CFD Csa A23.3 14

Concrete Frame
Design Manual
CSA A23.3-14
For SAP2000®
ISO SAP120619M34 Rev. 0

Proudly developed in the United States of America December 2019
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THIS PRODUCT IS A PRACTICAL AND POWERFUL TOOL FOR STRUCTURAL

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ASSUMPTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE MODELING, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN
ALGORITHMS AND COMPENSATE FOR THE ASPECTS THAT ARE NOT
ADDRESSED.
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QUALIFIED AND EXPERIENCED ENGINEER. THE ENGINEER MUST
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Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Organization 1-2
1.2 Recommended Reading/Practice 1-3
Chapter 2 Design Prerequisites
2.1 Design Load Combinations 2-1
2.2 Design and Check Stations 2-3
2.3 Identifying Beams and Columns 2-3
2.4 Design of Beams 2-4
2.5 Design of Columns 2-5
2.6 Design of Joints 2-6
2.7 P-Delta Effects 2-6
i
Concrete Frame Design CSA A23.3-14
2.8 Element Unsupported Length 2-7
2.9 Choice of Input Units 2-7
Chapter 3 Design Process
3.1 Notation 3-1
3.2 Design Load Combinations 3-4
3.3 Limits on Material Strength 3-6
3.4 Strength Resistance Factors 3-7
3.5 Column Design 3-7

3.5.1 Generation of Biaxial Interaction Surface 3-8
3.5.2 Calculate Column Capacity Ratio 3-11
3.5.3 Required Reinforcing Area 3-17
3.5.4 Design Column Shear Reinforcement 3-17
3.6 Beam Design 3-27

3.6.1 Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement 3-28
3.6.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement 3-38
3.7 Joint Design 3-47

3.7.1 Determine the Panel Zone Shear Force 3-48
3.7.2 Determine the Effective Area of Joint 3-50
3.7.3 Check Panel Zone Shear Stress 3-52
3.7.4 Beam-Column Flexural Capacity Ratios 3-52
Appendix A Second Order P-Delta Effects
Appendix B Member Unsupported Lengths and Computation

of K-Factors
References
ii
Chapter 1
Introduction
The design of concrete frames is seamlessly integrated within the program.

Initiation of the design process, along with control of various design
parameters, is accomplished using the Design menu.
Automated design at the object level is available for any one of a number of
user-selected design codes, as long as the structures have first been modeled
and analyzed by the program. Model and analysis data, such as material
properties and member forces, are recovered directly from the model data-
base, and no additional user input is required if the design defaults are ac-
ceptable.
The design is based on a set of user-specified loading combinations. How-

ever, the program provides default load combinations for each design code
supported in the program. If the default load combinations are acceptable, no
definition of additional load combinations is required.
In the design of columns, the program calculates the required longitudinal

and shear reinforcement. However, the user may specify the longitudinal
steel, in which case a column capacity ratio is reported. The column capacity
ratio gives an indication of the stress condition with respect to the capacity of
the column.
1-1
The biaxial column capacity check is based on the generation of consistent

three-dimensional interaction surfaces. It does not use any empirical for-
mulations that extrapolate uniaxial interaction curves to approximate biaxial
action.
Interaction surfaces are generated for user-specified column reinforcing

configurations. The column configurations may be rectangular, square or
circular, with similar reinforcing patterns. The calculation of moment mag-
nification factors, unsupported lengths and strength reduction factors is au-
tomated in the algorithm.
Every beam member is designed for flexure and shear at output stations
along the beam span.
All beam-column joints are investigated for existing shear conditions.
For Ductile and Moderately Ductile moment resisting frames, the shear
design of the columns, beams and joints is based on the probable moment
capacities of the members. Also, the program will produce ratios of the beam
moment capacities with respect to the column moment capacities, to
investigate weak beam/strong column aspects, including the effects of axial
force.
Output data can be presented graphically on the model, in tables for both
input and output data, or on the calculation sheet prepared for each member.
For each presentation method, the output is in a format that allows the en-
gineer to quickly study the stress conditions that exist in the structure and, in
the event the member reinforcing is not adequate, aids the engineer in taking
appropriate remedial measures, including altering the design member
without rerunning the entire analysis.
1.1 Organization
This manual is designed to help you quickly become productive with the
concrete frame design options of CSA A23.3-14. Chapter 2 provides detailed
descriptions of the Deign Prerequisites used for CSA A23.3-14. Chapter 3
provides detailed descriptions of the code-specific process used for CSA
1-2 Organization
Chapter 1 - Introduction
A23.3-14. The appendices provide details on certain topics referenced in this

manual.
1.2 Recommended Reading/Practice

It is strongly recommended that you read this manual and review any ap-
plicable “Watch & Learn” Series™ tutorials, which are found on our web
site, http://www.csiamerica.com, before attempting to design a concrete
frame. Additional information can be found in the on-line Help facility
available from within the program’s main menu.
Recommended Reading/Practice 1-3

Chapter 2
Design Prerequisites
This chapter provides an overview of the basic assumptions, design precon-

ditions, and some of the design parameters that affect the design of concrete
frames.
In writing this manual it has been assumed that the user has an engineering
background in the general area of structural reinforced concrete design and
familiarity with CSA A23.3-14 codes.
2.1 Design Load Combinations

The design load combinations are used for determining the various combi-
nations of the load cases for which the structure needs to be de-
signed/checked. The load combination factors to be used vary with the
selected design code. The load combination factors are applied to the forces
and moments obtained from the associated load cases and are then summed
to obtain the factored design forces and moments for the load combination.
For multi-valued load combinations involving response spectrum, time his-

tory, moving loads and multi-valued combinations (of type enveloping,
square-root of the sum of the squares or absolute) where any correspondence
between interacting quantities is lost, the program automatically produces
2-1
multiple sub combinations using maxima/minima permutations of interact-

ing quantities. Separate combinations with negative factors for response
spectrum cases are not required because the program automatically takes the
minima to be the negative of the maxima for response spectrum cases and the
above described permutations generate the required sub combinations.
When a design combination involves only a single multi-valued case of time

history or moving load, further options are available. The program has an
option to request that time history combinations produce sub combinations
for each time step of the time history. Also an option is available to request
that moving load combinations produce sub combinations using maxima and
minima of each design quantity but with corresponding values of interacting
quantities.
For normal loading conditions involving static dead load, live load, wind
load, and earthquake load, or dynamic response spectrum earthquake load,
the program has built-in default loading combinations for each design code.
These are based on the code recommendations and are documented for each
code in the corresponding manuals.
For other loading conditions involving moving load, time history, pattern
live loads, separate consideration of roof live load, snow load, and so on, the
user must define design loading combinations either in lieu of or in addition
to the default design loading combinations.
The default load combinations assume all load cases declared as dead load to
be additive. Similarly, all cases declared as live load are assumed additive.
However, each load case declared as wind or earthquake, or response spec-
trum cases, is assumed to be non additive with each other and produces
multiple lateral load combinations. Also wind and static earthquake cases
produce separate loading combinations with the sense (positive or negative)
reversed. If these conditions are not correct, the user must provide the ap-
propriate design combinations.
The default load combinations are included in design if the user requests
them to be included or if no other user-defined combination is available for
concrete design. If any default combination is included in design, all default
combinations will automatically be updated by the program any time the
2-2 Design Load Combinations

Chapter 2 - Design Prerequisites
design code is changed or if static or response spectrum load cases are modi-
fied.
Live load reduction factors can be applied to the member forces of the live
load case on an element-by-element basis to reduce the contribution of the
live load to the factored loading.
The user is cautioned that if moving load or time history results are not re-
quested to be recovered in the analysis for some or all of the frame members,
the effects of those loads will be assumed to be zero in any combination that
includes them.
2.2 Design and Check Stations

For each load combination, each element is designed or checked at a number
of locations along the length of the element. The locations are based on
equally spaced segments along the clear length of the element. The number
of segments in an element is requested by the user before the analysis is
made. The user can refine the design along the length of an element by re-
questing more segments.
When using the CSA A23.3-14 design code, requirements for joint design at
the beam to column connections are evaluated at the top most station of each
column. The program also performs a joint shear analysis at the same station
to determine if special considerations are required in any of the joint panel
zones. The ratio of the beam flexural capacities with respect to the column
flexural capacities considering axial force effect associated with the
weak-beam/strong- column aspect of any beam/column intersection are re-
ported.
2.3 Identifying Beams and Columns

In the program, all beams and columns are represented as frame elements.
But design of beams and columns requires separate treatment. Identification
for a concrete element is accomplished by specifying the frame section
assigned to the element to be of type beam or column. If any brace element
Design and Check Stations 2-3

exists in the frame, the brace element also would be identified as a beam or a
column element, depending on the section assigned to the brace element.
2.4 Design of Beams

In the design of concrete beams, in general, the program calculates and re-
ports the required areas of steel for flexure and shear based on the beam
moments, shears, load combination factors, and other criteria, which are
described in detail in the code-specific chapters. The reinforcement re-
quirements are calculated at a user-defined number of stations along the
beam span.
All the beams are only designed for major direction flexure and shear. Effects
due to any axial forces, torsion and minor direction bending that may exist in
the beams must be investigated independently by the user.
In designing the flexural reinforcement for the major moment at a particular

section of a particular beam, the steps involve the determination of the
maximum factored moments and the determination of the reinforcing steel.
The beam section is designed for the maximum positive and maximum neg-
ative factored moment envelopes obtained from all of the load combinations.
Negative beam moments produce top steel. In such cases, the beam is always
designed as a Rectangular section. Positive beam moments produce bottom
steel. In such cases, the beam may be designed as a Rectangular beam or a T
beam. For the design of flexural reinforcement, the beam is first designed as a
singly reinforced beam. If the beam section is not adequate, the required
compression reinforcement is calculated.
In designing the shear and torsion reinforcement for a particular beam for a
particular set of loading combinations at a particular station due to the beam
major shear, the steps involve the determination of: the factored shear force,
the factored torsion, the shear force that can be resisted by concrete, and the
reinforcement steel required to carry the balance.
Special considerations for seismic design are incorporated into the program
for CSA A23.3-14.
2-4 Design of Beams

2.5 Design of Columns

In the design of the columns, the program calculates the required
longitudinal steel, or if the longitudinal steel is specified, the column stress
condition is reported in terms of a column capacity ratio, which is a factor
that gives an indication of the stress condition of the column with respect to
the capacity of the column. The design procedure for the reinforced concrete
columns of the structure involves the following steps:
 Generate axial force-biaxial moment interaction surfaces for all of the

different concrete section types of the model.
 Check the capacity of each column for the factored axial force and
bending moments obtained from each loading combination at each end
of the column. This step is also used to calculate the required
reinforcement (if none was specified) that will produce a capacity ratio of
1.0.
The generation of the interaction surface is based on the assumed strain and
stress distributions and some other simplifying assumptions. These stress and
strain distributions and the assumptions are documented in Chapter 3.
The shear reinforcement design procedure for columns is very similar to that
for beams, except that the effect of the axial force on the concrete shear ca-
pacity must be considered.
For certain special seismic cases, the design of columns for shear is based on
the capacity shear. The capacity shear force in a particular direction is
calculated from the moment capacities of the column associated with the
factored axial force acting on the column. For each load combination, the
factored axial load is calculated, using the load cases and the corresponding
load combination factors. Then, the moment capacity of the column in a
particular direction under the influence of the axial force is calculated, using
the uniaxial interaction diagram in the corresponding direction, as
documented in Chapter 3.
Design of Columns 2-5

