Chapter 4

How to use PHP

with a MySQL database

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 1
 Objectives
Applied
1. Given the specifications for a database application that requires
only the skills that are presented in this chapter, develop the
application. That includes:
 Connecting to a MySQL database
 Executing SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
statements
 Handling PDO exceptions
 Getting the data from the result sets that are returned by SQL
statements

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 2
 Objectives (continued)
Knowledge
1. Describe the PHP code for creating a PDO object that connects to a
MySQL database.
2. Describe the use of the PDO methods for executing a SELECT,
INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement.
3. Describe the PHP code for handling the PDO exceptions that may
occur when you try to create a PDO object.
4. Describe a PHP array and the way that numeric and string indexes
are used to access the data in a PHP array.
5. Describe the way the fetch method of a PDO statement object is
used to get data from the first row of a result set and the way a
foreach statement is used to get the data from all the rows of a
result set.

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 3
 The syntax for creating an object from any class
new ClassName(arguments);

The syntax for creating a database object

from the PDO (PHP Data Objects) class
new PDO($dsn, $username, $password);

The syntax for a DSN (Data Source Name)

for a MySQL database
mysql:host=host_address;dbname=database_name

How to connect to a MySQL database

$dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=abc1234';
$username = 'abc1234'; //your username
$password = 'xxxxxx'; //your sql password

// creates PDO object

$db = new PDO($dsn, $username, $password);

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 4
 The syntax for executing a method of any object
$objectName->methodName(argumentList)

A method of the PDO class for executing a

SELECT statement
query($select_statement)

The syntax for executing the query method

of the database object
$PDO_object->query($select_statement)

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 5
 A query method with the SELECT statement
in a variable
$query = 'SELECT * FROM products
WHERE categoryID = 1
ORDER BY productID';
$products = $db->query($query);

A query method with the SELECT statement

as the argument
$products = $db->query('SELECT * FROM products');

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 6
 A method of the PDO class
for modifying the database
exec($sql_statement)//returns the number of rows affected

How to execute an INSERT statement

$category_id = 1;
$code = 'strat';
$name = 'Fender Stratocaster';
$price = 699.99;

$query = "INSERT INTO products

(categoryID, productCode, productName, listPrice)
VALUES
($category_id, '$code', '$name', $price)";

$insert_count = $db->exec($query);

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 7
 How to execute an UPDATE statement
$product_id = 4;
$price = 599.99;

$query = "UPDATE products

SET listPrice = $price
WHERE productID = $product_id";

$update_count = $db->exec($query);

How to execute a DELETE statement

$product_id = 4;

$query = "DELETE FROM products

WHERE productID = $product_id";

$delete_count = $db->exec($query);

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 8
 How to display the row counts
<p>Insert count: <?php echo $insert_count; ?></p>
<p>Update count: <?php echo $update_count; ?></p>
<p>Delete count: <?php echo $delete_count; ?></p>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 9
 When a PDO object can’t be created, the class
throws an exception. To handle exceptions, use a
try/catch statement:
try {
// statements that might throw an exception
} catch (ExceptionClass $exception_name) {
// statements that handle the exception
}

How to handle a PDO exception

try {
$db = new PDO($dsn, $username, $password);
echo '<p>You are connected to the database!</p>';
} catch (PDOException $e) {
$error_message = $e->getMessage();
echo "<p>An error occurred while connecting to
the database: $error_message </p>";
}

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 10
 A method of the PDOStatement class
for getting an array for a row
fetch() /*returns an array for the next row in the result
set indexed by column name as a string or by column
position as a numeric index. FALSE is returned of no
array is available. /*

Code that gets a result set containing one row

$query = 'SELECT productCode, productName, listPrice
FROM products
WHERE productID = $productID';

$products = $db->query($query);
// $products is a PDOStatement object

$product = $products->fetch();
// $product is the array for the first row

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 11
 Code that uses a string index to get each column
$product_code = $product['productCode'];
$product_name = $product['productName'];
$product_list_price = $product['listPrice'];

Code that uses a numeric index

to get each column
$product_code = $product[0];
$product_name = $product[1];
$product_list_price = $product[2];

