Emi Lab Manual PDF
Emi Lab Manual PDF
Emi Lab Manual PDF
INSTRUMENTATION LAB
(EE-323-F)
LAB MANUAL
V SEMESTER
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
EXPERIMENT No.1
AIM:- To study blockwise construction of Analog Oscilloscope & Function Generator.
THEORY:-
CRO
The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope is probably the most versatile tool for deployment of electronic circuit and
system. The CRO allow the amplitude of the electronic signals where they are voltage, current or
power to be displayed as a function of time. The CRO depends on the moments of an electron
beam which is being bombarded (impinged) on a screen coated with a fluorescent material to
produce a visual spot. If the electron is being deflected along the conventional axes, i.e. x-axis & y-axis,
two different displays are produced.
CRT: - This is cathode ray tube in which electron beam strikes the
screen internally to provide visual display of signal.
(1) Power ‘On/Off’ : Turns ‘On’ & ‘Off’. LED indicates power ‘On’. Use position
& Int/Focus controls to get the beam. All are push buttons.
(2) Time / Div : Rotary Switch for TB speed control.
(3) Trigger Input : For feeding external trigger signal.
(4) Volts/Div : For sensitivity selection of CH 1 & CH 2.
(5) DC-AC-Gnd : Switch provided for Input coupling. BNC inputs provided for connecting the
Input signal.
(6) Component Tester : Switch when pressed converts scope into Component Tester mode.
(7) CT : Input & Gnd terminals to be used for CT.
Controls on PCB
(6) X Y : When pressed cuts-off internal TB & connects external horizontal signal via. CH II
(7) X 5 : When pressed gives 5 times magnification.
(8) External : When pressed allows ext. trigger.
Amplitude Measurements :
Frequency measurement
Phase Measurement
Sin q = a/b
FUNCTION GENERATOR
Technical Specifications:-
QUIZ/ANSWERS:-
EXPERIMENT No.2
AIM:- TO study blockwise construction of a multimeter & frequency counter.
THEORY:-
Multimeter
Digital instruments are rapidly replacing their analog counterparts. Signals can be processed
more efficiently by Digital techniques than by Analog techniques. This has resulted in devices
that are more advanced than available before. While most signals are analog in nature, the
processing of signals is being performed by Digital techniques. All engineering disciplines now
use digital techniques, which are almost indispensable in many fields. The parameters of interest
in a laboratory environment are (1) Voltage (2) Current (3) Resistance(4) and Frequency (5).
The signal wave form is converted to trigger pulses and applied continuously to an
AND gate, as shown in figure 1. A pulse of 1s is applied to the other terminal, and the
number of pulses counted during this period indicates the frequency.
The signal whose frequency is to be measured is converted into a train of pulses; one
pulse for each cycle of the signal. The number of pulses occurring in a definite
interval of time is then counted by an electronic counter. Since each pulse represents
the cycle of the unknown signal, the number of counts is a direct indication of the
frequency of the signal (unknown). Since electronic counters have a high speed of
operation, high frequency signal can be measured.
QUIZ/ ANSWERS:-
A.5 The accuracy of a frequency counter is strongly dependent on the stability of its timebase.
Highly accurate circuits are used to generate this for instrumentation purposes, usually using a
quartz crystal oscillator within a sealed temperature-controlled chamber known as a crystal oven
or OCXO (oven controlled crystal oscillator).
Q.9Why are multimeters provided with separate scale for low ac voltages?
A.9 To take into account the high value of resistance of rectifier at low voltages.
EXPERIMENT No.3
AIM:- To study measurement of different componenets & parameters like Q of a coil etc. using
LCR Q meter.
THEORY:-
FRONT PANEL
1 Parameter
Displaying current measured parameters:
L-Q, C-D, R-Q, Z-Q, Z-D or AUTO
2 Frequency
Displaying current frequency; 100 Hz, 120 Hz or
1 KHz
3 DisplayMode Displaying current display mode of the primary parameter: DIR %
4 Range Displaying range state: Auto, Hold or current range.
5 Pins Indication
NG: No-good; P1: Pass1; P2: Pass2; P3: Pass3;
Features
1. Zero Correction :
Open sweep correction of open circuit;
Short sweep correction of short circuit
2. Display Format :
Direct actual measured value absolute delta between the measured value and the reference
value; delta percent between the measured value and the reference value.
