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    Name: Muhamad Hazim Bin Ya Class: 4c CN: 410/071 HR: Rafidah Teacher: Pn. Siti Zabidah

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    Hazim Ya
    This document contains information about a student named Muhamad Hazim Bin Ya in class 4c. It discusses various topics including soap and detergent, food additives, and medicine. Soap is formed through a neutralization process between an acid and base. Detergent is formed similarly but may contain additional additives to increase effectiveness. Food additives are used for purposes like preservation, flavoring, and stabilization. Medicine can be traditional derived from plants or modern chemicals, both of which can have side effects if not used properly.

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    Name: Muhamad Hazim Bin Ya Class: 4c CN: 410/071 HR: Rafidah Teacher: Pn. Siti Zabidah

    Uploaded by

    Hazim Ya
    134 views12 pages
    This document contains information about a student named Muhamad Hazim Bin Ya in class 4c. It discusses various topics including soap and detergent, food additives, and medicine. Soap is formed through a neutralization process between an acid and base. Detergent is formed similarly but may contain additional additives to increase effectiveness. Food additives are used for purposes like preservation, flavoring, and stabilization. Medicine can be traditional derived from plants or modern chemicals, both of which can have side effects if not used properly.

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    This document contains information about a student named Muhamad Hazim Bin Ya in class 4c. It discusses various topics including soap and detergent, food additives, and medicine. Soap is formed through a neutralization process between an acid and base. Detergent is formed similarly but may contain additional additives to increase effectiveness. Food additives are used for purposes like preservation, flavoring, and stabilization. Medicine can be traditional derived from plants or modern chemicals, both of which can have side effects if not used properly.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    134 views12 pages

    Name: Muhamad Hazim Bin Ya Class: 4c CN: 410/071 HR: Rafidah Teacher: Pn. Siti Zabidah

    Uploaded by

    Hazim Ya
    This document contains information about a student named Muhamad Hazim Bin Ya in class 4c. It discusses various topics including soap and detergent, food additives, and medicine. Soap is formed through a neutralization process between an acid and base. Detergent is formed similarly but may contain additional additives to increase effectiveness. Food additives are used for purposes like preservation, flavoring, and stabilization. Medicine can be traditional derived from plants or modern chemicals, both of which can have side effects if not used properly.

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    NAME: Muhamad Hazim Bin Ya

    CLASS: 4c

    CN: 410/071

    HR: Rafidah

    TEACHER: Pn. Siti Zabidah


    CONTENTS

    5.1 SOAP AND DEERGEN


    5.2 FOOD ADDERTIVE
    5.3 MEDICINE
    Soap is a salt that are formed by neutralization proccess
    SOAP between acid and alkali

    Examples: sodium palmitate [ CH3(CH2)14COONa ]

    CH3(CH2)14COOH+NaOH CH3(CH2)14COONa+H2O

    It formed when palmatic acid is neutralized by sodium


    hydroxide (NaOH)

     Salt that are formed by neutalizing an alkyihydrogen


    sulphate and alkali

    DETERGENT  Examples: sodium lauryl sulphate

     Detergent may contain many other substance in


    addition to thesubstances that odes the cleanning
    and also to make it more effective. These substances
    are called ADDITIVE

     Biologicaal enzymes are catalyst that increase the


    BIOLOGICAL detergency or cleaning power of the detergent.
    ENZYMES  Whitening agent include bleaches such as sodium
    perboate

     They release chlorine and oxygen that remove stain


    and make clothes become whitter and cleaner
    Preparation of Detergent
    Detergent are made up by the using of the raw material obtained from patroleum

    Production of lauryl hydrogen sulphate


    1
    CH3(CH2)9CH20H + H2SO4 CH3 (CH2)9CH20SO3H (+ H2O

    2 Neutralization of lauryle hydrogen sulphate

    CH3 (CH2)9CH20SO3H + NaOH CH3 (CH2)9CH2OSO3Na + H2o

    3
    Preparation of soap

    Oils and fats are esters formed from glycerol and fatty acid

    It made up through heating oil or fats with acid and alkali


    such as sodium hydroxide

    The oil or fats molecules are “broken up” or hydrolyzed to


    glycerol and fatty acid

    This reaction is the reverse of esterification (saponication)

