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Fluids Lec2 PDF

This document discusses key concepts related to fluid flow, including: 1. Bernoulli's equation states that the total energy per unit volume (pressure energy, kinetic energy, potential energy) is constant for an incompressible, steady fluid flow along a streamline. 2. The continuity equation (A1v1 = A2v2) relates how flow rate is conserved between different cross-sections of an enclosed flow. 3. Faster fluid flows have lower pressure according to Bernoulli's equation - for example, water exiting a constricted pipe will have a higher speed and lower pressure than at the pipe inlet.

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iyyappan rock
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104 views15 pages

Fluids Lec2 PDF

This document discusses key concepts related to fluid flow, including: 1. Bernoulli's equation states that the total energy per unit volume (pressure energy, kinetic energy, potential energy) is constant for an incompressible, steady fluid flow along a streamline. 2. The continuity equation (A1v1 = A2v2) relates how flow rate is conserved between different cross-sections of an enclosed flow. 3. Faster fluid flows have lower pressure according to Bernoulli's equation - for example, water exiting a constricted pipe will have a higher speed and lower pressure than at the pipe inlet.

Uploaded by

iyyappan rock
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Flow of a fluid: Example Water.

Chapter 5 
Consider the motion of a small volume of water at a point P. It is
moving with velocity: vector v in the figure. The lines are drawn along
the velocity vector at each point : called streamlines. Water does not
flow across them. 
Pascal's Principle: Deals with transmission of pressure pages 153­154
disturbance in a fluid and its container : Statement is

“A Change in pressure of an enclosed incompressible fluid
is conveyed undiminished to every part of the fluid and to the 
surfaces of the container.”

Now we consider water flow situations– needs fluid containers and pipes to 
guide the water .  Quantities involved in understanding flow are:
1. kinetic energy of water flow, 
2. pressure energy of water and
3. if the flow is between different heights then gravitational potential energy.
Conservation of water flow through a tube: 

 Flow per second across crossection at point 1:   A1 v1
Flow per second across crossection at point 2:   A2 v2
Water coming in at 1 must come out at 2, hence A1 v 1 = A2 v 2
 This is the equation of continuity, Note density is constant in water
How does one move water through a pipe? By pressure differences.

Fig 5.2.1 page 152
Pressure is energy per unit volume. Flow of water must conserve 
energy. Energy in non­turbulent fluid flow comes in three forms:
(pages 154­156)
Pressure energy
Energy of motion or kinetic energy
Potential energy due to the relative heights of the water

We will take about energy densities; i.e. energy per unit volume.

Mass of water per unit volume is  
3
water = whose units are kg / m
1 2
Kinetic energy density   KE per unit mass =   v
2
Potential energy  density PE = g h
The total energy per unit mass at any point in the flow is:

1 2
 Total Energy density =P  v  g h=Constant
2
provided there are no sources or sinks of water in the flow

This is Bernoulli's equation:  Equation 5.2.4

For an incompressible fluid in steady flow, the sum of its pressure potential 
energy, its kinetic energy and its gravitational potential energy is constant 
along a streamline. 
Incompressible means its density is a constant. 
Why does the water come out with high speed ?
 Continuity Equation:  A1 v 1= A2 v 2
 We write
A1 2
 Hence  v 2 =  v 1v 1 1 A1
A2 p2 − p1 = v12 −  v 12 
2 A2
1 1
 Uxe Bernoulli's equation  v 12  p1=  v 22  p 2
2 2  As  A1  is  greater than  A2
 Which is larger ?  p1  or p 2 ? p 2  p1

Faster the flow lower the pressure !
Some air flows upwards through the nozzles shown in the figure. 
Depending on the pressure of air in the tube the balls rise to different heights.
Chapter 6.3 pages 187­190
Which way will the baseball curve ?  Section 6.2 
Why is accumulating cholesterol bad for you ? 

Plaque formation and blood vessel constriction.

Viscocity: friction in fluid flow

 Pouiseuille's Law: 

4
V  p D
=   
t 128 L 

 where L is the length of the tube  ;
 is the viscocity ;
D is the diameter of the tube and 
 p  is the head of pressure
Measuring Pressure: I

partial vacuum

Air pressure supports the column of
liquid. 

With mercury as fluid: 76 cm height
With Water as fluid: 10 meters height

76 cm is 30 inches. 

When weatherman says pressure is
falling and is 29.5 inches  we have
a low pressure. 
Atomizer : pressure drops at the constriction and sucks up fluid and blows
it out in a spray.

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