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configure fundamental system hardware.

ë xnable and disable integrated peripherals. Bios?

ë ½onfigure systems with or without external peripherals such as keyboards.

Lan Install?

ë ifferentiate between the various types of mass storage devices.

sata, ide, scsi ? usb-mass storage ?

ë ˜et the correct hardware I for different devices, especially the boot device.

ë ^now the differences between coldplug and hotplug devices.

devices connected to a running system on-the-fly are said to be hotplugged,

where those connected prior to system boot are said to be coldplugged.

Earlier the kernel used to notify userspace about hotplug events by invoking
a helper program registered via the /proc filesystem, but when current
systems detect hotplug, they dispatch uevents to userspace via netlink
sockets. (netlink sockets are an efficient way to communicate between
kernelspace and userspace over the socket API) In userspace the udevd
daemon, managing device node creation and removal, receives the uevents and
manages hotplug

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ë etermine hardware resources for devices.

ë jools and utilities to list various hardware information (e.g. lsusb, lspci, etc.)

ë jools and utilities to manipulate U˜B devices

lsusb : a utility for displaying information about USB buses in the

system and the devices connected to them.

ë ½onceptual understanding of sysfs, udev, hald, dbus

 ë Udev ± device manager; sysfs ± virtual filesystem; dbus ± IPC system
so apps can talk to one another; hald ± database of connected devices.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* /sys ± pnp configuration

* /proc ± filestructure of kernel; Directories represent running processes
* /dev ± contains specified device files for all devices
* modprobe ± add/remove modues from kernel
* lsmod ± list mods
* lspci ± list pci devs
* lsusb ± list usb devs


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escription ½andidates should be able to guide the system through the booting process.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Provide common commands to the boot loader and options to the kernel at
boot time.
* Demonstrate knowledge of the boot sequence from BIOS to boot completion.
* Check boot events in the log files.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* /var/log/messages ± General msgs & system related logs

* dmesg ± print bootup messages
* BIOS -
* bootloader ± loads the main OS
* kernel ± OS Kernel
* init ± program that spawns all other processes


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escription ½andidates should be able to manage the runlevel of the system. jhis objective
includes changing to single user mode, shutdown or rebooting the system. ½andidates should be
able to alert users before switching runlevel and properly terminate processes. jhis objective also
includes setting the default runlevel.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Set the default runlevel.

* Change between run levels including single user mode.
* Shutdown and reboot from the command line.
* Alert users before switching runlevels or other major system event.
* Properly terminate processes.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* /etc/inittab ± txt file that describes which processes start at boot

 * shutdown ± shutdown now or shutdown ±c for scheduled
* init ± spawns all other processes
* /etc/init.d ± scripts are held here
* telinit ± talks to init




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escription ½andidates should be able to design a disk partitioning scheme for a Linux system.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.

* Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
* Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture
requirements for booting.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* / (root) filesystem ± starting point of directory structure on linux

* /var filesystem ± variable data that changes while system is running
* /home filesystem ± directory where users personal files are kept
* swap space
* mount points
* partitions


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escription ½andidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.

* Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB.
* Interact with the boot loader.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* /boot/grub/menu.lst ± grub config file

* grub-install ± installs grub
* MBR ± Master Boot Record
* superblock ± information about each filesystem
* /etc/lilo.conf ± lilo config file
* lilo ± install lilo on mbr


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escription ½andidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable programs
depend on and install them when necessary.
^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Identify shared libraries.

* Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
* Load shared libraries.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* ldd ± prints shared library packages

* ldconfig ± creates the necessary links & cache to shared libraries
* /etc/ld.so.conf ± specifies additional directories for Lib.
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH ± path for default Library Dir


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escription ½andidates should be able to perform package management using the ebian
package tools.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.

* Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may
not be installed.
* Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package
integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* /etc/apt/sources.list ± list of sources for apt

* dpkg ± install debian packages
* dpkg-reconfigure ± recovers from database lock
* apt-get ± command line package manager
* apt-cache ± cache manipulator
* aptitude -


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escription ½andidates should be able to perform package management using RPM and YUM
tools.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM and YUM.
* Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status,
dependencies, integrity and signatures.
* Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a
specific file comes from.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* rpm ± Redhat package manager

 * rpm2cpio ± converts rpm to cpio
* /etc/yum.conf ± yum config file
* /etc/yum.repos.d/ - repositories
* yum - is an interactive, automated update program which can be
used for maintaining systems using rpm
* yumdownloader - is a program for downloading RPMs from Yum
repositories




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escription ½andidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the command
line. jhe objective assumes the bash shell.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform
basic tasks on the command line.
* Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and
exporting environment variables.
* Use and edit command history.
* Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* . ± can be used to create hidden files/directories

* bash ± bourne again shell
* echo ± displays a line of txt
* env ± run a program in a modified env.
* exec ± execute a file
* export ± export a file
* pwd ± shows current working directory
* set ± used to set variables within system
* unset ± unsets a system variable
* man - manuals
* uname ± print system info
* history ± read of current or expired usenet articles


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escription ½andidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to
modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils
package.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
 * cat ± cocatenate files and print on stdout
* cut ± remove sections from each line of files
* expand ± converts tabs to space
* fmt ± simple text formatter
* head ± outputs the first lines of a program
* od ± dump files in octal
* join ± join two files together
* nl ± creats links
* paste ± paste text
* pr ± converts text for printing
* sed ± streamline editor for filtering and transferring txt.
* sort ± sorts files, text
* split ± split text or files
* tail ± show last few lines
* tr ± translate or delete characters
* unexpand ± converts spaces to tabs
* uniq ± only leave unique strings
* wc ± print the number of new lines


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escription ½andidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and
directories.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.

* Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
* Remove files and directories recursively.
* Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands.
* Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.
* Usage of tar, cpio and dd.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* cp - copy
* find ± searches for files under the current directory structure
* mkdir ± creates empty directory
* mv ± move files
* ls ± list directory
* rm ± remove files or directories
* rmdir ± remove directory
* touch ± creates new empty files
* tar ± used for backups - compression
* cpio ± allows copying to and from an archive
* dd ± convert and copy a file
* file ± determine file type
* gzip ± compress files
* gunzip ± uncompresses a file
* bzip2 ± compression
* file globbing -


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escription ½andidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to
efficiently process textual data. jasks include redirecting standard input, standard output and
standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the
output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and
a file.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.

* Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
* Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
* Send output to both stdout and a file.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* tee ± read from standard input and write to standard output and
files
* xargs ± pass args to programs


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escription ½andidates should be able to perform basic process management.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Run jobs in the foreground and background.

* Signal a program to continue running after logout.
* Monitor active processes.
* Select and sort processes for display.
* Send signals to processes.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* & - ???
* bg ± force process in the background
* fg ± force process in the foreground

* jobs - Lists the jobs that you are running in the background and in the
foreground. If the prompt is returned with no information no jobs are
present. Note: not all shells are capable of running this command.

* kill ± kills processes

* nohup ± run a command ignoring hangup sigs
* ps ± list processes
* top ± shows top processes using system resources
* free ± shows free memory available
* uptime ± shows uptime of system
* killall ± kills all processes


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escription ½andidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Know the default priority of a job that is created.

* Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default..
* Change the priority of a running process.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* nice ± run the program with different priority

* ps ± list processes
* renice ± change the priority of running processes
* top ± shows top processes using system resources


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escription ½andidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular
expressions. jhis objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several
notational elements. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a
filesystem or file content.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Create simple regular expressions containing several notational

elements.
* Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or
file content.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* grep ± prints matching lines

* egrep ± same as grep -E
* fgrep ± grep -F
* sed ± streamline editor
* regex(7) ± regular expression


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escription ½andidates should be able to edit text files using vi. jhis objective includes vi
navigation, basic vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Navigate a document using vi.

* Use basic vi modes.
* Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
 * vi ± command line editor
* /, ?
* h,j,k,l
* i, o, a
* c, d, p, y, dd, yy
* ZZ, :w!, :q!, :e!




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escription ½andidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems on
media such as hard disks. jhis includes the handling of swap partitions.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Use various mkfs commands to set up partitions and create various

filesystems such as:
o ext2
o ext3
o xfs
o reiserfs v3
o vfat

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* fdisk ± partition hd¶s

* mkfs ± make filesystems
* mkswap ± make swap


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escription ½andidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra data
associated with a journaling filesystem.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Verify the integrity of filesystems.

* Monitor free space and inodes.
* Repair simple filesystem problems.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* du ± disk usage
* df - freespace
* fsck ± check and repair filesystems
* e2fsck ± check eft2 filesystems
* mke2fs ± create ext2/ext3 filesystems
* debugfs ± filesystem debugger
* dumpe2fs ± print the super block
* tune2fs ± allows tuning of filesystems
 * xfs tools (such as xfs_metadump and xfs_info)


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escription ½andidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Manually mount and unmount filesystems.

* Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
* Configure user mountable removeable filesystems.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* /etc/fstab ± filesystem mountpoint

* /media ± mountpoints are stored here
* mount ± mount devices
* umount ± unmount devices


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escription ½andidates should be able to manage disk quotas for users.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Set up a disk quota for a filesystem.

* Edit, check and generate user quota reports.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* quota ± shows quota information

* edquota ± quota editor
* repquota ± prints quota filesystem info
* quotaon ± turns quota on


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escription ½andidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of
permissions and ownerships.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as

directories.
* Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain
security.
* Know how to change the file creation mask.
* Use the group field to grant file access to group members.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
 * chmod ± changes permission on files
* umask ± sets calling processes file mode creation mask
* chown ± change owner/groups
* chgrp ± change group ownership


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escription ½andidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Create links.
* Identify hard and/or softlinks.
* Copying versus linking files.
* Use links to support system administration tasks.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* ln ± create links


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escription ½andidates should be thouroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy ˜tandard
(FH˜), including typical file locations and directory classifications.

^ey ^nowledge Areas

* Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.

* Find files and commands on a Linux system.
* Know the location and propose of impotant file and directories as defind
in the FHS.

jhe following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

* find ± find files

* locate ± reads database to find file
* updatedb ± creates a database for locate
* whereis ± locates files and manuals
* which ± shows full path of shell commands
* type ± determine file types
* /etc/updatedb.conf ± config file for updatedb