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REDUNDANCY

1. The document discusses various grammatical errors such as redundancy, run-on sentences, fragments, parallel structure issues, and misuse of modifiers. 2. Specific examples are provided to illustrate redundancy in terms of double subjects, prepositions, conjunctions, negatives, and other duplicative language. 3. Run-on sentences and sentence fragments are defined as issues with subjects, verbs, and subordinate clauses. Parallel structure is described as maintaining consistent rhythm between sentence elements. 4. Proper use of modifiers is covered, noting dangers of dangling or misplaced modifiers that do not clearly refer to a specific word in the sentence.

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rimsha mehboob
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1K views2 pages

REDUNDANCY

1. The document discusses various grammatical errors such as redundancy, run-on sentences, fragments, parallel structure issues, and misuse of modifiers. 2. Specific examples are provided to illustrate redundancy in terms of double subjects, prepositions, conjunctions, negatives, and other duplicative language. 3. Run-on sentences and sentence fragments are defined as issues with subjects, verbs, and subordinate clauses. Parallel structure is described as maintaining consistent rhythm between sentence elements. 4. Proper use of modifiers is covered, noting dangers of dangling or misplaced modifiers that do not clearly refer to a specific word in the sentence.

Uploaded by

rimsha mehboob
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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REDUNDANCY, COLLACATION, RUN ON, PARALLEL STRUCTURE

1.. Repetition or Doubling 2.. Redundancy 3.. Wordiness


4.. Fragment 5.. Run-on 6.. Parallelism 7.. Modifiers
1.. Repetition or Doubling
1. Use of Double Subject is wrong
He revised the book and (he) cut it short.
2. Use of Double Relative Pronoun is wrong
This is the organization with which (that) I wanted to be associated.
3. Use of Double Preposition is wrong
For whom are you working (for)?
4. Use of Double Interrogative is wrong
I asked him if (could) he could help me.
5. Use of Double Conjunction is wrong
We asked him if (that) he would return.
6. Use of Double Adjective is wrong
He is (more) cleverer than I am.
He is the (most) strongest bond in the outer shell.
7. Use of Double Negative is wrong
I will do it (ir) regardless of the consequences.
8. Use of Double Future is wrong
I will come if you (will) help me.
9. Use of Double Perfect is wrong
When I (had) reached, he had left for Lahore.
10. Use of Double Would is wrong
If they (would) heard, they would understand.
2.. REDUNDANCY (un-necessary repetition of the same idea)
1. Repeat again 2. Incorrect mistake 3. Protect guard
1. Return back 5. New innovation 6. Rarely seldom
7. Join to-gather 8. Such as for example 9. Advance forward
10. Sufficient enough 11. Chief, main. 12. Same identical
I heard about a/an (new) innovation. He repeated the answer (again).
I shall return (back) very soon. He forbade us (not) to do it.
The commander ordered to advance (forward).
3.. WORDINESS (Verbosity)
In my opinion, I think it is going to rain.
Many unskilled workers without training in a particular job are unemployed and do not
have any work.
Many unskilled workers are unemployed.
4.. FRAGMENT
a. Subject is missing (Who / What)
Ran down the tree. (Incorrect) The cat ran down the tree. (Correct)
b. Verb is missing (did what)
My younger brother in the room. (Incorrect)
My younger brother is playing in the room. (Correct)
c. Subject & a Verb are missing
On the table. (Incorrect) The cat is on the table. (Correct)
d. Subordinating Clause
When Pathan came to see us. (Incorrect)
When Pathan came to see us, we beat him a lot.
5.. RUN-ON SENTENCE ( , + FANBOYS) ( ; + Noun)
Norma tried to lift it off , but it was locked in place.
The package was lying by the front door; Norma saw it as she left the elevator.
6.. PARALLELISM (Sameness of Rhythm)
1. He is expert in shooting, running, fishing and playing cards.
2. He promised to help and he did.
3. We enjoyed going out, watching movies and eating in a hotel.
4. He decided to go out, watch a movie and to eat in a hotel.
5. He is haughty (dignified) extravagant and is likely to be led by emotions.
The man felt his hair flutter and the tissues of his body draw tight as if he were standing
at the center of a vacuum. (MCAT 2010)
Then he sat down in a corner and remained quiet. (MCAT 2010)
7.. MODIFIERS
a. DANGLING
Modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence. A phrase or an elliptical clause…
Elliptical Clause
A dependent clause whose subject and verb are implied rather than expressed
That functions as an Adjective but does not modify any specific word or (worse)
modifies the wrong word.
Examples:
Walking down the street, a church was seen.
The 4 ways to rectify:
By introducing a Subject after comma:
1 Walking down the street, Sam saw a church.
By changing Adjective Phrase into Adverb Phrase:
2 While walking down the street, Sam saw a church.
By changing Adjective Phrase into Adverb Clause:
3 While Sam was walking down the street, he saw a church.
By changing the order of the Adverb Phrase:
Sam saw a church while he was walking down the street.
b. MISPLACED
On her way, she found a gold man’s watch. (adjective gold is misplaced) Incorrect
On her way, she found a man’s gold watch. Correct
c.

The doctor told me I was overweight on Monday. Incorrect


On Monday, the doctor told me I was overweight. Correct
d. SQUINTING (Squinting in both directions)
Example: Defining the terms clearly strengthens your arguments.
Possible revisions:
Defining the terms will clearly strengthen your arguments.
A clear definition of your terms will clearly strengthen your argument.
Getting married often changes your financial situation. Incorrect
Your financial situation often changes when you get married. Correct

8.. Following words do not take “Not” after them


(Neither, scarcely, hardly, forbid, until, unless, lest)
Work hard lest you should fail.
I had no money and he (had not either) neither.
He forbade going there. He forbade him to go there.

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