2.6 Design of Joints

To ensure that the beam-column joint of special moment resisting frames
possesses adequate shear strength, the program performs a rational analysis
of the beam-column panel zone to determine the shear forces that are gen-
erated in the joint. The program then checks this against design shear
strength.
Only joints having a column below the joint are designed. The material
properties of the joint are assumed to be the same as those of the column
below the joint. The joint analysis is done in the major and the minor direc-
tions of the column. The joint design procedure involves the following steps:
 Determine the panel zone design shear force,
 Determine the effective area of the joint, and
 Check panel zone shear stress.
The joint design details are documented in Chapter 3.
2.7 P-Delta Effects

The program design process requires that the analysis results include P-delta
effects. The P-delta effects are considered differently for “braced” or
“non-sway” and “unbraced” or “sway” components of moments in columns
or frames. For the braced moments in columns, the effect of P-delta is limited
to “individual member stability.” For unbraced components, “lateral drift
effects” should be considered in addition to individual member stability ef-
fect. The program assumes that “braced” or “nonsway” moments are con-
tributed from the “dead” or “live” loads. Whereas, “unbraced” or “sway”
moments are contributed from all other types of loads.
For the individual member stability effects, the moments are magnified with
moment magnification factors, as documented in Chapter 3 of this manual.
For lateral drift effects, the program assumes that the P-delta analysis is
performed and that the amplification is already included in the results. The
2-6 Design of Joints

moments and forces obtained from P-delta analysis are further amplified for
individual column stability effect if required by the governing code, as in the
CSA A23.3-14 codes.
Users should be aware that the default analysis option in the program is that
P-delta effects are not included. The user can include P-delta analysis and set
the maximum number of iterations for the analysis. The default number of
iteration for P-delta analysis is 1. Further details on P-delta analysis are
provided in Appendix A of this design manual.
2.8 Element Unsupported Lengths

To account for column slenderness effects, the column unsupported lengths
are required. The two unsupported lengths are l33 and l22. These are the
lengths between support points of the element in the corresponding direc-
tions. The length l33 corresponds to instability about the 3-3 axis (major axis),
and l22 corresponds to instability about the 2-2 axis (minor axis).
Normally, the unsupported element length is equal to the length of the el-
ement, i.e., the distance between END-I and END-J of the element. The
program, however, allows users to assign several elements to be treated as a
single member for design. This can be done differently for major and minor
bending as documented in Appendix B of this design manual.
The user has options to specify the unsupported lengths of the elements on
an element-by-element basis.
2.9 Choice of Input Units

English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. But the
codes are based on a specific system of units. All equations and descriptions
presented in the subsequent chapters correspond to that specific system of
units unless otherwise noted. For example, the CSA A23.3-14 code is pub-
lished in Millimeter-Newton-Second units. By default, all equations and
descriptions presented in the chapter “Design for CSA A23.3-14” correspond
to Millimeter- Newton-Second units. However, any system of units can be
used to define and design the structure in the program.
Element Unsupported Lengths 2-7

Chapter 3
Design Process
This chapter provides a detailed description of the code-specific algorithms

the program uses to design concrete frames when the Canadian code
CSAA23.3-14 (CSA 2014) is selected. For simplicity, all equations and de-
scriptions presented in this chapter correspond to New-
ton-Millimeter-Second units unless otherwise noted.
The program provides options to design or check Conventional, Moderately

Ductile (moderate seismic risk areas), and Ductile (high seismic risk areas)
Moment Resisting frames as required for seismic design. The details of the
design criteria used for the different framing systems are described in this
chapter.
3.1 Notation
The various notations used in this chapter are described herein:
Acv Area of concrete used to determine shear stress, sq-mm

Acore Area of concrete core, sq-mm
Ag Gross area of concrete, sq-mm
3-1
As Area of tension reinforcement, sq-mm

A ′s Area of compression reinforcement, sq-mm
As(required) Area of steel required for tension reinforcement, sq-mm
Ast Total area of column longitudinal reinforcement, sq-mm
Av Area of shear reinforcement, sq-mm
a Depth of compression block, mm
ab Depth of compression block at balanced condition, mm
b Width of member, mm
bf Effective width of flange (T-beam section), mm
bw Width of web (T-beam section), mm
Cm Coefficient, dependent upon column curvature, used to calcu-
late moment magnification factor
c Depth to neutral axis, mm
cb Depth to neutral axis at balanced conditions, mm
d Distance from compression face to tension reinforcement, mm
d′ Concrete cover to center of reinforcing, mm
ds Thickness of slab (T-beam section), mm
Ec Modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa
Es Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, assumed as 200,000 MPa
f ′c Specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa
fy Specified yield strength of flexural reinforcement, MPa
fyh Specified yield strength of shear reinforcement, MPa
h Dimension of beam or column, mm
h Outer dimension of hoop bar in shear direction, mm
Ig Moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal
axis, neglecting reinforcement, mm4
3-2 Notation
Chapter 3 - Design Process
Ist Moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis of

member cross-section, mm4
k Effective length factor
L Clear unsupported length, mm
M1 Smaller factored end moment in a column, N-mm
M2 Larger factored end moment in a column, N-mm
Mc Factored moment to be used in design, N-mm
Mns Non-sway component of factored end moment, N-mm
Ms Sway component of factored end moment, N-mm
Mf Factored moment at section, N-mm
Mfx Factored moment at section about X-axis, N-mm
Mfy Factored moment at section about Y-axis, N-mm
Nf Factored axial load at section (tension positive), N
Pb Axial load capacity at balanced strain conditions, N
Pc Critical buckling strength of column, N
Pr,max Maximum axial load strength allowed, N
Po Axial load capacity at zero eccentricity, N
Pf Factored axial load at section (compression positive), N
Tf Factored torsion at section, N-mm
Vc Shear resisted by concrete, N
VD+L Shear force from span loading, N
Vp Shear force computed from probable moment capacity, N
Vf Factored shear force at a section, N
Vs Shear force at a section resisted by steel, N
α Reinforcing steel overstrength factor
Notation 3-3
α1 Factor for obtaining average compressive stress in concrete

block
β Factor accounting for shear resistance of cracked concrete
β1 Factor for obtaining depth of compression block in concrete
βd Absolute value of the ratio of the maximum factored axial dead
load moment to the maximum factored total load moment
θ Angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses with the
longitudinal axis of beam or column
δb Moment magnification factor for non-sway moments
δs Moment magnification factor for sway moments
εc Strain in concrete
εs Strain in reinforcing steel
φc Strength reduction factor for concrete
φs Strength reduction factor for steel
φm Strength reduction factor for member
λ Shear strength factor
3.2 Design Load Combinations

The design load combinations are the various combinations of the prescribed
load cases for which the structure is to be checked. The program creates a
number of default design load combinations for a concrete frame design.
Users can add their own design load combinations as well as modify or delete
the program default design load combinations. An unlimited number of de-
sign load combinations can be specified.
To define a design load combination, simply specify one or more load cases,
each with its own scale factor. The scale factors are applied to the forces and
moments from the load cases to form the factored design forces and moments
for each design load combination. There is one exception to the preceding.
For spectral analysis modal combinations, any correspondence between the
signs of the moments and axial loads is lost. The program uses eight design
3-4 Design Load Combinations

load combinations for each such loading combination specified, reversing the
sign of axial loads and moments in major and minor directions.
As an example, if a structure is subjected to dead load, DL, and live load, LL,
only, the CSA A23.3-14 design check may need only one design load com-
bination, namely, 1.25 DL +1.5 LL. However, if the structure is subjected to
wind, earthquake or other loads, numerous additional design load combina-
tions may be required.
The program allows live load reduction factors to be applied to the member
forces of the reducible live load case on a member-by-member basis to re-
duce the contribution of the live load to the factored responses.
The design load combinations are the various combinations of the prescribed
load cases for which the structure is to be checked. For this code, if a
structure is subjected to dead load (DL), live load (LL), snow load (SL), wind
(WL), and earthquake (EL) loads, and considering that wind and earthquake
forces are reversible, the following load combinations should be considered
(CSA 8.3.2, Table C-1a):
1.4 DL (CSA 8.3.2, Table C.1, Case 1)

1.25 DL + 1.50 LL + 0.5 SL (CSA 8.3.2, Table C.1, Case 2)
1.25 DL + 1.5 LL ± 0.4 WL (CSA 8.3.2, Table C.1, Case 2)
1.25 DL + 0.50 LL + 1.5 SL (CSA 8.3.2, Table C.1, Case 3)
1.25 DL ± 1.40 WL (CSA 8.3.2, Table C.1, Case 4)
0.90 DL ± 1.40 WL (CSA 8.3.2, Table C.1, Case 4)
1.00 DL ± 1.00 EL (CSA 8.3.2, Table C.1, Case 5)
1.00 DL + 0.50 LL ± 1.00 EL (CSA 8.3.2, Table C.1, Case 5)
These are also the default design load combinations in the program when-
ever the CSA A23.3-14 code is used. In generating the preceding default
loading combinations, the importance factor is taken as 1. The user should
use other appropriate design load combinations if roof live load is separately
treated, or if other types of loads are present. PLL is the live load multiplied
Design Load Combinations 3-5

by the Pattern Live Load Factor. The Pattern Live Load Factor can be speci-
fied in the Preferences.
When using the CSA A23.3-14 code, the program design assumes that a
P-delta analysis has been performed.
3.3 Limits on Material Strength

