CME 341 Heat Transfer

Thermal Resistance

Fall 2019-2020

Dr. Hadil Abu Khalifeh

STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION IN PLANE WALLS
Heat transfer through the wall of a house can be
modeled as steady and one-dimensional.
The temperature of the wall in this case depends
on one direction only (say the x-direction) and
can be expressed as T(x).

for steady operation

In steady operation, the rate of heat transfer
through the wall is constant.

Fourier’s law of
heat conduction

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 The rate of heat conduction through
a plane wall is proportional to the
average thermal conductivity, the
wall area, and the temperature
difference, but is inversely
proportional to the wall thickness.
Once the rate of heat conduction is
available, the temperature T(x) at
any location x can be determined by
Under steady conditions, the
replacing T2 by T, and L by x.
temperature distribution in a plane
wall is a straight line: dT/dx = const.
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Thermal Resistance Concept

Conduction resistance of the

wall: Thermal resistance of the
wall against heat conduction.
Thermal resistance of a medium Analogy between thermal and electrical
depends on the geometry and the resistance concepts.
thermal properties of the medium.
rate of heat transfer  electric current
thermal resistance  electrical resistance
Electrical resistance temperature difference  voltage difference

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Newton’s law of cooling

Convection resistance of the

surface: Thermal resistance of the
surface against heat convection.

Schematic for convection resistance at a surface.

When the convection heat transfer coefficient is very large (h → ),

the convection resistance becomes zero and Ts  T.
That is, the surface offers no resistance to convection, and thus it
does not slow down the heat transfer process.
This situation is approached in practice at surfaces where boiling
and condensation occur.
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 Radiation resistance of the
surface: Thermal resistance of the
surface against radiation.

Radiation heat transfer coefficient

Combined heat transfer

coefficient

Schematic for
convection and radiation
resistances at a surface. 6
 Thermal Resistance Network

The thermal resistance network for heat transfer through a plane wall subjected to
convection on both sides, and the electrical analogy.

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Temperature drop

U overall heat
transfer coefficient

Once Q is evaluated, the

surface temperature T1 can
be determined from

The temperature drop across a layer is

proportional to its thermal resistance.

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 Multilayer
Plane
Walls
The thermal resistance
network for heat transfer
through a two-layer plane
wall subjected to
convection on both sides.

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GENERALIZED THERMAL RESISTANCE NETWORKS

Thermal
resistance
network for two
parallel layers. 11
Two assumptions in solving complex
multidimensional heat transfer
problems by treating them as one-
dimensional using the thermal
resistance network are
(1) any plane wall normal to the x-axis is
isothermal (i.e., to assume the
temperature to vary in the x-direction
only)
(2) any plane parallel to the x-axis is
adiabatic (i.e., to assume heat transfer Thermal resistance network for
to occur in the x-direction only) combined series-parallel
Do they give the same result? arrangement. 12
EXAMPLE: Consider a 0.8-m-high and 1.5-m-wide glass window with a thickness of 8
mm and a thermal conductivity of k = 0.78 W/m·K. Determine the steady rate of heat
transfer through this glass window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day
during which the room is maintained at 20°C while the temperature of the outdoors is
−10°C. Take the heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window
to be h1 = 10 W/m2·K and h2 = 40 W/m2·K, which includes the effects of radiation.

1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of

change with time. 2 Heat transfer can be
approximated as being one-dimensional since it is
predominantly in the x-direction. 3 Thermal
conductivities are constant. 4 Heat transfer by
radiation is negligible.
Noting that all three resistances are in series, the total resistance is

Then the steady rate of heat transfer through the window becomes

Knowing the rate of heat transfer, the inner surface temperature of the window glass can be
determined from

Discussion Note that the inner surface temperature of the window glass is −2.2°C even
though the temperature of the air in the room is maintained at 20°C. Such low surface
temperatures are highly undesirable since they cause the formation of fog or even frost on the
inner surfaces of the glass when the humidity in the room is high.
Example: A 3-m-high and 5-m-wide wall consists of long 16-cm × 22-cm cross section
horizontal bricks (k = 0.72 W/m·K) separated by 3-cm-thick plaster layers (k = 0.22 W/m·K).
There are also 2-cm-thick plaster layers on each side of the brick and a 3-cm-thick rigid foam
(k = 0.026 W/m·K) on the inner side of the wall, as shown in Fig. 3-21. The indoor and the
outdoor temperatures are 20°C and −10°C, respectively, and the convection heat transfer
coefficients on the inner and the outer sides are h1 = 10 W/m2·K and h2 = 25 W/m2·K,
respectively. Assuming one-dimensional heat transfer and disregarding radiation, determine the
rate of heat transfer through the wall.
Assuming any cross section of the wall normal to the x-direction to be isothermal, the
thermal resistance network for the representative section of the wall becomes as shown
in Fig. 3-21. The individual resistances are evaluated as:

