SULTAN TOWER, ROORKEE ~ 247657 UTTARAKERND PH (Q19G2/256528 Web: samariestudycicecon 7/22‘STUDY CIRGLE(REGD.) MECHANICS OF FLUIBS ot Facused Approach BEY LOW TaDuOH PIPES z In case of long pipes, this loss of head, like that a at entrance, is also very small as compared, to frictional loss, and thus is sometimes neglected. Loss of Head due to an Obstruction in a Pipe Consider a liquid flowing in a pipe having an obstruction at B as shown in figure, a _% P « ney

>> Head Loss due to Bends and Valves Loss of pressure head due to a bend or existence of a valve in a fluid line has been determined experimentally or different orientation. The available results are generally tabulated in the form: ‘The value of ’k’ for some of the common arrangements are as shown: Bend = 90°, k = 0.9 to 1: taper = 20° or higher, k= 1 Pully open : globe valve, k ~ 10; gate valve, k = 0.19; angie valve, k= 5 Example Dwo reservoirs with a difference in water surface elevation of 10 m are connected by a pipeline ABC which consists of two pipes AB and BC joined in series. Pipe AB is 10.cm in diameter, 20 m long and has a value of = 0.02. Pipe BC of 16 em diameter, 25 m long and hhas an f= 0.018, The junctions with the reservoirs and between the pipes are abrupt (a) Caleulate the discharge () What difference in reservoir elevations is necessary to have «discharge of 15 Lis? Lnclude all minor losses} Solution Use suffix I for pipe AB and suffix 2 for pipe BC. Entrance loss hy, = rae 2g Loss at sudden expansion Mow Wel 28 2g ha ae V, Since Loss at exit " SECONDFLOOR, SULTAN TOWER ROORKEE 287657 UTTARAKKANO PH (1342) 296528 Webi ww ambestdcicecon 9122MECHANICS OF FLUIDS ROW TRG PES. fL, V? _ 0.02: 010 2g” 2g ‘ction Toss hy, = 0.018x25 V,2 016 2g Total loss Me 40M 42.8125 28 2 But .39063V, Hi, =(5.8714+0.4292) 4 — 6.300% 2g 22 (a) When Hy = 10 m : 1028981) sergy, 6300} V, =2.18m/s Q FOI, 582) = 0.0438 m/s =43.8L/s (b) When Q= 15 L/s= 0.015 m'is Z 0.015 7 (x/4)0. V? =3.648,H, = 63004 28 = L171 Problem A reservoir discharges its liquid content through a horizontal pipeline into the atmosphere. The pipeline consists of two pipes: One of 10.cm diameter and 25 m long and another of 12 cm diameter and 35 m long, connected in series. The friction factor f = 0.02 for both the pipes. The water level in the tank is 10 m above the centre line of the pipe at the entrance. Considering all the minor losses (a) Calculate the discharge when the 10 cm dia pipe is joined to the tank (b) Calculate the discharge when the 12 em dia pipe is joined to the tank. (Assume C= 0.70). Answer: 36.9 U/s, 36.2 Lis ‘SECONDFLOOR SULTANTOWER, ROORKEE —247657 UTTARAKHAND PH (D133) 268828 Web wawsmiesuijcrienim 10/22A STUDY CIRCLE(REGD.) HIEEMANICS OF FLUIDS ‘ROU THRSORE PIPES 4 Facased Approach Or EQUIVALENT PIPES © A pipe with length Li, diameter Di, and friction factor f, will be equivalent to another pipe of corresponding parameters Lz, Dz and fi, if © Ifa set of pipes described by (Li, Di, fi), (La y an equivalent pipe (Le, De. fis related as £), -..