The upper and lower limits of f c′ should be 80 MPa and 20 MPa respectively,
for all framing types (CSA 8.6.1.1, 21.2.6.1).
f c′ ≤ 80 MPa (CSA 8.6.1.1, 21.2.6.1)
f c′ ≥ 20 MPa (CSA 8.6.1.1)
The upper limit of f y should be 500 MPa for all frames (CSA 8.5.1). For
seismic design, the normal limit of f y is 400 MPa (CSA 21.2.7.1.1).
When the compression strength of concrete used in design is beyond the

given limits or when the yield strength of steel used in design exceeds the
given limits, the code does not cover such cases. The code allows use of
f c′ and f y beyond the given limits, provided special care is taken regarding
the detailing and ductility (CSA 8.6.1.2, 21.2.7.1).
The program does not enforce any of these limits for column P-M-M inter-
action check or design and flexure design of beam. The specified strengths
are used for design. The user is responsible for using the proper strength
values while defining the materials. For shear design, special limits are ap-
plicable (CSA 11.3.4, 11.3.6.4, 21.2.6.3) and enforced in the program as de-
scribed herein.
The code allows the use of reinforcement with f y less than 400 MPa in
members resisting earthquake induced forces without any restriction. The
program also allows the use of f y greater than 400 MPa. However, if f y is
between 400 MPa and 500 MPa, the code requires that increased strain be
taken into account because higher-yield-strength steel, in general, reduces
ductility (CSA 21.2.7.1). The program also considers the increased strain
3-6 Limits on Material Strength

through strain-compatibility relations during P-M-M interaction capacity

calculations.
3.4 Strength Resistance Factors

The strength resistance factor , ϕ, is material dependent and is defined as
ϕc =0.65for concrete and (CSA 8.4.2 )
ϕs =0.85for steel. (CSA 8.4.3a)
In some special cases, a member resistance factor, ϕm , is used as an additional

reduction factor in addition to ϕc and ϕs (CSA 8.4.1). In connection with
buckling resistance, ϕm is taken as 0.75 (CSA 10.15.3.1). The values of ϕc and
ϕs given herein are the default values. These values can be modified in the
Preferences. For structural concrete manufactured in pre-qualified manu-
facturing plants, ϕc can be taken as 0.7 (CSA 8.4.2, 16.1.3).
3.5 Column Design

The user may define the geometry of the reinforcing bar configuration of
each concrete column section. If the area of reinforcing is provided by the
user, the program checks the column capacity. However, if the area of re-
inforcing is not provided by the user, the program calculates the amount of
reinforcing required for the column. The design procedure for the reinforced
concrete columns of the structure involves the following steps:
 Generate axial force/biaxial moment interaction surfaces for all of the dif-
ferent concrete section types of the model. A typical biaxial interaction
surface is shown in Figure 3-1. When the steel is undefined, the program
generates the interaction surfaces for the range of allowable reinforcement:
1 to 8 percent for Conventional and Moderately Ductile Moment Resisting
frames (CSA 10.9.1, 10.9.2, and 21.3.2.5.1) and 1 to 6 percent for Ductile
Moment Resisting frames (CSA 21.4.3.1).
 Calculate the capacity ratio or the required reinforcing area for the fac-
tored axial force and biaxial (or uniaxial) bending moments obtained from
Strength Resistance Factors 3-7

each loading combination at each station of the column. The target capac-
ity ratio is taken as one when calculating the required reinforcing area.
 Design the column shear reinforcement.

The following three subsections describe in detail the algorithms associated
with this process.
3.5.1 Generation of Biaxial Interaction Surfaces

The column capacity interaction volume is numerically described by a series
of discrete points that are generated on the three-dimensional interaction
failure surface. In addition to axial compression and biaxial bending, the
formulation allows for axial tension and biaxial bending considerations. A
typical interaction surface is shown in Figure 3-1.
The coordinates of these points are determined by rotating a plane of linear

strain in three dimensions on the section of the column. See Figure 3-2. The
linear strain diagram limits the maximum concrete strain, εc , at the extrem-
ity of the section to 0.0035 (CSA 10.1.3).
3-8 Column Design

Figure 3-1 A typical column interaction surface
The formulation is based consistently on the general principles of ultimate

strength design (CSA 10.1), and allows for any doubly symmetric rectangu-
lar, square, or circular column section.
The stress in the steel is given by the product of the steel strain and the steel
modulus of elasticity, ε s Es , and is limited to the yield stress of the steel, f y
(CSA 8.5.3.2). The area associated with each reinforcing bar is assumed to be
placed at the actual location of the center of the bar, and the algorithm does
not assume any further simplifications in the manner in which the area of
steel is distributed over the cross-section of the column (such as an equiva-
lent steel tube or cylinder), as shown in Figure 3-3.
Column Design 3-9

Figure 3-2 Idealized strain distribution for generation of interaction surface
The concrete compression stress block is assumed to be rectangular, with a

stress value of α1 f c′ (CSA 10.1.7). See Figure 3-3. The depth of the stress
block is β1c, where
α=
1 0.85 − 0.0015 f c′ , α1 ≥ 0.67 (CSA 10.1.7)
β
=1 0.97 − 0.0025 f c′ , β1 ≥ 0.67. (CSA 10.1.7)
3 - 10 Column Design
Figure 3-3 Idealization of stress and strain distribution in a column section
The interaction algorithm provides a correction to account for the concrete

area that is displaced by the reinforcement in the compression zone.
The effects of the strength reduction factors are included in the generation of
the interaction surfaces. The maximum compressive axial load is limited to
Pr,max , where the maximum factored axial load resistance is given by
Pr,max
 ( )
= 0.80 ϕc α1 f c′ Ag − Ast + ϕs f y Ast  (tied column)

(CSA 10.10.4)
Pr=
,max
 ( )
0.80 ϕc α1 f c′ Ag − Ast + ϕs f y Ast  (spiral column).

(CSA 10.10.4)
3.5.2 Calculate Column Capacity Ratio

The column capacity is checked for each loading combination at each check
station of each column. In checking a particular column for a particular
loading combination at a particular location, the program uses the following
steps:
 Determine the factored moments and forces from the load cases and the
Column Design 3 - 11
specified load combination factors to give Pf , M fx , and M fy .
 Determine the moment magnification factors for the column moments.
 Apply the moment magnification factors to the factored loads obtained in

the first step. Determine whether the point, defined by the resulting axial
load and biaxial moment set, lies within the interaction volume.
The following three sections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
this process.
3.5.2.1 Determine Factored Moments and Forces

The factored loads for a particular load combination are obtained by applying
the corresponding load factors to all the load conditions, giving P f , M fx , and
M fy . The computed moments are further amplified by using “Moment Mag-
nification Factors” to allow for “Lateral Drift Effect” and “Member Stability
Effect.”
3.5.2.2 Determine Moment Magnification Factors

The moment magnification factors are applied in two stages. First the mo-
ments are separated into their “sway” and “non-sway” components. The
sway components are amplified for lateral drift effect (CSA 10.16). Although
according to the code, this amplification is significant for “unbraced” frames
only and may be avoided for “braced” frames, the program treats all frames
uniformly to amplify non-sway components of moments. These amplified
moments are further amplified for individual member stability effect. Ac-
cording to the code, the individual member stability effect is only significant
if:
10 M1
25 −
kL M2
> , for non-sway frames, and (CSA 10.15.2)
r Pf
fc′ Ag
kL 35
> , for sway frames. (CSA 10.16.4)
r Pf
fc′ Ag
However, the program considers individual member stability effect for all
compression column elements.
3.5.2.2.1 Lateral Drift Effect

For all frames, the moment magnification factor for lateral drift effect is ap-
plied only to the “sway” moment in the program.
M M ns + δ s M s
= (CSA 10.16.2)
The moment obtained from analysis is separated into two components: the
sway (M s ) and the non-sway (Mns) components. The non-sway or braced
components, which are identified by “ns” subscripts are predominantly
caused by gravity load. The sway components are identified by “s” subscripts.
The sway moments are predominantly caused by lateral loads and are related
to the cause of sidesway.
The moment magnification factors in the major and minor directions can, in
general, be different. The moment magnification factors for moments caus-
ing sidesway, δsx and δsy can be taken as 1.0 if a P-delta analysis is carried out
(CSA 10.16.3.1). The program assumes that a P-delta analysis has been per-
formed and, therefore, moment magnification factors for moments causing
sidesway are taken as unity. For the P-delta analysis the load should corre-
spond to a load combination of (1.25 DL + 1.40 LL)/ϕm (CSA 10.16.5), where
ϕm is the strength reduction factor for stability and is equal to 0.75 (CSA
10.15.3). See also White and Hajjar (1991).
The user is reminded of the special analysis requirements, especially those

related to the value of EI used in analysis (CSA 10.14.1). The program anal-
ysis uses the EI of the gross cross-sectional area in conjunction with a mul-
tiplication factor. The multiplication factors are defined on a
section-by-section basis, so that the effect of axial force and cracking can be
modeled in a first order analysis.
If the program assumptions are not satisfactory for a particular member, the
user can explicitly specify values of δsx and δsy .
3.5.2.2.2 Member Stability Effects

All compression members are designed using the factored axial load, Pf , from
the analysis and a magnified factored moment, Mc. The magnified moment is
computed as,
Mc =
δb M 2 ≥ M 2 , (CSA 10.15.3.1)
where M2 is the column maximum end moment obtained from elastic anal-
ysis after considering minimum eccentricity and lateral drift effect, and Mc is
the maximum moment occurring at the end or at an interior point within the
span of the column. The moment magnification factor, δb, for moments not
causing sidesway associated with the major or minor direction of the column
is given by
Cm
=δb ≥ 1.0, where (CSA 10.15.3.1)
Pf
1−
ϕm Pc
ϕm =0.75, (CSA 10.15.3.1)
π2 EI
Pc = , (CSA 10.15.3.1)
( kL )2
k is conservatively taken as 1, however the user can overwrite the value,
EI is associated with a particular column direction given by
0.4 Ec I g
EI = , and (CSA 10.15.3.1)
1 + βd
Ma
Cm =+
0.6 0.4 ≥ 0.4, (CSA 10.15.3.2)
Mb
Ma and Mb are the moments at the ends of the column, and Mb is numerically
larger than Ma . Ma / Mb is positive for single curvature bending and negative
for double curvature bending. The preceding expression of Cm is valid if there

is no transverse load applied between the supports. If transverse load is pre-
sent on the span, or the length is overwritten, or for any other case, Cm = 1
(CSA 10.15.3.3). Cm can be overwritten by the user on an element-
by-element basis.
The pre-magnified factored moments are increased, if required, to obtain

minimum eccentricities such that M /Pf is at least (15 + 0.03h) mm about
each axis separately, where h is the dimension of the column in mm units in
the corresponding direction (CSA 10.15.3.1).
M ≥ Pf (15 + 0.03h ) (CSA 10.15.3.1)
The moment magnification factor, δb, must be a positive number and greater
than one. Therefore Pf m must be less than ϕmPc. If Pf is found to be greater
than or equal to ϕmPc , a failure condition is declared. δb is taken as 1 for
tension members.
The preceding calculations use the unsupported length of the column. The
two unsupported lengths are l22 and l33 corresponding to instability in the
minor and major directions of the element, respectively. These are the
lengths between the support points of the element in the corresponding di-
rections.
If the program assumptions are not satisfactory for a particular member, the
user can explicitly specify values of δs and δb.
3.5.2.3 Determine Capacity Ratio

