Dr.

Naser-Nick Manochehri

File structures:
File Structures is the Organization of Data in Secondary Storage Device in such a way
that minimize the access time and the storage space. A File Structure is a combination of
representations for data in files and of operations for accessing the data.
Relational database management:
A relational database management system (RDBMS or just RDB) is a common type
of database whose data is stored in tables. ... A table record could be linked to many
records in another table. Many table records may be related to many records in.
Diagram:
A diagram is a symbolic representation of information using visualization
techniques. Diagrams have been used since ancient times, but became more prevalent
during the Enlightenment. Sometimes, the technique uses a three-dimensional
visualization which is then projected onto a two-dimensional surface.
Tuple:
A tuple is a sequence of immutable Python objects. Tuples are sequences, just like lists.
The differences between tuples and lists are, the tuples cannot be changed unlike lists and
tuples use parentheses, whereas lists use square brackets. Creating a tuple is as simple as
putting different comma-separated values.
Data:
data is information that has been translated into a form that is efficient for movement or
processing. Relative to today's computers and transmission media, data is information
converted into binary digital form. It is acceptable for data to be used as a singular
subject or a plural subject.
Relation:
the way in which two or more people, groups, countries, etc., talk to, behave toward, and
deal with each other.: the way in which two or more people or things are connected. : a
person who is a member of your family.
Modality: is about a speaker's or a writer's attitude towards the world. A speaker or
writer can express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity and ability by
using modal words and expressions. Speakers often have different opinions about the
same thing. These speakers are looking at the same thing.
Alternate key & Candidate Key:
candidate key: A column or a set of columns can be called as candidate key if they
identify each row of a table uniquely.
Alternate key: There can be more than one keys which can identify each row of the table
uniquely. One of them is defined as primary key and rest of them is called alternate keys
of the table
Cardinality: The cardinality of a join between two tables is the numerical relationship
between rows of one table and rows in the other. Common cardinalities include one-to-
one, one-to-many, and many-to-many. For example, consider a database of electronic
health records.
Object: An object is a noun (or pronoun) that is governed by a verb or a preposition
Foreign key: is a column or group of columns in a relational database table that provides
a link between data in two tables. It acts as a cross-reference between tables because it
references the primary key of another table, thereby establishing a link between them.
Entity types: 1- a Sole Proprietorship 2- Partnership 3- C Corporation 4- S Corporation
5- Limited Liability Company
Modeling: database model is a type of data model that determines the logical structure of
a database and fundamentally determines in which manner data can be stored, organized
and manipulated. The most popular example of a database model is the relational model,
which uses some table-based forma.
Entity-Relationship (E-R) Diagram & model : Entity Relationship Diagram, also
known as ERD, ER Diagram or ER model, is a type of structural diagram for use in
database design. An ERD contains different symbols and connectors that visualize two
important information: The major entities within the system scope, and the inter-
relationships among these entities.
Association between entities: associations are relationship types involving two or more
entity types. An association between two entity types is called binary, while associations
between more than two entity types are called n-ary (with the special case of 3-ary
associations called ternary.
Binary Relationship + Unary Relationship and Ternary Relationship:
A binary relationship is when two entities participate and is the most common
relationship degree. A unary relationship is when both participants in the relationship
are the same entity. A ternary relationship is when three entities participate in the
relationship.
Direct Vs. Sequential Access to data:
Sequential access must begin at the beginning and access each element in order, one
after the other. Direct access allows the access of any element directly by locating it by
its index number or address. Arrays allow direct access. Magnetic tape has only
sequential access, but CDs had direct access.
Intersection data:
Variable intersection data is used when you have data that is unique to a relationship, but
several occurrences of it exist. For example, suppose you cannot supply in one shipment
the total quantity of an item required for an order.
Anomalies:
Anomalies are problems that can occur in poorly planned, un-normalised databases where
all the data is stored in one table (a flat-file database). Insertion Anomaly - The nature of
a database may be such that it is not possible to add a required piece of data unless
another piece of unavailable data is also added.
Data redundancy:
Data redundancy is the repetition or superfluity of data. Data redundancy data is an
common issue in computer data storage and database systems. Data redundancy
definition. Data redundancy in database means that some data fields are repeated in the
database.
Data Integrity:
Data integrity is the maintenance of, and the assurance of the accuracy and consistency of
data over its entire life-cycle, and is a critical aspect to the design, implementation and
usage of any system which stores, processes, or retrieves data.
Data integration:
Data integration is the process of combining data from different sources into a single,
unified view. Integration begins with the ingestion process, and includes steps such as
cleansing, ETL mapping, and transformation.
Data independent:
Data Independence is defined as a property of DBMS that helps you to change the
Database schema at one level of a database system without requiring to change the
schema at the next higher level. Data independence helps you to keep data separated from
all programs that make use of it.

Data modeling:
Data modeling (data modelling) is the process of creating a data model for the data to be
stored in a Database. This data model is a conceptual representation of Data objects, the
associations between different data objects and the rules.
Relational algebra commands:
Relational algebra is a widely used procedural query language. It collects instances of
relations as input and gives occurrences of relations as output. It uses various operation to
perform this action.