CE8402 - SOM-II-By WWW - LearnEngineering.in PDF

CE8402 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS II
UNIT I ENERGY PRINCIPLES

Strain energy and strain energy density – strain energy due to axial load (gradual, sudden and
impact loadings) , shear, flexure and torsion – Castigliano’s theorems – Maxwell’s reciprocal
theorem - Principle of virtual work – unit load method - Application of energy theorems for
computing deflections in determinate beams , plane frames and plane trusses – lack of fit and
temperature effects - Williot Mohr's Diagram.
UNIT II INDETERMINATE BEAMS
Concept of Analysis - Propped cantilever and fixed beams - fixed end moments and reactions –
sinking and rotation of supports - Theorem of three moments – analysis of continuous beams –
shear force and bending moment diagrams.
UNIT III COLUMNS AND CYLINDERS
Euler’s column theory – critical load for prismatic columns with different end conditions –
Effective length – limitations - Rankine-Gordon formula - Eccentrically loaded columns –
middle third rule - core of a section – Thin cylindrical and spherical shells – stresses and change
in dimensions -Thick cylinders – Compound cylinders – shrinking on stresses.
UNIT IV STATE OF STRESS IN THREE DIMENSIONS
Stress tensor at a point – Stress invariants - Determination of principal stresses and principal
planes - Volumetric strain. Theories of failure: Maximum Principal stress theory – Maximum
Principal strain theory – Maximum shear stress theory – Total Strain energy theory – Maximum
distortion energy theory – Application problems.
UNIT V ADVANCED TOPICS
Unsymmetrical bending of beams of symmetrical and unsymmetrical sections – Shear Centre -
curved beams – Winkler Bach formula – stresses in hooks.
TEXTBOOKS:
1. Rajput R.K. "Strength of Materials (Mechanics of Solids)", S.Chand & company Ltd., New
Delhi, 2015.
2. Rattan.S.S., "Strength of Materials", Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2011.
3. Punmia B.C., Ashok Kumar Jain and Arun Kumar Jain,"Theory of Structures" (SMTS) Vol -
II, Laxmi Publishing Pvt Ltd, New Delhi 2017.
4. Basavarajiah and Mahadevapa, Strength of Materials, University press, Hyderabad, 2016
REFERENCES:
1. Kazimi S.M.A, “Solid Mechanics”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi, 2003
2. William A .Nash, “Theory and Problems of Strength of Materials”, Schaum’s Outline Series,
Tata McGraw Hill Publishing company, 2007.
3. Singh. D.K., “ Strength of Materials”, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2016
4. Egor P Popov, “Engineering Mechanics of Solids”, 2nd edition, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, 2012
CE8402 - SOM -II www.LearnEngineering.in
(2016-2017 EVEN Semester)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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SUBJECT NAME
SUBJECT : STRENTH OF
NAME MATERIALS OF
: STRENGTH - II MATERIALS
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SUBJECT CODE : CE8402
SUBJECT CODE : CE 6402 (Regulation 2013)
REGULATION : 2017
CLASS/SEM
YEAR & SEM : II & IV
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: II YEAR / IV
Prepared by
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SI.No Name of the faculty Designation Affiliating

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College
1. Mrs. R.Sheela Daniel Assistant Professor CET
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2. Ms. J.S. Hema Lakshmi Assistant Professor EC

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CEC DLI CLI
www.LearnEngineering.in
SCAD Group of Institutions

Department of CIVIL Engineering
Detailed Lesson Plan
Name of the Subject& Code: CE 6402/ STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Rajput R.K. "Strength of Materials (Mechanics of Solids)", S.Chand & company Ltd., New
Delhi, 2010.
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2. Egor P Popov, “Engineering Mechanics of Solids”, 2nd edition, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., New
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Delhi, 2012
REFERENCES:
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1. Kazimi S.M.A, “Solid Mechanics”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi, 2003
2. William A .Nash, “Theory and Problems of Strength of Materials”, Schaum‟s Outline Series,
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Tata McGraw Hill Publishing company, 2007.
3. Punmia B.C."Theory of Structures" (SMTS) Vol 1&II, Laxmi Publishing Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
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2004.
4. Rattan.S.S., "Strength of Materials", Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2011.
En
Hours
S l. Cumulativ Books
Unit Topic / Portions to be Covered Required
No e Hrs Referred
arn
/ Planned
Strain energy and strain energy density ,
1 1 1 1 T1,R1
strain energy due to axial load
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2 1 strain energy due to shear 1 2 T1,R1

w.
strain energy due to flexure & related

3 1 2 4 T1,R1
ww
problems
strain energy due to torsion & related

4 1 1 5 T1,R1
problems
Castiglione’s theorems & related

5 1 problems 2 7 T1,R1
Maxwell‟s reciprocal theorems and

6 1 1 8 T1,R1
derivation
Principle of virtual work, slope and

7 1 deflection of beam by using Principle of 1 9 T1,R1
virtual work
Application of energy theorems for
8 1 computing deflections in beams and 2 11 T1,R1
trusses
Williot Mohr's Diagram.
9 1 1 12 T1,R1
and problems
Concept of propped cantilever and fixed

10 2 1 13 T1,R1
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beams
g.i
11 2 Analysis of propped cantilever beam 3 16 T1,R1
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12 2 Analysis of Fixed beams 3 19 T1,R1
13 2
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Theorem of Three moments, Analysis of
1 20 T1,R1
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continuous beams
Problems related to analysis of

14 2 3 23 T1,R1
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continuous beams
15 2 Tutorial Class 1 24 T1,R1

arn
Euler’s theory of long columns and its

16 3 3 27 T1,R1
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derivations
Euler’s theory of long columns and

w.
17 3 related problems 2 29 T1,R1

ww
Rankin-Gordon formula for

18 3 eccentrically loaded columns 2 31 T1,R1
Eccentrically loaded short columns-

19 3 Middle third rule 1 32 T1,R1
20 3 Thick cylinders , 2 34 T1,R1
Compound cylinders.
21 3 2 36 T1,R1
Determination of principal stresses