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 12
 A query method that returns a result set
of two or more rows
$query = 'SELECT productCode, productName, listPrice
FROM products
WHERE categoryID = 1;'

$products = $db->query($query);
// $products contains the result set

How to use a foreach statement to display the

result set in an HTML table
<?php foreach ($products as $product) { ?>
<tr>
<td><?php echo $product['productCode']; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $product['productName']; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $product['listPrice']; ?></td>
</tr>
<?php } ?>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 13
 Another syntax for the foreach statement
that works better within PHP tags
<?php foreach ($products as $product) : ?>
<tr>
<td><?php echo $product['productCode']; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $product['productName']; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $product['listPrice']; ?></td>
</tr>
<?php endforeach; ?>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 14
 The user interface

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 15
 The user interface after the user
selects a new category

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 16
 The database.php file
<?php
$dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=my_guitar_shop1';
$username = 'mgs_user';
$password = 'pa55word';

try {
$db = new PDO($dsn, $username, $password);
} catch (PDOException $e) {
$error_message = $e->getMessage();
include('database_error.php');
exit();
}
?>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 17
 The database_error.php file
<!-- the head section -->
<head>
<title>My Guitar Shop</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="main.css" />
</head>

<!-- the body section -->

<body>
<div id="page">
<div id="main">
<h1>Database Error</h1>
<p>There was a database connection error.</p>
<p>The database must be installed.</p>
<p>MySQL must be running.</p>
<p>Error message:
<?php echo $error_message; ?></p>
</div>
</div><!-- end page -->
</body>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 18
 The index.php file
<?php
require 'database.php';

// Get category ID
$category_id = $_GET['category_id'];
if (!isset($category_id)) {
$category_id = 1;
}

// Get name for current category

$query = "SELECT * FROM categories
WHERE categoryID = $category_id";
$category = $db->query($query);
$category = $category->fetch();
$category_name = $category['categoryName'];

// Get all categories

$query = 'SELECT * FROM categories
ORDER BY categoryID';
$categories = $db->query($query);

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 19
 The index.php file (continued)
// Get products for selected category
$query = "SELECT * FROM products
WHERE categoryID = $category_id
ORDER BY productID";
$products = $db->query($query);
?>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 20
 The index.php file (continued)
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 ...>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<!-- the head section -->
<head>
<title>My Guitar Shop</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="main.css" />
</head>

<!-- the body section -->

<body>
<div id="page">
<div id="main">

<h1>Product List</h1>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 21
 The index.php file (continued)
<div id="sidebar">
<!-- display a list of categories -->
<h2>Categories</h2>
<ul class="nav">
<?php foreach ($categories as $category) : ?>
<li>
<a href="?category_id=
<?php echo $category['categoryID']; ?>">
<?php echo $category['categoryName']; ?>
</a>
</li>
<?php endforeach; ?>
</ul>
</div>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 22
 The index.php file (continued)
<div id="content">
<!-- display a table of products -->
<h2><?php echo $category_name; ?></h2>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Code</th>
<th>Name</th>
<th class="right">Price</th>
</tr>
<?php foreach ($products as $product) : ?>
<tr>
<td><?php echo
$product['productCode']; ?></td>
<td><?php echo
$product['productName']; ?></td>
<td class="right"><?php echo
$product['listPrice']; ?></td>
</tr>
<?php endforeach; ?>
</table>
</div>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 23
 The index.php file (continued)
</div><!-- end main -->

<div id="footer"></div>

</div><!-- end page -->

</body>
</html>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 24
 The Product List page

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 25
 The Add Product page

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 26
 The index.php file
<?php
require_once('database.php');

// Get category ID
if(!isset($category_id)) {
$category_id = $_GET['category_id'];
if (!isset($category_id)) {
$category_id = 1;
}
}

// Get name for current category

$query = "SELECT * FROM categories
WHERE categoryID = $category_id";
$category = $db->query($query);
$category = $category->fetch();
$category_name = $category['categoryName'];

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 27
 The index.php file (continued)
// Get all categories
$query = 'SELECT * FROM categories
ORDER BY categoryID';
$categories = $db->query($query);

// Get products for selected category

$query = "SELECT * FROM products
WHERE categoryID = $category_id
ORDER BY productID";
$products = $db->query($query);
?>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 28
 The index.php file (continued)
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 ...>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<!-- the head section -->

