ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

Type of clause Subordinate Sentences

conjunctions
beginning the clause
Time When as soon as I can see you when I finish my work.
When as long as She was reading a book while the dinner was cooking.
I have not seen him since he returned to the country.
Since by the time (that) They will leave before you get here.
Before not that
After once Abridgments of time clauses:
until When (or while) young, I looked at things differently.
When a boy, I looked at things differently.
She always sings when doing her work.
Experience, when dearly bought, it seldom thrown away.
Place Where We live where the road crosses the river.
wherever Abridgments of place clauses:
Wherever possible, the illustrations are taken from
literature.
Cause Because He could not come because (or since, as) he was ill.
Since Now that he has passed the examination, he can get his
as degree.
Now that Inasmuch as no one was hurt because of his negligence,
Whereas (legal) the judge gave him a light sentence.
Inasmuch as (formal) On account of (or owing to) that fact that the country was
As long as a t war, all the young men were drafted.
On account of the fact that
Owing to the fact that Abridgments of clauses:
In view of the fact that It is an unpardonable insult, since intentional.
Because of the fact that
Due to the fact that
(informal)
Condition If If it rains, we won’t have the picnic.
Unless We won’t have the picnic unless the weather is good.
On condition that We’ll have the picnic providing that it doesn’t rain.
Provided In the event (or in case) (that) it rains, the picnic will be
Providing that postponed.

Type of clause Subordinate Sentences

conjunction
beginning the clause
In the event that Abridgments of conditional clauses:
In case that In contrary-to-fact conditions:
Whether... or not Present: Were I in your position, I would take advantage of
that offer.
Past: Had I known you were coming; I would have met you
at the station.
Please come early if possible.
This appliance will not work unless properly attached.
Contrast: Although Although (or Though) I felt very tired, I tried to finish the
Concessive Though work.
Even though In spite of the fact that prices went down recently, the
Even if company made a huge profit.
 In spite of Notwithstanding the fact that the government was weak at
Despite the fact that that time, law and order were maintained.
Notwithstanding (the fact)
That Abridgments of concession clauses:
Although in a hurry, he stopped to help the boy.
Although only a boy, he does a man’s work.
Although fond of his work, he wants to find a job that will
be more challenging.
Adversative While Some people spend their spare time reading, while others
Where watch television.
whereas
Purpose That The climbed higher that (or so that, in order that) they
In order that might get a better view.
So (informal) He is saving his money so that he can go to college.
So that
For the purpose that
Result So + adj. Or adv. + that She is so pretty (adj.) that she attracts a lot of attention.
Such (a) - noun – that She sang so beautiful (adv.) that everyone applauded her
So that performance.
She has such pretty hair (noun) that we all enjoy looking at
it.
It’s such a hot day (sing. Count. Noun) that I must go to the
beach.
They climbed higher, so that they go a better view.
Comparison As She works just as hard as her sister works.
(Not) so - adj. Or adv. + as She doesn’t work so (or as) hard as her sister works.
-er She works harder than her sister works.
More - adj. Or adv. + than
Abridgments of comparison clauses (very common):
She works just as hard as her sister (does).
She works harder than her sister (does).
Manner As if He looks as if he needs (or needed) more sleep.
As though He hasn’t behaved as a gentleman should behave.
(especially after look,
seem, act) Abridgment pf manner clauses:
He hasn’t behaved as a gentleman should.
He left the room as though angry.
The clouds disappeared as if by magic.
He raised his hand as if to command silence.
 Noun clauses

Noun Introducto Function of Examples

clause ry Clause
Derived Conjunctio
from: n
1. a statement that Subject That coffee grows in Brazil is well known to all.
Coffee grows in Subject after it It is well known that coffee grows in Brazil.
Brazil Subjective My understanding is that coffee grows in Brazil.
complement I know that coffee grows in Brazil.
Object of verb His belief that coffee grows in Brazil is correct.
Appositive

2. a question Subject Whether (or not) he gets the money doesn’t concern
a. expecting yes or whether (or me.
no answer not) Subjective The question is whether he will get the money.
Will he get the also complement Do you know whether (or if) he will get the money?
money? If Object of verb We were concerned about whether he would get the
money.
b. Interrogative Who Object of preposition
Word question That How he gets the money is his own affair?
How will he get the Which Subject The question is how he will get the money.
money? When Subjective I don’t know how he will get the money.
Where complement We were concerned about how he would get the money.
Why Object of verb
How Object of preposition
3. a request that Object of verb He suggested that I write the letter soon.
Write the letter
soon.
4. an exclamation what how Object of verb I hadn’t realized what a pretty girl she was.
What a pretty girl We talked about what a pretty girl she is.
she is! Object of preposition