3. Range Hold : When measuring a large number of components with the same
nominal value, this function can effectively improve the measuring speed.
4. Comparator Function : Caddo 9302s built-in comparator can sort components
into a maximum of four bins (NG, P1, P2 and P3).
5. Equivalent Measurement Circuit : There are two equivalent circuit models:
parallel and series.
OPERATION
3 If a large number of devices under test belong to the same range, the correct
range can be locked to raise the measurement speed. For the instrument do
not have to take any time to find the correct the range.
4 When measurement range is set to Hold, if the impedance under test exceeds
the effective measuring range of the locked measurement range, overload
symbols
PRECAUTIONS:-
Tuning On :
A. Display company name and version the indicator lamps of P1, P2, P3, NG flash
in turn.
B. Starting power-on self tests
1. EEPROM Memory checking
2. ADC AD converter checking
C Entering-measuring state after self-tests
The factory settings are listed as follows and can be reset according to the operation
1. Parameter: C-D;
2. Frequency: 100 Hz;
3. Display: Dir (direct reading);
4. Range:AUTO (automation);
5. Equivalent: SER (serial);
6. Alarm Bin: P1(Pass #1);
7. LCZ automation: Off;
8. Cursor
QUIZ/ ANSWERS:-
Q.6 The Q factor of a coil at the resonant frequency 1.5 MHz of an RLC series circuit is 150.The
bandwidth is ------ .
A.6 10 KHz
EXPERIMENT No.4
AIM:- Study of distortion factor meter and determination of the % distortion of the given
oscillator.
THEORY:-
The Caddo 4092 distortion Meter was developed for the measurement of non-linear distortion in the
audio frequency range. Due to its low residual distortion and noise of 0.005% it is ideally suited for
tests and measurements of high quality audio systems.
The Caddo 4092 features an LCD Display readout with a resolution of 0.1 % to simplify and
enhance distortion measurements. A calibrated distortion output is provided for visual inspection or
spectral analysis of the input signal after the fundamental has been filtered out.
Together with pushbutton frequency range selectors and single control frequency tuning, the
automatic frequency nulling with 20% capture range ensures quick and easy measurements with the
Caddo 4092.
Features
Frequency Range 20 Hz to 20 KHz
DistortionMeasurement up to 0.1%
LCD Readout For Frequency and DistortionMeasurement
Automatic Frequency Ranging & Nulling Facility
Output for Distortion Analysis
In built 50 MHz Frequency Counter
Front panel
2) LCD Display: LCD Readout for indication of the measured distortion factor in %.
3) Attenuator (Pushbutton): Input signal attenuation with two pushbutton
switches of 20dB or 10dB attenuation, respectively. They can be used
separately. Both push button switches activated, together with the variable
attenuator (9) must enable a 100% reading when in the calibration mode;
otherwise the input voltage should be adjusted.
4) Tuning control with LED Indicator (LED): If the built-in filter is incorrectly
tuned, one of the two LEDs will indicate in which direction the filter frequency
deviates from the input frequency. Turn tuning Knob (5) (N.A) in the opposite
direction until the LED goes out.
5) Level\Distortion (Pushbutton switch): Adjustment for 100% reading with
Level and then selection for 100% full scale.
6) Level (Adjusting knob): Continuous attenuation of input signal up to max.
50dB to achieve 100% reading when in the calibration mode.
7) Output (BNC Connector): Monitor output for distortion factor. (Residual
distortion). Output voltage is 1mV/digit.
8) Input (BNC Connector): Input for measurement signal. The permissible input
voltage range is 0.3V-50V for a valid measurement.
9) External Counter: It is the input for external signal whose frequency is to be
measured.
