ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank our beloved Correspondent

Mrs.Jeyalekshmy, for permitting me to carry out this
project in Devi Academy Senior Secondary School.

We would also like to acknowledge the timely help

extended by

Mrs. Uma Maheshwari, Principal.

We are greatly indebted to my respected teacher Mrs

MaheshwariBalu, Mrs. Srimathi.V without whom this
project would never have taken form.
 OVERVIEW OF C++
The C++ Programming language was developed at ATJT
Bell laboratories in the early 1980's by BJARNE
STROUTSTRUP. He found 'C' lacking or simultaneous and
decided to extend the language by adding features to his
favourite language, Simula 67.

Simula 67 was one of the earliest object- oriented

languages.Bjanestroutstrup called it *C with classes *
originally. The name C++ was coined by Rick mascitti
where "++" is the 'C' increment operator. Ever since its
birth, C++ evolved to cope with problems encountered by
users and through discussions at ATJT.

However the maturation of C language was attested by

two events:
(i) The Formation of ANSI (American National Standard
Institute) C++ Committee.
(ii)The publication 0 the annotated C++ REERENCE
Manual by Ellis and stroutstrup.

The latest C++ standards document was issued by

ANSIIISO in the year 2003.
The major reason behind the success and popularity 0
C++ is that it supports the Object Oriented technology,
the latest in the software development and the near to
real world.

One can easily judge the importance of C++ has by the

given following lines:
"OBJECT ORIENTED TECHNOLOGY IS REGARDED AS
THE ULTIMATE PARADIGM FOR THE MODELING OF
INORMATION BE THAT DATA OR LOGIC. THE C++ HAS
BY NOW SHOWN TO FULFILL GOALS."

Object is an identifiable entity with some characteristics

and behaviour.
The OOP approach is based on certain concepts that help
in attain its goal by overcoming the drawbacks or
shortcomings of conventional programming approaches.

The general oop concepts are given below:

1. Data Abstraction.
2. Data encapsulation
3. Modularity
4. Inheritance(Hierarchy)
5. Polymorphism

OOP TERMINOLOGY AND FEATURES

1. Encapsulation
 The wrapping up 0 data and functions (that
operate on the data into single unit (called class) is
known as Encapsulation.

2. Data Abstraction
Abstraction refers to the act of representing
essential features without including the background
detail or explanations.

3. Modularity
Modularity is the property of a system that has
been decomposed into set of cohesive and coupled
modules.

4. Inheritance
Inheritance is the capability 0 one class 0 things to
inherit capabilities or properties from another class.

5. Polymorphism
Polymorphism is the ability for a message or data
to be processed in more than one form. Polymorphism is
a property by which the same message can be sent to
objects of several different classes.

1. int data_type( for integers)

2. char data_type(for characters)
3. float data_type( or floating point values)
4. double data_type( or double precision floating point
numbers)
5. void data_type (for empty set of values and non-
returning functions)

Stream Description
cin Console input
cout Console output
cerr Standard error
clog Buffered version of error

1. const int rate=50;

2. const float p=3.0;
3. const char ch=’a';
roll=27;
The symbol '=' is an assignment operator. The
significance of the above statement is that 'roll' is a
symbolic name for memory locations where the value
i27 is being stored. The character';' is the statement
terminator. It marks the end of the C++ statement.

Keywords
A keyword is a reversed word of C++. This cannot be
used as an identifier by the user in his program.
Example of some valid constant declarations is:
1. class
2. private
3. return
4. while

Constants
A symbolic name or identifier which does not change
its value during exception of a program is known as
constant. Constant qualifier can be used to declare
constant as shown below
const float p=3.5
Examples of some valid constants declaration are:

Variables
A variable is an identifier. It is the most fundamental
aspect of any computer language. It is a location in the
computer memory which can store data and is given a
symbolic name for easy reference.
I/O STATEMENTS

The following C++ streams can be used for the input

output purpose:

Operators
An operator is a symbol or letter used to indicate a
specific operation on variable in a program. For eg '+' is
an addition operator that adds two data items called
operands.

Flow of control
 The architecture of a general purpose computer is
von-Neumarn architecture.
Such a computer use serial sequential nature. Therefore
the normal flow of execution of statements in a high
level language is also sequential, i.e. each statement is
executed in the order of its appearance in the program.

The following are the available control statements in C++

:
1. if
2. if ... else
3. switch case

Repetitive statements
Some problems require the set of statements should be
executed more than one time, each time changing one or
more variables, so that every execution is different from
the previous one. This kind of repetitive execution of a
set of statements in a program is known as iteration
loop.
1. while loop
2. do while loop
3. for loop
are the iterative statements.

Arrays
An array is a structure with the help of which a
programmer can refer to and perform operations on a
group of similar data items such as simple lists or tables
of information. An array whose elements are specified by
a single subscript is known as single dimensional array.
The array whose elements are specified by two or more
subscripts is known as multi-dimensional array.