22 4 and principal planes 1 37 T1,R1
23 4 Volumetric strain and problems 2 39 T1,R1
24 4 Theories of failure (relations) 1 40 T1,R1
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g.i
Problems related to principal stress theory
25 4 2 42 T1,R1
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Problems related to principal strain
26 4 theory 2 44 T1,R1
27 4
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Problems related to shear stress theory 2 46 T1,R1
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Problems related to strain energy and
28 4 distortion energy theories 2 48 T1,R1
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Unsymmetrical Bending of beams

29 5 (Steps involved) 1 49 T1,R1
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Calculation of bending stress and

30 5 location of neutral axis for rectangular 1 50 T1,R1
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section

w.
31 5 location of neutral axis for T section 1 51 T1,R1

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32 5 location of neutral axis for L section 1 52 T1,R1
33 5 Shear Centre 2 53 T1,R1
Curved beams – Winkler Bach formula.

34 5 1 54 T1,R1
Find the position of neutral axis and

35 5 calculation of stress in inner and outer 1 55 T1,R1
face of curved bar rectangular section
36 5 calculation of stress in inner and outer 1 56 T1,R1
face of curved bar circular section
calculation of stress in inner and outer 57
37 5 1 T1,R1
face of curved bar trapezoidal section
Extra problems related to Winkler

38 5 Bach formula 1 58 T1,R1
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g.i
39 5 Tutorial class 1 59 T1,R1
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40 5 Tutorial class 1 60 T1,R1
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En
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w.
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UNIT– 1 ENERGY PRINCIPLES
PART - A
1. Define strain energy. (AUC Nov/Dec 2013)(AUC May/June2011)

The energy stored in a body due to straining effect is known as strain enrgy.
𝜎2 𝑉
𝑈= 2𝐸
2. Define the term: Resilience and proof resilience. (AUC May/June 2012)
Resilience: The strain energy stored by the body within elastic limit, when loaded
externally is called resilience.
n
Proof Resilience: The maximum strain energy stored in a body is known as proof
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resilience.
𝜎2
Proof resilience, 𝜎𝑝 = 2𝐸 𝑋 Volume
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Where, 𝜎 = Stress at the elastic limit
3. Define Modulus of Resilience. ee (AUC Nov/Dec 2012)(AUC May/June2012)

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Modulus of Resilience is defined as the proof resilience of a material per unit volume.
En
Proof resilience
Modulus of resilience = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
arn
𝜎𝑝2
Modulus of resilience = 2𝐸
4. Define Castigliano’s first theorem. ( A U C N o v/ D e c 20 12) ( A U C M a y/ Ju n e 20 12)

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In a linearly elastic system, the partial derivative of the total strain energy stored in the
w.
structure with respect to a load gives the displacement at that point in the direction of load.
𝜕𝑈
∆𝑖 =
ww
𝜕𝑃𝑖
Where, U = Total Strain Energy , 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑀𝑓 = Loads

∆𝑖 = 𝜃𝑓 = Deflection (displacement)
(The load may be a force (or) moment).
5. State Castigliano’s second Theorem. (AUC May/June 2012)
In a linearly elastic system, the partial derivative of the total strain energy stored in a structure with
respect to the displacement at a point is equal to the force at that point.
𝜕𝑈
Mathematically =P
𝜕𝛿
6. State the Principle of Virtual work. (AUC May/June 2007) (AUC Apr/May 2011)
It states that the workdone on a structure by external loads is equal to the internal energy
stored in a structure (Ue = Ui)
Work of external loads = work of internal loads
7. State Maxwell’s Reciprocal Theorem. (AUC Apr/May 2011) (AUC Apr/May 2010)
(AUC Nov/Dec 2010)(AUC Nov/Dec 2013)
n
The Maxwell’s Reciprocal theorem states as “ The work done by the first system of loads
g.i
due to displacements caused by a second system of loads equals the work done by the second
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system of loads due to displacements caused by the first system of loads.
8. Write down the expression for strain energy due to flexure/bending(AUC May/June 2015)
𝑀2
U= ∫ 2𝐸𝐼 dx
ee
gin
M = Bending Moment
I =Moment of Inertia
E = Young’s Modulus
En
9. Differentiate determinate and inderterminate structure. (AUC May/June 2007)

SI.No Determinate Structure Indeterminate Structure
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1. Equilibrium conditions are sufficient Equilibrium conditions alone not

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to analyse the structure. sufficient to analyse the structure.

w.
2. Bending moment and shear force is Bending moment and shear force is
independent of material and cross- dependent material and independent of
ww
sectional area. cross-sectional area.

3. No stresses are caused due to Stresses are caused due to temperature
temperature change and lack of change and lack of height.
height.
10. What is the Mohr’s correction? (AUC Nov/Dec 2008) (AUC April/May 2011)
Williot’s diagram does not give true deflection but the same can be modified and
correlated to the true deflection by applying certain correction, known as Mohr’s correction.
The resulting diagram after incorporating Mohr’s correction to williot diagram is commonly
known as williot-Mohr diagram.
11. What is williot diagram? (AUC Nov/Dec 2007,2011) (AUC May/June 2007)
Williot diagram is the graphical representation to determine the displacements of the
joints of the truss.
12. Define degrees of freedom.
n
The number of additional equations which are necessary for the determination of all
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independent displacement components is known as degree of freedom (or) kinematic
indeterminacy.
rin
The number of independent translation and rotation available in a structure is also
called as degree of freedom.
ee
13. What are the equilibrium equations? (AUC Nov/Dec 2010)
gin
∑ 𝐻 = 0,∑ 𝑉 = 0,∑ 𝑀 = 0.
14. Differentiate between virtual force and virtual displacement. (AUC May/June 2009)
En
Principle of virtual force enables us to determine real displacement.

