The Objective of this section is to

enable the trainee to:

Choose, maintain and use the most
suitable marking out and measuring
equipment.
Task No. Knowledge requirements
7.1 Identify and describe the use of marking out and measuring equipment, tools and
instruments.
7.2 Compare the relative degrees of accuracy of marking out and measuring equipment listed.

7.3 Identify methods of marking out.

7.4 Identify datum and describe methods of marking out from them.

7.5 Describe how to avoid faults and minimize inaccuracies when marking out

7.6 Identify and describe the operation of tools and equipment for angular marking out and
measurement.
7.7 Identify and explain the use of the precision bubble level to establish horizontal and vertical
planes.
7.8 Identify and explain the use of the plumb bob to establish vertical planes.

7.9 Identify template materials for given situations and describe their use.

7.10 Identify and explain the main classes of fit.

 Identify and describe the use of marking out
7.1 and measuring equipment, tools and
instruments.
 Lecture 1/7

A measurement is a comparison to a standard.

Measurement is the process or the result of determining the

magnitude of a quantity, such as length or mass, relative to a unit
of measurement, such as a meter or a kilogram.
For example length, width , depth , height , temperature , density etc.
Metrology is the science of measurement.
 Lecture 1/7

1.Metric System

The metric system is a decimal system of measurement based on its

units.

A. Length is measured in meter (m), centimeter (cm), or millimeter

(mm) etc.
 Lecture 1/7

1.Metric System

B. Mass is measured in kilogram (kg) or grams (gm)

 Lecture 1/7

1.Metric System

C. Time is measured in second (s), minute (min) or hour (hr)

 Lecture 1/7

1.Metric System

D. Temperature is measured in degree centigrade (0C)

 Lecture 1/7

2.S.I. System

The International System of Units is the modern revision of the

metric system. It is the world's most widely used system of
units, both in everyday commerce and in science.

SI unit of length meter (m)

SI unit of mass kilogram (kg)
SI unit of time second (s)
SI unit of temperature Kelvin (K)
 Lecture 1/7

Measuring Tools
1.Ruler

A ruler, sometimes called a rule or line gauge, is an instrument used

in geometry, technical drawing, printing and engineering to measure
distances and/or to rule straight lines.
 Lecture 1/7

Measuring Tools
1.Ruler

Desk rulers are used for three main purposes: to measure, to aid in
drawing straight lines and as a straight guide for cutting and scoring
with a blade. Practical rulers have distance markings along their
edges.
 Lecture 1/7

Measuring Tools
2.Measuring Tape

A measuring tape is a flexible form of ruler.

 Lecture 1/7

Measuring Tools
2.Measuring Tape
It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, or metal strip with linear-
measurement markings. It is a common measuring tool. Its flexibility
allows for a measure of great length to be easily carried in pocket or
toolkit and permits one to measure around curves or corners.
 Lecture 1/7

Measuring Tools
3. Vernier Caliper
A Vernier caliper is precision measuring tool.

We can measure inside, outside and depth.

It has locknut which is very useful to keep the measurement permanently.

 Lecture 1/7

Measuring Tools
3. Vernier Caliper
 Lecture 1/7

Measuring Tools

Parts of Vernier Caliper

Outside jaws: 1. used to measure external diameter or width of an
object.
Inside jaws: 2. used to measure internal diameter of an object.
 Lecture 1/7

Measuring Tools

Parts of Vernier Caliper

Depth probe: 3. used to measure depths of an object or a hole.

Main scale: 4. scale marked every mm.

 Lecture 1/7

Measuring Tools

Parts of Vernier Caliper

Main scale: 5. scale marked in inches and fractions.

Vernier : 6. gives interpolated measurements to 1/10 mm or better.

 Lecture 1/7

3. Measuring Tools

Parts of Vernier Caliper

Vernier : 7. gives interpolated measurements in fractions of an inch.

Retainer: 8. used to block movable part to allow the easy transferring

of a measurement.
 Lecture 1/7

Reading Vernier Caliper

 Lecture 1/7

Reading Vernier Caliper

 Lecture 1/7

Reading Vernier Caliper

 Lecture 1/7

Measuring Tools

4. Micrometer
A micrometer is also called micrometer screw gauge.

It is used for precise measurement.

The least count of Micrometer is 0.001 mm

 Lecture 1/7

Measuring Tools

4. Micrometer
 Lecture 1/7

Measuring Tools

Parts of Micrometer
Frame : The C-shaped body that holds the anvil and barrel.
Anvil : The shiny part that the spindle moves toward, and
that the sample rests against.
 Lecture 1/7

Measuring Tools

Parts of Micrometer
Thimble : The part that one's thumb turns. Graduated markings.

Thimble lock : The knurled part that one can tighten to hold the spindle
stationary.
 Lecture 1/7

Measuring Tools

Parts of Micrometer
Spindle : The shiny cylindrical part that the thimble causes to
move toward the anvil
Sleeve : The stationary round part with the linear scale on it.
It is also called barrel or stock.
 Lecture 2/7

Measuring Tools

Types of Micrometer
The names are based on their application:
A. Outside micrometer
These are typically used to measure wires, spheres, shafts
and blocks.
 Lecture 2/7

Measuring Tools

Types of Micrometer
B. Inside micrometer
Used to measure the diameter of holes.
 Lecture 2/7

Measuring Tools

Types of Micrometer
C. Depth micrometer
Measures depths of slots and steps.
 Lecture 2/7

Reading Micrometer
1 mm
 Lecture 2/7

Reading Micrometer
1+0.75 mm
 Lecture 2/7

Reading Micrometer
1+0.75+0=1.75mm
 Lecture 2/7

Measuring Tools

5. Height gauge

A height gauge is a
measuring device used
either for determining the
height of something, or
for repetitious marking of
items to be worked on.
 Lecture 2/7

Measuring Tools
5. Height gauge

This measuring tool is used in metal working or metrology to

either set or measure vertical distances.
 Lecture 2/7

Measuring Tools

6. Feeler gauge

A feeler gauge is a simple tool used to measure gap widths. Feeler

gauges are mostly used in engineering to measure the clearance
between two parts.
 Lecture 2/7

Measuring Tools

6. Feeler gauge
(i) They consist of a number of
small lengths of steel of different
thicknesses with
measurements marked on each
piece.

(ii) They are flexible enough that,

even if they are all on the same
hinge, several can be stacked
together to gauge intermediate
values.
 Lecture 2/7

Measuring Tools

7. Thread gauge
A thread pitch gauge, also known as a screw pitch gauge or
pitch gauge, is used to measure the pitch or lead of a screw
thread.
 Lecture 2/7

Measuring Tools

7. Thread gauge
(i) Is used as a precision measuring instrument.
(ii) Allows the user to determine the profile of the given thread.
(iii) Allows to categorize the thread by shape and pitch.
 Lecture 2/7

Measuring Tools

8. Slip gauge
It is used as a reference for the setting of
measuring equipment used in machine shops,
such as micrometers, calipers, and dial
indicators (when used in an inspection role).

A slip gauge also known as a gage block, a

precision ground and lapped length measuring
standard.
Lecture 2/7
 Lecture 3/7

Measuring Tools

9. Inside caliper

The inside caliper is used to measure

the internal size of an object.
 Lecture 3/7

Measuring Tools

Use of Inside caliper

The Inside caliper requires

manual adjustment prior to
fitting, fine setting of this caliper
type is performed by tapping the
caliper legs lightly on a handy
surface until they will almost pass
over the object.
 Lecture 3/7

Measuring Tools

Types of Inside caliper

a. Firm joint inside caliper

 Lecture 3/7

Measuring Tools

Types of Inside caliper

b. Adjustable Screw inside caliper

 Lecture 3/7

Measuring Tools

10. Outside caliper

Outside calipers are used to measure the external

size of an object.
 Lecture 3/7

Measuring Tools

Use of outside caliper

The Outside caliper requires

manual adjustment prior to
fitting, fine setting of this
caliper type is performed by
tapping the caliper legs lightly
on a handy surface until they
will almost pass over the object.
 Lecture 3/7

Measuring Tools

Types of outside caliper

a. Firm joint outside caliper

 Lecture 3/7

Measuring Tools

Types of outside caliper

b. Adjustable Screw outside caliper

 Lecture 3/7

Measuring Tools

11. Surface plate/table

A surface plate is a solid, flat

plate used as the main horizontal
reference plane for precision
inspection, marking out and
tooling setup.