- are connected in series then py" fy) Example Three pipes with diameter, length and friction factor values (Dy, Ly, fi): (Dx, Lyf) and (Ds, . Ls, fy) are connected in parallel between two points 4 and B in a pipeline. [fan equivalent ipe (De Le fe) is to replace the set of parallel pipes, obtain an expression for estimating the 7 equivalent pipe parameters Solution 7 Since there is a common head drop for the parallel pipes £LV? _ eb, 6LVe “ 2eD, 2D, gD, ‘The sum of the flaws = total discharge a Q=Q +249, Q) From Eq. (1) V, ‘SECOND FLOOR, SULTAN TONER, ROCRUEE 2T0G7 UTTARAKHAND PHE(OTSS2)208N20 Web wawanicaudcrcoom 14722MECHANICS OF RUIDS ROW THROWER PIPES ‘Also for the equivalent pipe p> ="D2V, Q-FDN, and the head loss hy = or Q ne ‘Thus from (2) For the equivalent pipe, out of the 3 variables Dz, Le and f, given any two, the third one can be solved by equation (3). Example (AMIE S97) A compound piping system consists of 1800 m of 50 cm, 1200 m of 40 cm and 600 m of 30 em pipes of same material connected in series. @ what is the equivalent length of a 40 cm pipe of the same material? (ii) what is the equivalent size of a pipe 3600 m long? (iti) if the three pipes are in parallel, what is the equivalent length of a 50 cm pipe? Solution Itis assumed that f is same for all the pipes. a 1800 , 1200 | 600 : (4 0.5)° (0.4) 0.3) ie, L, =4318.2m ‘SECONDIFLOOR SULTAN TOWER, ROORKEE 247857 UTTARAKHBND PHL (O1S3)200528 Wied w.onestijordecom 12/22Herston STUDY CIRGLE(REGD. MECHANICS LOW TRROUEH PIPES A Focused Apprsach WY (ii) 3600 _ 1800 1200 600 + 1200 600 (ay 0.3)" Git) ost” (ost)? (40) (030) ]"] ey} 1800 1200.) 660 | | Solving =37137m Problem Three pipes A, B and C with details as given in the following are connected in series Pipe Length Diameter f : 4 60m 10cm 0.018 B 80m Som 0.020 c 100 m bom 0.020 Calculate (a) the size of a pipe of length 125 m and f = 0.020, equivalent to the pipe line ABC (b) the length of an 8 cm diameter (f= 0.015) pipe equivalent to pipeline ABC. Answer: 6 em, 692 m Problem Two pipes each of 10 cm diameter and length 100 m, are connected in parallel between two points, Calculate the (a) equivalent length of a single pipe of 10 cm diameter (b) equivalent size (diameter) of a single pipe of length 100 m. Answer: 25 m, 0.132 m Problem For the distribution main of a city water supply a 35 cm diameter pipe is required. As pipes above 30 cm diameter are not available, it is decided to lay two parallel mains of the same diameter, Assuming the friction factor f of all the pipes to be the same, determine the diameter of the parallel mains. Answer: 26.52 om, the commercial pipe of next larger size would be needed. SECOND FLOOR, SULTAN TOWER, ROORKEE 21767 UTTARAGAND PH O932) 266808 Web womarishichcon 13/22Sesiaataiad STUDY CIRCLE(REG! i aw TeBQUGH PIPES ft Focused Approach PY PIPES IN SERIES When two or more pipes of different diameters or roughness are so connected that the full discharge of the fluid fiom one flows into the others serially, the system represents a series pipeline. Following figure shows a typical set of pipes in series. The head losses are curnulative, Date ‘The total head H at A and B are related as where Hy is total energy loss in pipes 1, 2and 3, = en HRN) (ma ge ties | [lon 3g (= 4) represents the total minor losses in each pipe. 8 Also by continuity, since the same discharge passes through all the pipes Example A reservoir discharges its liquid content through a horizontal pipeline into atmosphere. The pipeline consists of two pipes : One of 10 cm.diameter and 25 m long and another of 12 em diameter and 35 m long, connected in series. The friction factor f = 0.02 for both