Principle of virtual displacement will enable us to determine real force.
arn
15.Write down the expression for strain energy (AUC May/June 2016) (AUC Nov/Dec
2015)
(a) due to torsion for solid shaft
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(b) due to torsion for hollow shaft

(C) due to shear
w.
𝜏2
(a) For solid shaft U= x volume
4𝐶
ww
𝜏2
(b) For hollow shaft U= (Do2+di2) x volume
4𝐶𝐷o2
𝜏2
(C) For Shear U= 2𝐶
x volume
Do = Outside Diameter
Di = Inside Diameter
𝜏 = Shear stress
V = Volume of shaft
C =Modulus of rigidity
3
PART-B
1. A Beam of span 4m is simply supported at the ends and carries an UDL of 6kN/m length over
the entire length. Determine the strain energy stored in the beam. Take E = 200GN/m2 and
I = 1440cm4.
n
g.i
rin
Solution:
ee
Due to symmetry, RA = RB = = 12k N
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Consider a section X- X at a distance x from end A.
En
Strain energy, U =
Bending moment at this section,

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Mx = RA
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= 12
w.
U=
ww
U=
U= Ans.
2. Using Castigliano’s theorem, determine the deflection of the free end of the cantilever beam
show in fig. Take E I = 4.9 MN-m2
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g.i
Solution:
rin
Since no point load is acting at free end where deflection is required. Apply an
ee
imaginary load W at free end B. Consider a section XX at a distance x from B.
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MX =
En
arn
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w.
ww
Put W=0
= 0.04466 m = 44.66 mm Ans.
3. Determine the deflection at the free end of the overhanging beam shown in fig.
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g.i
rin
Solution: ee
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Consider an imaginary load W acting downwards at C.
Taking moments about a and equating clockwise moments to anticlockwise moments.

En
RB X 3 = 200 X 1.5 + (10 X 1.5 X

arn
= 200 X 1. 5 + 10 X 1. 5 X 3. 25 + 4 W
= 300 + 48. 75 + 4W
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RB = = 116.25 + W
w.
RA = 215 + W
ww
=98.75 W
Consider a section X-X between A and D at a distance x from A.
Mx =
Consider another section XX between D and E at a distance x from A.
Mx =
6
Consider another section XX between E and B at a distance x from A.
Mx =
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g.i
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=
ee
Consider another section XX between B and C at a distance x from A.
gin
Mx =
En
=
arn
=
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w.
=
ww
Putting W = 0
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g.i
units Ans.
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4. Determine the vertical and horizontal deflection at joint C in a pin-jointed frame as shown in
fig.
ee
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En
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Solution:
Reactions:
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w.
ww
Member (P) or (P’) or (P’’) or l mm

(F)kN (kv) (k h)
AB 15 0.66 0. 5 8000
BC -18.75 -0.833 -0.625 5000
AC 18.75 -0.833 0.625 5000
tan
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g.i
Joint A:
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Let PAC and PAB be tensile members.
ee
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En
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Joint B:
w.
Let PBC be compressive.

ww
Find P’ forces: Remove all external loads and apply unit vertical load at C.
Joint A:
Let P’AC be compressive and P’AB be tensile.
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g.i
rin
Joint B:
ee
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Let P’BC be compressive.
En
arn
Find P’’ Forces: Remove all external loads and apply unit horizontal force at C.
Le
w.
ww
Joint A:
Let P’’AC and P’’AB be tensile members.
10
Joint B:
Let P’BC be compressive.
n
g.i
rin
Vertival deflection
Horizontal deflection ee
gin
En
arn
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w.
ww
11
5.
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww
12
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww
13
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww
14
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww
15
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww
16
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww
17
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g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww
18
PART C
1.using Castigliano’s theorem, calculate the vertical deflection on the
middle of the simply supported beam which carries a uniformly
distributed load of intensity w over the full span. The flexural rigidity EI
is constant and strain energy of bending is to be considered
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
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w.
ww
19
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g.i
rin
ee
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En
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w.
ww
20
UNIT 2
INDETERMINATE BEAMS
1. Define statically indeterminate beams. (AUC Nov/Dec 2010)
If the numbers of reaction components are more than the conditions equations, the
structure is defined as statically indeterminate beams.
E=R–r
E = Degree of external redundancy
R = Total number of reaction components
r = Total number of condition equations available.
n
A continuous beam is a typical example of externally indeterminate structure.
g.i
2. State the degree of indeterminacy in propped cantilever.
rin
For a general loading, the total reaction components (R) are equal to (3+2) =5,
While the total number of condition equations (r) are equal to 3. The beam is
ee
Statically Indeterminate, externally to second degree. For vertical loading, the beam is
statically determinate to single degree.
gin
E=R–r
=5–3=2
En
3. State the degree of indeterminacy in a fixed beam. (AUC Apr/May

2011)
arn
For a general system of loading, a fixed beam is statically indeterminate to

third degree. For vertical loading, a fixed beam is statically indeterminate to second
Le
degree.
E=R–r
w.
For general system of loading:

R = 3 + 3 and r = 3
ww
E = 6-3 = 3
For vertical loading:
R=2+2 and
r=2
E=4–2=2
21
4. Explain briefly about fixed end moments. (AUC May/June 2013) (AUC April/May
2010)
A beam whose both ends are fixed is known as a fixed beam (or) Built in (or)
Encaster beam. Since the beam is fixed at its two supports, therefore the slope and deflection
at the fixed ends are zero.
5. What are the fixed end moments for a fixed beam of length ‘L’ subjected to a
concentrated load ‘w’ at a distance ‘a’ from left end? (AUC Nov/Dec – 2004)
(AUC Apr/May 2010)
Fixed End Moment:
n
g.i
Wab 2
L2
rin
MA =
Wa2b
ee
MB = L2
gin
6. What are the advantages of Continuous beams over Simply Supported beams?
En
(AUC Apr/May 2010)

(i)The maximum bending moment in case of a continuous beam is much less than in case
arn
of a simply supported beam of same span carrying same loads.

