CFD Is 456 2000 PDF

Concrete Frame
Design Manual
IS 456:2000
For SAP2000®
ISO SAP120619M37 Rev. 0

Proudly developed in the United States of America December 2019
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ASSUMPTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE MODELING, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN
ALGORITHMS AND COMPENSATE FOR THE ASPECTS THAT ARE NOT
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Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Organization 1-2
1.2 Recommended Reading/Practice 1-3
2 Design Prerequisites
2.1 Design Load Combinations 2-1
2.2 Design and Check Stations 2-3
2.3 Identifying Beams and Columns 2-3
2.4 Design of Beams 2-4
2.5 Design of Columns 2-5
2.6 Design of Joints 2-6
2.7 P-Delta Effects 2-6
Contents - i
Concrete Frame Design IS 456:2000
2.8 Element Unsupported Length 2-7
2.9 Choice of Input Units 2-7
3 Design Process
3.1 Notation 3-1
3.2 Design Load Combinations 3-6
3.3 Design Strength 3-9
3.4 Column Design 3-9

3.4.1 Generate Biaxial Interaction Surface 3-10
3.4.2 Calculate Column Capacity Ratio 3-14
3.4.3 Required Reinforcing Area 3-19
3.4.4 Design Column Shear Reinforcement 3-19
3.5 Beam Design 3-26

3.5.1 Design Beam Longitudinal Reinforcement 3-27
3.5.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement 3-39
3.5.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement 3-47
3.5.4 Design Joint for Ductile Frames 3-51
Appendix A Second Order P-Delta Effects
Appendix B Member Unsupported Lengths
Appendix C Effective Length Factor of Columns
References
ii - Contents
Chapter 1
Introduction
The design of concrete frames is seamlessly integrated within the program.

Initiation of the design process, along with control of various design param-
eters, is accomplished using the Design menu.
Automated design at the object level is available for any one of a number of
user-selected design codes as long as the structures have first been modeled
and analyzed by the program. Model and analysis data, such as material
properties and member forces, are recovered directly from the model data-
base, and no additional user input is required if the design defaults are ac-
ceptable.
The design is based on a set of user-specified loading combinations. Howev-

er, the program provides default load combinations for each supported de-
sign code. If the default load combinations are acceptable, no definition of
additional load combinations is required.
In the design of columns, the program calculates the required longitudinal

and shear reinforcement. However, the user may specify the longitudinal
steel, in which case a column capacity ratio is reported. The column capaci-
ty ratio gives an indication of the stress condition with respect to the ca-
pacity of the column.
1-1
The biaxial column capacity check is based on the generation of consistent

three-dimensional interaction surfaces. It does not use any empirical
formula-tions that extrapolate uniaxial interaction curves to approximate
biaxial action. Interaction surfaces are generated for user-specified column
reinforcing configurations. The column configurations may be rectangular,
square, or circular, with similar reinforcing patterns. The calculation of
moment mag-nification factors, unsupported lengths, and strength
reduction factors is automated in the algorithm.
Every beam member is designed for flexure and shear at output stations
along the beam span. All beam-column joints are investigated for existing
shear conditions. For Ductile Moment Resisting frames, the shear design of
the columns, beams, and joints is based on the moment capacities of the
members. Also, the program will produce ratios of the beam moment capac-
ities with respect to the column moment capacities, to investigate weak
beam/strong beam aspects, including the effect of axial force.
Output data can be presented graphically on the model, in tables for both
input and output data, or on a calculation sheet prepared for each member.
For each presentation method, the output is in a format that allows the
engineer to quick-ly study the stress conditions that exist in the structure
and, in the event the member reinforcing is not adequate, aids the engineer
in taking appropriate remedial measures, including altering the design
member without rerunning the entire analysis.
1.1 Organization
This manual is designed to help you quickly become productive using the
concrete frame design options of “Indian IS 456-2000.” Chapter 2 provides
detailed descriptions of the Design Prerequisites used for the Indian IS-456
2000 code. Chapter 3 provides detailed descriptions of the process used
when the Indian IS 456-2000 code is selected. The appendices provide de-
tails on certain topics referenced in this manual.
1-2 Organization
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.2 Recommended Reading/Practice

It is strongly recommended that you read this manual and review any appli-
cable "Watch & Learn" SeriesTM tutorials, which are found on our web site,
http://www.csiamerica.com, before attempting to design a concrete frame.
Additional information can be found in the online Help facility available
from within the program.
Recommended Reading/Practice 1 - 3
Chapter 2
Design Prerequisites
This chapter provides an overview of the basic assumptions, design

preconditions, and some of the design parameters that affect the design of
concrete frames.
In writing this manual it has been assumed that the user has an engineering
background in the general area of structural reinforced concrete design and
familiarity with the IS 456:2000 code.
2.1 Design Load Combinations

The design load combinations are used for determining the various combin-
ations of the load cases for which the structure needs to be designed/checked.
The load combination factors to be used vary with the selected design code.
The load combination factors are applied to the forces and moments obtained
from the associated load cases and are then summed to obtain the factored
design forces and moments for the load combination.
For multi-valued load combinations involving response spectrum, time

history, and multi-valued combinations (of type enveloping, square-root of
the sum of the squares or absolute) where any correspondence between
interacting quantities is lost, the program automatically produces multiple
2-1
sub combinations using maxima/minima permutations of interacting

quantities. Separate combinations with negative factors for response
spectrum cases are not required because the program automatically takes the
minima to be the negative of the maxima for response spectrum cases and the
previously described permutations generate the required sub combinations.
When a design combination involves only a single multi-valued case of time

history, further options are available. The program has an option to request
that time history combinations produce sub combinations for each time step
of the time history. Also an option is available to request that moving load
combinations produce sub combinations using maxima and minima of each
design quantity but with corresponding values of interacting quantities.
For normal loading conditions involving static dead load, live load, wind
load, and earthquake load, and/or dynamic response spectrum earthquake
load, the program has built-in default loading combinations for each design
code. The combinations are based on the code recommendations and are
documented for each code in the corresponding manuals.
For other loading conditions involving moving load, time history, pattern
live loads, separate consideration of roof live load, snow load, and so on, the
user must define design loading combinations either in lieu of or in addition
to the default design loading combinations.
The default load combinations assume all static load cases declared as dead
load to be additive. Similarly, all cases declared as live load are assumed
additive. However, each static load case declared as wind or earthquake, or
response spectrum cases, is assumed to be non-additive with each other and
produces multiple lateral load combinations. Also wind and static earthquake
cases produce separate loading combinations with the sense (positive or
negative) reversed. If these conditions are not correct, the user must provide
the appropriate design combinations.
The default load combinations are included in design if the user requests
them to be included or if no other user-defined combination is available for
concrete design. If any default combination is included in design, then all
default combinations will automatically be updated by the program any time
2-2 Design Load Combinations

Chapter 2 - Design Prerequisites
the design code is changed or if static or response spectrum load cases are
modified.
Live load reduction factors can be applied to the member forces of the live
load case on an element-by-element basis to reduce the contribution of the
live load to the factored loading.
The user is cautioned that if time history results are not requested to be
recovered in the analysis for some or all of the frame members, the effects of
those loads will be assumed to be zero in any combination that includes
them.
2.2 Design and Check Stations

For each load combination, each element is designed or checked at a number
of locations along the length of the element. The locations are based on
equally spaced segments along the clear length of the element. The number
of segments in an element is requested by the user before the analysis is
made. The user can refine the design along the length of an element by
requesting more segments.
When using the IS 456:2000 design code, the requirements for joint design at
the beam to column connections are evaluated at the top most station of each
column. The program also performs a joint shear analysis at the same station
to determine if special conditions are required in any of the joint panel zones.
The ratio of the beam flexural capacities with respect to column flexural
capacities considering axial force effects associated with the weak
beam/strong column aspect of any beam-column intersection is reported.
2.3 Identifying Beams and Columns

In the program all beams and columns are represented as frame elements.
But design of beams and columns requires separate treatment. Identification
for a concrete element is accomplished by specifying the frame section
assigned to the element to be of type beam or column. If any brace element
exists in the frame, the brace element also would be identified as either a
Design and Check Stations 2-3

beam or a column element, depending on the section assigned to the brace

element.
2.4 Design of Beams

In the design of concrete beams, in general, the program calculates and
reports the required areas of steel for flexure and shear based on the beam
moments, shears, load combination factors, and other criteria, which are
described in detail in the next chapter. The reinforcement requirements are
calculated at a user-defined number of stations along the beam span.
All of the beams are designed for major direction flexure, major shear and
torsion only. Effects due to any axial forces and minor direction bending that
may exist in the beams must be investigated independently by the user.
In designing the flexural reinforcement for the major moment at a particular

section of a particular beam, the steps involve the determination of the
maximum factored moments and the determination of the reinforcing steel.
The beam section is designed for the maximum positive and maximum
negative factored moment envelopes obtained from all of the load
combinations. If torsion is present, each design moment is modified by two
fictitious moments that are the actual factored moment plus an equivalent
moment due to torsion and the actual factored moment minus an equivalent
moment due to torsion. The equivalent moment due to torsion is
proportional to the torsion and the associated scale factor is a function of the
beam section aspect ratio. Negative beam moments produce top steel. In such
cases, the beam is always designed as a Rectangular section. Positive beam
moments produce bottom steel. In such cases, the beam may be designed as a
Rectangular beam or a T-Beam. For the design of flexural reinforcement, the
beam is first designed as a singly reinforced beam. If the beam section is not
adequate, the required compression reinforcement is calculated.
In designing the shear reinforcement for a particular beam for a particular set
of loading combinations at a particular station due to the beam major shear,
the steps involve the determination of the factored shear force, the
determination of the shear force that can be resisted by concrete, and the
determination of the reinforcement steel required to carry the balance. If
2-4 Design of Beams

there is any torsion, the design shear is modified by a fictitious shear that is
the actual shear force plus an equivalent shear due to torsion. If the nominal
shear stress due to the modified shear force is less than the nominal allowable
shear stress, no closed hoop torsion rebar is needed. In that case, only
minimum shear link is needed. However, if torsion is present and if the
nominal shear stress due to the modified shear force is more than the
nominal allowable shear stress, closed hoop torsion rebar is calculated.
Special considerations for seismic design as required in the seismic code “IS
13920:1993” are incorporated into the program for IS 456:2000.
2.5 Design of Columns

In the design of columns, the program calculates the required longitudinal
steel, or if the longitudinal steel is specified, the column stress condition is
reported in terms of a column capacity ratio, which is a factor that gives an
indication of the stress condition of the column with respect to the capacity
of the column. The design procedure for the reinforced concrete columns of
the structure involves the following steps:
 Generate axial force-biaxial moment interaction surfaces for all of the

different concrete section types of the model.
 Check the capacity of each column for the factored axial force and
bending moments obtained from each loading combination at each end
of the column. This step also is used to calculate the required
reinforcement (if none was specified) that will produce a capacity ratio of
1.0.
The generation of the interaction surface is based on the assumed strain and
stress distributions and some other simplifying assumptions. Those stress and
strain distributions and the assumptions are documented in Chapter 3.
The shear reinforcement design procedure for columns is very similar to that
for beams, except that the effect of the axial force on the concrete shear
capacity needs to be considered.
Design of Columns 2-5

For certain special seismic cases, the design of columns for shear is based on
the capacity shear. The capacity shear force in a particular direction is
calculated from the moment capacities of the beams framing into the
column.
2.6 Design of Joints

To ensure that the beam-column joint of special moment resisting frames
possesses adequate shear strength, the program performs a rational analysis
of the beam-column panel zone to determine the shear forces that are
generated in the joint. The program then checks this against design shear
strength.
Only joints having a column below the joint are checked. The material
properties of the joint are assumed to be the same as those of the column
below the joint. The joint analysis is done in the major and the minor
directions of the column. The joint design procedure involves the following
steps:
 Determine the panel zone design shear force
 Determine the effective area of the joint
 Check panel zone shear stress
The joint design details are documented in Chapter 3.
2.7 P-Delta Effects

The program design process requires that the analysis results include the
P-Delta effects. For the individual member stability effects (local effects), the
moments are magnified with additional moments, as documented in Chapter
3 of this manual.
For lateral drift effects (global effect), the program assumes that the P-Delta
analysis is performed and that the amplification is already included in the
results. The moments and forces obtained from P-Delta analysis are further
amplified for individual column stability effect as required by the code.
2-6 Design of Joints

The users of the program should be aware that the default analysis option in
the program is that P-Delta effects are not included. The user can include the
P-Delta analysis and set the maximum number of iterations for the analysis.
The default number of iteration for P-Delta analysis is 1. Further details on
P-Delta analysis are provided in Appendix A of this design manual.
2.8 Element Unsupported Lengths

To account for column slenderness effect, the column unsupported lengths
are required. The two unsupported lengths are l33 and l22. These are the
lengths between support points of the element in the corresponding
directions. The length l33 corresponds to instability about the 3-3 axis (major
axis), and l22 corresponds to instability about the 2-2 axis (minor axis).
Normally, the unsupported element length is equal to the length of the

element, i.e., the distance between END-I and END-J of the element. The
program, however, allows users to assign several elements to be treated as a
single member for design. This can be done differently for major and minor
bending, as documented in Appendix B of this design manual.
The user has options to specify the unsupported lengths of the elements on
an element-by-element basis.
2.9 Choice of Input Units

English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. But the
codes are based on a specific system of units. All equations and descriptions
presented in this manual correspond to that specific system of units unless
otherwise noted. For example, the IS 4546:2000 code is published in
Millimeter-Newton-Second units. By default, all equations and descriptions
presented in the “Design Process” chapter correspond to
Millimeter-Newton- Second units. However, any system of units can be used
to define and design the structure in the program.
Element Unsupported Lengths 2-7

Chapter 3
Design Process
This chapter describes in detail the various aspects of the concrete design
procedure that is used by the program when the user selects the Indian IS
456-2000 code option in the program. This covers the basic design code “IS
456:2000 Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice
(IS 2000), the seismic code “IS 13920:2016 (Reaffirmed 0, First Revision),
Indian Standard – Ductile Design and Detailing of Reinforced Concrete
Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces – Code of Practice” (IS 2016). Various
notations used in this chapter are listed in Section 3.1. For referencing to
the pertinent sections of the Indian codes in this chapter, a prefix “IS” fol-
lowed by the section number is used. The relevant prefixes are “IS,” and “IS
13920” for the basic code IS 456:2000 and the seismic code IS 13920:2016,
respectively.
English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. The code
is based on Millimeter-Newton-Second units. For simplicity, all equations
and descriptions presented in this chapter correspond to Millimeter-
Newton-Second units unless otherwise noted.
3.1 Notation
The various notations used in this chapter are described in this section:
3-1
Ac Area of concrete, mm2
Acv Area of section for shear resistance, mm2

Area of concrete used to determine shear stress, mm2
Ag Gross cross-sectional area of a frame member, mm2

Gross area of concrete, mm2
As Area of tension reinforcement, mm2
A's Area of compression reinforcement, mm2
As(required) Area of steel required for tension reinforcement, mm2
Ast Total area of column longitudinal reinforcement, mm2
Asv Total cross-sectional area of links at the neutral axis, mm2

Area of shear reinforcement, mm2
Asv /sv Area of shear reinforcement per unit length of the member,
mm2/mm
Area of transverse torsion reinforcement (closed stirrups)
per unit length of the member, mm2/mm
D Overall depth of a beam or slab, mm
Df Flange thickness in a T-beam, mm
Ec Modulus of elasticity of concrete, N/mm2
Es Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, assumed as 200,000

N/mm2
Ig Moment inertia of gross concrete section about the cen-

troidal axis neglecting reinforcement, mm4
Ise Moment of inertia of reinforcement about the centroidal

axis of member cross-section, mm4
K22 Effective length factor in local axis 2
3-2 Notation
Chapter 3 - Design Process
K33 Effective length factor in local axis 3
L Clear unsupported length, mm
Mns Non-sway component of factored end moment, N-mm
Ms Sway component of factored end moment, N-mm
Msingle Design moment resistance of a section as a singly reinforced

section, N-mm
Mu Ultimate factored design moment at a section, N-mm
Mu2 Factored moment at a section about 2-axis, N-mm
Mu3 Factored moment at a section about 3-axis, N-mm
Pb Axial load capacity at balanced strain conditions, N
Pc Critical buckling strength of column, N
Pmax Maximum axial load strength allowed, N
Po Axial load capacity at zero eccentricity, N
Pu Factored axial load at a section, N
Vc Shear force resisted by concrete, N
VE Shear force caused by earthquake loads, N
VD+L Shear force from span loading, N
Vmax Maximum permitted total factored shear force at a section,

N
Vp Shear force computed from probable moment capacity, N
Vs Shear force resisted by steel, N
Vu Shear force of ultimate design load, N
Notation 3-3
Z Lever arm, mm
a Depth of compression block, mm
ab Depth of compression block at balanced condition, mm
amax Maximum allowed depth of compression block, mm
b1 Center-to-center distance between corner bars in the direc-

tion of the width = b − 2c
b Width or effective width of the section in the compression

zone, mm
bf Width or effective width of flange, mm
bw Average web width of a flanged beam, mm
c Depth to neutral axis, mm
cb Depth to neutral axis at balanced condition, mm
d1 Center-to-center distance between corner bars in the direc-

tion of the depth = d − 2c
d Effective depth of tension reinforcement, mm

Distance from compression face to tension reinforcement,
mm
d' Effective depth of compression reinforcement, mm

Concrete cover-to-center of reinforcing, mm
dcompression Depth of center of compression block from most com-

pressed face, mm
fc' Specified compressive strength of concrete, N/mm2
fcd Design concrete strength = fck / γc, N/mm2
fck Characteristic compressive strength of concrete, N/mm2
3-4 Notation
f s' Compressive stress in beam compression steel, N/mm2
fyd Design yield strength of reinforcing steel = fy /γs, N/mm2
fy Characteristic strength of reinforcement, N/mm2
fys Characteristic strength of shear reinforcement, N/mm2
h Overall depth of a column section, mm
k Enhancement factor of shear strength for depth of the beam

Effective length factor
l22 Length of column about the local axis 2
l33 Length of column about the local axis 3
m Normalized design moment, M / αfck db2
r Radium of gyration of column section, mm
sv Spacing of the shear reinforcement along the length of the

beam, mm
vc Allowable shear stress in punching shear mode, N
xu Depth of neutral axis, mm
xu,max Maximum permitted depth of neutral axis, mm
α Concrete strength reduction factor for sustained loading

Reinforcing steel overstrength factor
β Factor for the depth of compressive force resultant of the

concrete stress block
βc Ratio of the maximum to minimum dimensions of the

punching critical section
γc Partial safety factor for concrete strength
Notation 3-5
γf Partial safety factor for load
γm Partial safety factor for material strength
γs Partial safety factor for steel strength
γv Fraction of unbalanced moment transferred by eccentricity

of shear
δ Enhancement factor of shear strength for compression
δns Moment magnification factor for non-sway moments
δs Moment magnification factor for sway moments
εc Strain in concrete
εc,max Maximum usable compression strain allowed in extreme

concrete fiber (0.0035 mm/mm)
εs Strain in tension steel
εs' Strain in compression steel
ρ Tension reinforcement ratio, As / bd
τc Basic design shear stress resisted by concrete, N/mm2
τv Average design shear stress resisted by the section, N/mm2
τc,max Maximum possible design shear stress permitted at a section,

N/mm2
τcd Design shear stress resisted by concrete, N/mm2
τc Basic design shear stress resisted by concrete, N/mm2
3.2 Design Load Combinations

The design loading combinations are the various combinations of the pre-
scribed response cases for which the structure is to be checked/designed.

The program creates a number of default design load combinations for a

concrete frame design. Users can add their own design load combinations as
well as modify or delete the program default design load combinations. An
unlimited number of design load combinations can be specified.
To define a design load combination, simply specify one or more response

cases, each with its own scale factor. The scale factors are applied to the
forces and moments from the load cases to form the factored design forces
and moments for each design load combination. There is one exception to
the preceding. For spectral analysis model combinations, any correspond-
ence between the signs of the moments and axial loads is lost. The program
uses eight design load combinations for each such loading combination
specified, reversing the sign of axial loads and moments in major and minor
directions.
As an example, if a structure is subjected to dead load, D, and live load, L,

only, the IS 456:2000 design check may need one design load combination
only, namely, 1.5D + 1.5L. However, if the structure is subjected to wind,
earthquake, or other loads, numerous additional design load combinations
may be required.
For the IS 456:2000 code, if a structure is subjected to dead (D), live (L), pat-
tern live (PL), wind (W), and earthquake (E) load, and considering that
wind and earthquake forces are reversible, the following load combinations
may need to be defined (IS 36.4.1, Table 18):
1.5D (IS 36.4.1)
1.5D + 1.5L (IS 36.4.1)
1.5D ± 1.5W
0.9D ± 1.5W (IS 36.4.1)
1.2D ± 1.2L ± 1.2W
1.5D ± 1.5E
0.9D ± 1.5E (IS 36.4.1)
1.2D + 1.2L ± 1.2E
Design Load Combinations 3-7

These are also the default load combinations in the program whenever the
Indian IS 456:2000 code is used. The user should use other appropriate
design load combinations if roof live load is separately treated, or if other
types of loads are present. The pattern loading is approximately, but
conservatively, performed in the program automatically. Here PL is the
approximate pattern load that is the live load multiplied by the Pattern Live
Load Factor. The Pattern Live Load Factor can be specified in the
Preferences. While calculating forces for the specified pattern load
combination, the program adds forces for the dead load, assuming that the
member geometry and continuity are unchanged from the model, and the
forces for the pattern live load, assuming the beam is simply supported at
the two ends. The Pattern Live Load Factor should normally be taken as
0.75 (IS 31.5.2.3). If the Pattern Live Load Factor is specified to be zero, the
program does not generate pattern loading.
Live load reduction factors can be applied to the member forces of the live
load case on a member-by-member basis to reduce the contribution of the
live load to the factored loading. However, such a live load case must be
specified as type Reducible Live Load.
For slender compression members, the code recommends the use of a sec-
ond order frame analysis, also called a P-∆ analysis, which includes the ef-
fect of sway deflections on the axial loads and moments in a frame. For an
adequate and rational analysis, realistic moment curvature or moment rota-
tion relationships should be used to provide accurate values of deflections
and forces. The analysis also should include the effect of foundation rotation
and sustained loads. Because of the complexity in the general second order
analysis of frames, the code provides an approximate design method that
takes into account the “additional moments” due to lateral deflections in
columns (IS 39.7). See also Clause 38.7 of SP-24 1983 (IS 1993) for details.
Hence, when using the Indian IS 456:2000 code, it is recommended that the
user include P-Delta analysis. With this option, the program can capture the
lateral drift effect, i.e., the global effect or P-∆ effect, very nicely. But the
program does not capture the local effect (P-δ effect) to its entirety because
most often the column members are not meshed. To capture the local ef-
fects in columns, the program uses the approximate formula for additional
moments as specified in the code (IS 39.7.1). Two major parameters in cal-

culating the additional moments are the effective length factors for major
and minor axis bending. The effective length factors for columns are com-
puted using a code-specified procedure (IS 25.2, Annex E). If P-∆ analysis is
not included, the program calculates effective length factors, K, assuming
the frame is a sway frame (sway unrestrained) (IS Annex E, Figure 27).
However, if the P-∆ analysis is included, the program assumes the member
is prevented from further sway and assumes that the frame can be consid-
ered non-sway where K < 1 (IS Annex E, Figure 26). In that case, the pro-
gram takes K equal to 1 conservatively. For more information on P-∆ and P-
δ effects, please refer to Appendix A. See Appendix C concerning the de-
termination of K factors.
3.3 Design Strength

The design strength for concrete and steel is obtained by dividing the char-
acteristic strength of the material by a partial factor of safety, γ m . The values
of γ m used in the program are as follows:
Partial safety factor for steel, γ s = 1.15, and (IS 35.4.2.1)
Partial safety factor for concrete, γ c = 1.50. (IS 35.4.2.1)
These factors are already incorporated in the design equations and tables in
the code. Although not recommended, the program allows them to be
overwritten. If they are overwritten, the program uses them consistently by
modifying the code-mandated equations in every relevant place.
3.4 Column Design

The program can be used to check column capacity or to design columns. If
the geometry of the reinforcing bar configuration of each concrete column
section has been defined, the program will check the column capacity. Al-
ternatively the program can calculate the amount of reinforcing required to
design the column based on provided reinforcing bar configuration. The re-
inforcement requirements are calculated or checked at a user-defined num-
ber of design/check stations along the column height. The design procedure
Design Strength 3-9

for the reinforced concrete columns of the structure involves the following
steps:
 Generate axial force/biaxial moment interaction surfaces for all of the

different concrete section types of the model. A typical biaxial interac-
tion surface is shown in Figure 3-1. For reinforcement to be designed,
the program generates the interaction surface for the range of allowable
reinforcement, which by default is 0.8 to 6 percent for all types of con-
crete frames (IS 26.5.3.1).
 Calculate the capacity ratio or the required reinforcing area for the fac-
tored axial force and biaxial (or uniaxial) bending moments obtained
from each loading combination at each station of the column. The target
capacity ratio is taken as the Utilization Factor Limit when calculating
the required reinforcing area.
 Design the column shear reinforcement.
The following three subsections describe in detail the algorithms associated

with these steps.
3.4.1 Generate Biaxial Interaction Surfaces

The column capacity interaction volume is numerically described by a se-
ries of discrete points that are generated on the three-dimensional interac-
tion failure surface. In addition to axial compression and biaxial bending,
the formulation allows for axial tension and biaxial bending considerations
(CP 6.2.1.4a). A typical interaction diagram is shown in Figure 3-1.
3 - 10 Column Design
Figure 3-1 A typical column interaction surface
The coordinates of these points are determined by rotating a plane of linear

strain in three dimensions on the section of the column, as shown in Figure
3-2.
Column Design 3 - 11
Figure 3-2 Idealized strain distribution for generation of interaction surface
The linear strain diagram limits the maximum concrete strain, ε c , at the ex-
tremity of the section, as given by the following equations:
(a) When there is any tensile strain in the section, the maximum strain in
concrete at the outermost compression fiber is taken as 0.0035 (IS
38.1(b)).
ε c = 0.0035, when tensile strain is present (IS 38.1(b))
(b) When the section is uniformly compressed, the maximum compression

strain in concrete is taken as 0.002 (IS 39.1(a)).
ε c = 0.002, when the section is uniformly

compressed (IS 39.1(a))
(c) When the entire section is under non-uniform compression, the maxi-
mum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fiber is taken
as 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fi-
ber (IS 39.1(b)).
ε c,max = 0.0035 − 0.75 ε c,min , when the section is non-

uniformly compressed (IS 39.1(b))
The formulation is based consistently on the basic principles of limit state of

collapse under compression and bending (IS 38, 39).
The stress in the steel is given by the product of the steel strain and the steel
modulus of elasticity, ε s E s , and is limited to the design strength of the steel,
f y / γs (IS 38.1(e)). The area associated with each reinforcing bar is assumed
to be placed at the actual location of the center of the bar, and the algorithm
does not assume any further simplifications with respect to distributing the
area of steel over the cross-section of the column, as shown in Figure 3-2.
The concrete compression stress block is assumed to be parabolic, with a

stress value of 0.67 f ck γ m (IS 38.1.c). See Figure 3-3. The interaction algo-
rithm provides corrections to account for the concrete area that is displaced
by the reinforcement in the compression zone.
The equivalent concrete compression stress block is assumed to be rectangu-

lar, with an average stress value of 0.36 f ck over the depth of xu and an av-
erage stress value of ( 0.36 0.84 ) fck or ( 3 7 ) f ck over the depth of a (IS
38.1(c), Figure 22), as shown in Figure 3-3. The depth of the equivalent rec-
tangular block, a, is taken as:
a = β1 xu (IS 38.1(c), Figure 22)
where xu is the depth of the stress block in compression strain and,
β1 = 2 × 0.42 = 0.84 (IS 38.1(c), Figure 22)
The maximum compressive axial strength is limited to Pu where,
Pu = [0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc], tied (IS 39.3)
Pu = 1.05[0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc], spiral (IS 39.4)
However, the preceding limit is not normally reached unless the section is
heavily reinforced.
0.67 fcu γ m
ε c = 0.0035
d′ 0.42 xu
ε s1 c1s
c c = 0.36 fck gxu
xu
ε s2 cs2
0.36 fck
ε s3 Ts3
ε s4 Ts4
Concrete Section Strain Diagram Stress Diagram
Figure 3-3 Idealization of stress and strain distribution in a column section
3.4.2 Calculate Column Capacity Ratio

The column capacity ratio is calculated for each design loading combination
at each output station of each column. The following steps are involved in
calculating the capacity ratio of a column for a particular design load com-
bination at a particular location:
 Determine the factored moments and forces from the analysis load cases
and the specified load combination factors to give Pu, Mu2, and Mu3.
 Determine the additional moments to account for column slenderness

and compute final design column moments.
 Determine if the point, defined by the resulting axial load and biaxial
moment set, lies within the interaction volume.
The final design moments depend on the identification of the individual

columns as Ductile, Ordinary, or Nonsway.
The following three subsections describe in detail the algorithms associated

with that process.
3.4.2.1 Determine Factored Moments and Forces

The loads for a particular design load combination are obtained by applying
the corresponding factors to all of the load cases, giving Pu, Mu2, and Mu3.
Columns are designed for minimum eccentricity moment, Pe,min, when M <
Pe,min, where
 D
 L 500 + 30
emin = (IS 25.4)
 L 500 + b
 30
where D and b are dimensions of the column perpendicular to the local 3

and 2 axes. The minimum eccentricity is applied in only one direction at a
time (IS 25.4)
3.4.2.2 Determine Additional Moments for Column Slender-

ness
The program computes the slenderness ratios as l33 / D and l22 / b, where l33
and l22 are effective lengths of the column about local axis 3 and 2, while D
and b are dimensions of the column perpendicular to the local 3 and 2 axes.
If the slenderness ratio is greater than 12, the column is considered as slen-
der in that plane (IS 25.1.2). Effectively, the column may be slender in one
or both planes.
If the column is slender in a plane, additional slenderness moments, Ma2 and

Ma3, are computed using the following formula:
2
Pu D  l33 
Ma3 = k   (IS 39.7.1, 39.7.1.1)
2000  D 
2
P b l 
Ma2 = k u  22  (IS 39.7.1, 39.7.1.1)
2000  b 
where,
Puz − Pu
=k ≤1 (IS 39.7.1.1)
Puz − Pb
Puz = 0.45 fckAc + 0.75fyAsc (IS 39.6)
Ma2, Ma3 = Additional moment to account for column slenderness

about column local axes 2 and 3 respectively
Pu = Factored axial force in column for a particular load combina-

tion
Puz = Theoretical axial capacity of the section
Pb = Axial load corresponding to the condition of maximum com-

pressive strain of 0.0035 in concrete and tensile strain of 0.002
in the outermost layer of tensile steel
l33, l22 = Effective length of column about the local axes 2 and 3 respec-
tively
l22 = k22L22
l33 = k33L33`
D, b = Lateral column dimension perpendicular to local axes 3 and 2

respectively
k = Reduction factor for reducing additional moments
Other variables are described in Section 3.1 Notation in this chapter.
When designing a column, Asc is not known in advance, and so Puz and Pb
are not known. In such cases, k is conservatively taken as 1.
k=1
The program calculates the effective length factors based on Annex E of the
code (IS 25.2, 39.7, Annex E) with the assumption that the frame is a sway-
frame and using the chart given in IS Figure 27. However, if P-∆ analysis is
included, the program assumes that the member is prevented from further
sway and takes k = 1 conservatively,
The use of code-specified additional moment (IS 39.7) is an approximate

procedure (IS SP-24, 1983, Clause 38.7). It is recommended that the user
included P-Delta analysis. With this option, the program can capture the
lateral drift effect (i.e., global effect or P-∆ effect), but the program does not
capture local effect (i.e., P-δ effect) to its entirety through analysis. To
capture the local effect correctly, the program uses the approximate design
formula for additional moments, with the assumption that k = 1.
See Appendix A for more information on P-∆ and P-δ effects. Also see Sec-
tion 3.2 Design Load Combination for additional information. See Appendix
C on the determination of K factors.
3.4.2.3 Determine Capacity Ratio

As a measure of the stress condition of the column, a capacity ratio is calcu-
lated. The capacity ratio is basically a factor that gives an indication of the
stress condition of the column with respect to the capacity of the column.
Before entering the interaction diagram to check the column capacity, the
final moments are evaluated as outlined previously. The point (P, M2, M3) is
then placed in the interaction space shown as point L in Figure 3-4. If the
point lies within the interaction volume, the column capacity is adequate;
however, if the point lies outside the interaction volume, the column is
overstressed.
This capacity ratio is achieved by plotting the point L and determining the
location of point C. Point C is defined as the point where the line OL (if ex-
tended outwards) will intersect the failure surface. This point is determined
by three-dimensional linear interpolation between the points that define
the failure surface. See Figure 3-4. The capacity ratio, CR, is given by the
OL
ratio .
OC
 If OL = OC (or CR = 1), the point lies on the interaction surface and the
column is stressed to capacity.
 If OL < OC (or CR < 1), the point lies within the interaction volume and
the column capacity is adequate.
 If OL > OC (or CR > 1), the point lies outside the interaction volume and
the column is overstressed.
The maximum of all of the values of CR calculated from each load combina-
tion is reported for each check station of the column along with the con-
trolling Pu, Mu2, Mu3 set and associated load combination number.
Figure 3-4 Geometric representation of column capacity ratio
3.4.3 Required Reinforcing Area

If the reinforcing area is not defined, the program computes the reinforce-
ment that will give a column capacity ratio equal to the Utilization Factor
Limit, which is set to 0.95 by default.
3.4.4 Design Column Shear Reinforcement

The shear reinforcement is designed for each design combination in the
major and minor directions of the column. The following steps are involved
in designing the shear reinforcement for a particular column for a particular
design load combination resulting from shear forces in a particular

direction:
 Determine the factor forces acting on the section, Pu and Vu. Note that Pu
is needed for the calculation of τcd.
 Determine the shear force, τcd, which can be resisted by concrete alone.
 Calculate the reinforcement, Asv/sv, required to carry the balance.
For Ductile frames, shear design of columns is also based on the capacity
shear that a column must resist without overstress to ensure a ductile
behavior (IS 13920 7.5). The capacity shear in a column is computed from
the beam capacities framing into the column.
The following three sections describe in detail and algorithms associated

with this process.
3.4.4.1 Determine Section Forces

 In the design of column shear reinforcement of an ordinary moment
resisting concrete frame, the forces for a particular design load
combination, namely, the column axial force, Pu, and the column shear
force, Vu, in a particular direction are obtained by factoring the load cases
with the corresponding design load combination factors. Column shear
ends are computed at the beam face.
 In the shear design of ductile moment resisting frames (i.e., seismic

design), the shear capacity of the column is checked for capacity shear in
addition to the requirement of the ordinary moment resisting frame. The
capacity shear force in the column, Vu, is determined from consideration
of the maximum shear forces that can be generated in the column when
beams connected with the column reach their ultimate moment capacity.
Two different capacity shears are calculated for each direction (major and
minor). The beam object connectivity with the column along the column
major and minor axes is retrieved from the model database, with
information regarding beam size, steel, and so on. The probable capacity
is computed assuming appropriate partial material safety factors, γc and γs;
capacity is the same as described in IS 13920 Clause 6.3.3. The moment
capacities of beams are then related to column shear using the following
equation.
 M bL + Mu bR 
Vu = 1.4  u  (IS 13920 7.5(b))
 H 
The column shear in both directions (column major and minor axes) is
computed using the preceding equation.
It should be noted that the points of inflection shown in Figure 3-5 are
taken at midway between actual lateral support points for the columns,
and H is taken as the mean of the two column heights. If there is no
column at the top of the joint, H is taken to be equal to one-half of the
height of the column below the joint.
When beams are not oriented along the major and minor axes of the col-
umn, appropriate components of the flexural capacity are used. If the
beam is oriented at an angle θ with the column major axis, the appropriate
component, Mub cosθ or Mub sinθ, of the beam flexural capacity is used in
calculating capacity shear in the column for joint rotations in the clock-
wise and counter-clockwise directions. Also, the positive and negative
moment capacities are used appropriately based on the orientation of the
beam with respect to the column local axis.
 The column is designed for maximum capacity shear but never less than
the factored shear obtained from the design load combination.
 M bL + Mu bR 
=Vu 1.4  u  ≥ Vu,factored (IS 7.5)
 H 
POINT OF
INFLECTION
Vu
COLUMN
ABOVE
TOP OF BEAM
COLUMN PANEL
HEIGHT ZONE
(H)
M uL
TL Vuh CR
CL TR
M uR
COLUMN
BELOW
Vu
POINT OF
INFLECTION
ELEVATION
Figure 3-5 Column shear force Vu
3.4.4.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity

Given the design set force Pu and Vu, the shear force carried by the con-
crete, Vc, is calculated as follows:
Vc = τcdAcv
where,
Acv = Effective area under shear as shown in Figure 3-6. For column
shapes other than rectangular or circular, it is taken as 5/6
times the gross axial area.
d' d
DIRECTION
OF SHEAR
A cv b
FORCE
RECTANGULAR
d' d
DIRECTION
OF SHEAR A cv b
FORCE
SQUARE WITH CIRCULAR REBAR
d' d
DIRECTION
OF SHEAR A cv
FORCE
CIRCULAR
Figure 3-6 Shear stress area, Acv
τcd = kδτc (IS 40.2)
 Pu
1 + 3 A f ≤ 1.5 if Pu > 0, Under Compression
δ = g ck (IS 40.2.2)
1 if Pu ≤ 0, Under Tension

k is always taken as 1, and (IS 40.2.1.1)
τc is the basic design shear strength for concrete, which is given

by IS Table 19. It should be mentioned that the value of γc has
already been incorporated in IS Table 19 (see Note in IS
36.4.2.1).
The following limitations are enforced in the determination of

the design shear strength as is done in the Table.
100 As
0.15 ≤ ≤3
bd
fck ≤ 40 N/mm2 (for calculation purposes only)
The determination of τc from Table 19 of the code requires two

A A
parameters: 100 s and fck. If 100 s becomes more than 3.0,
bd bd
A A
τc is calculated based on 100 s = 3.0. If 100 s becomes less
bd bd
As
than 0.15, τc is calculated based on 100 = 0.15. Similarly, if
bd
fck is larger than 40 N/mm2, τc is calculated based on fck = 40
N/mm2. However, if fck is less than 15 N/mm2, τc is reduced by a
1
 f  4
factor of  ck  . If γc is chosen to be different from 1.5, τc is
 0.15 
adjusted with a factor of (1.5 γ c ) . The absolute maximum limit
on nominal shear stress, τc,max is calculated in accordance with IS

Table 20, which is reproduced in the table that follows (IS
40.2.3, Table 20):
Maximum Shear Stress, τc,max (N/mm2)

(IS 40.2.3, IS Table 20)
Concrete Grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
τc,max (N/mm2) 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4.0
If fck is between the limits, linear interpolation is used.
2.5 if fck < 15


2.5 + 0.3 fck − 15 if 15 ≤ fck < 20
 5
 f − 20
2.8 + 0.3 ck if 20 ≤ fck < 25
 5
 f − 25
τ c,max = 3.1 + 0.4 ck if 25 ≤ fck < 30 (IS 40.2.3)
 5
 fck − 30
3.5 + 0.2 5 if 30 ≤ fck < 35

 fck − 35
3.7 + 0.3 5 if 35 ≤ fck < 40

4.0 if fck > 40
3.4.4.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement

Given Vu and Vc, the required shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups or
ties within a spacing, s, is given for rectangular and circular columns by the
following:
 Compute nominal shear stress using the following equation:
Vu
τv = (IS 40.1)
Acv
where Vu is design shear force and Acv is the column section area resisting
shear.
 Calculate the basic permissible nominal shear stress, τc, and the design
permissible nominal shear stress, τcd (IS 40.2.1, Table 19).
 Calculate the absolute maximum permissible nominal shear stress, τc,max,

using the procedures described in the previous section (IS 40.2.3, Table
20).
 Compute required shear reinforcement as follows:
If τv ≤ τcd, provide minimum links defined by
Asv 0.4bw
= , (IS 40.3, 26.5.1.6)
sv 0.87 f ys
else if τcd <τv ≤ τc,max, provide links given by
Asv (τ v − τ cd ) bw 0.4bw
= ≥ , (IS 40.4)
sv 0.87 f ys 0.87 f ys
else if τv > τc,max, a failure condition is declared. (IS 40.2.3)
In calculating the shear reinforcement, a limit is imposed on the fyv as
fyv ≤ 415 N/mm2. (IS 40.4)
In the preceding expressions, for a rectangular section, bw is the width of

the column, d is the effective depth of the column, and Acv is the effective
shear area, which is equal to bwd. For circular sections, bw is replaced with
D, which is the external diameter of the column and d is the effective depth
of the column, and Acv is replaced with the grayed area shown in Figure 3-6.
The maximum of all the calculated Av /s values, obtained from each design
load combination, is reported for the major and minor directions of the col-
umn, along with the controlling combination name.
The column shear reinforcement requirements reported by the program are

based purely on shear strength consideration. Any other requirements to
satisfy spacing considerations or transverse reinforcement volumetric con-
siderations must be investigated independently of the program by the user.
3.5 Beam Design

In the design of concrete beams, the program calculates and reports the
required areas of steel for flexure and shear based on the beam moments,
shear forces, torsions, design load combination factors, and other criteria
described in the text that follows. The reinforcement requirements are
calculated at a user-defined number of check/design stations along the beam
span.
3 - 26 Beam Design
All beams are designed for major direction flexure, shear, torsion, and axial
force only. Effects resulting from any minor direction bending that may ex-
ist in the beams must be investigated independently by the user.
The beam design procedure involves the following steps:
 Design longitudinal reinforcement
 Design shear reinforcement
 Design torsion reinforcement
3.5.1 Design Beam Longitudinal Reinforcement

The beam top and bottom flexural steel is designed at check/design stations
along the beam span. The following steps are involved in designing the
flexural reinforcement for the major moment for a particular beam for a
particular section:
 Determine the maximum factored moments
 Determine the reinforcing steel
3.5.1.1 Determine Factored Moments

In the design of flexural reinforcement of any concrete beam, the factored
moments for each design load combination at a particular beam section are
obtained by factoring the corresponding moments for different load cases
with the corresponding design load combination factors.
If torsion is present, the factored moment, Mu, is modified with the equiva-
lent torsion moment, Mt, as follows:
Me1 = Mu + Mt (IS 41.4.2)
Me2 = Mu − Mt (IS 41.4.2)
where,
Me1 = equivalent resultant moment
Beam Design 3 - 27
Me2 = equivalent resultant moment
Mt = equivalent torsional moment
1+ D b 
=   ⋅ Tu (IS 41.4.2)
 1.7 
Tu = factored torsion
D = overall depth of the beam, and
b = width of the beam or beam web (if T beam)
The beam is designed for both Me1 and Me2.
The beam section is then designed for the factored moments or equivalent
resultant moments obtained from all of the design load combinations.
Positive moments produce bottom steel. In such cases, the beam may be
designed as a Rectangular beam or a T-beam. Negative moments produce
top steel. In such cases, the beam is always designed as a Rectangular beam.
3.5.1.2 Determine Required Flexural Reinforcement

In the flexural reinforcement design process, the program calculates both
the tension and compression reinforcement. Compression reinforcement is
added when the applied design moment exceeds the maximum moment ca-
pacity of a singly reinforced section. The user has the option of avoiding the
compression reinforcement by increasing the effective depth, the width, or
the grade of concrete.
The design procedure is based on the simplified parabolic stress block, as

shown in Figure 3-7 (IS 38.1, Figures 21 and 22). The area of the stress
block, C, and the depth of the center of the compressive force from the most
compressed fiber, dcompression, are taken as:
C =α
f ck xu and (IS 38.1.b)
d compression = β xu , (IS 38.1.c)
3 - 28 Beam Design
Where xu is the depth of the compression block, and α and β are taken re-
spectively as:
α = 0.36 , and (IS 38.1.c)
β = 0.42 . (IS 38.1.c)
α is the reduction factor to account for sustained compression and the par-
tial safety factor for concrete. α is taken as 0.36 for the assumed parabolic
stress block (IS 38.1). The β factor establishes the location of resultant
compressive force in concrete in terms of the neutral axis depth.
Furthermore, it is assumed that moment redistribution in the member does

not exceed the code-specified limiting value. To safeguard against non-
ductile failures, the code also places a limit on the neutral axis depth, as fol-
lows (IS 38.1):
fy xu ,max / d
250 0.53
415 0.48
500 0.46
The program uses interpolation between the three discrete points given in
the code.
xu ,max ε c ,max
= (IS 38.1.f)
d ε c ,max + 0.002 + f y (1.15 E )
When the applied moment exceeds the capacity of the beam as a singly
reinforced beam, the area of compression reinforcement is calculated on the
assumption that the neutral axis depth remains at the maximum permitted
value. The maximum fiber compression is taken as:
εc,max = 0.0035 (IS 38.1.b)
and the modulus of elasticity of steel is taken to be
Beam Design 3 - 29
Es = 200,000 N/mm2. (IS 5.6.3, 38.I.e, Figure 23)
The design procedure used by the program, for both rectangular and flanged
sections (L-beams and T-beams) is summarized in the subsections that fol-
low. It is assumed that the design ultimate axial force can be neglected;
hence all the beams are designed for major direction flexure, torsion, and
shear only. Effects of torsion are considered by adjusting the factored mo-
ment with ±Mt, as explained earlier.
3.5.1.2.1 Design of a Rectangular Beam

For rectangular beams, the limiting depth of neutral axis, xu,max, and the
moment capacity as a singly reinforced beam, M single , are obtained first for
a section. The reinforcing steel area is determined based on whether M is
greater than, less than, or equal to M single . (See Figure 3-7.)
ε c = 0.0035 0.67 fck γ m

b
0.42 xu
f s′ Cs
As′ d′ xu C
Ts Tc
εs
As
Beam Section Strain Diagram Stress Diagram
Figure 3-7 Rectangular beam design
 Calculate the limiting depth of the neutral axis.
3 - 30 Beam Design
xu ,max ε c ,max
= (IS 38.1.f)
d ε c ,max + 0.002 + f y (1.15 E )
 Calculate the limiting ultimate moment of resistance of the section as a

singly reinforced beam.
xu ,max  xu ,max 
=M single α f ck bd 2 1 − β , where (IS G-1.1.c)
d  d 
α = 0.36, and (IS G-1.1.c, 38.1.c)
β = 0.42.
 Calculate the depth of neutral axis xu as
xu 1 − 1 − 4βm
= ,
d 2β
where the normalized design moment, m, is given by
Mu
m = .
bd 2α fck
 If Mu ≤ Msingle, the area of tension reinforcement, As, is obtained from
Mu
As = , where (IS G-1.1)
( f y γs ) z
 x 
z = d 1 − β u  . (IS 38.1)
 d
This is the top steel if the section is under negative moment and the bot-
tom steel if the section is under positive moment.
 If M u > M single , the area of compression reinforcement, A 's , is given by
M u − M single
As′ = (IS G-1.2)
( f ′ − α f ) ( d − d ′)
,
s ck
Beam Design 3 - 31
where d ' is the depth of the compression steel from the concrete com-
pression face, and
 d′  fy
f s′ =
εc ,max Es 1 − ≤ . (IS G-1.2)
 xu ,max  γ s
This is the bottom steel if the section is under negative moment and top
steel if the section is under positive moment. From equilibrium, the area
of tension reinforcement is calculated as
M single M u − M single
=As + , where (IS G-1.2)
(f y )
γs z (f y )
γ s (d − d ′)
 xu ,max 
=
z d 1 − β . (IS 38.1)
 d 
As is to be placed at the bottom and A 's is to be placed at the top if Mu

is positive, and A 's is to be placed at the bottom and As is to be placed
at the top if Mu is negative.
3.5.1.2.2 Design as a T-Beam

In designing a T-beam, a simplified stress block, as shown in Figure 3-8, is
assumed if the flange is under compression, i.e., if the moment is positive. If
the moment is negative, the flange comes under tension, and the flange is
ignored. In that case, a simplified stress block similar to that shown in
Figure 3-7 is assumed on the compression side.
3.5.1.2.2.1 Flanged Beam Under Negative Moment

In designing for a factored negative moment. Mu (i.e., designing top steel),
the calculation of the steel area is exactly the same as described for a rectan-
gular beam, i.e., no T-beam data is used. The width of the web, bw, is used as
the width of the beam.
3 - 32 Beam Design
0.67 fck γ m 0.36 fcu

ε c = 0.0035
bf Df
d′ f s′ Cs 0.42 xu
Cf
As′ C
xu
d 0.36 fck
Cw
Ts Tw Tf
As εs
bw
Beam Section Strain Diagram Stress Diagram
Figure 3-8 T beam design
3.5.1.2.2.2 Flanged Beam Under Positive Moment

With the flange in compression, the program analyzes the section by
consider-ing alternative locations of the neutral axis. Initially, the neutral
axis is assumed to be located in the flange. Based on this assumption, the
program calculates the depth of the neutral axis. If the stress block does not
extend beyond the flange thickness, the section is designed as a rectangular
beam of width bf. If the stress block extends beyond the flange, additional
calculation is required. (See Figure 3-8.)
 Assuming the neutral axis to lie in the flange, calculate the depth of the
neutral axis, xu, as
xu 1 − 1 − 4βm
= ,
d 2β
where the normalized design moment, m, is given by
Mu
m= .
b f d 2α f ck
Beam Design 3 - 33
 xu   D f 
 If  ≤  , the neutral axis lies within the flange. The subsequent
 d   d 
calculations for As are exactly the same as previously defined for
Rectan-gular section design (IS G-2.1). However, in this case, the width
of the compression flange, bf, is taken as the width of the beam, b.
Compression reinforcement is required when Mu > Msingle.
 xu   D f 
 If  >  , the neutral axis lies below the flange. Then calculation
 d   d 
for As has to parts. The first part is for balancing the compressive force
from the flange, Cf, and the second part is for balancing the compressive
force from the web, Cw, as shown in Figure 3-8.
– Calculate the ultimate resistance moment of the flange as:
Mf = 0.45 fck (bf − bw)yf (d − 0.5 yf ), (IS G-2.2)
where yf is taken as follows:
 D f if D f ≤ 0.2 d
yf =  (IS G-2.2)
0.15 xu + 0.65 D f if D f > 0.2 d
– Calculate the moment taken by the web as:
Mw = Mu − Mf.
– Calculate the limiting ultimate moment resistance of the web for

only tension reinforcement.
xu.max  xu ,max 
M w,single = αf ck bw d 2 1 − β  where, (IS G-1.1)
d  d 
xu ,max ε c ,max
= (IS 38.1.f)
d ε c ,max + 0.002 + f y (1.15 E )
α = 0.36 , and (IS G-1.1.c, 38.1.c)
β = 0.42 . (IS G-1.1.c, 38.1.c)
3 - 34 Beam Design
– If Mw ≤ Mw,single, the beam is designed as a singly reinforced con-

crete beam. The area of steel is calculated as the sum of two parts:
one to balance compression in the flange and one to balance com-
pression in the web.
Mf Mw
=As + , where
( f y γ s )( d − 0.5 y f ) ( y γs ) z
f
 x 
=
z d 1 − β u  ,
 d 
xu 1 − 1 − 4βm
= , and
d 2β
Mw
m= .
bw d 2 αf ck
– If Mw > Mw,single, the area of compression reinforcement, As′ , is

given by:
M w − M w,single
As′ =
( f ′ − α f ) ( d − d ′)
,
s ck
where d ′ is the depth of the compression steel from the concrete

compression face, and
 d ′  fy
fs′ ε c,max Es ⋅ 1 −
= ≤ , (IS G-1.2)
 xu,max  γ s
From equilibrium, the area of tension reinforcement is calculated

as:
Mf M w,single M w − M w,single
=As + + ,
( fy γ s )( d − 0.5 y f ) ( fy γs ) z ( f y γ s ) ( d − d ′)
where
Beam Design 3 - 35
 xu ,max 
=
z d 1 − β .
 d 
As is to be placed at the bottom, and As′ is to be placed at the top for posi-
tive moment.
3.5.1.3 Minimum and Maximum Tensile Reinforcement

The minimum flexural tensile steel required for a beam section is given by
the following equation (IS 26.5.1.1):
 0.85
 f bd Rectangular beam
 y
As ≥  (IS 26.5.1.1)
 0.85 b d T-beam
 fy w

An upper limit on the tension reinforcement for beams (IS 26.5.1.1) and
compression reinforcement (IS 26.5.1.2) has been imposed to be 0.04 times
the gross web area.
0.04 b d , Rectangular beam

As ≤  (IS 26.5.1.1)
0.04 bw d , T-beam
0.04 b d , Rectangular beam

As′ ≤  (IS 26.5.1.2)
0.04 bw d , T-beam
3.5.1.4 Special Consideration for Seismic Design

For ductile moment resisting concrete frames (seismic design), the beam de-
sign satisfies the following additional conditions (see also Table 3-1):
3 - 36 Beam Design
Table 3-1: Design Criteria
Type of Ordinary/Non-Sway Moment Ductile Moment Resisting

Check/Design Resisting Frames (Non-Seismic) Frames (Seismic)
Column Check
(PMM interaction)
Specified Combinations Specified Combinations
Column Design
(PMM interaction)
0.8% < ρ < 6% 0.8% < ρ < 6%
Column Shears
Column Capacity Shear
Beam Design
Flexure

ρ ≤ 0.04 ρ ≤ 0.025
0.85
ρ≥ ρ≥
0.85
fy fy
0.24 fck
ρ≥
fy
Beam Minimum
Rebar Override
Check
No Requirement
As bot ,end ≥
1
2
{ }
max Astop ,left Astop ,right end
1
{ }
As bot ,span ≥ max Astop ,left, Astop ,right end
4
1
{ }
As top ,span ≥ max Astop ,left, Astop ,right end
4
Mu+,end ≥ Mu−,end
1
2
{
Mu+,span ≥ max Mu+ ,Mu− end
1
4
}
− 1
4
{
Mu,span ≥ max Mu+ ,Mu− end }
Beam Design 3 - 37
Table 3-1: Design Criteria
Type of Ordinary/Non-Sway Moment Ductile Moment Resisting

Check/Design Resisting Frames (Non-Seismic) Frames (Seismic)
Beam Design
Shear
Beam Capacity Shear (Ve)
Joint Design
No Requirement Checked for shear (Informative)
Beam/Column
Capacity Ratio
No Requirement Checked (Informative)
 The minimum longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided at both the

top and bottom of the section. Any of the top and bottom reinforcement
shall not be less than As(min) (IS 13920 6.2.1, IS 26.5.1.1).
 0.24 f 0.85 
As (min) ≥ max  ck
bw d , and bw d 
 fy fy 
(IS 13920 6.2.1; IS 26.5.1.1)
 The beam flexural steel is limited to a maximum given by
As ≤ 0.025 bw d. (IS 13920 6.2.2)
 At any end (support or joint force) of the beam, the beam bottom rein-
forcement area (i.e., associated with the positive moment) would not be
less than 1/2 of the beam top reinforcement area (i.e., associated with the
negative moment) at that end (IS 13920 6.2.3).
 Neither the top nor bottom reinforcement area at any of the sections
within the beam would be less than 1/4 of the maximum top reinforce-
ment area of any of the beam end (support or joint force) stations (IS
6.2.4).
3 - 38 Beam Design
3.5.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement

The shear reinforcement is designed for each design load combination at
each check/design station of the beam element along its span. The assump-
tions in designing the shear reinforcement are as follows:
 The beam sections can be prismatic or non-prismatic. The program keeps

track of any variation in beam width and depth along the length of the
beam object, and the actual width and depth of the beam at the design sta-
tion are considered. However, web width is assumed to remain uniform at
a section, and the web is assumed to always be vertical. For tapered web
of a T-beam, the average width of the web at the interface of the slab and
at the bottom of the web is taken as the overall width of the section.
 The effect on the concrete shear capacity of any concentrated or distrib-

uted load in the span of the beam between two columns is ignored. Also,
the
effect of the direct support on the beams provided by the columns is ig-
nored.
 All shear reinforcement is assumed to be perpendicular to the longitudinal

reinforcement.
 The effect of torsion is considered for the design of shear reinforcement

when design for torsion is included in the preferences.
 For Ductile beams (seismic design), capacity shear resulting from moment
capacities at the ends along with factored gravity loads also is considered
in design.
The shear reinforcement is designed for each loading combination in the

major direction of the beam. In designing the shear reinforcement for a par-
ticular beam for a particular loading combination, the following steps are
involved (IS 40.1).
The shear reinforcement is designed for each design load combination at a

user-defined number of stations along the beam span. The following steps
are involved in designing the shear reinforcement for a particular station
because of beam major shear:
Beam Design 3 - 39
 Determine the factored shear force, Vu, Tu, and Mu.
 Determine the shear stress, τcd, that can be resisted by the concrete.
 Determine the reinforcement steel Asv/sv, required to carry the balance.
The following three sections describe in detail the algorithms associated

with this process.
3.5.2.1 Determine Shear Force and Moment

In the design of beam shear reinforcement of an Ordinary moment resisting
concrete frame, the shear forces and moments for a particular design load
combination at a particular beam section are obtained by factoring the asso-
ciated shear forces and moments with the corresponding design load com-
bination factors.
In the design of Ductile beams (i.e., seismic design), the shear capacity of
the beam also is checked for the capacity shear resulting from the maximum
moment capacities at the ends along with the factored gravity load. This
check is performed only for Ductile beams in addition to the design check
required for Ordinary beams. The capacity shear force, Vp, is calculated
from the maximum moment capacities of each end of the beam and the
gravity shear forces. The procedure for calculating the design shear force in
a beam from the maximum moment capacity is the same as described in the
code (IS 13920 6.3.3).
The design shear force is then given by (IS 13920 6.3.3)
Vu = max {Vu,a ,Vu,b } (IS 13920 6.3.3, Figure 5)
= Vp1 + VD + L
Vu,a (IS 13920 6.3.3, Figure 5)
V=
u ,b V p 2 + VD + L (IS 13920 6.3.3, Figure 5)
where Vp is the capacity shear force obtained by applying the calculated

maximum ultimate moment capacities at the two ends of the beams acting
in two opposite directions. Therefore, Vp is the maximum of Vp1 and Vp2
where,
3 - 40 Beam Design
 M − + M J+ 
V p1 = 1.4  I ,  and
 L 
 M + + M J− 
V p 2 = 1.4  I ,
 L 
where,
M I− = Moment capacity at end I, with top steel in tension
M J+ = Moment capacity at end J, with bottom steel in tension
M I+ = Moment capacity at end I, with bottom steel in tension
M J− = Moment capacity at end J, with top steel in tension
L = Clean span of beam.
The moment capacity is computed assuming appropriate partial material

safety factors, γc and γs (IS 13920 Clause 6.3.3). If the reinforcement area
has not been overwritten for Ductile beams, the value of the reinforcing ar-
ea envelope is calculated after completing the flexural design of the beam
for all the design load combinations. Then this enveloping reinforcing area
is used in calculating the moment capacity of the beam. If the reinforcing
area has been overwritten for Ductile beams, this area is used in calculating
the moment capacity of the beam. The reinforcing area can be overwritten.
If the beam section is a variable cross-section, the cross-sections at the two
ends are used along with the user-specified reinforcing of the envelope of
reinforcing, as appropriate. VD+L is the contribution of factored shear force
from the in-span distribution of gravity loads with the assumption that the
ends are simply supported.
If the user overwrites the major direction length factor, the full span length
is used. However, if the length factor is not overwritten, the clear length
will be used. In the latter case, the maximum of negative and positive mo-
ment capacities will be used for both the negative and positive moment ca-
pacities in determining the capacity shear.
Beam Design 3 - 41
 For non-prismatic sections, the calculated Vu is modified with Ve, where

Ve is given by:
Mu
Ve =
Vu ± tanβ (IS 40.1.1)
d
where
Vu = factored shear (or capacity shear with gravity load),
Mu= factored bending moment at the section,
d = effective depth,
β = angle between the top and bottom edge of the beam.
The negative sign in the formula applies when the bending moment,
Mu, increases numerically in the same direction as the effective depth
increases, and the positive sign applies when the moment decreases
numerically in the same direction.
 If torsion is present, the factored shear force, Vu, is modified with the
equivalent shear force, Ve, as follows:
Tu
V=
e Vu + 1.6 (IS 41.3.1)
b
where
Ve = equivalent shear,
Vu = factored shear (or capacity shear with gravity load),
Tu = factored torsion,
b = width of the beam or T-beam web.
Then the beam is designed for Ve.
3 - 42 Beam Design
3.5.2.2 Determine Concrete Shear Capacity

Given the design set force Pu and Vu, the shear force carried by the con-
crete, Vc, is calculated as follows:
Vc = τcdAcv
where,
Acv = Effective area under shear, as shown in Figure 3-6. For column
shapes other than rectangular or circular, it is taken as 5/6
times the gross axial area.
τcd = kδτc (IS 40.2)
 Pu
1 + 3 A f ≤ 1.5 if Pu > 0, Under Compression
δ = g ck (IS 40.2.2)
1 if Pu ≤ 0, Under Tension

k is always taken as 1, and (IS 40.2.1.1)
τc is the basic design shear strength for concrete, which is given

by IS Table 19. It should be mentioned that the value of γc has
already been incorporated in IS Table 19 (see Note in IS
36.4.2.1). The following limitations are enforced in the de-
termination of the design shear strength as is done in the Ta-
ble.
100 As
0.15 ≤ ≤3
bd
fck ≤ 40 N/mm2 (for calculation purposes only)
The determination of τc from Table 19 of the code requires two

A A
parameters: 100 s and fck. If 100 s becomes more than 3.0,
bd bd
As A
τc is calculated based on 100 = 3.0. If 100 s becomes less
bd bd
Beam Design 3 - 43
As
than 0.15, τc is calculated based on 100 = 0.15. Similarly, if
bd
fck is larger than 40 N/mm2, τc is calculated based on fck = 40
N/mm2. However, if fck is less than 15 N/mm2, τc is reduced by a
1
 f  4
factor of  ck  . If γc is chosen to be different from 1.5, τc is
 0.15 
adjusted with a factor of (1.5 γ c ) . The absolute maximum limit
on nominal shear stress, τc,max is calculated in accordance with IS

Table 20, which is reproduced in the table that follows (IS
40.2.3, Table 20):
Maximum Shear Stress, τc,max (N/mm2)

(IS 40.2.3, IS Table 20)
Concrete Grade M15 M2 M2 M3 M3 M4
0 5 0 5 0
τc,max (N/mm2) 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4.0
If fck is between the limits, linear interpolation is used.
3 - 44 Beam Design
2.5 if fck < 15


2.5 + 0.3 fck − 15 if 15 ≤ fck < 20
 5
 f − 20
2.8 + 0.3 ck if 20 ≤ fck < 25
 5
 f − 25
τ c,max = 3.1 + 0.4 ck if 25 ≤ fck < 30 (IS 40.2.3)
 5
 fck − 30
3.5 + 0.2 5 if 30 ≤ fck < 35

 fck − 35
3.7 + 0.3 5 if 35 ≤ fck < 40

4.0 if fck > 40
NOTE: Concrete capacity is ignored for beam shear design when the beam
is a part of ductile moment resisting moment frame and seismic load is pre-
sent in the design combination (IS 13920:2016 section 6.3.4(c)).
3.5.2.3 Determine Required Shear Reinforcement

Given Vu, Tu, and Mu, the required shear reinforcement in the form of stir-
rups within a spacing, sv, is given for Rectangular beams or T-beams by the
following:
 Calculate the design nominal shear stress as
Vu
τv = , (IS 40.1)
bd
where b is the width of the rectangular beam, the width of the T-beam
web, or the average width of a tapered T-beam web, i.e., ( b = bw ),
– If the beam is non-prismatic, Vu is replaced by Ve, as explained earlier
Mu
Ve = Vu ± tanβ (IS 40.1.1)
d
– If the beam is subjected to torsion, Tu, in addition to shear Vu, the Vu is

replaced by Ve, as explained earlier.
Beam Design 3 - 45
Tu
Ve = Vu + 1.6 (IS 41.3)
b
– If the beam is non-prismatic and is subjected to torsion, both the ef-

fects are considered in design:
Tu M
Ve = Vu + 1.6 ± u tanβ (IS 41.3, 40.1.1)
b d
permissible nominal shear stress, τcd, following the procedure described in
the previous section (IS 40.2.1, Table 19, 40.2).

following the procedure described in the previous section (IS 40.2.3, Table
20).
The shear reinforcement is computed as follows:
 If τv ≤ τcd, provide minimum links defined by
Asv 0.4bw
= , (IS 40.3, 26.5.1.6)
sv f ys γ s
else if τcd < τv ≤ τc,max, provide links given by
Asv ( τv − τcd ) bw 0.4bw

= ≥ , (IS 40.4)
sv f ys γ s f ys γ s
else if τv > τc,max,
a failure condition is declared (IS 40.2.3)
In calculating the shear reinforcement, a limit was imposed on the fys of
fys ≤ 415 N/mm2. (IS 39.4)
The maximum of all calculated Asv /sv values, obtained from each load com-
bination, is reported along with the controlling shear force and associated
load combination number.
3 - 46 Beam Design
The beam shear reinforcement requirements displayed by the program are

based purely on shear strength considerations. Any minimum stirrup re-
quirements to satisfy spacing and volumetric considerations must be inves-
tigated independently of the program by the user.
If torsion is present and if τu > τcd, the shear links calculated in the section
are replaced by two-legged closed hoops enclosing the corners of the longi-
tudinal bars. The calculation of those closed hoops is given in the following
section.
3.5.3 Design Beam Torsion Reinforcement

The torsion reinforcement is designed for each design load combination at a
user-defined number of stations along the beam span. The following steps
are involved in designing the reinforcement for a particular station because
of beam torsion:
 Determine the factored forces.
 Determine the reinforcement steel required.
Note that the torsion design can be turned off by choosing not to consider
torsion in the Preferences.
3.5.3.1 Determine Factored Forces

In the design of torsion reinforcement of any beam, the factored torsions,
shear, and bending moment for each design load combination at a particular
design station are obtained by factoring the corresponding torsion, shear,
and bending moment for different load cases with the corresponding design
load combination factors.
In a statistically indeterminate structure where redistribution of the tor-

sional moment in a member can occur due to redistribution of internal forc-
es upon cracking, the design Tu is permitted to be reduced in accordance
with code (IS 41.1). However, the program does not try to redistribute the
internal forces and to reduce Tu. If redistribution is desired, the user should
Beam Design 3 - 47
release the torsional degree of freedom in the structural model, or should

specify torsional stiffness modifiers to reduce torsion (IS 41.1).
3.5.3.2 Determine Torsion Reinforcement

