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Idea Soc

This document contains information about four subjects: geography, history, linguistics, and sociology. [1] Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. It examines how human culture interacts with the natural world and how locations can impact people. [2] History is the study of past events and societies, which gives us context and lessons for improving society. [3] Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its structure, acquisition, use and changes over time. It includes subfields like phonetics, morphology and sociolinguistics. [4] Sociology is the study of human social relationships, institutions, and processes of social change. It uses research methods

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82 views4 pages

Idea Soc

This document contains information about four subjects: geography, history, linguistics, and sociology. [1] Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. It examines how human culture interacts with the natural world and how locations can impact people. [2] History is the study of past events and societies, which gives us context and lessons for improving society. [3] Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its structure, acquisition, use and changes over time. It includes subfields like phonetics, morphology and sociolinguistics. [4] Sociology is the study of human social relationships, institutions, and processes of social change. It uses research methods

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superbawang321
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Cueto, January Millenn C.

H11-01

IDEASOC

GEOGRAPHY
Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and
their environments. Geographers explore both the physical properties of Earth’s
surface and the human societies spread across it. They also examine how human
culture interacts with the natural environment, and the way that locations and
places can have an impact on people. Geography seeks to understand where things
are found, why they are there, and how they develop and change over time.
The term "geography" comes to us from the ancient Greeks, who needed a
word to describe the writings and maps that were helping them make sense of the
world in which they lived. In Greek, geo means “earth” and -graphy means “to
write.”  Using geography, Greeks developed an understanding of where their
homeland was located in relation to other places, what their own and other places
were like, and how people and environments were distributed. These concerns have
been central to geography ever since.
Geographical inquiry is a process by which students learn about and deepen
their understanding of geography. It involves individual or group investigations that
start with geographical questions and proceed through the collection, evaluation,
interpretation and analysis of information to the development of conclusions and
proposals for actions. Students will apply their geographical skills and use
geographical tools during an inquiry process to acquire, process and communicate
geographical information and form proposals and, where appropriate, act upon
them. Inquiries may vary in scale and geographical context. Fieldwork provides
opportunities for students to be involved in an active inquiry outside the classroom.
It is not intended that students would always undertake a complete inquiry
process. For example teachers could provide students with data to represent or
analyse rather than have students acquire or collect the information themselves.
Throughout the years of schooling, inquiry will progressively move from more
teacher-centred to more student-centred as students develop skills and gain
experience with inquiry processes.
The stages of a complete inquiry are:
Acquiring geographical information -interpret data and information
-identify an issue or problem gathered
-develop geographical questions -analyze findings and results
to investigate the issue or -draw conclusions
problem
-collect primary geographical
data Communicating geographical
-gather geographical information information
from secondary sources -communicate the results using a
Processing geographical information variety of strategies appropriate
-evaluate data and information to the subject matter, purpose
for reliability and bias and audience
-represent data and information -reflect on the findings of the
in appropriate forms investigation; what has been
learned; the -process and -propose actions and predict
effectiveness of the inquiry outcomes
where appropriate, take action.

HISTORY

History is the study of the past, particularly people and events of the past.
History is a pursuit common to all human societies. Human beings have always
been interested in the past, for many reasons. History is a tremendous story, a
rolling narrative filled with great personalities, struggle and suffering, turmoil and
triumph. Each passing generation adds its own chapter to history, while
reinterpreting and finding new things in those chapters already written. History also
gives us a sense of identity, helping us to understand who we are. History provides
a sense of context for our lives and our existence, teaching us where we have come
from and how we should approach the future. History shows us what it means to be
human and highlights the tremendous achievements and the great follies of the
human race. History also gives us lessons about how we should organise and
manage our societies, for the betterment of all.

LINGUISTICS

Each human language is a complex of knowledge and abilities enabling


speakers of the language to communicate with each other, to express ideas,
hypotheses, emotions, desires, and all the other things that need expressing.
Linguistics is the study of these knowledge systems in all their aspects: how is such
a knowledge system structured, how is it acquired, how is it used in the production
and comprehension of messages, how does it change over time? Linguists
consequently are concerned with a number of particular questions about the nature
of language. What properties do all human languages have in common? How do
languages differ, and to what extent are the differences systematic, i.e. can we find
patterns in the differences? How do children acquire such complete knowledge of a
language in such a short time? What are the ways in which languages can change
over time, and are there limitations to how languages change? What is the nature of
the cognitive processes that come into play when we produce and understand
language?