(ii) In case of a continuous beam, the average B.M is lesser and hence lighter materials of
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construction can be used it resist the bending moment.

w.
7.What is a fixed beam. advantages and disadvantages of fixed beams?(AUC Apr/May

2011) (AUC May/June 2016) (AUC May/June 2014)
ww
A beam whose both ends are fixed is known as a fixed beam. Fixed beam is also
called as built-in or encaster beam. In case of fixed beam both its ends are rigidly fixed and
the slope and deflection at the fixed ends are zero.
Advantages:
(i) For the same loading, the maximum deflection of a fixed beam is less than that of
a simply supported beam.
(ii) For the same loading, the fixed beam is subjected to lesser maximum bending
moment.
22
(iii)The slope at both ends of a fixed beam is zero.

(iv) The beam is more stable and stronger.
Disadvantages:
(i) Large stresses are set up by temperature changes.
(ii) Special care has to be taken in aligning supports accurately at the same level.
(iii) Large stresses are set if a little sinking of one support takes place.
(iv) Frequent fluctuations in loading render the degree of fixity at the ends very
uncertain.
8. Define: Continuous beam. (AUC Nov/Dec 2012)
n
A Continuous beam is one, which is supported on more than two supports is known
g.i
as Continuous Beam.
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9. What is mean by prop? (AUC Nov/Dec 2012)
When a beam or cantilever carries some load , maximum deflection
ee
occurs at the free end . the deflection can be reduced by providing vertical support at
these points or at any suitable points.
gin
10. State the theorem of three moments.(AUC Nov/Dec 2013)(AUCApr/May 2011)

(AUC May/June 2013)
En
The moment over the intermediate supports are determined by using clapeyron’s
theorem of three moments states that if BC and CD are say two consecutive span of
arn
continuous beam subjected to a external loading, then the moments of MB and MC and MD at
the supports B, C and D are given by,
6𝑎1 𝑥1 6𝑎2 𝑥2
Le
MBL1 + 2MC (L1+L2) + MDL2 = +

L1 L2
w.
Where, L1 = Length of span BC

L2 = Length of span CD
ww
a1 = Area of B.M. diagram due to vertical loads on span BC

a1 = Area of B.M. diagram due to vertical loads on span CD
x1 = Distance of C.G of B.M. diagram due to vertical loads on BC from B
x2 = Distance of C.G of B.M. diagram due to vertical loads on span CD from C
11. State Muller-Breslau principle. (AUC Nov/Dec 2012)
It states that if we want to sketch the influence line for any force quantity like thrust,
reaction, support moment of bending moment in a structure.
(i) We remove from the structure the restraint to the force quantity.
23
(ii) We apply on the remaining structure a unit displacement corresponding to that

forced quantity.
12. What are the advantages and limitations of the theorem of three moments?
(AUC Nov/Dec 2016) (AUC May/June 2012)
(i) Easy to analyse the continuous beam.
(ii) If the end supports (or) simple supports, then MA = MC = 0
(iii) If the end supports are fixed, assume extended span of zero length apply the three
moment theorem.
n
(iv) Easy to calculate the bending moment.
g.i
13. Find the reaction at the prop in a propped cantilever of span 3m carrying a UDL of
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5KN/m over the entire span. (AUC May/June 2012)(AUC Nov/Dec 2013)
ee
gin
𝟑𝑿𝟓𝑿𝟑
En
=
𝟖
= 5.625 kN
arn
14.List out the different methods of analysis of continuous beams. (AUC May/June
2014)
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a. Theorem of three moment method

b. Moment distribution method
w.
c. Stiffness method
d. Flexibility method
ww
15.A propped cantilever of length 6m carries a point load of 48kN at its centre. It is
propped at free end. Determine the prop reaction of rigid prop. (AUC Apr/May 2015)
Length L=6m
Point load W=48kN
5
Reaction P= W
16
5
= x 48
16
= 15kN
24
16. Define bending moment diagram. (AUC Nov/Dec 2015)

A bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external
force or moments applied to the element causing the element to bend. The most common or
simplest structural element subjected to bending moments is the beam. The example shows a
beam which is simply supported at both ends.
n
g.i
rin
ee
18.What is the value of prop reaction in a propped cantilever of span L when it
subjected to a UDL over the entire length? (AUC Nov/Dec 2016)
gin
The value of prop reaction in a propped cantilever of span ‘L’, when it is subjected to
a U.D.L over the entire length is
En
(i)When prop is Rigid

arn
Le
w.
ww
19.How will you apply clapeyron’s theorem of three moment to a continuous beam with
fixed end supports? (AUC May/June 2016)
In case of continuous beam fixed at its one or both ends, there will be fixing moments at the
ends, which are fixed. To analyze the continuous beam which is fixed at the end by the
equation of three moments an imaginary support of zero span is introduced. The fixing
moment Nat the imaginary support is zero.
25
UNIT-2
INDETERMINATE BEAMS
1. Draw the SFD and BMD for the propped cantilever beam shown in fig.
n
g.i
Solution:
rin
Let P = Reaction of the rigid prop at B.
To find the reaction at the prop, the downward deflection due to UDL of 20kN/m
ee
and point load of 100kN at the point of the prop should be equal to the upward
deflection at B due to prop reaction.
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww
Deflection due to UDL of 20kN/m = and
Deflection due to point load of 100kN =
Total deflection =
26
The upward deflection at the point B due to prop reaction
Equating the above two equations,
n
SFD:
g.i
SF at C = -80.7 kN (minus sign due to right upward)
rin
SF at B = -80.7 + 40 = -40.7kN
= -80.7 + 40 + 100 = +59.3kN

ee
SF at A = -80.7 + 100 + 100 = +199.3KN
gin
BMD:
B.M at C = 0
En
B.M at B = (80.7
arn
B.M at A = (80.7
Le
As the B.M is changing the sign between B and A, there will be a point of
contraflexure. To find its location, equate the B.M between B and A to zero.
w.
B.M at any section between B and A at a distance x from B,
80.7x – 100 (x-2) - 20

ww
80.7x - 100x +200 - 10
It is the form of a
27
The point of contraflexure is 3.61 m from B and 1.39 m from A.
2. A fixed beam AB of span 10 m carries point load of 180kN and clockwise moment
160kN-m at distance 3 m and 6 m from left end respectively. If the left end support
sink by 15 mm, find the fixed end moments and reactions at the supports. Draw
n
also BMD and SFD for the beam. Take EI = 6000kN-m2.
g.i
Solution:
rin
Fixed moment at A,
ee
gin
En
Fixed moment at A,
arn
Le
w.
ww
Analysis as simply supported

beam,
28
Taking moments about A,
Free B.M at A = 0
n
g.i
rin
= 660 + 160 – 540
= 280 kN-m
ee
B.M at D from right side = 70 4 =280 kN-m
gin
B.M at B = 0
To find the reactions at support:

En
Let RA = Reaction at A
arn
RB = Reaction at
B
Le
Taking moments about A,
RB
w.
ww
= 48.92kN
RA
3. A fixed beam of 8m span carries an UDL of 40kN/m run over 4 m length starting
from left end and a concentrated load of 80kN at a distance of 6m from the left end.
Find: (i) Moments at the supports
(ii) Deflection at the centre of the beam.
Take E I = 15000kN – m2.
29
Solution:
Let RA = Reaction at the support A
RB = Reaction at the support B
n
g.i
MA = Moment at the support A
MB = Moment at the support B
rin
(i) Moments at the supports, MA and MB:
Taking the origin at B at x positive towards left. Consider a section
ee
XX at a distance x from B and in between D and A.
gin
B.M at the section,

En
1
arn
Integrating both sides,

Le
When x=0, at fixed end B.

w.
ww
(slope equation) 2
Integrating, we get
When x =0,y=0 at fixed end B.
(deflection equation) 3
When x =8 m (at the end A).
30
and y =0
Substituting these values in equation (2) and (3),
n
And,
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
5 4
arn
Le
Substituting in equation (4),

w.
ww
Also,
Equation for BM at A, when x=8m,
31
(ii) Deflection at the centre, yD
From equation (3), putting x = 4,
n
g.i
(Downwards)
rin
4. For the continuous beam shown in fig, draw SFD and BMD. All the supports are at
the same level.
ee
gin
En
arn
Solution:
Le
End A is simply supported.

w.
Considering the span CE which is overhanging portion

ww
Span AB: B.M
Span BC: B.M
Applying the theorem of three moments for spans AB and BC
32
Reactions: Cutting the beam at B and taking moments about B.
n
g.i
rin
ee
Considering the span BC, again taking moment about B
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
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Total
downward load –
33
5. Find the support moments and reactions for the continuous beam shown in fig.
n
Solution:
g.i
Ends A and D are simply supported.
Span BC: Taking moments about B,

rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
Maximum B.M at E =
w.
ww
34
Applying the theorem of three moments for the span AB and BC,
n
g.i
rin
1
Applying the theorem of three moments for the spans BC and CD.
ee
gin
En
2
arn
(1) 3
(2) – (3)
Le
w.
Substituting in equation (1),

ww
Reactions: Considering span BC and taking moments about B,
35
n
g.i
rin
ee
6
gin
En
arn
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36
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ee
gin
En
arn
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37
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ee
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38
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ee
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7
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39
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ee
gin
En
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40
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ee
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En
arn
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41
8. Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for the three
span continuous beam loaded as shown in fig. EI is constant for the
entire length of the beam.(Nov/Dec’15)
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
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w.
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42
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g.i
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ee
gin
En
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43
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ee
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44
n
g.i
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PART C
ee
1.Draw the BMD for the fixed beam carrying point load in the middle span.
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
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45
2. Draw SFD and BMD for the continuous beam ABCD having three equal
spans of length ‘l’ each. It carries a Udl w/unit length over its entire span. It is
simply supported and same at all levels.
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
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w.
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46
UNIT– 3
COULMNS AND CYLINDER
1. Define columns and struts (Nov/Dec 2012)
Columns :
If the member of the structure is vertical and both of its ends are fixed rigidly while
subjected to axial compressive load, the member is known as column.
Example: A vertical pillar between the roof and floor.
Struts :
If the member of the structure is not vertical and one (or) both of its ends is hinged
n
(or) pin
g.i
jointed, the bar is known as strut.
Example: Connecting rods, piston rods etc,
rin
2. State the assumptions made in the Euler’s column theory.
ee (AUC Nov/Dec 2011)
(AUC May/June 2013)
1. The column is initially perfectly straight and the load is applied axially.
gin
2. The cross-section of the column is uniform throughout its length.

3. The column material is perfectly elastic, homogeneous and isotropic and obeys
En
Hooke’s law.
4. The self weight of column is negligible.
arn
3. What are the important end conditions of columns? (AUC Nov/Dec 2013)
1. Both the ends of the column are hinged (or pinned)
Le
2. One end is fixed and the other end is free.

3. Both the ends of the column are fixed.
w.
4. One end is fixed and the other is pinned.

4.Explain equivalent length (or) Effective length. (ACU May/June 2012)
ww
If l is actual length of a column, then its equivalent length (or) effective length L may
be obtained by multiplying it with some constant factor C, which depends on the end
fixation of the column (ie)
Effective length (L) = C x l.
47
5. Define core (or) Kernel of a section. (ACU Nov/Dec 2011) (ACU May/June 2012)
(AUC May/June 2011) (AUC May/June 2014)
In eccentric load condition for safety consideration, the principle is to avoid tensile
stresses anywhere in the cross section. The area where the eccentric load lies such that to
avoid tensile stress is called the core of the column section.
6. Define Slenderness ratio (AUC Nov/Dec 2015) (AUC Nov/Dec 2013)
(AUC Nov/Dec 2016)
It is defined as “the ratio of the actual length of a column to the least radius of gyration of the
column”.
n
g.i
A al l
Slenderness ratio = L a a y a
=
rin
7. State the Limitations of Euler’s formula. (AUC April /May 2005)
a. Euler’s formula is applicable when the slenderness ratio is greater than or equal to
ee
80
gin
b. Euler’s formula is applicable only for long column

c. Euler’s formula is thus unsuitable when the slenderness ratio is less than a certain
En
value.
8. Distinguish between thick and thin cylinder (ACU April /May 2011)
arn
SI.No Thin Cylinder Thick Cylinder

Le
1. � �
< >
� �
w.
2. Thin cylinders are required to For high pressure such as 250 MN/m2 (or)
ww
operate under pressure upto more.

30MN/m2 (or) more.
3. Hoop stress are reduced by wire Hoop stress are reduced shrinking one
winding on the cylinders. cylinder over another.
4. Hoop stress and longitudinal stress Hoop stress, longitudinal stress, Radial
are developed. stress.
48
9. State the assumptions involved in Lame’s Theory (AUC Nov/Dec 2013)

 The material is homogeneous and isotropic
 The material is stress within the elastic limit.
 Plane sections perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cylinder remain
plane after the application of internal pressure.
 All the fibres of the material are free to expand or contract independently
without being constrained by the adjacent fibres.
10 What is the middle third rule? (ACU Nov/Dec 2003)
The point of application of load lies within the middle third of the section, then the
n
stress will be compressive throughout and there will be no tension anywhere in the section.
g.i
This is known as middle third rule.
rin
11. What do you mean by contra flexure? (ACU May/June 2012)
The point at which the maximum bending moment is zero is known as point of contra
ee
flexure.
12. State Euler’s theory. (ACU May/June 2012)
gin
 The column will fail by buckling alone.

 The self-weight of column is negligible.
En
 The column is initially perfectly straight and load is applied axially.

13. How many types of stresses are developed in thick cylinders? Name them.
arn
(ACU May/June 2012)

Three types of stresses are developed in thick cylinders.
Le
(i) Radial compress stress.

(ii) Hoop (or) circumferential tensile stress-maximum of inner circumference to a
w.
minimum at outer.
(iii)Longitudinal tensile stress.
ww
49
14. Distinguish between eccentrically loaded column and axially loaded column.
(ACU May/June 2013)
SI.No Axially loaded column Eccentrically loaded column
1. Load passes through centroid. Load passes through some distance away
from centroid.
2. Column will be subjected to direct Column will be subjected to direct

compression only. compression and bending stress.
P P M
+
n
3.
Stress =
Stress = M Z
A
g.i
rin
15.Define buckling load. (ACU May/June 2011)
The maximum limiting load at which the column tends to have lateral displacement
ee
(or) tends to buckle is called buckling (or) crippling load. The buckling takes place about
gin
the axis having minimum radius of gyration.
16.Explain briefly about middle third rule. (AUC May/June 2013)

En
When a column of rectangular section is subjected to an axial compressive force,

tensile stresses will not be developed in the column cross section if the axial compressive
arn
force is applied within middle one third of the cross section with respect to both the sides.
Le
w.
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17. What is known as crippling load? (AUC Apr/May 2015) (ACU Nov/Dec 2014)
The crippling load, or more frequently called Buckling load, is the load over which
a column prefers to deform laterally rather than compressing itself. Buckling is not about
going over the maximum compressive stress, it is rather about the structure finding a
geometrically stable alternative to being compressed.
50
18. Show the failure of short and long columns. (AUC May/June 2014)
n
g.i
19. Define effective length of a column. (ACU Nov/Dec 2015)
The effective length of a column is defined as the distance between successive inflection
rin
points or points of zero moment.
20.Explain how the failure of a short and of a long column takes place. (AUC May/June
ee
2016)
Short columns : Short column fails by crushing
gin
Long columns : Long column fails by buckling

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51
COLUMNS & CYLINDERS

1. Calculate the Euler’s critical load for a strut of T-section. The flange width being 10 cm,
overall depth 8 cm and both flange and stem 1 cm thick. The strut is 3 m long and is built in
at both ends. Take E=2x105 N/mm2.
Solution:
Area of cross section, A
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g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
To find out the neutral axis: Taking moments of area about top edge,
Le
w.
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We have to consider lesser value of . The strut is 3m long and is built as at both
ends. Both ends are fixed.
52
(Given)
Euler’s critical load,
Ans.
n
g.i
2. A 1.5m long cast iron column has a circular cross-section of 50mm diameter. One end of the
column is fixed in direction and position and the other end is free. Taking factor of safety as
3, calculate the load using Rankine Gordon formula. Take yield stress as 500Mpa and ‘a’ =
rin
1/1600.
Solution:
ee
Length, l
gin
En
Area
Moment of inertia,
arn
Least radius of gyration, K