Normally the torsional resistance of a beam is provided by the closed hoops,
longitudinal rebar, and concrete compression diagonals. The code uses a
simplified approach in designing torsion of beams. Torsional reinforcement
is determined for a fictitious bending moment, Me, which is a function of
actual bending moment, Mu, and torsion, Tu (IS 41.1). Similarly, web
reinforcement is determined for a fictitious shear, Ve, which is a function of
actual shear, Vu, and torsion, Tu (IS 41.1). If Ve is small (τve ≤ τcd), stirrup
links suffice and if Ve is large (τve > τcd), closed hoops are calculated to resist
the torsion Tu and the interactive Vu.
If torsion is present, the factored moment, Mu, is modified with the equiva-
lent torsion moment, Mt, as follows:
Me1 = Mu + Mt (IS 41.4.2)
Me2 = Mu − Mt (IS 41.4.2)
where,
Me1 = equivalent resistant moment
Me2 = equivalent resistant moment
Mt = equivalent torsional moment
1+ D b 
= Tu   (IS 41.4.2)
 1.7 
Tu = factored torsion,
D = overall depth of the beam, and
b = width of the beam or brace web (if T-beam)
3 - 48 Beam Design
The beam is designed for both Me1 and Me2, as discussed in Section 3.5.1
Design Beam Longitudinal Reinforcement. The longitudinal rebar
calculated this way includes flexural rebar for Mu and additional rebar
needed to resist Tu torsion (IS 41.4.2.1). No further consideration is needed
for equivalent moment.
Given Tu, Vu, and Mu, the required torsion reinforcement in the form of
two-legged closed hoops within a spacing, sv, is given for Rectangular beams
or T-beams by the following:
 Calculate the design nominal shear stress as
Ve
τ ve = , where (IS 40.1, 41.3.1)
bd
Tu
V=
e Vu + 1.6 ,
b
where b is the width of the rectangular beam or the width of the t

beam web (i.e., b = bw).
– If the beam is non-prismatic and is subjected to torsion, Ve is taken as
Tu M u
Ve =+
Vu 1.6 ± tanβ (IS 4.13, 40.1.1)
b d
– All parameters in the preceding expressions have been explained

thoroughly in Section 3.5.2 Design Beam Shear Reinforcement.
permissible nominal shear stress, τcd, following the procedure described in
the previous section (IS 40.2.1, Table 19, 40.2).

using the procedure described in the previous section (IS 40.2.3, Table 20).
 The two-legged closed hoop reinforcement is computed as follows:
– If Tu = 0 or τ ve ≤ τ cd ,
Beam Design 3 - 49
At
=0 (IS 41.3.2)
sv
else if τ cd < τ ve ≤ τ c ,max ,
At T Vu (τ ve − τ c ) b sv (IS 41.4.3)
= u + ≥
sv b1d1 ( f ys γ s ) 2.5d1 ( f ys γ s ) ( f ys γs )
else if τu > τc,max,
a failure condition is declared (IS 41.3.1)
In calculating the hoop reinforcement, a limit is imposed on the fys as
fys ≤ 415 N/mm2 (IS 39.4)
The dimensions b1 and d1 are taken as follows (Figure 3-9):
b1 = center-to-center distance between corner bars in the width di-

rection
= b − 2c,
d1 = center-to-center distance between corner bars in the depth di-

rection
= d − 2c,
c = cover-to-center, it is taken as 50 mm.
3 - 50 Beam Design
b1= b − 2c
bf
c b − 2c c
c c
ds
d1= d − 2c
h h d1= d − 2c
c c
b b=
1 bw − 2c
bw
Closed Stirrup in Closed Stirrup in

Rectangular Beam T-Beam Section
Figure 3-9 Closed stirrup and section dimensions for torsion design
The maximum of all the calculated At and At /s values obtained from each
design load combination is reported along with the controlling combination
names.
The beam torsion reinforcement requirements reported by the program are

based purely on strength considerations. Any minimum stirrup require-
ments and longitudinal rebar requirements to satisfy spacing considerations
must be investigated independently of the program by the user.
3.5.4 Design Joints for Ductile Frames

To ensure that the beam-column joint of ductile frames possesses adequate
shear strength, the program performs a rational analysis of the beam-
column panel zone to determine the shear forces that are generated in the
joint. The program then checks this against design shear strength.
Beam Design 3 - 51
Only joints having a column below the joint are checked. The material
properties of the joint are assumed to be the same as those of the column be-
low the joint.
The joint analysis is completed in the major and minor directions of the
column. The joint design procedure involves the following steps:
 Determine the panel zone design shear force, Vuh
 Determine the effective area of the joint
 Check panel zone shear stress
The algorithms associated with these three steps are described in detail in
the following three sections.
3.5.4.1 Determine the Panel Zone Shear Force

Figure 3-10 illustrates the free body stress condition of a typical beam-
column intersection for a column direction, major or minor.
3 - 52 Beam Design
Figure 3-10 Beam-column joint analysis
The force Vuh is the horizontal panel zone shear force that is to be calculat-
ed. The forces that act on the joint are Pu, Vu, MuL , and MuR . The force Pu
and Vu are axial force and shear force, respectively, from the column fram-
Beam Design 3 - 53
ing into the top of the joint. The moments MuL and MuR are obtained from
the beams framing into the joint. The program calculates the joint shear
force Vuh by resolving the moments into C and T forces. Noting that TL = Cl
and TR = CR,
Vuh = V j = TL + TR − Vu
The location of C and T forces is determined by the direction of the mo-

ment. The magnitude of C or T forces is conservatively determined using
basic principles of limit state design theory (IS 38.1).
The program resolves the moments and the C and T forces from beams that
frame into the joint in a direction that is not parallel to the major or minor
direction of the column along the direction that is being investigated,
thereby contributing force components to the analysis. Also, the program
calculates the C and T for the positive and negative moments, considering
the fact that the concrete cover may be different for the direction of mo-
ment.
In the design of Ductile moment resisting concrete frames, the evaluation of

the design shear force is based on the moment capacities of the beams fram-
ing into the joint with appropriate partial material safety factors, γc and γs
(IS 13920 7.2.1, 6.3.3). The C and T forces are based on these moment ca-
pacities. The program calculates the column shear force Vu from the beam
moment capacities, as follows (see Figure 3-5):
 M L + M uR 
Vu = 1.4  u 
 H 
It should be noted that the points of inflection shown in Figure 3-5 are tak-
en as midway between actual lateral support points for the columns. If no
column exists at the top of the joint, the shear force from the top of the col-
umn is taken as zero.
The effects of load reversals, as illustrated in Case 1 and Case 2 of Figure 3-

10, are investigated and the design is based on the maximum of the joint
shears obtained from the two cases.
3 - 54 Beam Design
3.5.4.2 Determine the Effective Area of Joint

The joint area, bj, hj, that resists the shear forces is assumed always to be
rectangular in plan view. The dimensions of the rectangle correspond to the
major and minor dimensions of the column below the joint, except if the
beam framing into the joint is very narrow or very wide. The effective
width of the joint area to be used in the calculation is limited to the width
of the beam plus half the depth of the column (IS 13920 9.1.3). The joint ar-
ea for joint shear along the major and minor directions is calculated sepa-
rately.
Effective depth of joint is taken as the depth of column hc; see Figure 3.11.
hj = hc
Effective point width is taken from the following two equations:
min [bc ; bb + 0.5hc ] if bc > bb

bj =  (IS 13920 9.1.3)
min [bb ; bc + 0.5hc ] if bc < bb
b c b
b
Column b j
Beam
Column
h c
Beam
b b
c Column b j
b
hc
Figure 3-11 Effective Width of Joint (Plan View) from IS 13920
Beam Design 3 - 55
It should be noted that if the beam frames into the joint eccentrically, the
preceding assumptions may not be conservative and the user should investi-
gate the acceptability of the particular joint.
3.5.4.3 Check Panel Zone Shear Stress

The panel zone shear stress, τ, is evaluated by dividing the shear force by
the effective area of the joint and comparing it with the following design
shear strength, τc (IS 13920 9.1.1).
Panel zone stress, τ, is computed using the following equation
Vj
τ= (IS 13920 9.1.1)
bj hj
where
Vj = Design shear force at the joint
bj = Effective width of joint
hj = Effective depth of joint
The allowable nominal shear stress is taken as follows:
1.5 f ck for joints confined on all four sides ,


τc =1.2 f ck for joints confined on three faces or on two opposite faces,

1.0 f ck for all other joints.
(IS 13920 9.1.1)
A beam that frames into a face of a column at the joint is considered in this
program to provide confinement to the joint if at least three-quarters of the
face of the joint is covered by the framing member (IS 13920 9.2.1). This has
been adopted from ACI Section 21.5.3.1.
The joint shear stress ratio is calculated as follows:
3 - 56 Beam Design
τ
R=
τc
For joint design, the program reports the joint shear, Vj, the joint shear
stress, τ, the allowable joint shear stress, τc, and a capacity ratio.
3.5.4.4 Beam-Column Flexural Capacity Ratios

The program calculates the ratio of the sum of the beam moment capacities
to the sum of the column moment capacities for Ductile frames only. For
Ductile frames, at a particular joint for a particular column direction, major
or minor (IS 13920 7.2.1):
∑M c ≥ 1.4 ∑M b (SI 13920 7.2.1)
∑M c = Sum of flexural strengths of columns framing into the

joint, evaluated at the faces of the joint. Individual column
flexural strength is calculated for the associated factored
axial force.
∑M b = Sum of flexural strengths of the beams framing into the

joint, evaluated at the faces of the joint.
The capacities are calculated with the appropriate material partial safety
factors, γc and γs (IS 13920 Clause 6.3.3). The beam capacities are calculated
for reversed situations (Cases 1 and 2) as illustrated in Figure 3-10 and the
maximum summation obtained is used.
The moment capacities of beams that frame into the joint in a direction that
is not parallel to the major or minor direction of the column are resolved
along the direction that is being investigated and the resolved components
are added to the summation.
The column capacity summation includes the column above and the col-
umn below the joint. For each load combination, the axial force, Pu, in each
of the columns is calculated from the program design load combinations.
For each design load combination, the moment capacity of each column
under the influence of the corresponding axial load is then determined sep-
Beam Design 3 - 57
arately for the major and minor directions of the column, using the uniaxial
column interaction diagram (see Figure 3-12). The moment capacities of the
two columns are added to give the capacity summation for the correspond-
ing design load combination. The maximum capacity summations obtained
from all of the design load combinations is used for the beam-column ca-
pacity ratio.
Figure 12 Moment capacity Mu at a given axial load Pu
The beam-column capacity ratio is determined for a beam-column joint on-

ly when the following conditions are met:
 the frame is ductile moment resisting

 a column of concrete material exists above the beam-column joint
3 - 58 Beam Design
 all of the beams framing into the column are concrete frame
 the connecting member design results are available
 the load combo involves seismic load
The amplified beam-column flexural capacity ratio 1.4 ( ∑ M ∑ M ) are

b c
reported only for ductile frames involving seismic design load combinations.
Beam Design 3 - 59
APPENDICES
Appendix A
Second Order P-Delta Effects
Typically, design codes require that second order P-Delta effects be considered
when designing concrete frames. They are the global lateral translation of the
frame and the local deformation of members within the frame.
Consider the frame object shown in Figure A-1, which is extracted from a story
level of a larger structure. The overall global translation of this frame object is
indicated by ∆. The local deformation of the member is shown as δ. The total
second order P-Delta effects on this frame object are those caused by both ∆ and
δ.
The program has an option to consider P-Delta effects in the analysis. When
P-Delta effects are considered in the analysis, the program does a good job of
capturing the effect due to the ∆ deformation shown in Figure A-1, but it does
not typically capture the effect of the δ deformation (unless, in the model, the
frame object is broken into multiple elements over its length).
A-1
Concrete Frame Design IS 456 2000
Figure A-1 The total second order P-delta effects on a

frame element caused by both ∆ and δ
Consideration of the second order P-Delta effects is generally achieved by
computing the flexural design capacity using a formula similar to that shown in
the following equation.
M CAP = a(M nt + bM lt ) where,
M CAP = Flexural design capacity required

M nt = Required flexural capacity of the member assuming there is no
joint translation of the frame (i.e., associated with the δ defor-
mation in Figure A-1)
M lt = Required flexural capacity of the member as a result of lateral
translation of the frame only (i.e., associated with the ∆ defor-
mation in Figure A-1)
a = Unitless factor multiplying M nt
b = Unitless factor multiplying M lt (assumed equal to 1 by the program;
see the following text)
When the program performs concrete frame design, it assumes that the factor b
is equal to 1 and calculates the factor a. That b = 1 assumes that P-Delta effects
have been considered in the analysis, as previously described. Thus, in general,
when performing concrete frame design in this program, consider P-Delta
effects in the analysis before running the design.
A-2 Appendix A
Appendix B
Member Unsupported Lengths
The column unsupported lengths are required to account for column slenderness
effects. The program automatically determines the unsupported length
ratios, which are specified as a fraction of the frame object length. Those ratios
times the frame object length give the unbraced lengths for the members. Those
ratios can also be overwritten by the user on a member-by-member
basis, if desired, using the overwrite option.
There are two unsupported lengths to consider. They are L 33 and L 22 , as shown
in Figure B-1. These are the lengths between support points of the member in the
corresponding directions. The length L 33 corresponds to instability about the 3-3
axis (major axis), and L 22 corresponds to instability about the 2-2 axis (minor
axis).
In determining the values for L 22 and L 33 of the members, the program recog-
nizes various aspects of the structure that have an effect on those lengths, such as
member connectivity, diaphragm constraints and support points. The program
automatically locates the member support points and evaluates the corre-
sponding unsupported length.
B- 1
Figure B-1 Axis of bending and unsupported length
It is possible for the unsupported length of a frame object to be evaluated by the

program as greater than the corresponding member length. For example, assume
a column has a beam framing into it in one direction, but not the other, at a floor
level. In that case, the column is assumed to be supported in one direction only at
that story level, and its unsupported length in the other direction will exceed the
story height.
B-2 Effective Length Factor of Columns

Appendix C
Effective Length Factor of Columns
The effective length factor, K, is the ratio of the effective length of the column,
l e , to the unsupported length, l, of the column (K = l e /l). The program calculates
the effective length factors of concrete columns in frame structures based on
Annex E of the code ( IS 25.2, 39.7, Annex E).
If the column is identified as Ordinary or Ductile, it is taken as a sway frame

member. For such column members, the program calculates K using the chart
given in IS Figure 27 (IS Annex E-1, Figure 27). In such cases, K is always
greater than 1. Also the program enforces a lower limit of 1.2 on the K values:
K ≥ 1 (non-sway frame)
If the P-∆ analysis is turned on, the program assumes that the joints are pre-
vented from further sway and takes K = 1 for all framing types.
K = 1 (if P-∆ has been completed)
There are two K-factors associated with each column. One for major direction
bending (K 33 ) and the other is for minor direction bending (K 22 ). The K-factors
are used in calculating the code-specified additional moment (IS 39.7), which
tries to capture the P-δ effect.
C- 1
The K-factor algorithm has been developed for building-type structures, where
the columns are vertical and the beams are horizontal, and the behavior is ba-
sically that of a moment-resisting frame for which the K-factor calculation is
relatively complex. For the purpose of calculating K-factors, the objects are
identified as columns, beam and braces. All frame objects parallel to the Z-axis
are classified as columns. All objects parallel to the X-Y plane are classified as
beams. The remainders are considered to be braces.
The beams and braces are assigned K-factors of unity. In the calculation of the
K-factors for a column object, the program first makes the following four
stiffness summations for each joint in the structural model:
Scx = ∑  c c  Sbx = ∑  b b 
EI EI
 Lc  x  Lb  x
Scy = ∑  c c  Sb y = ∑  b b 
EI EI
 Lc  y  Lb  y
where the x and y subscripts correspond to the global X and Y directions and the
c and b subscripts refer to column and beam. The local 2-2 and 3-3 terms
EI 22 L22 and EI 33 L33 are rotated to give components along the global X and Y
directions to form the ( EI L ) x and ( EI L ) y values. Then for each column, the
joint summations at END-I and the END-J of the member are transformed back
to the column local 1-2-3 coordinate system, and the β -values for END-I and
the END-J of the member are calculated about the 2-2 and 3-3 directions as
follows (IS Annex E, E-1 Note 2):
S I c 22 S J c 22
β I 22 =I β J 22 =J
S c 22 + S I b 22 S c 22 + S J b 22
S I c 33 S J c 33
β I 33 =I β J 33 =J
S c 33 + S I b 33 S c 33 + S J b 33
If a rotational release exists at a particular end (and direction) of an object, the

corresponding value of β is set to 0.9. If all degrees of freedom for a particular
joint are deleted, the β-values for all members connecting to that joint will be set
to 0.5 for the end of the member connecting to that joint. Finally, if β I and β J are
known for a particular direction, the column K-factors for the corresponding
direction are calculated as follows:
C-2 Effective Length Factor of Columns

Appendix C Concrete Frame Design Preferences
le 1 − 0.2 ( β1 + β2 ) − 0.12β1β2 
12
K= =  
l 1 − 0.8 ( β1 + β2 ) + 0.60β1β2 
The preceding expression closely and slightly conservatively approximates the

Woods' chart (Wood 1974), which is reproduced in Indian codes as Figure 27 (IS
Annex E-1, Note 1). The preceding expression has appeared in Figure E2 of
Annex E of British code BS 5950-1:2000, and in Section E.2(12) of Annex E of
Eurocode ENV 1993-1-1:1992. This expression approximates the Woods chart,
which is reproduced in British code as Figure E.2 in Annex E and reproduced in
Eurocode as Figure E.2.2 in Annex E.
The following are some important aspects associated with the column K-factor
algorithm:
 An object that has a pin at the joint under consideration will not enter the
stiffness summations calculated above. An object that has a pin at the far end
from the joint under consideration will contribute only 50% of the calculated
EI value. Also, beam members that have no column member at the far end
from the joint under consideration, such as cantilevers, will not enter the
stiffness summation.
 If there are no beams framing into a particular direction of a column mem-
ber, the associated β value will be 1. If the β value at any one end of a
column for a particular direction is 1, the K-factor corresponding to that
direction is set equal to unity.
 If rotational releases exist at both ends of an object for a particular direction,
the corresponding K-factor is set to unity.
 The automated K-factor calculation procedure can occasionally generate
artificially high K-factors, specifically under circumstances involving
skewed beams, fixed support conditions, and under other conditions where
the program may have difficulty recognizing that the members are laterally
supported and K-factors of unity are to be used.
 All K-factors produced by the program can be overwritten by the user. These
values should be reviewed and any unacceptable values should be replaced.
Consult the program Help for information about applying overwrites.
 The beams and braces are assigned K-factors of unity.
Effective Length Factor of Columns C-3

References
CSI, 2017. CSI Analysis Reference Manual, Computers and Structures, Inc.,
Berkeley, California.
IS, 1983, Explanatory Handbook on Indian Standard Code of Practice for

Plain and Reinforced Concrete IS:456-1978, SP:24-1983, Bureau of In-
dian Standards, New Delhi, India.
IS, 2000. IS 456:2000 – Indian Standard – Plain – Code of Practice, Rein-

forced Concrete, Fourth Edition, Second Reprint, October 2000, Bureau
of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New
Delhi 110002, India.
IS, 2016. IS 13920:2016 (Reaffirmed 0, First Revision) Indian Standard Duc-

tile Design and Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to
Seismic Forces – Code of Practice, Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak
Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002, India.
Jain, S.K. and C.V.R Murty, 2008, Proposed Draft Provision, and Commen-
tary on Ductile Detailing of RC Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces;
Document IITK-GSDMA-EQII-V4.0, IITK-GSDMA-EQ16-V3.0, Indian
Institute of Technology Kanput Kanpur, India.
References - i
Jain, S.K. and R. K. Ingle, August 2006, Proposed codal provision for design
and detailing of beam-column joints in seismic region; Indian Concrete
Journal, India.
White, D. W. and J. F. Hajjar, 1991. “Application of Second-Order Elastic

Analysis in LRFD: Research to Practice,” Engineering Journal, American
Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., Vol. 28, No. 4.
ii - Referenes

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Concrete Frame

ISO SAP120619M37 Rev. 0

Copyright © Computers and Structures, Inc., 1978-2019

No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any

Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained from:

Computers and Structures, Inc.

[email protected] (for general information)

CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE INTO THE

THIS PRODUCT IS A PRACTICAL AND POWERFUL TOOL FOR STRUCTURAL

1.1 Organization 1-2

1.2 Recommended Reading/Practice 1-3

2.1 Design Load Combinations 2-1

2.2 Design and Check Stations 2-3

2.3 Identifying Beams and Columns 2-3

2.4 Design of Beams 2-4

2.5 Design of Columns 2-5

2.6 Design of Joints 2-6

2.7 P-Delta Effects 2-6

2.8 Element Unsupported Length 2-7

2.9 Choice of Input Units 2-7

3.1 Notation 3-1

3.2 Design Load Combinations 3-6

3.3 Design Strength 3-9

3.4 Column Design 3-9

3.5 Beam Design 3-26

Appendix A Second Order P-Delta Effects

Appendix B Member Unsupported Lengths

Appendix C Effective Length Factor of Columns

The design of concrete frames is seamlessly integrated within the program.

The design is based on a set of user-specified loading combinations. Howev-

In the design of columns, the program calculates the required longitudinal

The biaxial column capacity check is based on the generation of consistent

1.2 Recommended Reading/Practice

This chapter provides an overview of the basic assumptions, design

2.1 Design Load Combinations

For multi-valued load combinations involving response spectrum, time

sub combinations using maxima/minima permutations of interacting

When a design combination involves only a single multi-valued case of time

2-2 Design Load Combinations

2.2 Design and Check Stations

2.3 Identifying Beams and Columns

Design and Check Stations 2-3

beam or a column element, depending on the section assigned to the brace

2.4 Design of Beams

In designing the flexural reinforcement for the major moment at a particular

2-4 Design of Beams

2.5 Design of Columns

 Generate axial force-biaxial moment interaction surfaces for all of the

Design of Columns 2-5

2.6 Design of Joints

 Determine the panel zone design shear force

 Determine the effective area of the joint

 Check panel zone shear stress

The joint design details are documented in Chapter 3.

2.7 P-Delta Effects

2-6 Design of Joints

2.8 Element Unsupported Lengths

Normally, the unsupported element length is equal to the length of the

2.9 Choice of Input Units