The three resistances R3, R4, and R5 in the middle are parallel, and their equivalent
resistance is determined from
or 4.37/0.25 = 17.5 W per m2 area. The total area of the wall is A = 3 m × 5 m = 15 m2.
Then the rate of heat transfer through the entire wall becomes
HEAT CONDUCTION IN CYLINDERS AND SPHERES
Heat transfer through the pipe
can be modeled as steady
and one-dimensional.
The temperature of the pipe
depends on one direction only
(the radial r-direction) and can
be expressed as T = T(r).
The temperature is
independent of the azimuthal
angle or the axial distance.
This situation is approximated
in practice in long cylindrical
Heat is lost from a hot-water pipe to
pipes and spherical
the air outside in the radial direction,
containers.
and thus heat transfer from a long
pipe is one-dimensional.

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A long cylindrical pipe (or spherical
shell) with specified inner and outer
surface temperatures T1 and T2.

Conduction resistance of the cylinder layer

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Radial Systems-Cylindrical Coordinates
Consider a hollow cylinder, whose inner and outer surfaces are exposed to fluids
at different temperatures

Temperature distribution

 Logarithmic temperature distribution

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 A spherical shell
with specified
inner and outer
surface
temperatures T1
and T2.

Conduction resistance of the spherical layer

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 for a cylindrical layer

for a spherical layer

The thermal resistance
network for a cylindrical (or
spherical) shell subjected
to convection from both the
inner and the outer sides.
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Multilayered Cylinders and Spheres

The thermal resistance

network for heat transfer
through a three-layered
composite cylinder
subjected to convection
on both sides.

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 Once heat transfer rate Q has been
calculated, the interface temperature
T2 can be determined from any of the
following two relations:

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CRITICAL RADIUS OF INSULATION
Adding more insulation to a wall or
to the attic always decreases heat
transfer since the heat transfer area
is constant, and adding insulation
always increases the thermal
resistance of the wall without
increasing the convection
resistance.
In a a cylindrical pipe or a spherical
shell, the additional insulation
increases the conduction
resistance of the insulation layer
but decreases the convection An insulated cylindrical pipe exposed to
resistance of the surface because convection from the outer surface and
of the increase in the outer surface the thermal resistance network
area for convection. associated with it.
The heat transfer from the pipe
may increase or decrease,
depending on which effect
dominates.
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The critical radius of insulation
for a cylindrical body:

The critical radius of insulation

for a spherical shell:

The largest value of the

critical radius we are
likely to encounter is

The variation of heat transfer rate with the

outer radius of the insulation r2 when r1 < rcr.
We can insulate hot-water
or steam pipes freely
If r2 < (r2)cr
without worrying about the q  by the addition of insulating material
possibility of increasing If r2 > (r2)cr
the heat transfer by
insulating the pipes. q  by the addition of insulating material28
HEAT TRANSFER IN COMMON CONFIGURATIONS
So far, we have considered heat transfer in simple geometries such as large plane
walls, long cylinders, and spheres.
This is because heat transfer in such geometries can be approximated as one-
dimensional.
But many problems encountered in practice are two- or three-dimensional and
involve rather complicated geometries for which no simple solutions are available.
An important class of heat transfer problems for which simple solutions are
obtained encompasses those involving two surfaces maintained at constant
temperatures T1 and T2.
The steady rate of heat transfer between these two surfaces is expressed as

S: conduction shape factor

k: the thermal conductivity of the medium between the surfaces
The conduction shape factor depends on the geometry of the system only.
Conduction shape factors are applicable only when heat transfer between
the two surfaces is by conduction.
Relationship between the conduction
shape factor and the thermal resistance 30
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Once the value of the shape factor is known for a specific geometry, the
total steady heat transfer rate can be determined from the following
equation using the specified two constant temperatures of the two
surfaces and the thermal conductivity of the medium between them.

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 Example 1
A 5-cm (2-in.) schedule 40 steel pipe carries a heat-transfer fluid and is covered
with a 2-cm layer of calcium silicate insulation (k = 0.06 W/m .K) to reduce the
heat loss. The inside and outside pipe diameters are 5.25 cm and 6.03 cm,
respectively. If the inner pipe surface is at 150oC and the exterior surface of the
insulation is at 25oC, calculate:

(a) The rate of heat loss per unit length of pipe.

(b) The temperature of the outer pipe surface.
Solution
(a)
(b) Writing Equation (1.16) for the pipe wall only:
 Example 2
Triple-glazed windows like the one shown in the sketch below are often used in
very cold climates. Calculate the R-value for window shown. The thermal
conductivity of air at normal room temperature is approximately 0.015
Btu/h.ft.oF

Solution
From Table A.3, the thermal conductivity of
window glass is 0.78 W/m.K. Converting to
English units gives:
The R-values for one pane of glass and one air gap are calculated from Equation
(1.26):

The R-value for the window is obtained using the additive property for materials
in series: