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Midterm Exam Answers

1. There are seven types of curricula operating in schools according to the document: recommended, written, taught, supported, assessed, learned, and hidden. These different curricula can influence student learning in various ways. 2. A curriculum can be viewed as having three components - content, process, and outcome. The content is what is taught, the process is how students learn it, and the outcome is what students demonstrate they have learned. These three components are interrelated. 3. Educational philosophies like essentialism and progressivism influence curriculum development. Essentialism focuses on basic skills and facts while progressivism emphasizes real-world activities and social interaction. Philosophical foundations are important

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1K views4 pages

Midterm Exam Answers

1. There are seven types of curricula operating in schools according to the document: recommended, written, taught, supported, assessed, learned, and hidden. These different curricula can influence student learning in various ways. 2. A curriculum can be viewed as having three components - content, process, and outcome. The content is what is taught, the process is how students learn it, and the outcome is what students demonstrate they have learned. These three components are interrelated. 3. Educational philosophies like essentialism and progressivism influence curriculum development. Essentialism focuses on basic skills and facts while progressivism emphasizes real-world activities and social interaction. Philosophical foundations are important

Uploaded by

Mary Jean Empeng
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Curriculum development answer

1. According to Cunningham curriculum is a device in the hands of the craftsman (instructor) to


form his material (students) as indicated by his thoughts (points and target) in his studios
(school).
As what Cunningham said that curriculum is a device simply means it is a tool or a plan
to be used by the teachers as a guide in achieving the change of behavior(target) so that the
students (material) will become one of the assets in the community in the future while they are
in the school. From day to days basis the curriculum will be the lessons and the academic
content taught by the teacher in a specific course, program or subjects.
Have you realized that in every classroom there are several types of curricula operating?
Yes, there are different curricula operating and some say there are only 3 or 5 curricula but
according to Glatthorn, Allan A. there are actually 7 types of curricula operating in every school.
These are the following:
 Recommended Curriculum
 Written Curriculum
 Taught Curriculum
 Supported Curriculum
 Assessed Curriculum
 Learned Curriculum
 Hidden Curriculum
 Recommended curriculum was proposed by scholars and professional
organizations from DepEd, CHED, DOST, TESDA, UNESCO or any education who
has a take on education.
 Written Curriculum these are the documents based on recommended
curriculum. Mostly made by curriculum experts with the participations of
teachers like the course of study, syllables, modules, books, instructional guides
and lesson plans.
 Taught curriculum – from what has been written or planned, the curriculum has
to be implemented or taught so, it is what the teachers implement or deliver in
the classroom. It varies according to the type of pupils or students you have or
the learning styles and the strategies or teaching styles of the teachers. It is also
the refers to the different planned activities written in the curriculum that has
been put into action.
 Supported curriculum – is described as support materials that the teacher needs
to make learning and teaching meaningful. These are the material resources
that we use every day such as textbooks, computers, audio-visual materials,
laboratory equipment, playground, zoos and other facilities.
 Assessed Curriculum – taught and supported curricula have to be evaluated to
find out if the teacher has succeeded or not facilitating in learning so, series of
evaluation are being done by the teachers to find out the extent of teaching , if
the teaching styles and strategies used by the teacher is effective or not and to
find out if the pupils are progressing or not. Ex. Paper and pencil test and etc….
 Learned curriculum – these are measured by tools in assessment which can
indicate the cognitive, affective and psychomotor outcomes. So it simply refers
to the learning outcomes achieved by the pupils/students, indicated by the
results of the tests and changes of behavior. The bottom-line curriculum the
curriculum that’s students actually learn.
 Hidden curriculum – the curriculum is not deliberately planned , but has great
impact on the behavior of the pupils. not deliberately planned because it is
unwritten, unofficial and often unintended lessons. “hidden” because it is
usually unacknowledged or unexamined by students, educators, and the wider
community. Examples include respecting authority; respect for other pupils'
opinions and etc.

References: http://titserph.blogspot.com/2013/11/types-of-curriculum-operating-
in-schools.html

2. According to the site _____ Curriculum can be viewed as a content, a process and an outcome. A
content because the content involves the curriculum, the information learned, the standard and
skills being taught. The process is how the students learn this content. And the outcome is what
is produced by students, how they show their learning
These views are interrelated with each other because a curriculum is not effective if one
is missing, these 3 are the essential ingredients to have an effective curriculum. How ca
u identify the outcome if in the first place the content is missing. How are you going to
find out what strategies, techniques and styles of teaching if you do not have a content
or your content is not clear. Content should be well defined and clear so that you will be
able to find right strategies and assessment tool needed to derived or come up with the
changed of behavior you want to see in your pupils.

https://www.educationworld.com/blog/simplifying-differentiation-content-process-and-product?
fbclid=IwAR1eS26buY6NsLM1NqWlQ6X-ZXMBIzK7QhtFaEVgd-PuxqABrF_Bd-iIQb8

3. Just as curriculum can be defined in a variety of ways , one can approach the evaluation
and creation of curriculum through more than one foundational lens: philosophical, historical,
psychological and sociological. All of this hold importance in influencing curriculum and
instruction. How ever it is philosophical foundation which holds the greatest importance
because it is through one’s philosophical perspectives that the historical, sociological, and
psychological foundations are both perceived and applied.
There are four educational philosophical approaches are currently used in the
classrooms all over the world. These are perennialism, essentialism, progressivism and
reconstructivism. These educational philosophies focus heavenly on WHAT we should teach, the
curriculum aspect. But let us differentiate the difference between Essentialism and Perennialism
only.
According to Sadler and Sadler (1998) Teachers, Schools and Society) Essentialist
believes that student learning should be centered around basic subjects, such as reading,
writing, history, math and science. School subjects should be determined by information that is
essential for all students to know. Students should not be promoted from one grade to the next
until they have read and mastered certain key materials. Academic rigor is an essential
component of education. Effective schools assign a substantial amount of homework. Philippine
schools should attempt to instill traditional Filipino values in learners. Schools should provide
learners with a firm grasp of basic facts regarding the books, people and events that have
shaped the Filipino heritage. Countries must become more competitive economically with other
countries hence schools must bolster their academic requirements to facilitate such
competition.
So, essentialism is an educational philosophy whose adherents believe that the teachers
teach for learners to acquire basic knowledge, skills and values and the common core of
knowledge that needs to be transmitted to students in a systematic, disciplined way. Schooling
should be practical, preparing students to become valuable or asset members of society. It
should focus on facts-the objective reality out there--and "the basics," training students to read,
write, speak, and compute clearly and logically and more importantly students should be taught
hard work, respect for authority, and discipline.

While Progressivism according to Sadler and Sadler (1998) Teachers, Schools and
Society) many students learn best by engaging in real-world activities rather than reading.
Teaching should prepare students for analyzing and solving the types of problems they will face
outside the classroom. The curriculum of a school should be built around the personal
experiences and needs of learners. Art class should focus primarily on individual expression and
creativity. Since learners learn effectively through social interaction, schools should plan for
substantial social interaction in their curricula. Schools must place more emphasis on teaching
about the concerns of minorities and women. Learners should be active participants in the
learning process. Teachers must stress for the learners the relevance of what they are learning
for their lives outside, as well as inside, the classroom.
To easily understand the differences between essentialism and perennialism here is the
quick overview between the two.

https://www.cmasas.org/philosophical-basis-teaching-and-learning-model?
fbclid=IwAR1TT1UgaJ-7jhD0z1__GJ6DS15gWoejWWbYDz9US-LekVzK8Zqv5tTxOTc

https://www.genesisuniversity.education/similarities-and-differences-between-essentialism-
and-perennialism/

4.

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