the pipes. The water level in the tank is 10 m above the centre line of the pipe at the entrance. Considering all the minor losses, caleulate the discharge when the 12 em pipe is joined to the tank, (Assume Ce = 0.70) : Solution Let us use suffix 2 for 12 cm dia pipe Loss of head at entrance ve hy, =0.5 28 ‘SECOND FLOOR. SULTAN TOAER, ROORKEE - 27687 UTTARNOIAND PH: (1332) 256008 Web www emestiyerdecom 14/22STUDY CIRCLE(REGD. WRECHARICS OF FLUIBS FLOW THROUGS PIPES: A Fecused Approach »¥w Loss of head at contraction As Vv 7 hy, =0.1837(1.44)? 2 = 0.3809 Velocity head at exit ye aL (1 aay 2g 2, b 2 28 2.073 Loss of head in 12 em pipe due to friction 0.02x35. V2 _ 0.12 2g 2g Loss of head in 10.cm pipe due to frietion _ fiL, V2 _ 0.02x25 D, 22 OO. 2 asap X= 103682. 28 2 By energy balance (0.5 +0.3809 + 2.07364 5.8933 10368) =10 Fe 3 Solving V2 =3.20 mis Hence Q= ax0. 12?x3.2 = 0.0362 m’/s = 36.2 Lis Problem Inabove problem, calculate discharge when 10 cm dia pipe is joined to the tank. Answer: 36.9 L/s Problem Two reservoirs are connected by a pipe line consisting of two pipes in series; one of 15 cm diameter and 6 m long and another of 22.5 cm diameter and 15 m long. If the difference in water levels of the reservoirs is 6m, calculate the discharge by considering all losses. Assume f = 0.020 for both pipes. Answer: 133.3 L/s SECOND FLOOR, SULTAN TOMER, ROORIGE— DTG UTTARANGAND PE GIS DERE Web wvanestoiecan 15/22‘STUDY GIRCLE(REG MEGHAMIES OF FLUIES un THROUGH PES PIPES IN PARALLEL A combination of two or more pipes connected between two points so that the discharge Givides at the first junction and rejoins at the next is known as pipes in parallel. See following figure. Here the head loss between the two junctions (M and N) is same for all the pipes. Thus the total discharge Q +O, +; Head loss Its usual to consider minor losses as equivalent lengths in parallel pipe flow problems and as such Two types of problems can be asked: Type 1 Problem Given piezometric heads at M and N (hygand hy) to find Qi, Oo. .». ete ‘This is a straight forward problem, especially if fof each pipe is known. Type 2 Problem Given total discharge Q, to determine the discharge division i.e. find Q1, Qo... ete. Replace the parallel pipes with equivalent pipe and then proceed. Note: A parallel pipe flow problem with 2 pipes can be solved directly without using equivalent pipe method, Example A pipe 6 cm in diameter, 1000 m long and with f = 0.018 is 1004. connected in parallel between two points M and N with another ae pipe 8 cm diameter, 800 m long and having f = 0.020. A total ©} {a discharge of 20 L/s enters the parallel pipes through division at - if Mito rejoin at N (see figure). Estimate the division of discharge — Sa in the two pipes. ‘SECOND FLOOR, SULTAN TOWER, ROORKEE 247057 UTIARAAKAND PHC (01337) 2888 Web winvariestitycice ccm 16/22euuevcnae ‘AMI STUDY CIRCLE(REG FLOW THEGUCH PIPES, Lf ocmed rtapmack » bP Solution By continuity consideration AV, +A,V, =Q=Totaldischarge = (0.06y'V, += (0.08)' V, = 0.020 4 4 V,+L77V, =7.074 a By considering the head loss between M and N 2gD,2eD, 0.018x! 000 or ee 0.06 0.8165V> @ Solving (1) and (2) Vy = 2.227 m/s and V2 =2.727 m/s B7LIs = 710.08)" X2.727 = 0.0137m’ / Similarly Q,=63 is Example Two pipes each of length L and diameters D; and D2 are arranged in parallel; the loss of