PRECAUTION:-
Use proper Mains cord : Use only the mains cord designed for this instrument.
Ensure that the mains cord is suitable for your
country.
Ground the Instrument : This instrument is grounded through the protective
earth conductor of the mains cord. To avoid electric
shock the grounding conductor must be connected to
the earth ground. Before making connections to the
input terminals, ensure that the instrument is properly
grounded.
Observe Terminal Ratings : To avoid fire or shock hazards, observe all ratings and
marks on the instrument.
Use only the proper Fuse : Use the fuse type and rating specified for this
instrument.
Use in proper Atmosphere : Please refer to operating conditions given in the
manual.
1. Do not operate in wet / damp conditions.
2. Do not operate in an explosive atmosphere.
3. Keep the product dust free, clean and dry.
QUIZ/ANSWERS:-
EXPERIMENT No.5
AIM:- Measurement of displacement using LVDT.
THEORY: -
The differential transformer is a passive inductive transformer also known as Linear Variable Differential
Transformer (LVDT). LVDT has a soft iron core which slides within the hollow transformer & therefore
affects magnetic coupling between the primary and two secondaries. The displacement to be measured is
applied at its arm attached to soft iron core. When core is in normal position (null), equal voltages are
induced in the two secondaries. The frequency of ac applied to the primary winding ranges from 50Hz to
20KHz.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1
PRIMARY WINDING
2
DISPLACEMENT
LVDT CORE
SECONDARY WINDING
S2 S1
O/P
PROCEDURE: -
OBSERVATIONS TABLE
GRAPH
PRECAUTIONS: -
QUIZ/ANSWERS:-
Q1 What is LVDT?
A1 Linear Variable Differential Transformer.
Q2 Uses of LVDT
A2 Measurement of displacement, thickness measurement, level indicators
EXPERIMENT No.6
AIM:- Measurement of temperature using thermocouple,thermistor and RTD.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: - Thermocouple kit, Thermistor kit, RTD kit, heating arrangement,
Ice, Thermometer, H2O.
THEORY: -
THERMOCOUPLE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
IRON LEAD a
c COPPER LEAD
d
b CONSTANTUN LEAD
TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED
FUNCTION BOX
THERMISTORS:
Thermistors are also called thermal resistors. For thermistor the absolute temperature- resistance
relationship is given by
RT=RT1exp [(1/T1-1/T2)]
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
THERMISTOR
2
BATTERY
MICROMETER CALIBRATED
1
IN TERMS OF TEMPERATURE
RTD:
This type of transducer is used for temperature measurement. Here the basic concept used is that
electrical resistance of different metal changes in accordance with the temperature i.e. for
temperature measurement. Principle used is that the resistance of a conductor changes in
proportion with the change in temperature. The unknown temperature is determined in terms of
electrical resistance of the conductor, which senses the temperature. The change in resistance of
this device is precisely determined either by bridge circuit or by ohmmeter. Resistance of a
conductor changes with change in temperature. This property is used for the measurement of
temperature and each transducer is called Resistive Thermometer and falls in the category of
electrical resistive transducer. The variation of resistance ‘R’ with temperature ‘T’ can be
presented as:
R=R0 (1+1T+2T2+…)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Sheath
Mounting Thread
PROCEDURE: -
THERMOCOUPLE
THERMISTOR
RTD
OBSERVATION TABLE
PRECAUTIONS: -
QUIZ / ANSWERS: -
EXPERIMENT No.7
AIM:- Measurement of strain using strain gauge.
THEORY: -
Strain is defined as compression per unit area. The primary quantities like resistance, capacitance
are measured with the strain gauge element, where force applied to any elastic material, results
in strain.