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w.
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End condition: One end is fixed and other is free.
53
Safe Load
Ans.
3. A hollow C.I column whose outside diameter is 200 mm has a thickness of 20 mm. It is 4.5m
long and is fixed at both ends. Calculate the safe load by Rankine’s formula using a factor of
safety 4. Calculate the slenderness ratio and the ratio of Euler’s and Rankine’s critical loads.
For cast iron fe =550 N/mm2, and E = 8x104 N/mm2.
Solution: External diameter = 200mm = D
n
Thickness, t = 20mm
g.i
Internal Diameter,d = D – 2t
Area
rin
ee
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En
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Radius of gyration, r
Le
Since the column is fixed at both ends,

w.
ww
Slenderness ratio = Ans.
Rankine Critical load, PR
54
Safe Load
Ratio of Euler’s and Rankine’s critical Load
Euler’s critical load,
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g.i
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Ans.
ee
4. A pipe of 200 mm internal diameter and 50 mm thickness carries a fluid at a pressure of
10MPa. Calculate the maximum and minimum intensities of circumferential stress across the
gin
section. Also sketch the radial stress distribution and circumferential stress distribution
across the section.
Solution:
En
Internal diameter = 200mm

arn
Internal radius = 100mm
Thickness = 50mm
Le
External radius, r2 = r1 + t =100+50 = 150mm

w.
Fluid pressure, px = 10MPa = 10N/mm2

ww
The radial pressure, px
Now apply the boundary conditions to the above equation,
1. At
2. At
Substituting these boundary conditions in equation (1),
55
Substituting this value in equaiton(3)
n
g.i
Now the hoop stress,
rin
at
at
ee
It shows the radial pressure distribution and hoop stress
gin
distribution across the section AB.AC=10N/mm2.
 The variation between B and C is parabolic

En
 The curve DE shows it is parabolic and shows variation of

hoop stress across AB.
arn
Values BE = 12.8N/mm2 and AD =20.8N/mm2
 The radial pressure is compressive whereas the hoop

Le
stress is tensile.
w.
ww
5. A compound cylinder is to be make by shrinking on outer tube of 300 mm external diameter

on to an inner tube of 150 mm internal diameter. Determine the common diameter at the
junction if the greatest cicumferential stress in the inner tube is to be two thirds of the
greatest circumferential stress in the outer tube.
Solution:
External radius of the outer tube, r3
Inner radius of the inner tube, r1
56
Greatest circumferential stress in the inner tube
let r2 = The common radius and
P = Radial pressure at the junction
Common diameter:
Outer tube,
Where,
n
Inner tube:
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
(Neglecting –ve value)

ww
r2 = 0.133 m = 133mm
d2 =2 = 266 mm
Hence the common diameter = 266 mm Ans.
57
n
g.i
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58
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En
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59
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60
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61
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62
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63
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w.
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64
7.A column with one end hinged and other end fixed has a length of 5 m and a hollow
circular cross section of outer diameter 100mm and wall thickness 10 mm. If E= 1.6 x
105 N/mm2 and crushing strength σo= 350N/mm2 , Find the load that the column may
carry with a factor of safety of 2.5 according to Eulers theory and Rankine-Gordon
theory. If the column is hinged on both ends, find the safe load according to the two
theories.
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g.i
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ee
gin
En
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w.
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65
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g.i
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ee
gin
En
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66
n
g.i
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gin
En
8
arn
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67
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En
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w.
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68
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69
10
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70
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11. A short length of tube 3cm internal and 5cm external diameter failed in
compression at a load of 240kN.When a 2m length of the same tube was tested as a
En
strut with fixed ends,the load at the failure was 158kN.Assuming that c in
Rankine’s formula is given by the first test and the value of constant ‘a’ in the same
arn
formula what will be the crippling load of this tube if it used as a strut 3metres long
with one end fixed and the other end hinged? (AUC Nov/Dec 2016)
Le
w.
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71
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72
UNIT– 4
STATE OF STRESS IN THREE DIMESIONS
1. Define principal planes and principal stress.(AUC Nov/Dec 2013) (AUC Apr/May
2010) ,(AUC Nov/Dec 2010) (AUC Apr/May 2011)
 The plane in which the shear stress is zero is called principal planes.
 The normal stress acting on principal planes is called principal stress
2. Define volumetric strain. (AUC Nov/Dec 2010)
The ratio of change in volume to the original volume is known as volumetric strain.
n
g.i
Where, = Change in volume
rin
V = Original Volume
3.State the principal theories of failure. ee (AUC Nov/Dec 2010)
 Maximum principal stress theory (Rankine’s theory)
 Maximum shear stress theory (St. enant’s theory)
gin
 Maximum principal strain theory (Tresca’s & Guest theory)

 Maximum strain energy theory(Von-Mires-Henky (or) Distortion theory)
En
 Maximum distortions energy theory (Heigh’s theory)

 Mohr’s Theory
arn
4. Explain maximum principal stress theory or Rankine’s theory.(AUC Nov/Dec 2011)

(AUC April/May 2010) (AUC May/June 2007)
Le
This theory is also called as Rankine’s theory. According to this theory, failure will
occur when the maximum principal tensile stress in the complex state reaches the value of the
w.
maximum stress at the elastic limit in simple tension (or) the minimum principal stress
reaches the elastic limit stress in simple compression.
ww
5. State the Limitations of Maximum principal stress theory