As a measure of the stress condition of the column, a capacity ratio is calcu-
lated. The capacity ratio is basically a factor that gives an indication of the
stress condition of the column with respect to the capacity of the column.
Before entering the interaction diagram to check the column capacity, the
moment magnification factors are applied to the factored loads to obtain Pf ,
Mfx , and Mfy. The point (Pf , Mfx , Mfy) is then placed in the interaction space,
shown as point L in Figure 3-4. If the point lies within the interaction vol-
ume, the column capacity is adequate; however, if the point lies outside the
interaction volume, the column is overstressed.
This capacity ratio is achieved by plotting the point L and determining the
location of point C. The point C is defined as the point where the line OL (if
extended outwards) will intersect the failure surface. This point is
determined by three-dimensional linear interpolation between the points
that define the failure surface. See Figure 3-4. The capacity ratio, CR, is
OL
given by the ratio .
OC
 If OL = OC (or CR = 1) the point lies on the interaction surface and the

column is stressed to capacity.
Figure 3-4 Geometric representation of column capacity ratio
 If OL < OC (or CR < 1) the point lies within the interaction volume and the
column capacity is adequate.
 If OL > OC (or CR > 1) the point lies outside the interaction volume and
the column is overstressed.
The maximum of all the values of CR calculated from each load combination
is reported for each check station of the column, along with the controlling
Pf , Mfx, and Mfy set and associated load combination number.
If the reinforcing area is not defined, the program computes the reinforce-
ment that will give an interaction ratio of unity.
3.5.3 Required Reinforcing Area

If the reinforcing area is not defined, the program computes the reinforce-
ment that will give a column capacity ratio equal to the Utilization Factor
Limit, which is set to 0.95 by default.
3.5.4 Design Column Shear Reinforcement

The shear reinforcement is designed for each loading combination in the
major and minor directions of the column. In designing the shear reinforcing
for a particular column for a particular loading combination due to shear
forces in a particular direction, the program uses the following steps:
 Determine the factored forces acting on the section, Mf, Pf, and Vf. Note
that Mf and Pf are needed for the calculation of vc .
 Determine the shear stress, vc , that can be resisted by concrete alone.
 Calculate the reinforcement steel required to carry the balance.
For Ductile and Moderately Ductile moment resisting concrete frames, the
shear design of the columns is also based on the probable and nominal mo-
ment capacities, respectively, of the members in addition to the factored

moments (CSA 21.3.2.7.1, 21.4.5). Effects of the axial forces on the column
moment capacities are included in the formulation.
this process.
3.5.4.1 Determine Section Forces

In the design of the column shear reinforcement of a Conventional moment
resisting concrete frame, the forces for a particular load combination,
namely, the column axial force, Pf , the column moment, Mf, and the column
shear force, Vf , in a particular direction are obtained by factoring the pro-
gram load cases with the corresponding load combination factors.
In the shear design of Ductile moment resisting frames (seismic design), the
following are checked in addition to the requirement for Conventional
moment resisting frames. In the design of Ductile moment resisting concrete
frames, the design shear force, Vf , in a particular direction is also calculated
from the probable moment capacities of the column associated with the
factored axial force acting on the column (CSA 21.4.5.1(b)).
For each load combination, the factored axial load, Pf , is calculated. Then,
the positive and negative moment capacities, M +f and M −j , of the column in
a particular direction under the influence of the axial force Pf are calculated
using the uniaxial interaction diagram in the corresponding direction. The
design shear force, Vf , is then given by
V=
f Vp + VD + L (CSA 21.4.5.1(b))
where, VP is the shear force obtained by applying the calculated probable

ultimate moment capacities at the two ends of the column acting in two
opposite directions. Therefore, VP is the maximum of VP1 and VP 2 , where
M I− + M J+
VP1 = , and
L
M I+ + M J−
VP 2 = , where
L
M I+ , M I− = Positive and negative moment capacities at end I of the

column using a steel yield stress value of αf y and no ϕ
factors ( ϕs =ϕc =1.0 ) ,
M J+ , M J− = Positive and negative moment capacities at end J of the

column using a steel yield stress value of αf y and no ϕ
factors ( ϕs =ϕc =1.0 ) , and
L = Clear span of column.
For Ductile moment resisting frames, α is taken as 1.25 (CSA 2.2, 21.4.5.1).
VD + L is the contribution of shear force from the in-span distribution of
gravity loads. For most of the columns, it is zero.
The Vp is enforced not to be greater than the factored shear force component
from specified gravity load increased by Rd Ro (CSA 21.4.5.1).
In the design of Moderately Ductile moment resisting frames (seismic), the

shear capacity of the column is also checked for the nominal shear due to the
nominal ( ϕs =ϕc =1.0 ) moment capacities and the factored gravity load (CSA
21.7.2.3), in addition to the design checks required for Conventional moment
resisting frames. The procedure for calculating nominal moment capacity is
the same as that for computing the probable moment capacity for Ductile
moment resisting frames, except that α is taken equal to 1 (CSA 2.2,
21.7.2.3a) rather than 1.25. The design shear strength is enforced not to be
greater than the factored shear force with the seismic load increased by
Rd Ro (CSA 21.7.2.3b). See also Table 3-1 for details.
3.5.4.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity

Given the design force set M f , N f , and V f , the shear capacity provided by
the concrete alone, Vc , is calculated as follows:
(CSA 11.3.4)
ϕc is the resistance factor for concrete. By default, it is taken as 0.65

(CSA8.4.2). For concrete produced in a pre-qualified manufacturing
plants, its value can be taken as 0.70 (CSA 16.1.3). This value can be
overwritten in the Preferences.
λ is the strength reduction factor to account for low density concrete (CSA
2.2). For normal density concrete, its value is 1 (CSA 8.6.5), which is the
program default value. For concrete using lower density aggregate, the
user can change the value of λ in the material properties. The recom-
mended values for λ is as follows (CSA 8.6.5).
1.00, for normal density concrete,


0.85, for semi-low-density concrete
λ = in which all of the fine aggregate is natural sand,
0.75, for semi-low-density concrete

 in which none of the fine aggregate is natural sand.
β is the factor for accounting for the shear resistance of cracked concrete
(CSA 2.2). Its value is normally between 0.1 and 0.4. It is determine ac-
cording to section 11.3.6 of the Code, which is described in the sections
that follow.
bw is the width of the cross-section resisting the shear perpendicular to the

shear force direction. For columns with rectangular cross-sections, bw is
taken as the width of the section perpendicular to the shear direction.
For columns with circular cross-sections, bw is taken as the average width
appropriate for shear direction.
d v is the effective shear depth. It is taken as the greater of 0.9d or 0.72h,
dv = max {0.9d ,0.72h} (CSA 2.2)
where d is the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of
tension reinforcement, and h is the overall depth of the cross-section in the
direction of shear force.
The value of the β factor is preferably determine using the Simplified

method (CSA 11.3.6.3) if applicable. When the conditions of Simplified
method do not apply, the General method (CSA 11.3.6.4) is used. For de-
signing concrete column sections for shear force, the special value of β does
not apply (CSA 11.3.6.4)
When the axial force is compressive, the specified yield strength of the lon-
gitudinal reinforcing f y does not exceed 400 MPa, and the specified concrete
strength f c′ does not exceed 60 MPa, β is determined in accordance with the

Simplified method, as follows (CSA 11.6.3.3):
 When the section contains at least the minimum transverse reinforcement,

β is taken as 0.18 (CSA 11.6.3.3a).
β = 0.18 (CSA 11.6.3.a)
 When the section contains no transverse reinforcement, β is determined

based on the specified maximum nominal size of coarse aggregate, ag .
For maximum-sized coarse aggregate not less than 20 mm, β is taken as:
230
β= (CSA 11.3.6.3 b)
1000 + d v
where d v is the effective shear depth expressed in millimeter, as described

in preceding sections.
For maximum sized coarse aggregate less than 20 mm, β is taken as:
230
β= (CSA 11.3.6.3 (c))
1000 + sze
35
=
where, S ze S z ≥ 0.85S z . (CSA 11.3.6.3.c)
15 + ag
In the preceding expression, the crack spacing parameter, S ze , shall be

taken as the minimum of d v and the maximum distance between layers of
distributed longitudinal reinforcement. However, S ze is conservatively

taken as equal to d v .
In summary, for simplified cases, β can be expressed as follows:


0.18, if minimum transverse reinforcement is provided,
 230
β  , if no transverse reinforcement provided, and ag ≥ 20mm,
1000+d v
 230
 , if no transverse reinforcement provided, and ag < 20mm.
1000+Sze
When the axial force is tensile, or the specified yield strength of the lon-
gitudinal reinforcing f y > 400 MPa, or the specified concrete strength f c′
> 60 MPa, β is determined in accordance with the General method, as
follows (CSA 11.3.6.1, 11.3.6.4):
0.40 1300
=β • (CSA 11.3.6.4)
(1 + 1500ε x ) (1000 + S ze )
In the preceding expression, the equivalent crack spacing parameter, S ze ,
is taken as equal to 300 mm if minimum transverse reinforcement is pro-
vided (CSA 11.3.6.4). Otherwise it is determines as stated in simplified
method.


300, if minimum transverse

Sze =  reinforcement is provided,
 35
 Sz ≥ 0.85Sz , otherwise.
15 + ag
The longitudinal strain, ε x , at mid-depth of the cross-section is computed

from the following equation:
M f d v + V f + 0.5 N f
εx = (CSA 11.3.6.4)
s ( Es As )
In evaluating the ε x , the following conditions apply:
 V f and M f are taken as positive quantities (CSA 11.3.6.4a)
 As is taken as the total area of longitudinal reinforcement in the column

section. For the column section check option, the program uses the sum
of user-defined reinforcement in the section. For the column section
design option, the longitudinal reinforcement area is taken as the enve-
lope of reinforcement required for all design load combinations. Actual
provided reinforcement might be slightly higher than this quantity. The
reinforcement should be developed to achieve full strength (CSA 11.3.6.3
b).
 If the value of ε x calculated from the preceding equation is negative, it is

recalculated as follows:
Mf
+ V f + 0.5 N f
dv
=εx ≥ − 0.0002 (CSA 11.3.6.4 d)
2 ( Es As + Ec Act )
For sections closer than dv from the face of the support, εx is calculated
based on Mf, Vf, and Nf at a section at a distance dv from the face of the
support (CSA 11.3.6.4 d).
If the axial tension is large enough to crack the flexural compression face
of the section, the value of ε x is increased by a factor of 2 (CSA 11.3.6.4
e). The program uses a linear elastic stress distribution to check this
condition.
An upper limit on ε x is imposed as follows:
ex ≤ 0.003 (CSA 11.3.6.4 f)
ε x is positive for tensile action.
N f is positive for tensile action.
For Ductile moment resisting frames, an upper limit on β of 0.10 is enforced

(CSA 21.4.5.2) as follows:
β ≤ 0.10 (CSA 21.4.5.2)
In both the Simplified method and the General method, the shear strength of
the section due to concrete, vc , depends on whether the minimum trans-
verse reinforcement is provided. To check this condition, the program per-
forms the design in two passes. In the first pass, it is assumes that no
transverse shear reinforcement is needed. When the program determines
that shear reinforcement is need, the program performs the second pass with
the assumption that at least minimum shear reinforcement is provided.
3.5.4.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement

The minimum possible factored shear resistance, Vr,max is computed as fol-
lows:
= 0.25ϕc f c′bw d .
Vr ,max (CSA 11.3.3)
The shear reinforcement per unit spacing, Av s , is computed as follows:
If V f ≤ Vc ,
Av
=0 (CSA 11.3.5.1)
s
else if Vc < V f ≤ Vr ,max
Av
=
( )
V f − Vc tan θ
(CSA 11.3.3, 11.3.5.1)
s ϕs f yh d v
else if V f > Vr ,max
a failure condition is declared. (CSA 11.3.3)
 A minimum area of shear reinforcement is provided in the following

regions (CSA 11.2.8.1):
(a) in regions of flexural members where the factored shear force
V f exceeds Vc ,
(b) in regions of beams and columns with an overall depth greater than
750 mm, and
(c) in regions of beams and columns where the factored torsion T f ex-
ceeds 0.25 Tcr .
 Where the minimum shear reinforcement is required by section CSA

11.2.8.1, or by calculations, the minimum area of shear reinforcement
per unit spacing is taken as:
Av f′
≥ c bw (CSA 11.2.8.2)
s fy
 In the preceding, the term θ is used. Here θ is the angle of inclination of

diagonal compressive stresses to the longitudinal axis of the member. The
θ value is normally between 22 to 44 degrees. It is determined according
to Section 11.3.6 of the Code.
Similar to the β factor, which was described previously, the value of θ is
preferably determined using the Simplified method (CSA 11.3.6.3),
whenever applicable. The program uses the General method when the
conditions for the Simplified methods are not satisfied (CSA 11.3.6.4).
For designing concrete column sections for shear forces, the special value
of θ does not apply (CSA 11.3.6.2).
If the axial force is compressive, the specified yield strength of the lon-
gitudinal reinforcing fy does not exceed 400 MPa, and the specified con-
crete strength f c′ does not exceed 60 MPa, θ is taken to be 35 degrees
(CSA 11.3.6.3).
θ =35o for Pf ≤ 0 or f y ≤ 400MPa or f c′ ≤ 60MPa (CSA11.3.6.4)
If the axial force is tensile, the specified yield strength of the longitudinal
reinforcing fy > 400 MPa, and the specified concrete strength f c′ > 60
MPa, θ is determined using the General method as follows (CSA
11.3.6.4).
θ= 29 + 7000ε x
for Pf < 0 or f y > 400 MPa or f c′ > 60 MPa (CSA11.3.6.4)
where ε x is the longitudinal strain at the mid-depth of the cross-section

for the factored load. The calculation procedure has been described in
the preceding sections.
The maximum of all of the calculated Av s values obtained from each

load combination is reported for the major and minor directions of the
column, along with the controlling shear force and associated load com-
bination number.
For all columns and at any station, the minimum area of transverse cir-
cular hoop reinforcement is imposed as follows:
Av  Ag  f′ h
≥ 0.45  − 1 c core (CSA 10.9.4)
s  Acore  f yh 4
In potential plastic hinge locations of Ductile moment resisting frames as

described later, the minimum area of circular hoops and transverse stir-
rups is imposed as follows:
Av Pf fc′ hcore
≥ (Hoops) (CSA 21.4.4.2)
s Po f yh 4
Av  Ag  f′ h
≥ 0.45  − 1 c core (Hoops) (CSA 21.4.4.2, 10.9.4)
s  Acore  f yh 4
Av f′
≥ 0.09 c hcore (Stirrups) (CSA 21.4.4.2)
s f yh
Av Ag
≥ 0.2 K n K p hcore (Stirrups) (CSA 21.4.4.2)
s Acore
n1 Pf
where K n
= = and K p
( n1 − 2 ) Po
Transverse reinforcement shall be provided over a length, lo , from the

face of each joint and on both sides of any section where flexural yielding
can occur as a result of inelastic displacement of the frame. The length,
lo , is determined as follows:
(a) where Pf ≤ 0.5φc f c′ Ag , lo shall not be less than 1.5 times the largest
member cross-section dimension or 1/6 of the clear span of the
member; and
(b) where Pf > 0.5φc f c′ Ag , lo shall not be less than 2.0 times the largest
member cross-section dimension or 1/6 of the clear span of the
member (CSA 21.4.4.5).
The column shear reinforcement requirements reported by the program

are based on the preceding considerations. Any other minimum stirrup
requirements to satisfy spacing or volumetric requirements must be in-
vestigated independently of the program by the user.
3.6 Beam Design

In the design of concrete beams, the program calculates and reports the re-
quired areas of steel for flexure and shear based on the beam moments,
shears, load combination factors and other criteria described in the subsec-
tions that follow. The reinforcement requirements are calculated at a us-
er-defined number of check stations along the beam span.
All of the beams are designed for major direction flexure and shear only.
Effects due to any axial forces, minor direction bending, and torsion that may
exist in the beams must be investigated independently by the user.
Beam Design 3 - 27
The beam design procedure involves the following steps:
 Design beam flexural reinforcement
 Design beam shear reinforcement
3.6.1 Design Beam Flexural Reinforcement

The beam top and bottom flexural steel is designed at a user-defined number
of design stations along the beam span. In designing the flexur-
al-reinforcement for the major moment of a particular beam for a particular
section, the program uses the following steps:
 Determine the maximum factored moments
 Determine the reinforcing steel
3.6.1.1 Determine Factored Moments

In the design of flexural reinforcement of Ductile (CSA 21.5), Moderately
Ductile (CSA 21.7), or Conventional (CSA 21.8) moment resisting concrete
frame beams, the factored moments for each load combination at a particular
beam station are obtained by factoring the corresponding moments for dif-
ferent load cases with the corresponding load factors. The beam section is
then designed for the maximum positive M +f and maximum negative
M −f factored moments obtained from all of the load combinations.
Positive beam moments produce bottom steel. In such cases, the beam may
be designed as a Rectangular or T-beam. Negative beam moments produce
top steel. In such cases, the beam is always designed as a Rectangular section.
3.6.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement

In the flexural reinforcement design process, the program calculates both the
tension and compression reinforcement. Compression reinforcement is
added when the applied design moment exceeds the maximum moment ca-
pacity of a singly reinforced section. The user has the option of avoiding the
3 - 28 Beam Design
compression reinforcement by increasing the effective depth, the width, or

the grade of concrete.
The design procedure is based on the simplified rectangular stress block, as

shown in Figure 3-5 (CSA 10.1.7).
Figure 3-5 Rectangular beam design

Furthermore, it is assumed that the compression carried by concrete is less
than that which can be carried at the balanced condition (CSA 10.1.4). When
the applied moment exceeds the moment capacity at the balanced condition,
the area of compression reinforcement is calculated on the assumption that
the additional moment will be carried by compression and additional tension
reinforcement.
The design procedure used by the program for both rectangular and flanged
sections (L and T-beams) is summarized in the sections that follow. It is as-
sumed that the design ultimate axial force in a beam is negligible; hence, all
of the beams are designed for major direction flexure and shear only.
3.6.1.2.1 Design for Flexure of a Rectangular Beam
Beam Design 3 - 29
In designing for a factored negative or positive moment, M f , (i.e., designing

top or bottom steel) the depth of the compression block is given by a , as
shown in Figure 3-5, where,
2| M f |
a =−
d d2 − , (CSA 10.1)
α1 f c′ϕc b
where the value of ϕc is 0.65 (CSA 8.4.2) in the preceding and following
equations. Also , α1 , β1 , and cb are calculated as follows:
0.85 0.0015 f c′ ≥ 0.67,

α1 =− (CSA 10.1.7)
β=
1 0.97 − 0.0025 f c′ ≥ 0.67, and (CSA 10.1.7)
700
cb = d. (CSA 10.5.2)
700 + f y
The balanced depth of the compression block is given by
ab = β1cb . (CSA 10.1.4, 10.1.7)
 If a ≤ ab (CSA 10.5.2), the area of tensile steel reinforcement is then

given by
Mf
As = .
 a
ϕs f y  d − 
 2
This steel is to be placed at the bottom if M f is positive, or at the top if

M f is negative.
 If a > ab (CSA 10.5.2), compression reinforcement is required and is

calculated as follows:
The factored compressive force developed in the concrete alone is given
by
3 - 30 Beam Design
C = ϕc α ac f c′bab , and (CSA 10.1.7)
the factored moment resisted by the concrete and bottom steel is
 a 
=
M fc Cd − b .
 2 
The moment resisted by compression steel and tensile steel is
M=
fs M f − M fc .
So the required compression steel is given by
M fs
As′ = , where
( )
ϕs f s′ − ϕc α1 f c′ ( d − d ′ )
c − d′
=f s′ 0.0035 Es   ≤ fy. (CSA 10.1.2 , 10.1.3)
 c 
The required tensile steel for balancing the compression in concrete is
M fc
As1 = , and
 a 
fy  d − b  ϕs
 2 
the tensile steel for balancing the compression in steel is
M fs
As 2 = .
f y ( d − d ′ ) ϕs
Therefore, the total tensile reinforcement A

=s As1 + As 2 , and total com-
pression reinforcement is As′ . As is to be placed at the bottom, and As′ is
to be placed at the top if M f is positive, and vice versa.
3.6.1.2.2 Design for Flexure of a T-Beam
Beam Design 3 - 31
Flanged Beam Under Negative Moment

In designing for a factored negative moment, M f , (i.e., designing top steel),
the contribution of the flange to the strength of the beam is ignored. The
design procedure is therefore identical to the one used for Rectangular
beams, except that in the corresponding equations, b is replaced by b.
Flanged Beam Under Positive Moment

If M f > 0, the depth of the compression block is given by (see Figure 3-6).
2M f
a =−
d d2 − . (CSA 10.1)
α1 f c′ϕc b f
where the value of ϕc is 0.65 (CSA 8.4.2) in the preceding and following
equations. See Figure 3-6. Also α1 , β1 , and cb are calculated as follows:
α=
1 0.85 − 0.0015 f c′ ≥ 0.67, (CSA 10.1.7)
β=
1 0.97 − 0.0025 f c′ ≥ 0.67, and (CSA 10.1.7)
700
cb = d. (CSA 10.5.2)
700 + f y
The depth of the compression block under balanced condition is given by
ab = β1cb . (CSA 10.1.4, 10.1.7)
 If a ≤ d s , the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same as pre-

viously performed for the rectangular section design. However, in this
case, the width of the beam is taken as b f . Whether compression rein-
forcement is required depends on if a > ab .
3 - 32 Beam Design
Figure 3-6 T-beam design
 If a > d s , calculation for As is performed in two parts. The first part is for
balancing the compressive force from the flange, C f , and the second part
is for balancing the compressive force from the web, Cw . As shown in,
(
α1 f c′ b f − bw d s .
Cf = ) (CSA 10.1.7)
C f ϕc
Therefore, As1 = and the portion of M f that is resisted by the
f y ϕs
flange is
 d 
M ff = C f  d − s  ϕc .
 2 
Therefore, the balance of the moment, M f to be carried by the web is

given by
M=
fw M f − M ff .
Beam Design 3 - 33
The web is a Rectangular section of dimensions bw and d , for which the

depth of the compression block is recalculated as
2 M fw
a1 =−
d d2 − . (CSA 10.1)
α1 f c′ϕc bw
 If a1 ≤ ab (CSA 10.5.2), the area of tensile steel reinforcement is then

given by
M fw
As 2 = , and
 a 
ϕs f y  d − 1 
 2
=
As As1 + As 2 .
This steel is to be placed at the bottom of the T-beam.
 If a1 > ab (CSA 10.5.2), compression reinforcement is required and is

calculated as follows:
The factored compressive force in the concrete web alone is given by
C =ϕc α1 f c′bab , and (CSA 10.1.7)
the factored moment resisted by the concrete web and tensile steel is
 a 
=
M fc Cd − b .
 2 
The moment resisted by compression steel and tensile steel is
=
M fs M fw − M fc .
Therefore, the compression steel is computed as
M fs
As′ = , where
( )
ϕs f s′ − ϕc α1 f c′ ( d − d ′ )
3 - 34 Beam Design
c − d′
=f s′ 0.0035 Es   ≤ fy. (CSA 10.1.2, 10.1.3)
 c 
The tensile steel for balancing compression in web concrete is
M fc
As 2 = , and
 a 
fy  d − b  ϕs
 2 
the tensile steel for balancing compression in steel is
M fs
As 3 = .
f y ( d − d ′ ) ϕs
Total tensile reinforcement As = As1 + As 2 + As 3 , and total compression

reinforcement is As′ . As is to be placed at the bottom and As′ is to be
placed at the top.
3.6.1.3 Minimum and Maximum Tensile Reinforcement

The minimum flexural tensile steel required for a beam section is given by
the minimum of the two limits:
0.2 f c′
As ≥ bw h, or (CSA 10.5.1.2)
fy
4
As = As (required) . (CSA 10.5.1.3)
3
In addition, the minimum flexural tensile steel provided in a T section with

flange under tension is given by the limit:
As ≥ 0.004 ( b − bw ) d s . (CSA 10.5.3.1)
An upper limit of 0.04 times the gross web area on both the tension rein-
forcement and the compression reinforcement is arbitrarily imposed as fol-
lows:
Beam Design 3 - 35
0.04bd Rectangular beam

As ≤ 
0.04bw d T beam
0.04bd Rectangular beam
As′ ≤ 
0.04bw d T beam
3.6.1.4 Special Consideration for Seismic Design

For Ductile moment resisting concrete frames (seismic design), the beam
design satisfies the following additional conditions (see also Table 3-2 for a
comprehensive listing):
 The minimum longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided at both the top

and the bottom. Any of the top and bottom reinforcement shall not be less
than As ( min ) .
1.4
As ( min ) ≥ bw d (CSA 21.3.2.1)
fy
 The beam flexural steel is limited to a maximum given by

As ≤ 0.025bw d . (CSA 21.3.2.1)
 At any end (support) of the beam, the beam positive moment capacity (i.e.,
associated with the bottom steel) would not be less than one-half of the
beam negative moment capacity (i.e., associated with the top steel) at that
end (CSA 21.3.2.2).
 Neither the negative moment capacity nor the positive moment capacity at
any of the sections within the beam would be less than one-fourth of the
maximum of positive or negative moment capacities of any of the beam
end (support) stations (CSA 21.3.2.2).
For Conventional moment resisting concrete frames (seismic design), the
beam design would satisfy the following conditions:
 At any support of the beam, the beam positive moment capacity would not
be less than one-third of the beam negative moment capacity at that end
(CSA 21.7.2.1.1).
3 - 36 Beam Design
 Neither the negative moment capacity nor the positive moment capacity at
any of the sections within the beam would be less than one-fifth of the
maximum of positive or negative moment capacities of any of the beam
end (support) stations (CSA 21.7.2.1.1).
Table 3-2: Design Criteria

Type of Conventional Moderately Ductile Moment Ductile Moment
Check/ Moment Resisting Frames Resisting Frames Resisting Frames
Design (Non-Seismic) (Seismic) (Seismic)
fc′ ≤ 80 MPa fc′ ≤ 80 MPa fc′ ≤ 80 MPa

Strength of
Materials
Column
Check NLDa Combinations NLDa Combinations NLDa Combinations
(interaction)
Column NLDa Combinations

NLDa Combinations NLDa Combinations
Design 1% < ρ < 6%
1% < ρ < 8% 1% < ρ < 8%
(Interaction) α = 1.0
NLDa Combinations Modified NLDa Combinations NLDa Combinations and

or Nominal Capacity Shear (Vp) Probable Capacity Shear (Vp)
ϕ = 1.0 and α = 1.0
ϕ = 1.0 and α = 1.25
Column Strength based on
Shears β ≤ 0.1, θ ≥ 45° at potential plastic
hinge region
Minimum hoop Minimum hoop reinforcement Minimum hoop reinforcement
Special reinforcement in hinge
NLDa Combinations NLDa Combinations NLDa Combinations

Beam
ρ ≤ 0.04 ρ ≤ 0.04 ρ ≤ 0.04
Design
Flexure ρ ≥ 0.2 fc′ f y ρ ≥ 0.2 fc′ f y ρ ≥ 0.2 fc′ f y
M u+END ≥
1 −
M u+END ≥
1 −
M uEND M uEND
Beam Min. 3 2
Moment
Override
No Requirement
5
{
M u+SPAN ≥ max M u+ , M u−
1
}
END
1
4
{
M u+SPAN ≥ max M u+ , M u− }
END
{ } { }
Check
− 1 + − − 1 + −
M uSPAN ≥ max M u , M u M uSPAN ≥ max M u , M u
5 END 4 END
Beam Design 3 - 37
Table 3-2: Design Criteria

Type of Conventional Moderately Ductile Moment Ductile Moment
Check/ Moment Resisting Frames Resisting Frames Resisting Frames
Design (Non-Seismic) (Seismic) (Seismic)
NLDa Combinations NLDa Combinations or Nominal NLDa Combinations and

Capacity Shear (Vp) with α = 1.0 Probable Capacity Shear (Vp)
and ϕ = 1.0 plus VD+L, or modified with α = 1.0 and ϕ = 1.0 plus
Beam
load combination with earthquake VD+L, or modified load
Design
load amplified by RdRo. combination with earthquake load
Shear
amplified by RdRo; strength
based on β = 0 and β = 45 degree
in potential plastic hinge.
3.6.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement

The shear reinforcement is designed for each load combination at a us-
er-defined number of stations along the beam span. In designing the shear
reinforcement for a particular beam for a particular loading combination at a
particular station due to the beam major shear, the program uses the fol-
lowing steps:
 Determine the factored forces acting on the section, M f and V f . Note

that M f is needed for the calculation of vc .
 Determine the shear stress, vc , that can be resisted by concrete alone.
 Calculate the reinforcement steel required to carry the balance.
For Ductile and Moderately ductile moment resisting frames, the shear de-
sign of the beams is also based on the probable and nominal moment capac-
ities of the members, respectively (CSA 21.3.4.1, 21.7.2.3).
these steps.
3.6.2.1 Determine Shear Force and Moment

In the design of the beam shear reinforcement of an Conventional moment
resisting concrete frame, the shear forces and moments for a particular load
combination at a particular beam section are obtained by factoring the asso-
3 - 38 Beam Design
ciated shear forces and moments with the corresponding load combination
factors.
In the design of Ductile moment resisting concrete frames (seismic design),

the shear capacity of the beam is also checked for the probable shear due to
the probable moment capacities and the factored gravity load, in addition to
the design checks required for Conventional moment resisting frames. The
procedure for calculating the design shear force in a beam from probable
moment capacities is the same as that described for a column in the Column
Design section. See also Table 3-2 and Figure 3-7 for more details. The design
shear force V f is then given by
V=
f V p + VD + L (CSA 21.3.4.1)
where, V p is the shear force obtained by applying the calculated probable

ultimate moment capacities at the two ends of the beams acting in two op-
posite directions. Therefore, V p is the maximum of VP1 and VP 2 , where
V=
P1 (M −
I + M J+ ) L , and
V=
P2 (M −
I + M J+ ) L , where
M I+ = Moment capacity at end I, with bottom steel in tension, using a

steel yield stress value of αf y and no ϕ factors ( ϕs =ϕc =1.0 ) ,
M J+ = Moment capacity at end J, with bottom steel in tension, using a

M I− = Moment capacity at end I, with top steel in tension, using a steel

yield stress value of αf y and no ϕ factors ( ϕs =ϕc =1.0 ) ,
M J− = Moment capacity at end J, with top steel in tension, using a

and
L = Clear span of beam.
Beam Design 3 - 39
The overstrength factor α is always taken as 1.25 for Ductile moment re-
sisting frames (CSA 2.2, 21.3.4.1). VD + L is the contribution of shear force
from the in-span distribution of gravity loads.
In the design of Moderately Ductile moment resisting frames (seismic), the

shear capacity of the beam is also checked for the nominal shear due to the
nominal ( ϕs =ϕc =1.0 ) moment capacities and the factored gravity load
(CSA 21.7.2.3(a), 2.2), in addition to the design checks required for Conven-
tional moment resisting frames. The procedure for calculating nominal
moment capacity is the same as that for computing the probable moment
capacity for Ductile moment resisting frames, except that α is taken equal to
1 (CSA 21.7.2.3.(a), 2.2) rather than 1.25. The design shear strength is en-
forced not to be greater than the factored shear force with the seismic load
amplified by a factor of Rd Ro (CSA 21.3.4.1, 21.7.2.3(b)). See also Table 3-2
for details.
3 - 40 Beam Design
POINT OF
INFLECTION
Vu
COLUMN
ABOVE
TOP OF BEAM
COLUMN PANEL
HEIGHT ZONE
(H)
M uL
TL Vuh CR
CL TR
M uR
COLUMN
BELOW
Vu
POINT OF
INFLECTION
ELEVATION
Figure 3-7 Column shear force Vu
3.6.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity

Given the design force set M f and V f , the shear capacity provided by the
concrete alone, Vc , is calculated as follows:
Vc = ϕc λβ f c′ bw d , (CSA 11.3.4)
ϕc is the resistance factor for concrete. By default it is taken as 0.65

(CSA8.4.2). For concrete produced in a pre-qualified manufacturing
Beam Design 3 - 41
plants, its value can be taken as 0.70 (CSA 16.1.3). This value can be
overwritten in the Preferences.
λ is the strength reduction factor to account for low density concrete (CSA
2.2). For normal density concrete, its value is 1 (CSA 8.6.5), which is
taken by the program as the default value. For concrete using lower
density aggregate, the user can change the value of λ in the material
property data. The recommended value for λ is as follows (CSA 8.6.5).
1.00, for normal density concrete,