head when a total quantity of water Q flows through them being hy. If the pipes are arranged in series and the same quantity of water Q, flows through them, the loss of head is hz. IfDy = 2D, find the ratio of hy to hz. Negleet minor losses and assume the friction factor f to be ‘constant and to have the same value for both the pipes. Solution Head loss Case | ‘SECOND FLOOR, SULTANTTOWER, ROORKEE 267087 UTTARAKHANO H-(01282)205528 Web: wwnariestxyorciecom 17/22HECHAMES OF LUIS ow nevas eis : (a) -{ By : J WD (Q)_(D.y i toy ibs, or a-0,/ 2 Also Q+A%=Q or al( Putting Dy = 2D, Q=(27 +Q, 8110" ' 'gD,5 (6.65685) Case It 81LQ” “ed? Putting Dy = 2D2 Example Three pipes with details as the following, are connected in parallel between two points. eo Ht Geena Hpaonch FP 0.02188 {ppp | Length | Diameter Pee | iw | em |S T {1000 20 | 0.02 2 1200 30 0.015 | “3 | 800 IB 0.02 When a total discharge of 0.30 nivs flows through the system, calculate the distribution of the discharge and the head loss between the junctions. _ SL ‘SECOND FLOOR, SULTAN TOWER, ROOFREE 27387 UTARARTAND PH(OTSS2) 20688 Web: wwwarstyace.con 418/22eens or ame STUDY CIRCLE(REGD.) es FLOW THROUGH PIPES. A Facused Approach PP Solution Let us use equivalent pipe method. If (Dg, Le, 2 refer to an equivalent pipe then (By CY RY REY Here let the equivalent pipe be of D, = 0.30 m and f, 0.02. Then Ly is found from ox J" f_ ory" fost) f_oust J" 0.020, |” (0.02x1000 0.015x1200 } * 0.02x800 ie 0386 _ or7708 L Le = 383.6 m For a discharge of 0.3 m’/s, the head toss is FLV 2gD, Now y, anes 42441m/s => Vi2¢= 0.9181 (3/4037 : Hence hy COCEES 50.9181 =23.48m ‘The discharge in each branch is found by using this hy= 23.48 m fib, Ve _ 0.02x1000x" D, 2g 0.2x2x9.81 ie, Vi = 2.146 mis 23.48 Q 0.2) x2.146 = 0.0674m? /s £L, 0.015x1200xV, hy = 23.48 eee D, 2g 03x2x9.81 ie. V2 = 2.771 m/s Qa =F 037.771 = 0.1959? /s Now Qs=Q- (Qi + Qs) = 033 - (0.0674 + 0.1959) = 0.0367 m/s ‘SECOND FLOOR SLTAN TOMER, ROORKEE - 24757 UTTARWOAND PHL(OIS2) 28808 Webcwwameshiyercecom — 18/22eee STUDY CIRCLE(REGD) es | low THOR PIPES A Focused Approach POP Problem Three pipes whose data are given in the following are connected in parallel berween two reservoirs A and B. If @ total discharge of 50 I/s of water is transmitted from A to B, (a) ‘estimate the discharge in cach pipe (2) what is ihe difference in the water surface elevations ofreservoirs A and B? ih | Diameter . Neo | t 9 0030 : . [Wy 0020 — (iets Answer: Qy = 12.7 Lis, 22.5 Li, hip = 9.028 m Two pipes Ly = 400 m, Dy ~ 30.0 cm and L3 = 500 m and Dz = 20 em are connected in parallel between two reservoirs. If fr 0.020 and fr ~ 0.015, what difference in reservoir water surface elevations will produce a total flow of 0.25 m'/s from one reservoir to another? Problem Answer: AH = 9m Example é A straight 25 cm pipeline 5 km ling is laid between two reservoirs having a difference in level of 40 m. To increase the capacity of the system an additional 2.5 km long 25 cm pipe is laid parallel from the first reservoir to the midpoint of the original pipe. assuming f = 0.025 for both the pipes find the increase in discharge due to installation of the new pipe. Solution Referring to figure which shows the schematic layout of the pipes, | For the single pipe AC é 2 ‘i -feaMe, 002515000 ys = 40. 