Strings
A string is a group of characters of any length. A
string is enclosed within quotation marks as literal for
ego "Hello" is a literal. The strings can be stored and
manipulated as array of characters. The last character is
always '\0' a null character with ASCII value equal to
0.thus, the effective size of an array is more than the
size of string it can hold

C o M P u T E R '\0'
Two dimensional Arrays
A two dimensional array of characters is known as an
array of strings. The row subscripts decide as to how
many strings can be stored in the array and the column
subscript tells the size of each string.
For eg. char d[20][10];

Functions
A subprogram of function is a name given to a set of
instructions that can becalled by another program or a
subprogram.
A function is a complete program in itself in the sense
that its structure is similar to C++main function except
that the name is replaced by the name of the function,
the general form of a function given below:
<type><name>( arguments)

Function prototypes
Similar to variables, all functions must be declared
before they are used in aprogram. C++ allows the
declaration of functions in the calling program with the
help of a function prototype in the calling program is
given below:
<type><name>( arguments)

Parameter passing function

The two way of communication between the various
function can be achievedthrough parameter and return
statement. The set of parameters defined in a function
are called actual parameters.
The functions that have parameters can be called in one
of the following two ways
1. Call by value
2. Call by reference

Functions
Functions are building blocks of the programs. They
make the programs more modular and easy to read and
manage. All C++ programs must contain the function
main(). The execution of the program starts from the
function main(). A C++ program can contain any number
of functions according to the needs.
The general form of the fnction is:
return_type function _ name(parameter list);
{
Body of the function
}

The function consists of two parts:

1. Function header
2. Function body.

The function header

returntypefunction_name(parameter list);
The return type specifies the type of data the function
returns. The return _ type can be void which means
function does not return any data type. The
function_name is the name of the function, the name of
the function should begin with alphabet or underscore.
The parameter list consists of variables separated with
comma along with their data types the parameter list
should contain both type and name of the variable.
For example:
int factorial (int n float j);
Is the function header of function factorial, the return
type is of integer which means function should return
data of type integer. The parameter list contains two
variables nand j of type integer and float respectively.
The body of the function performs the computations.

Function Declaration
Function declaration is made by declaring the return
type of the function, e of the function and the data type
of the parameters of the function. A function declaration
is same as the declaration of the variable. The
functiondeclaration is always terminated by the
semicolon. A call to the function cannot be made unless
it is declared.
The general form of the declaration is:
return_typefunction_name (parameter list);
For example:
int factorial (int n, float j);
The variables name need not be same as the variables in
the parameter list of the function.
Another method can be
int factorial (int, float);

The variables in the function declaration can be optional

but the data types are necessary.

Function arguments
The information is transferred to the function by the
means of the arguments when a call to a function is
made. Arguments contain the actual value which is to be
passed to the function when it is called.
The sequence of the arguments in the call of a function
should be same as the sequence of the parameters in the
parameter list of the declaration of the function.
The data types of the arguments should correspond with
the data types of the parameters. When a function call is
made arguments replace the parameters of the function.

Return statement and Returning Values

A return statement is used to exit from the function
where it is. It returns the execution of the program to
the point where the function call was made. It returns a
value to the calling code. The general form of the return
statement is:

return expression;

The return expression evaluates a value which has the

type same as the return type specified in the function
declaration.
For example, the statement:
return(n); is the return statement of the factorial
function. The type of variable n should be a integer as
specified in the declaration of the factorial function. If a
function has return type as void then return statement
does not contain any expression. It is written as
return;
The function with return type as void can ignore the
return statement. The closing braces at the end indicate
the exit of the function.

Here is a program which illustrates the working of the

functions:
#include<iostream.h>
using name space std;
int factorial (int n);
int main()
{
int n, fact;
cout«"enter the number whose factorial is to be
calculated"«endl;
cin>>n;
fact=factorial(int n);
cout«"the factorial of'«n«"is"«endl;
return(0);
}

int factorial (int n)

{
inti=0;
fact= 1;
If(n<=l)
{
return(i);
 }
else
{
for(inti=0;i<=n;i++)
{
fact=fact*i;
}
return (fact);
}
}

The function factorial calculates the factorial of the

number entered by the user. If the number is less than
or equal to I then the function returns 1 else it returns
the factorial if the number.

The statement:
int factorial (int n);
is a declaration of the function. The return type is
integer.
The statements:
cout«"Enter the number whose factorial has to be
calculated"«endl;
cin»n;
make the user enter the number, whose factorial is to be
calculated. The variable n stores the number entered by
the user. The user has entered number 5.
The statement:
fact=factorial(nl );
makes a call to the function containing two return
statements. If the value entered by the user is less than
and equal to I then the value I is returned else computed
factorial is returned.
The type of the expression returned is integer.

Parameter passing mechanism

There are two parameters passing mechanism for
passing the arguments to functions such as
1. pass by value mehtod
2.pass by reference method.