The surface plate is often used as

the baseline for all
measurements to the work piece.
 Lecture 3/7

Measuring Tools

12. Parallel Blocks

 Lecture 3/7

Measuring Tools

13. V Block
 Lecture 3/7

Measuring Tools

14. Dial Indicator

Dial indicator is used for

sensing or detecting
small movements or size
variations in a work piece.
 Lecture 3/7

3. Measuring Tools

14. Dial Indicator

 Lecture 4/7

Marking Out Tools

Marking Out

Marking out is the process of transferring a design or pattern

to a work piece.
 Lecture 4/7

Marking Out Tools

1. Divider
Divider calipers are used in the
process of marking out suitable
work pieces.
The points are sharpened so that
they act as scribers, one leg can
then be placed in the dimple
created by a center punch and the
other leg pivoted so that it scribes
a line on the work piece's surface,
thus forming an arc or circle.
 Lecture 4/7

Marking Out Tools

1. Divider
 Lecture 4/7

Marking Out Tools

2. Odd leg Caliper

Odd leg caliper is generally

used to scribe a line at a set
distance from the edge of
work piece.
 Lecture 4/7

Marking Out Tools

2. Odd leg Caliper

The bent leg is used to run along
the work piece edge while the
scriber makes its mark at a
predetermined distance, this
ensures a line parallel to the edge.
 Lecture 4/7

Marking Out Tools

3. Trammel
Trammels are used for
marking purpose where
we can not use divider.
 Lecture 4/7

Marking Out Tools

3. Trammel
 Lecture 3/7

Marking Out Tools

4. Centre punch

A center punch is used to

mark the center of a point.
 Lecture 4/7

Marking Out Tools

4. Centre punch
It is usually used to mark the center of a hole
when drilling holes. A center punch forms a large
enough dimple to "guide" the tip of the drill bit.
 Lecture 4/7

Marking Out Tools

5. Scriber dot
A scriber is a hand tool
used in metalworking to
mark lines on work pieces,
prior to machining.

The process of using a

scriber is called scribing.
 Lecture 4/7

Marking Out Tools

6. Hammer
A ball-peen also known as a blacksmith's, engineer's
or machinist's hammer, is a type of peen hammer
used in metalworking.
 Lecture 4/7

Marking Out Tools

6. Hammer
It is distinguished from a point-peen hammer or
chisel-peen hammer by having a hemispherical head.
 Lecture 1/7

7.3 Identify methods of marking

out.
 Lecture 4/7

Methods of Marking out

Marking Straight Lines

Where a straight line is

required between two
points, a rule can be used or,
for longer distances, a
straight edge.
 Lecture 4/7

Methods of Marking out

Marking Circles and Arcs

Dividers are used to scribe
circular lines and Arcs. The
leg about which the dividers
pivot is usually located in a
fine centre dot mark. To
locate the point of this leg
accurately it is essential to
use a sharp dot punch as
shown
 Lecture 4/7

Methods of Marking out

Marking Circles and Arcs

 Lecture 4/7

Methods of Marking out

Marking Circles and Arcs

 Lecture 4/7

Methods of Marking out

Marking Circles and Arcs

 Lecture 4/7

Methods of Marking out

Marking Large Diameter Circles

Trammel is used to draw a large diameter circle or arc.