λ = in which all of the fine aggregate is natural sand,

 in which none of the fine aggregate is natural sand.
β is the factor for accounting for the shear resistance of cracked concrete
(CSA 2.2). Its value is normally between 0.1 and 0.4. It is determine ac-
cording to the section 11.3.6 of the Code, which is described in the sec-
tions that follow.
bw is the effective web width. For rectangular beam, it is the width of the
beam. For T-beam, it is the width of the web of the beam.
d v is the effective shear depth. It is taken as the greater of 0.9d or 0.72h,
d v = max {0.9d ,0.72h} (CSA 2.2)
where d is the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of
tension reinforcement, and h is the overall depth of the cross-section in the
direction of shear force.
The value of the β factor is preferably taken as the Special value (CSA
11.3.6.2) or it is determined using the Simplified method (CSA 11.3.6.3), if
applicable. When the conditions of the Special value or Simplified method
do not apply, the General method is used to determine the β factor (CSA
11.3.6.4).
3 - 42 Beam Design
If the overall beam depth, h, is less than 250 mm or if the beam depth of a
T-beam before the slab is not greater than one-half of the width of web or
350 mm, β is taken as 0.21 (CSA 11.3.6.2)
When the specified yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcing fy does not
exceed 400 MPa, and the specified concrete strength f c′ does not exceed 60
MPa, β is determined in accordance with the Simplified method, as follows
(CSA 11.6.3.3):
 When the section contains at least the minimum transverse reinforcement,

β is taken as 0.18 (CSA 11.6.3.3a).
β = 0.18 (CSA 11.6.3.a)
 When the section contains no transverse reinforcement, β is determined

based on the specified maximum nominal size of coarse aggregate, ag .
For maximum size of coarse aggregate not less than 20 mm, β is taken as:
230
β= (CSA 11.3.6.3 b)
1000 + d v
where is the effective shear depth expressed in millimeter, which is de-

scribed in preceding sections.
For maximum size of coarse aggregate less than 20 mm, β is taken as:
230
β= (CSA 11.3.6.3 c)
1000 + sze
35
where,
= S ze S z ≥ 0.85S z (CSA 11.3.6.3.c)
15 + ag
In the preceding expression, the crack spacing parameter, S ze , shall be

taken as the minimum of d v and the maximum distance between layers of
distributed longitudinal reinforcement. However, S ze is conservatively
taken as equal to d v .
In summary, for Simplified cases, β can be expressed as follows:
Beam Design 3 - 43


 0.18, if minimum transverse reinforcement is provided,
 230
β  , if no transverse reinforcement provided, and ag ≥ 20mm,
1000 + d v
 230
 , if no transverse reinforcement provided, and ag < 20mm.
1000 + S ze
 When the specified yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcing fy > 400
MPa, or the specified concrete strength f c′ > 60 MPa, β is determined in
accordance with the General method as follows (CSA 11.3.6.1, 11.3.6.4):
0.40 1300
=β • (CSA 11.3.6.4)
(1 + 1500ε x ) (1000 + S ze )
In the preceding expression, the equivalent crack spacing parameter, S ze , is
taken as equal to 300 mm if minimum transverse reinforcement is provided
(CSA 11.3.6.4). Otherwise it is determine as stated in the Simplified
method.
300 if minimum transverse reinforcement is provided,


Sze =  35
S ≥ 0.85Sz otherwise.
15 + a z
 g
The longitudinal strain, ε x , at mid-depth of the cross-section is computed

from the following equation:
M f dv + V f
εx = (CSA 11.3.6.4)
s ( Es As )
In evaluating the ε x , the following conditions apply:
V f and M f are taken as positive quantities (CSA 11.3.6.4a)
As is taken as the total area of longitudinal reinforcement in the beam

section. It is taken as the envelope of reinforcement required for all
design load combinations. Actual provided reinforcement might be
3 - 44 Beam Design
slightly higher than this quantity. The rebar should be developed to

achieve full strength (CSA 11.3.6.3 b).
For sections closer than d v from the face of the support, ε x is calculated
based on M f and V f at a section at a distance d v from the face of the
support (CSA 11.3.6.4 d).
An upper limit on ε x is imposed as follows:
ex ≤ 0.003 (CSA 11.3.6.4f)
ε x is positive for tensile action.
 For Ductile moment resisting frames, in the region of potential plastic

hinge, the shear reinforcement is designed assuming β is equal to zero:
β =0 (CSA 21.3.4.2)
In both the Simplified and General methods, the shear strength of the
section due to concrete, vc , depends on whether the minimum transverse
reinforcement is provided. To check this condition, the program performs
the design in two passes. In the first pass, it is assumes that no transverse
shear reinforcement is needed. When the program determines that shear
reinforcement is need, the program performs the second pass with the as-
sumption that at least minimum shear reinforcement is provided.
3.6.2.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement

The minimum possible factored shear resistance, Vr ,max is computed as fol-
lows:
= 0.25ϕc f c′bw d .
Vr ,max (CSA 11.3.3)
The shear reinforcement per unit spacing, Av s , is computed as follows:
If V f ≤ Vc
Beam Design 3 - 45
Av
=0 (CSA 11.3.5.1)
s
else if Vc < V f ≤ Vr ,max
Av
=
( )
V f − Vc tan θ
(CSA 11.3.3, 11.3.5.1)
s ϕs f yh d v
else if V f > Vr ,max
a failure condition is declared. (CSA 11.3.3)
A minimum area of shear reinforcement is provided in the following

regions (CSA 11.2.8.1):
(a) in regions of flexural members where the factored shear force V f

exceeds Vc ,
(b) in regions of beams and columns with an overall depth greater than
750 mm, and
(c) in regions of beams and columns where the factored torsion T f ex-
ceeds 0.25 .
Where the minimum shear reinforcement is required by section CSA

11.2.8.1, or by calculations, the minimum area of shear reinforcement
per unit spacing is taken as Tcr .
Av f′
≥ 0.06 c bw (CSA 11.2.8.2)
s fy
In the preceding, the term θ is used. Here θ is the angle of inclination of

diagonal compressive stresses to the longitudinal axis of the member. The θ
value is normally between 22 to 44 degree. It is determined according to
section 11.3.6 in the Code.
Similar to the β factor, which was described previously, the value of θ is

preferably taken as the Special value (CSA 11.3.6.2) or it is determined using
3 - 46 Beam Design
the Simplified method (CSA 11.3.6.3), whenever applicable. The program

uses the General method when conditions for the Simplified method are not
satisfied (CSA 11.3.6.4).
 If the overall beam depth, h, is less than 250 mm or if the depth of the
T-beam below the slab is not greater than one-half of the width of web or
350 mm, θ is taken as 42 degree (CSA 11.3.6.2).
 If the specified yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcing fy does not

exceed 400 MPa, and the specified concrete strength f c′ does not exceed
60 MPa, θ is taken to be 35 degree (CSA 11.3.6.3).
θ =35o for Pf ≤ 0 or f y ≤ 400 MPa or 60 MPa (CSA11.3.6.4)
 If the axial force is tensile, the specified yield strength of the longitudinal
reinforcing fy > 400 MPa, and the specified concrete strength f c′ > 60 MPa,
θ is determined using the General method as follows (CSA 11.3.6.4),
θ= 29 + 7000ε x for Pf < 0 or f y > 400 MPa or 60 MPa (CSA11.3.6.4)
where ε x is the longitudinal strain at the mid-depth of the cross-section for

the factored load. The calculation procedure has been described in pre-
ceding sections.
The maximum of all of the calculated Av s values, obtained from each load
combination, is reported for the major directions of the beam along with the
controlling shear force and associated load combination number.
The beam shear reinforcement requirements reported by the program are

based purely on the considerations herein. Any other minimum stirrup re-
quirements to satisfy spacing and volumetric requirements must be investi-
gated independently of the program by the user.
3.7 Joint Design

To ensure that the beam-column joint of Ductile and Moderately Ductile
moment resisting frames possesses adequate shear strength, the program
Joint Design 3 - 47
performs a rational analysis of the beam-column panel zone to determine the

shear forces that are generated in the joint. The program then checks this
against design shear strength.
Only joints having a column below the joint are designed. The material
properties of the joint are assumed to be the same as those of the column
below the joint.
The joint analysis is completed in the major and the minor directions of the
column. The joint design procedure involves the following steps:
 Determine the panel zone design shear force, Vuh
 Determine the effective area of the joint

 Check panel zone shear stress
these steps.
3.7.1 Determine the Panel Zone Shear Force

For a particular column direction, major or minor, the free body stress con-
dition of a typical beam-column intersection is shown in Figure 3-4.
The force Vuh is the horizontal panel zone shear force that is to be calculated.
The forces that act on the joint are Pf, Vf, M Lf and M Rf . The forces Pf and Vf
are axial force and shear force, respectively, from the column framing into
the top of the joint. The moments M Lf and M Rf are obtained from the beams
framing into the joint. The joint shear force Vuh is calculated by resolving the
moments into C and T forces. Noting that TL = CL and TR = CR ,
Vuh = TL + TR − Vu
The location of C or T forces is determined by the direction of the moment.

The magnitude of C or T forces is conservatively determined using basic
principles of ultimate strength theory (CSA 10.1).
3 - 48 Joint Design
The moments and the forces from beams that frame into the joint in a di-
rection that is not parallel to the major or minor direction of the column are
resolved along the direction that is being investigated, thereby contributing
force components to the analysis.
Also, the program calculates the positive and negative moments, considering
the fact that the concrete cover may be different for the direction of mo-
ment.
In the design of Ductile moment resisting concrete frames, the evaluation of

the design shear force is based on the maximum probable moment capacities
(with reinforcing steel overstrength factor, α, and no ϕ factors) of the beams
framing into the joint (CSA 21.5.1.2, 21.7.2.4.1). In the design of Moderately
Ductile moment resisting frames, the evaluation of the design shear force is
based on the nominal capacities (with no reinforcing steel overstrength fac-
tor, i.e., α =1, and no ϕ factors, i.e., ϕc =ϕs =1 of the beams framing into
the joint (CSA 21.7.2.4.1). The C and T force are based on these moment
capacities. The program calculates the column shear force, Vu , from the
beam moment capacities as follows:
M uL + M uR
Vu ,beam =
H
It should be noted that the points of inflection shown on Figure 3-4 are taken
as midway between actual lateral support points for the columns. If there is
no column at the top of the joint, the shear force from the top of the column
is taken as zero.
The program also checks the capacity shear that can be developed in the
column based on its positive and negative moment capacities for the pres-
ence of factored axial load, Pf .
 M + top
+ M u− bot M u− top + M u+ bot 
Vu ,col = min  u , 
 H H 
Vu is taken as the minimum of the two values Vu ,beam and Vu ,col .
Vu = min {Vu ,beam ,Vu ,col }
Joint Design 3 - 49
The effects of load reversals, as illustrated in Case 1 and Case 2 of Figure 3-8
are investigated, and the design is based on the maximum of the joint shears
obtained from the two cases.
3.7.2 Determine the Effective Area of Joint

The joint area that resists the shear forces is assumed always to be rectangular
in plan view. The dimensions of the rectangle correspond to the major and
minor dimensions of the column below the joint, except if the beam framing
into the joint is very narrow. The effective width of the joint area to be used
in the calculation is limited to two times the width of the beam. The area of
the joint is assumed not to exceed the area of the column below. The joint
area for joint shear along the major and minor directions is calculated sepa-
rately (CSA 2.3).
The effective joint shear area, AJ , is given by
AJ = min {bcol hcol , 2bw hcol } (CSA 2.3)
where,
bcol is the width of column section perpendicular to direction of shear,
hcol is the depth of column section in the direction of shear, and
bw is the width of the beam or its web.
For circular column, both bcol and hcol are taken equal to the overall diameter
of the column. For a section designer section, bcol and hcol are based on
equivalence.
It should be noted that if the beam frames into the joint eccentrically, the
preceding assumptions may not be conservative and the user should inves-
tigate the acceptability of the particular joint.
3 - 50 Joint Design
Figure 3-8 Beam-Column joint analysis
Joint Design 3 - 51
3.7.3 Check Panel Zone Shear Stress

The panel zone shear force Vuh is compared to the factored shear resistance of
the joint Vc (CSA 21.5.4.1, 21.7.2.4.2). Vc is calculated from the following
equation:
 ′
2.2ϕc f c AJ , for joints confined on all four sides,

Vc 1.6ϕc f c′ AJ , for joints confined on three faces or on two opposite faces,
=

1.3ϕc f c′ AJ , for all other joints.