R= L/ A
Where R= resistance ()
= Resistivity (-m)
L= Length of wire (m)
A= Uniform cross- sectional area of wire (m2)
If a metal wire or conductor is stretched or compressed its resistance changes because of change
in length, change in resistivity and change in cross sectional area. This effect is called
piezoresistive effect. The cantilever used in the primary elastic transducer of force measuring
system, where a known mass is attached to cantilever, the unbalanced voltage, can be calibrated
in terms of either force or weight.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1
2 - + 4 e1
1
3
e0
PROCEDURE: -
OBSERVATION TABLE
SAMPLE CALCULATION
R= L/ A
Where R= resistance ()
= Resistivity (-m)
L= Length of wire (m)
A= Uniform cross- sectional area of wire (m2)
PRECAUTIONS: -
QUIZ / ANSWERS :-
Q8 What is strain?
A8 Strain is defined as compression per unit area.
EXPERIMENT No. 8
AIM:- Study of Differential Pressure Transducer & signal conditioning of output signal.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: - ST2308 Pressure Transducer Trainer, Pressure Vessel, Foot Pump,
Connecting Tube (1.5 meters)
THEORY: -
Differential pressure = the difference between two referenced pressures. So gauge pressure is a sort
of differential pressure where one of the referenced pressures is atmospheric pressure.
All pressure measurements are differential. The reference can be zero absolute pressure),
atmospheric pressure (the barometric pressure), or another pressure.
Circuit Diagram:
PROCEDURE:
1. Fill the pressure vessel up to 90 psi (don’t cross the range) with the help of foot
pump, while filling be sure that the outlet valve is closed (Off Position).
2. Connect the outlet (valve with lever) of the Pressure Vessel to any one of the
inlet (either P1 or, P2) of the Pressure Transducer with the help of tube
provided.
3. Keep the other inlet (P1 or, P2) of the Transducer, so that the other pressure will
be the Atmospheric pressure.
4. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure .
5. Switch on the power of ST2308 Pressure Transducer Trainer
6. Now, very slowly open the valve in order to release the pressure from the vessel
and flow to the transducer’s input.
7. Observe the DVM and Pressure Gauge, and note down the readings in
observation table.
8. Plot the Graph according to the readings
OBSERVATION:
PRECAUTIONS:
QUIZ / ANSWERS:-
Q3 What is pressure?
A3 It is defined as the force per unit area.
Q9 What is strain?
A9 Strain is defined as compression per unit area
EXPERIMENT No.9
AIM:- Study of water level measurement using capacitive transducer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: - ST2309 with power supply cord, Water Level Sensor, Measuring
Tank, Ammeter, 2mm Patch Cords (5Nos).
THEORY: -
Capacitance pressure transducers were originally developed for use in low vacuum research. This
capacitance change results from the movement of a diaphragm element . The diaphragm is usually
metal or metal-coated quartz and is exposed to the process pressure on one side and to the reference
pressure on the othere principle of “Strain Gauge” i.e when any pressure (force) is exerted on the
strain gauge, there is corresponding change in its resistance. This change in resistance will produce
an electrical output in the range of millivolts that is proportional to the applied pressure. Depending
on the type of pressure, the capacitive transducer can either be an absolute, gauge.
PROCEDURE :
1. Connect aWater Level sensor across the Sensor Input provided on the Trainer.
OBSERVATION TABLE
PRECAUTIONS:-
QUIZ/ANSWERS:-
A3 A capacitor is made from two metal plates or metal foils separated by an insulator called a
Dielectric material. The Dielectric materials can be made from Ceramic, Mica, Polypropylene,
Polyester, Electrolytic, Tantalum and even air.
EXPERIMENT No.10
AIM:- Study of Distance measurement using Ultrasonic Transducer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: - ST2312 trainer with power supply cord, 2mm Patch Cords (8
pieces) and Power Cord
THEORY: -
Ultrasonic is defined as that band above 20 KHz. It continues up into the MHz range and
finally, at around 1 GHz.Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transducers when they both send and
receive) work on a principle similar to radar or sonar which evaluate attributes of a target by
interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves respectively. Ultrasonic sensors
generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by
the sensor. Sensors calculate the time interval between sending the signal and
receiving the echo to determine the distance to an object.
Ultrasonic sensors are active, visible, volumetric sensors.
PROCEDURE:
OBSERVATION
PRECAUTIONS:
QUIZ/ANSWERS:-