    The fatty acid formed then reacts with sodium hydroxide,


    NaOH, to form a salt (soap)
    Saponication of oils or fats

    Neutralization of soap
    The cleansing action of soap and detergent

     one part of the soap and detergent anion is negatively charged (polar end)
     it is dissolve in water, it also hydrophilic or “like water”

    hydrophobic part (non-polarena)

    Hydrophilic
    (polar end) part

     when soap and detergent is added to the dirty surface of a piece of clothes covered
    with oil layer or grease

    -The negatively charge `head` (hydrophilic) of soap ions or detergent ions dissolved in water

    -The hydrocarbon `tail` (hydrophobic) of soap or detergent ions dissolve in the layer of the
    grease or oil

     if the water is agitated slightly, the grease begins to lifted of the surface

     When the cloth is rinsed with water, the droplets will be carried away.

     Heating and stirring may help to loosen the dirty particles from the materials from
    the materials being washed.
    Effectiveness of the cleansing active of soap and detergent

    SOAP PROPERTY DETERGENT


    Less powerful Cleaning Power More powerful

    It is difficult to wash away all Ease of Rinsing Rinse out well from cloth
    the soap on clothes. The
    soap that remains leave &
    odour then spoil the fabrics.

    Slightly alkaline pH Can be controlled to suit the


    cleaning task

    Determine by the fatty acid Molecular Structure Can be modified to suit the
    in the oil & fat used to cleaning task.
    produce soap
    e.g- detergent can be made
    especially for cleaning toilet
    bowl.

    Form scum with hard water Formation of Scum Does not form scum with
    hard water
    5.2 FOOD ADDERTIVE
    Uses of food additive

     To make food last longer (to stand the shelf life)

    PRESERVATIVE
    FLAVOURING
    -sodium benzoate
    -monosodium glutamate
    -sodium nitrate
    -aspartame

    TYPES
    STABILISER & THICKENER ANTIOXIDANT
    -gelatine -ascorbic acid
    -acacia gum

    DYE
    -azo compound
    -triphenyl compound

    Carcinogenic:
    Allergy:
    NaNO2
    MSS

    EFFECT ON HEALTH

    Brain damage:
    *Hyperactivity
    ANTIOXIDANT:
    -to prevent spoilage of food due the PRESERVATIVE:
    oxidation by oxygen -to inhabit or prevent the growth of moulds,
    yeast and bacteria that spoil the food

    FLAVAOURING AGENT:
    -to enhance the taste of
    food
    FUNCTION OF

    STABILISER AND
    THICKENESS
    COLOURING AGENT: -to improve the texture of
    -to restore the colour food
    -to enhance the natural
    colour
    5.3 MEDICINE

    - A medicine is a substances used to prevent or cure disease or to reduce the pain a


    suffering due to illness

    TRADITIONAL MEDICINE MODERM MEDICINE

    (Derived from plat and……) (chemical that are extracted from


    plants and animals)

    - Plant Local

    Aloe vera Type of modern medicine function analgesics relieve


    pain aspirin, paracetamol antibiotic killor inhabit
    Betel
    growth of infectious bacteria penicilia
    Pitter gourd

    Coconut
    Streptomysin dsy chortherapeutic medicine control
    Garlic symptoms of mental illness stimulants anti
    depressants
    Ginger

    Ginseng

    Hibiscus

    Turmeric
    Side effects of medicines

     Both traditional and modern medicines have side effect

     Some traditional medicine help people lose their weight by speeding up their

    metabolism. The side effect are increase in blood pressure and heart rate

     Birth control pill are an examples of modern medicine. Women who use the pill

    lexperience side effect such as hypertension, acne and abnormal bleeding

    Correct ways to use the medicine

    - Use the correct amount or dosage and using it for the correct purpose

    - E.g antibodies to treat the infection caused by viruses is drug misuse

    (this is because antibiotic have no effect on viruses)

    - Drug abuse is using drug for its toxicating effect

    - E.g the use of morptine, Viagra, ecstasy pill

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