The part of linguistics that is concerned with the structure of language is


divided into a number of subfields:
▪ Phonetics - the study of speech ▪ Syntax - the study of the
sounds in their physical aspects formation of sentences
▪ Phonology - the study of speech ▪ Semantics - the study of meaning
sounds in their cognitive aspects ▪ Pragmatics - the study of
▪ Morphology - the study of the language use
formation of words
Aside from language structure, other perspectives on language are
represented in specialized or interdisciplinary branches:
▪ Historical Linguistics ▪ Ethnolinguistics (or
▪ Sociolinguistics Anthropological Linguistics)
▪ Psycholinguistics ▪ Dialectology
▪ Computational Linguistics ▪ Neurolinguistics

Sociology

Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions.


Sociology’s subject matter is diverse, ranging from crime to religion, from the family
to the state, from the divisions of race and social class to the shared beliefs of a
common culture, and from social stability to radical change in whole societies.
Unifying the study of these diverse subjects of study is sociology’s purpose of
understanding how human action and consciousness both shape and are shaped by
surrounding cultural and social structures.

Sociology is an exciting and illuminating field of study that analyzes and


explains important matters in our personal lives, our communities, and the world. At
the personal level, sociology investigates the social causes and consequences of
such things as romantic love, racial and gender identity, family conflict, deviant
behavior, aging, and religious faith. At the societal level, sociology examines and
explains matters like crime and law, poverty and wealth, prejudice and
discrimination, schools and education, business firms, urban community, and social
movements. At the global level, sociology studies such phenomena as population
growth and migration, war and peace, and economic development.

Sociologists emphasize the careful gathering and analysis of evidence about


social life to develop and enrich our understanding of key social processes. The
research methods sociologists use are varied. Sociologists observe the everyday life
of groups, conduct large-scale surveys, interpret historical documents, analyze
census data, study video-taped interactions, interview participants of groups, and
conduct laboratory experiments. The research methods and theories of sociology
yield powerful insights into the social processes shaping human lives and social
problems and prospects in the contemporary world. By better understanding those
social processes, we also come to understand more clearly the forces shaping the
personal experiences and outcomes of our own lives. The ability to see and
understand this connection between broad social forces and personal experiences
— what C. Wright Mills called “the sociological imagination” — is extremely valuable
academic preparation for living effective and rewarding personal and professional
lives in a changing and complex society.
Students who have been well trained in sociology know how to think critically
about human social life, and how to ask important research questions. They know
how to design good social research projects, carefully collect and analyze empirical
data, and formulate and present their research findings. Students trained in
sociology also know how to help others understand the way the social world works
and how it might be changed for the better. Most generally, they have learned how
to think, evaluate, and communicate clearly, creatively, and effectively. These are
all abilities of tremendous value in a wide variety of vocational callings and
professions.

Sociology offers a distinctive and enlightening way of seeing and


understanding the social world in which we live and which shapes our lives.
Sociology looks beyond normal, taken-for-granted views of reality, to provide
deeper, more illuminating and challenging understandings of social life. Through its
particular analytical perspective, social theories, and research methods, sociology is
a discipline that expands our awareness and analysis of the human social
relationships, cultures, and institutions that profoundly shape both our lives and
human history.

Although sociology has its roots in the works of philosophers like Plato, Aristotle,
and Confucius, it is a relatively new academic discipline. It emerged in the early
nineteenth century in response to the challenges of modernity. Increasing mobility
and technological advances resulted in the increasing exposure of people to
cultures and societies different from their own. The impact of this exposure was
varied, but for some people it included the breakdown of traditional norms and
customs and warranted a revised understanding of how the world works.
Sociologists responded to these changes by trying to understand what holds social
groups together and also to explore possible solutions to the breakdown of social
solidarity.
Thinkers of the Enlightenment period in the eighteenth century also helped set the
stage for the sociologists that would follow. This period was the first time in history
that thinkers tried to provide general explanations of the social world. They were
able to detach themselves, at least in principle, from expounding some existing
ideology and to attempt to lay down general principles that explained social life.

Demography

Demography is the science of populations. Demographers seek to understand


population dynamics by investigating three main demographic processes: birth,
migration, and aging (including death). All three of these processes contribute to
changes in populations, including how people inhabit the earth, form nations and
societies, and develop culture. While most of the discipline’s research focuses on
humans, the MPIDR is also committed to the specialized field of biodemography.
Today, there is growing interest among the public in demography, as “demographic
change” has become the subject of political debates in many developed countries.
Most of these countries have birth rates below the replacement level of 2.1 children
per woman, and, at the same time, life expectancy has been rising considerably and
continues to rise – a development sometimes called “the aging of societies.”
While demography cannot offer political advice on how to tackle demographic
change, demographers seek to describe the phenomena related to this change, and
to understand their causes. Using reliable data and the statistical processing of
these data, modern demographic research embraces many scientific disciplines,
including mathematics, economics and other social sciences, geography or biology.

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