Pass by value
In ‘pass by value’ mechanism copies of the argument are
created and which are stored in the temporary locations
of the memory. The parameters are mapped to the
copies of the arguments created. ‘Pass by value’
mechanism provides security to the calling program.

Here is a program which illustrates the working of pass

by value mechanism:

#include<iostream.h>
using namespace stdlnt add (int n);
int main()
{
lnt number, result;
number=5;
cout«"the initial value of the numbe"«number«endl;
result=add( number);
cout«" the final value of the number"«number«endl;
cout«"the result is"«result«endl;
return(o);
}
int add(int number)
{
number =number + 100;
return(number);
}

The value of the variable before calling function is 5.

The function call is made and the function adds 100 to
the parameter number. When the function is returned
the result contains the added value. The final value of the
number remains same as 5. This program shows that
operation on parameters do not produce the effect on
the argument.

Pass by reference
Pass by reference is the second way of passing
parameters to the function. The address of the argument
is copied into the parameter. The changes made to the
parameter affect the arguments. The address of the
argument is passed to the function and function modifies
the values of the arguments in the calling function.
Here is the program which illustrates the working of pass
by reference mechanism:

#include <iostream.h>
namespacestd;
int add {int&, number);
int main()
{
int number;
int result;
number=5;
cout«" the value of the variable number before
calling the function" <<number<<endl;
result=add(& number);
cout«"the value of the variable after the function is
returned is"«number«endl;
cout«"the value ofresult"«result«endl;
return(0);
}

int add(int&p)
{
 *p=*p+ 1000;
return(&p);
}

The address of the variable is passed to the function. The

variable p points the memory address of the variable
number. The value is incremented by 100. It hangs the
actual contents of the variable number. The value of
variable number before calling the function is 100 and
after function is returned the value of variable is changed
to 105.

FSTREAM HEADER FILE

The C++ input/output operations are very much similar
to the console input and output operations. The file
operations also make use of streams as an interface
between programs and files.
A stream is a sequence of bytes.
A stream is general name given to flow of data. Different
streams are used to represent different kinds of data
flow. Each stream is associated with a particular kind of
data flow.
ifstream
Being an input file stream class, it provides input
operation for a file. It inherits the function get(),
getline(), read() and functions supporting random access
from ifstream class defined inside fstream.h
ofstream
Being an output file stream class, it provides onput
operation for a file. It inherits the function put(),
putline(), write() and functions supporting random
access from ofstream class defined inside fstream.h.
fstream
It is an input/output stream class, it provides support
for simultaneous input/output operations.
Minimum System
Requirements

 Intel 1.5 GHz Pentium 1 Processor

 VGA Card
 14’’ CRT Monitor
 16 MB RAM
 20 GB Available HDD Space
 104-Key Keyboard
 Program Analysis

Required header files

fstream.h - For file handling functions such as

creating files , writing information to the files and read
information from files .

conio.h - For console input/output functions such as

getch() and clrscr().

process.h - For exit() function.

string.h - For string functions such as strcmp(), and

strcpy().

stdio.h - For remove() and rename() functions to

delete and rename files.

Files used

The program manages 20 files : bookdetail1.dat,

bookdetail2.dat, bookdetail3.dat, bookdetail4.dat,
bookdetail5.dat, bookdetail6.dat, bookdetail7.dat,
bookdetail8.dat, bookdetail9.dat, bookdetail10.dat,
bookdetail11.dat, bookdetail12.dat, bookdetail13.dat,
bookdetail14.dat, bookdetail15.dat, bookdetail16.dat,
bookdetail17.dat, bookdetail18.dat, bookdetail19.dat,
bookdetail20.dat.

Classes

- class student
This class stores the name of the student, username,
password and roll number .The class allows the
student to create a library account. It also acts as a
login portal for registered users.
- Class library
This class is used to store the details of the available
books in the library and allows the user to access the
details of the book. The class also allows the user to
rent the books and to return the rented books under
their registration.

Functions used

- void main();
 This function is executed first during runtime. It
contains a menu driven program using switch case
which facilitate the user to access all operations.
- void createaccount();
This function allows the user to create a library
account .
- void login();
This function displays a login portal for registered
users.
- void retbook();
This function allows the user to return the rented
books under their registration.

- void searchbooks();
Displays the Best selling Books available in the
library and allows the user to select a book to rent
from the list of books . It also contains a menu
driven program , which permit the user to view the
details of the selected book and also to rent the book
under his registration , if he wishes so .
- void display();
 Displays all the available Best selling books in the
library
- void details();
This function displays the details of the selected Book
by accessing it’s respective binary file
- void writefile();
This function writes the details of the books in it’s
respective Binary File .
- void rent();
Allows the user to rent the book under their
registration.
- int bkprice();
Returns the normal price of the book.
- int bksprice();
Returns the price of special edition of the same book.
 FUTURE
ENHANCEMENTS
- Graphics could be included to make the software
more interacting .
- Options to purchase products on loan could be
included.
- Time and date for purchase could be included.