<head>
<title>My Guitar Shop</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="main.css" />
</head>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 29
 The index.php file (continued)
<body>
<div id="page">
<div id="header">
<h1>Product Manager</h1>
</div>
<div id="main">
<h1>Product List</h1>
<div id="sidebar">
<!-- display a drop-down list of categories -->
<h2>Categories</h2>
<ul class="nav">
<?php foreach ($categories as $category) : ?>
<li>
<a href="?category_id=
<?php echo $category['categoryID']; ?>">
<?php echo $category['categoryName']; ?>
</a>
</li>
<?php endforeach; ?>
</ul>
</div>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 30
 The index.php file (continued)
<div id="content">
<!-- display a table of products -->
<h2><?php echo $category_name; ?></h2>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Code</th>
<th>Name</th>
<th class="right">Price</th>
<th>&nbsp;</th>
</tr>
<?php foreach ($products as $product) : ?>
<tr>
<td><?php echo
$product['productCode']; ?></td>
<td><?php echo $product['productName'];
?></td>
<td class="right"><?php echo
$product['listPrice']; ?></td>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 31
 The index.php file (continued)
<td><form action="delete_product.php"
method="post"
id="delete_product_form">
<input type="hidden"
name="product_id"
value="<?php echo
$product['productID']; ?>" />
<input type="hidden"
name="category_id"
value="<?php echo
$product['categoryID']; ?>" />
<input type="submit"
value="Delete" />
</form></td>
</tr>
<?php endforeach; ?>
</table>
<p><a href="add_product_form.php">
Add Product</a></p>
</div>
</div>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 32
 The index.php file (continued)
<div id="footer">
<p>&copy; <?php echo date("Y"); ?>
My Guitar Shop, Inc.</p>
</div>

</div><!-- end page -->

</body>
</html>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 33
 The delete_product.php file
<?php
// Get IDs
$product_id = $_POST['product_id'];
$category_id = $_POST['category_id'];

// Delete the product from the database

require_once('database.php');
$query = "DELETE FROM products
WHERE productID = '$product_id'";
$db->exec($query);

// Display the Product List page

include('index.php');
?>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 34
 The add_product_form.php file
<?php
require_once('database.php');
$query = 'SELECT *
FROM categories
ORDER BY categoryID';
$categories = $db->query($query);
?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 ...>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<!-- the head section -->

<head>
<title>My Guitar Shop</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="main.css" />
</head>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 35
 The add_product_form.php file (continued)
<!-- the body section -->
<body>
<div id="page">
<div id="header">
<h1>Product Manager</h1>
</div>

<div id="main">
<h1>Add Product</h1>
<form action="add_product.php" method="post"
id="add_product_form" >

<label>Category:</label>
<select name="category_id">
<?php foreach ($categories as $category) : ?>
<option value="<?php echo
$category['categoryID']; ?>">
<?php echo $category['categoryName']; ?>
</option>
<?php endforeach; ?>
</select><br />

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 36
 The add_product_form.php file (continued)
<label>Code:</label>
<input type="input" name="code" />
<br />

<label>Name:</label>
<input type="input" name="name" />
<br />

<label>List Price:</label>
<input type="input" name="price" />
<br />

<label>&nbsp;</label>
<input type="submit" value="Add Product" />
<br />
</form>
<p><a href="index.php">View Product List</a></p>
</div><!-- end main -->
</div><!-- end page -->
</body>
</html>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 37
 The add_product.php file
<?php
// Get the product data
$category_id = $_POST['category_id'];
$code = $_POST['code'];
$name = $_POST['name'];
$price = $_POST['price'];

// Validate inputs
if (empty($code) || empty($name) || empty($price) ) {
$error = "Invalid product data. Try again.";
include('error.php');
} else {
// If valid, add the product to the database
require_once('database.php');
$query = "INSERT INTO products
(categoryID, productCode, productName, listPrice)
VALUES
('$category_id', '$code', '$name', '$price')";
$db->exec($query);

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 38
 The add_product.php file (continued)
// Display the Product List page
include('index.php');
}
?>

Murach's PHP and MySQL, C4 © 2010, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc. Slide 39