 Lecture 5/7

Methods of Marking out

Marking Lines Parallel Or Perpendicular The

To Surface Plate

A scribing block or surface gauge is used for marking out

lines parallel to a datum edge or a datum surface.
 Lecture 5/7

Methods of Marking out

Marking Lines Parallel Or Perpendicular The

To Surface Plate
 Lecture 5/7

Methods of Marking out

Marking parallel lines on angled sections

Place the curved leg of the caliper on the
edge of the measuring stick at the zero
mark.
Twist the caliper screw until the pointed
caliper leg reaches the desired
measurement. This measurement will
equal the distance of the scribed line to
the edge of the item marked.
•Place the curved leg of the caliper at
the edge of the item to be marked. Set
the pointed leg of the caliper on the
item's surface.
 Lecture 5/7

Methods of Marking out

Marking parallel lines along shafts or pipes

 Identify datum and describe
7.4 methods of marking out
from them.
 Lecture 5/7

Methods of Marking Using Datum

Identify datum
Datum
The term datum can be described as a point, line or
edge, depending on the shape of the work piece
from which measurements are taken. The function of
a datum is to establish a reference position
from which all dimensions are taken and hence
all measurements are made.
 Lecture 5/7

Methods of Marking Using Datum

Types of datum
• Point datum
This is a single point from
which dimensions can be
taken when measuring and
marking out. For example,
the centre point of a
pitch circle.
 Lecture 5/7

Methods of Marking Using Datum

Types of datum

• Line datum

This is a single line from which or

along which dimensions are taken
when measuring and marking out.
It is frequently the centre line of a
symmetrical component.
 Lecture 5/7

Methods of Marking Using Datum

Types of datum

• Edge datum
This is also known as a service
edge. It is a physical surface
from which dimensions can be
taken. These two edges ensure
that the distances marked out
from them are also at right
angles to each other. Datum edges
 Lecture 5/7

Methods of Marking Using Datum

Types of datum
• Surface datum
this can be the working surface
of a surface plate or a marking-
out table. It provides a common
datum to support the work and
the measuring and marking-out
equipment.
 Lecture 5/7

Methods of Marking Using Datum

Types of datum
• Co-ordinates systems
The distance from a datum to
some feature such as the centre
of a hole is called an ordinate.
There are two co-ordinates
systems used in common:

1. Rectangular co-ordinates
2. Polar co-ordinates
 Lecture 5/7

Methods of Marking Using Datum

Datum
• Uses of datum in Marking out
Figure shows a simple link involving straight lines, arcs,
and circles. It is symmetrical about its centre line. There
are several ways of marking out this component. For
the moment a centre line datum will be used.
 Lecture 5/7

Methods of Marking Using Datum

• Use of a single edge datum

It assumes that the metal blank from which we are going to
make the link has at least one straight edge.
 Lecture 5/7

Methods of Marking Using Datum

• Use of a point datum

a component that has been drawn using rectangular
co-ordinates and absolute dimensioning for the hole
centers. Each hole centre then becomes a point datum
for the clusters of small holes.
 Lecture 5/7

Methods of Marking Using Datum

• Use of a point datum

This time we will assume that our blank has two datum
edges that are at right angles to each other; they are
mutually perpendicular.
 Lecture 5/7

Methods of Marking Using Datum

• Use of a point datum

7.10 Identify and explain the
main classes of fit.
 Lecture 6/7

Classes of fit
• What is Fit

There are three classes of fit

A. Clearance fit
B. Transition fit
C. Interference fit
 Lecture 6/7

Classes of fit
• A. Clearance fit
In a clearance fit the shaft is always slightly smaller than
the hole.
 Lecture 6/7

Classes of fit
B. Transition fit
A transition fit occurs when the tolerances are so arranged that
under maximum metal conditions (largest shaft: smallest hole).
 Lecture 6/7

Classes of fit
C. Interference fit
In an interference fit the shaft is always slightly larger than the
hole. In a clearance fit the shaft is always slightly smaller than
the hole.
 Identify and describe the
operation of tools and
7.6 equipment for angular
marking out and
measurement.
 Lecture 6/7

Angular marking out and measurement

Measuring angles
Angles are measured in degrees and fractions of a
degree. One degree of arc is 1/360 of a complete
circle. One degree of arc can be subdivided into
minutes and seconds. With the introduction of
calculators and computers, decimal fractions of
a degree are also used. However, 1 minute of
arc equals 0.0166666◦
 Lecture 6/7