ϕc is the resistance factor for concrete. By default, it is taken as 0.65 (CSA

8.4.2). For concrete produced in a pre-qualified manufacturing plant, its
value can be taken as 0.70 (CSA 16.1.3). Its value can be overwritten in
the Preferences.
f c′ is the specified compressive strength of concrete. It is assumed to be the

same as that of the column below the joint. The f c′ should not be
greater than 8 MPa,
f c′ ≤ 8MPa
AJ is the effective joint shear area appropriate for the direction.
A beam that frames into a face of a column at the joint is considered in the
program to provide confinement to the joint if at least three-quarters of the
face of the joint is covered by the framing member (CSA 21.5.4.1, 21.7.2.4.2).
3.7.4 Beam-Column Flexural Capacity Ratios

At a particular joint for a particular column direction, major or minor, the
program will calculate the ratio of the sum of the beam moment capacities to
the sum of the column moment capacities. For Ductile and Moderately
Ductile moment resisting frames, the following CSA provision must be sat-
isfied (CSA 21.4.2.2, 21.7.2.2.2).
3 - 52 Joint Design
∑M ≥ ∑Mc b (CSA 21.4.2.2, 21.7.2.2.2)
For Ductile moment resisting frames ∑M c and ∑M b are defined as fol-

lows:
 ∑M c is the sum of the nominal flexural strength of columns,

M nc , framing into the joint evaluated at the center of the joint. Individual
column flexural strength is calculated for the associated factored axial
forces, Pf . The nominal capacity is calculated with no overstrength factor,
i.e., α =1, and no ϕ factors or ϕc =ϕs =1.
 ∑M b is the sum of the maximum probable flexural strength of beams,

M pb , framing into the joint evaluated at the face of the joint. The probable
capacity is calculated with an overstrength factor, i.e., α =1.25, and no ϕ
factors or ϕc =ϕs =1.
For Moderately Ductile moment resisting frames, ∑M c and ∑M b are de-

fined as follows:
 ∑M c is the sum of the factored flexural strength of columns,

ϕM nc , framing into the joint evaluated at the center of the joint. Individual
column flexural strength is calculated for the associated factored axial
forces, Pf . The nominal capacity is calculated with no overstrength factor,
i.e., α =1, and with appropriate ϕc and ϕs factors.
 ∑M b is the sum of the nominal flexural strength of beams, M pb , framing

into the joint evaluated at the face of the joint. The probable capacity is
calculated with an overstrength factor, i.e., α =1, and no ϕ factors, i.e.,
ϕc =ϕs =1 .
The moment capacities of beams that frame into the joint in a direction that
is not parallel to the major or minor direction of the column are resolved
along the direction that is being investigated and the resolved components
are added to the summation.
Joint Design 3 - 53
The column capacity summation includes the column above and the column
below the joint. For each load combination, the factored axial force, Pf , in
each of the columns is calculated from the load combinations. For each load
combination, the moment capacity of each column under the influence of
the corresponding factored axial load Pf is then determined separately for
the major and minor directions of the column, using the uniaxial column
interaction diagram; see Figure 3-8. The moment capacities of the two col-
umns are added to give the capacity summation for the corresponding load
combination. The maximum capacity summations obtained from all of the
load combinations is used for the beam-column capacity ratio.
The beam-column capacity ratio is determined for a beam-column joint only

when the following conditions are met:
 The frame is a Ductile or Moderately Ductile moment resisting frame.
 When a column exists above the beam-column joint, it is a concrete col-

umn.
 All of the beams framing into the column are concrete beams.
 The connecting member design results are available.
 The load combination involves seismic load.
The beam-column flexural capacity ratios are reported only for Ductile and
Moderately Ductile moment resisting frames involving seismic design load
combinations. If this ratio is greater than 1.0, a warning message is printed in
the output file.
3 - 54 Joint Design
APPENDICES
Appendix A
Second Order P-Delta Effects
Typically, design codes require that second order P-delta effects be considered
when designing concrete frames. They are the global lateral translation of the
frame and the local deformation of members within the frame.
Consider the frame object shown in Figure A-1, which is extracted from a story
level of a larger structure. The overall global translation of this frame object is
indicated by ∆. The local deformation of the member is shown as δ. The total
second order P-delta effects on this frame object are those caused by both ∆ and
δ.
The program has an option to consider P-delta effects in the analysis. When
P-delta effects are considered in the analysis, the program does a good job of
capturing the effect due to the ∆ deformation shown in Figure A-1, but it does
not typically capture the effect of the δ deformation (unless, in the model, the
frame object is broken into multiple elements over its length).
A-1
Design Manual Concrete Frame CSA A23.3-14
Figure A-1 The Total Second Order P-Delta Effects on a

Frame Element Caused by Both ∆ and δ
Consideration of the second order P-delta effects are generally achieved by

computing the flexural design capacity using a formula similar to that shown in
the following equation.
M CAP = aM nt + bM lt where,
M CAP = Flexural design capacity required

M nt = Required flexural capacity of the member assuming there is no
joint translation of the frame (i.e., associated with the δ defor-
mation in Figure A-1)
M lt = Required flexural capacity of the member as a result of lateral
translation of the frame only (i.e., associated with the ∆ defor-
mation in Figure A-1)
a = Unitless factor multiplying M nt
b = Unitless factor multiplying M lt (assumed equal to 1 by the
program; see below)
When the program performs concrete frame design, it assumes that the factor b
is equal to 1 and calculates the factor a. That b = 1 assumes that P-delta effects
have been considered in the analysis, as previously described. Thus, in general,
when performing concrete frame design in this program, consider P-delta ef-
fects in the analysis before running the program.
A-2 Appendix A
Appendix B
Member Unsupported Lengths and
Computation of K-Factors
The column unsupported lengths are required to account for column slenderness
effects. The program automatically determines the unsupported length ratios,
which are specified as a fraction of the frame object length. Those ratios times
the frame object length gives the unbraced lengths for the members. Those ratios
can also be overwritten by the user on a member-by-member basis, if desired,
using the overwrite option.
There are two unsupported lengths to consider. They are L 33 and L 22 , as shown
in Figure B-1. These are the lengths between support points of the member in the
corresponding directions. The length L 33 corresponds to instability about the 3-3
axis (major axis), and L 22 corresponds to instability about the 2-2 axis (minor
axis).
B-1
Figure B-1 Axis of bending and unsupported length
In determining the values for L 22 and L 33 of the members, the program recog-
nizes various aspects of the structure that have an effect on these lengths, such as
member connectivity, diaphragm constraints, and support points. The program
automatically locates the member support points and evaluates the corre-
sponding unsupported length.
It is possible for the unsupported length of a frame object to be evaluated by the

program as greater than the corresponding member length. For example, assume
a column has a beam framing into it in one direction, but not the other, at a floor
level. In that case, the column is assumed to be supported in one direction only at
that story level, and its unsupported length in the other direction will exceed the
story height.
B-2 Member Unsupported Lengths and Computation of K-Factors

References
CSA, 2014. A23.3-14, Design of Concrete Structures, Canadian Standards

Association, 5060 Spectrum Way, Suite 100, Mississauga, Ontario, Can-
ada, L4W 5NG.
CSI, 2014. CSI Analysis Reference Manual, Computers and Structures, Inc.,
Walnut Creek, California.
NRCC, 2005, National Building Code of Canada, Canadian Commission on

Building and Fire Code, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Mon-
treal Rd., Ottowa, ON KIA 929.
White, D. W. and J. F. Hajjar, 1991. “Application of Second-Order Elastic

Analysis in LRFD: Research to Practice,” Engineering Journal, American
Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., Vol. 28, No. 4.

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Concrete Frame

ISO SAP120619M34 Rev. 0

Copyright © Computers and Structures, Inc., 1978-2019

Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained from:

Computers and Structures, Inc.

[email protected] (for general information)

CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE INTO THE

THIS PRODUCT IS A PRACTICAL AND POWERFUL TOOL FOR STRUCTURAL

THE INFORMATION PRODUCED BY THE SOFTWARE MUST BE CHECKED BY A

1.1 Organization 1-2

1.2 Recommended Reading/Practice 1-3

Chapter 2 Design Prerequisites

2.1 Design Load Combinations 2-1

2.2 Design and Check Stations 2-3

2.3 Identifying Beams and Columns 2-3

2.4 Design of Beams 2-4

2.5 Design of Columns 2-5

2.6 Design of Joints 2-6

2.7 P-Delta Effects 2-6

2.8 Element Unsupported Length 2-7

2.9 Choice of Input Units 2-7

Chapter 3 Design Process

3.1 Notation 3-1

3.2 Design Load Combinations 3-4

3.3 Limits on Material Strength 3-6

3.4 Strength Resistance Factors 3-7

3.5 Column Design 3-7

3.6 Beam Design 3-27

3.7 Joint Design 3-47

Appendix A Second Order P-Delta Effects

Appendix B Member Unsupported Lengths and Computation

The design of concrete frames is seamlessly integrated within the program.

The design is based on a set of user-specified loading combinations. How-

In the design of columns, the program calculates the required longitudinal

The biaxial column capacity check is based on the generation of consistent

Interaction surfaces are generated for user-specified column reinforcing

All beam-column joints are investigated for existing shear conditions.

A23.3-14. The appendices provide details on certain topics referenced in this

1.2 Recommended Reading/Practice

Recommended Reading/Practice 1-3

This chapter provides an overview of the basic assumptions, design precon-

2.1 Design Load Combinations

For multi-valued load combinations involving response spectrum, time his-

multiple sub combinations using maxima/minima permutations of interact-

When a design combination involves only a single multi-valued case of time

2-2 Design Load Combinations

2.2 Design and Check Stations

2.3 Identifying Beams and Columns

Design and Check Stations 2-3

2.4 Design of Beams

In designing the flexural reinforcement for the major moment at a particular

2-4 Design of Beams

2.5 Design of Columns

 Generate axial force-biaxial moment interaction surfaces for all of the

Design of Columns 2-5