2gD, — 2x9.81x0.25 i Vo =1.253 mis. {COND FLOOR, SULTAN TOWER, ROORKEE - 247657 UTTARAIGIND PH: (91S%2) 206008 Web nmaiesbircicecom 20/22MMECHANIES OF FLUIBS FLOW THROUGH PIPES A Pocused Hence original discharge Qu is wmaach BRE x (0.25) (1.253) = 0.0615 m/s Qo=61.5 Lis When the parallel pipe BJ is introduced; for pipes AJ and BI Mi fala Va , 2g D, 2g But fy =f, Ly = La, Dy = Dz. Hence V) = Voand Q; = Qo Qs = Qs +Q2=2Q2" 20; Head loss .7924 m/s © x(0.25)' x0.7924 = 0.0389 m'/s Qs =2 x 0.0389 = 0.07778 m’/s Hence increase in discharge = Qs - Qi ~ 0.0779 - 0.0615 = 0.0163 m’/s = 16.3 Lis Problem A pipe line carrying water has a diameter of 0.5 m and is 2 km long. To inerease the delivery another pipeline of the same diameter is introduced parallel to the first pipe in the second half of its length. Find the increase in discharge if the total head loss in both the cases is 15 m. Assume f= 0.02 for all the pipes. Answer: 0.0997 m/s i.e, 26.48% ‘SECOND FLOOR, SULTAN TOWER, ROORKEE 20737 UTTARAKHAND PIE (OTSA) 266528 Web-wnwariasudycicecan 21/22MECHANICS OF FLIES ow THROUGH PIPES ASSIGNMENT Qu. (AMIE W200, 6 marks): expansion of strezratines ina pipe. ing the essumptigns, deduce an expression for the head loss due to sudien 0.2. (AMIE $08, 1 marks): Derive the expression forthe loss of head due to hy =A NV? 2g ion in pipe where hiv the loss of head due to Friction; the length of 4, the diametes of pipe, pes; the coeff. of trction: V. the velocity, and Q3. (AMIE S12, 10 marks): Derive Darey-Weishach equation for lose of head duct tiction to pipes Q44. (AMIE WOS, 10 marks): A pipeline of 0.6 m dia. is 1.5 km long, In order to inerease the discharge. nother parallel Tine ofthe same diameter introduced in the second half ofthe length, Nevlecting minor losses, find the increase in discharge if = 0.004. The head atthe inet is 30 1m over that atthe cule. Answer: 26.5% inevease Q5. (AMIE WO6, 6 marks): Water flow through « pipe with a flow rate Q and bead Hy. The pipe later divides into two pipes A and B with diameter of Dy and Dy and lengths La and Le as shown in figure. Find an expression for Q, and Qs, the flow rates through pipes A and B. Pipes A and B have friction factor of f, and fy Op, Oy by be ae eee pss lle a ; See eae Lor Ly DS Q6. (AMIE $07, 12 marks): Two reservoirs, whose water level elevations difler by 12m, are connected to the {following horizontal compound pipes starting from the higher level reservoir: Ly = 200m; Dy ~ 0.2 m, fy = 0.008, ‘and La~ 500 m, Dp = 0.3 m, f; = 0.006. Considering all head losses and assuring that all changes of section are ‘abrupt, compute tho discharge through the system. Determine the equivalent length of n 0.25 m diameter pipe, if rminor losses aro neglected and friction factors are assurhed to be same. Answer: 0.0754 ms, 811.3 m Q.1. (AMIE WIZ, 10 marks): Water flows through 2 150 mi diameter pipe AB of 400 m long. The point B is 20 m above A. The discharge is 0.02 cumee from A to B. Find the pressure at A, ifthe pressure at B fs 200 kPa. ‘Take F= 0.006. Suppose after 12 years of service, the friction factor is doubled, what would then be the rate of flow ifthe pressures at A and B remain unchanged? Answer: 437.18 kPa, 0.014137 m/s “Hint: Here frietion factor f= 4 x 0.006 (what is given is coeff of friction) ‘SECOND FLOOR, SULTAN TOWER ROORKEE DATES UTTARARHAND PH [O132) 206008 Web:wwaarikebjcicecon 22/22