Angular marking out and measurement

Vernier bevel protractor

The Vernier bevel protractor uses the principle of two
scales, one moving and one fixed. The fixed scale is
graduated in degrees. The moving or Vernier scale is
divided into 12 equal parts.
 Lecture 6/7

Angular marking out and measurement

Bevel Gauge
This 3" wide hardened stainless
steel 12" rule with a satin
chrome finish is etched on one
side with inch measurements in
1/16" increments on one edge
with center finding markings on
the other edge. The other side
of the rule shows angles from 0°
to 50° in clear, distinct 1/4
degree increments.
 Lecture 6/7

Angular marking out and measurement

Combination Set
A combination set is a tool used for multiple
purposes in metalworking.
 Lecture 6/7

Angular marking out and measurement

Combination set

It is useful for a wide variety of layout and setup

tasks. When used correctly, a fairly high degree of
precision can be achieved.
 Lecture 6/7

Angular marking out and measurement

Combination set
 Lecture 6/7

Angular marking out and measurement

Try square

A tri square is tool used for marking

and measuring a piece of wood.
 Lecture 6/7

Angular marking out and measurement

Try square

Primary use is measuring the accuracy of a

right angle.
 Describe how to avoid faults
7.5 and minimize inaccuracies
when marking out
 Lecture 6/7

Avoiding faults/inaccuracies
use of appropriate equipment
No matter how accurately measuring equipment is made
and no matter how sensitive it is, one of the most
important factors affecting the accuracy of measurement
is the skill of the user. The more important procedures for
the correct use of measuring equipment can be
summarized as follows.
 Lecture 6/7

Avoiding faults/inaccuracies

condition of equipment
No matter how accurately measuring equipment is made
and no matter how sensitive it is, one of the most
important factors affecting the accuracy of measurement
is the skill of the user. The more important procedures for
the correct use of measuring equipment can be
summarized as follows.
 Lecture 6/7

Avoiding faults/inaccuracies
condition of equipment
 Lecture 6/7

Avoiding faults/inaccuracies
condition of equipment
 Lecture 6/7

Avoiding faults/inaccuracies

correct positioning of equipment

No matter how accurately

measuring equipment is made
and no matter how sensitive it
is, one of the most important
factors affecting the accuracy of
measurement is the skill of the
user. The more important
procedures for the correct use of
measuring equipment can be
summarized as follows.
 Identify and explain the use
7.7 of the precision bubble level
to establish horizontal and
vertical planes
 Lecture 7/7

Precision bubble level

spirit level or bubble level

A spirit level or bubble level is an instrument designed to indicate whether a
surface is horizontal (level) or vertical (plumb).
 Identify and explain the use
7.8 of the plumb bob to
establish vertical planes
 Lecture 7/7

Precision Plumb bob

Plumb bob
A plumb-bob or a plummet is a weight, usually with a
pointed tip on the bottom, that is suspended from a string
and used as a vertical reference line, or plumb-line.
 Lecture 7/7

use of the precision Plumb bob

 Lecture 7/7

Use of the precision Plumb bob and Spirit level

 Identify template materials
7.9 for given situations and
describe their use.
 Lecture 7/7

Template materials
The use of templates

The use of templates simple components of a

structure do not require to be set out on the
template floor (lofted) but can be marked out
directly from the drawings at the bench in the
fabrication shop. However, even for simple
jobs, templates need to be made where a
number of identical components are required
to ensure uniformity. Let’s now consider some
examples of the use of templates in greater
detail.
 Lecture 7/7

Template materials
Templates for checking

Templates for checking

are made out of metal
or wood, depending
upon their size and life
expectancy.
 Lecture 7/7

Template materials
Templates for Marking out

Light gauge sheet metal and template-making paper

are the materials most frequently used for making
templates (patterns) for sheet metal fabrications. For
many sheet metal developments it is only necessary to
use part patterns which are aligned with datum lines.
 Lecture 7/7

Template for Marking out

 Lecture 7/7

Radius gauge
 Lecture 7/7

screw cutting centre gauge