 On a mild steel specimen when spiel tension test is carried out sliding occurs
Approximately 45o to the axis of the specimen; this shows that the failure in this case is due
to maximum shear stress rather than the direct tensile stress.
 It has been found that a material which is even though weak in simple compression yet
can sustain hydrostatic pressure for in excess of the elastic limit in simple compression.
73
6. Define maximum shear stress theory (AUC April/May 2010) (AUC May/June 2007)
This theory implies that failure will occur when the maximum shear stress Complex
system reaches the value of the maximum shear stress in simple tension at elastic limit
7.State the limitations of maximum shear stress theory. (AUC April / May 2011)
The theory does not give accurate results for the state of stress of pure shear in which
the maximum amount of shear is developed (i.e) Torsion test.
The theory does not give us close results as found by experiments on ductile
materials. However, it gives safe results.
8. State distortion energy theory for failure. (AUC May/June 2012)
n
This theory is also called ‘Shear Strain Energy Theory’ (or) ‘Von-Mires-Henky
g.i
Theory’. According to this theory, the elastic failure occurs where the shear strain energy per
rin
unit volume in the stressed material reaches a value equal to the shear strain energy per unit
volume at the elastic limit point in the simple tension.
ee
9.Explain Maximum principal strain theory (AUC April / May 2010)
The theory states that the failure of a material occurs when the principal tensile strain
gin
in the material reaches the strain at the elastic limit in simple tension (or) when the minimum
principal strain (ie ) maximum principal compressive strain reaches the elastic limit in simple
En
compression.
10 Define factor of safety. (AUC Nov/Dec 2012)
arn
The ratio of ultimate stress to the working stress is known as factor of safety. However
case of elastic material , it is taken as the ratio of yield stress or 0.2% proof stress to working
Le
stress.
11. What are the various stress invariants for three dimensional state of stress?
w.
(AUC May/June 2012)

The combination of stresses at a point which do not change with the orientation of the
ww
co-ordinate axes is called stress invariants. Therefore, we define

= First invariant of stress 2
= Second invariant of stress
= Third invariant of stress
The cubic equation can be written as
=0
I1,I2 and I3 are the invariants of stress.
74
12. Compute any two stress variants of the stress tensor. (AUC April / May 2010)
Solution:
I1 =
= 5 + 7 + 9 = 21N/mm2
I2 =
= (5) (7) + (7) (9) + (9) (5) – 1 – 0 – 2
= 35 + 63 + 45 – 3 = 140 N/mm2
n
g.i
13. The principal stresses (Mpa) at a certain point are 200(tensile), 150(tensile) and
50(compressive) respectively. Determine the normal stress on the octahedral plane.
rin
(AUC May/June 2007)
Normal stress on the octahedral plane =
ee
= (200+150-50)
gin
= (300)
Noraml stress (or) Mean Stress = 100Mpa

En
14.Write Gordon’s formula. (AUC Nov/Dec 2012)

arn
Where, = (in simple tension)

Le
= Stress at elastic limit in uniaxial tension test

15. Define maximum shear stress. (AUC Nov/Dec 2012)
w.
The maximum shearing stresses in a three dimensional stress situation are given by
the following relations.
ww
(or) (or)
There are thus three maximum shearing stress values at the point. The absolute
maximum shearing stress value depends upon the values of principal stress.
16. What do you meant by tri-axial state of stress? (AUC Nov/Dec 2013)
When the shear stress is zero only across surfaces that are perpendicular to one
particular direction,the stress is called biaxial and can be viewed as the sum of two normal and
shear stresses.In most general case called tri-axial state of stress,the stress is nonzero across
every surface element.
75
17. What is principal strain? (AUC Nov/Dec 2014)

Maximun and minimum normal strain possible for a specific point on a structural
element.Shear strain is zero at the orientation at the orientation where principal strain occurs.
18.Which theory of failure is suitable for ductile and brittle materials? Why?
(AUC May/June 2014)
a. For Brittle material maximum principal stress theory is suitable
b. For Ductile material maximum principal strain theory, maximum shear stress theory,
maximum shear strain theory is suitable is suitable
19. What is meant by residual stresses? (AUC May/June 2014)
n
Residual stress is defined as the stress resident inside a component (or) structure
g.i
after all applied forces have been removed. Compressive residual stress acts by pushing the
rin
material together while the tensile residual stress pulls the material apart.
20. Name the theories of failures suitable for brittle materials. (AUC Nov/Dec 2012)(AUC
ee
Nov/Dec 2015)
For Brittle material maximum principal stress theory is suitable
gin
21. Define the term obliquity. (AUC Nov/Dec 2015)

It can be defined as the angle between the direction of the resultant stress or force
En
acting on a given plane and the normal to that plane.

22. What do you understand by stress tensor? (AUC May/June 2016)
arn
The state of stresses at a point that can be defined by three components on each of
the three mutually perpendicular axes in mathematical terminology is called as stress tensor.
Le
w.
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76
PART B
1. For the state of stress show in fig. Find the principal plane and principal stress. (8m)
4 N/mm2
6 N/mm2
Solution:
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(compressive)
w.
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Since is general ange, the specific angles representing the principal planes are
designated as and
and
Using
77
Hence, we understood that defined the major principal plane and therefore
should define the minor principal plane. Ans.
2. For the state of stress shown in fig. Find the principal plane, principal stress and maximum
shear stress. (8m)
Solution:
n
g.i
rin
Major principal sstress, ee
gin
En
Minor principal sstress,

arn
Le
w.
Principal stresses are, 24.8N/mm2 and 0.8N/mm2

ww
Since is general ange, the specific angles representing the principal planes are
designated as and
and
78
Using
Hence, we understood that defined the major principal plane and
n
therefore should define the minor principal plane.
g.i
Maximum shear stress
rin
Maximum shear stress
ee
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3. A circular shaft has to take a bending moment of 9000Nm and torque 6750Nm. The stress
at elastic limit of the material is 207 N/m2 both in tension and compression.
KPa and . Determine the diameter of the shaft, using octahedral
En
shear stress theory and the maximum shear stress theory. Factor of safety = 2.
Solution:
arn
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79
Octahedral shear stress theory
Octahedral shear stress and distortion energy conditions are given identical results.
n
g.i
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Maximum shear stress theory

En
arn
Le
d =87.265mm
w.
Diameter of the bolt is 87.265 mm from maximum shear stress theory.

ww
4. In a material, the principal stressess are 50N/mm2, 40N/mm2 and -30N/mm2. Calculate the
total strain energy, volumetric strain energy, shear strain energy and factor of safety on the
total strain energy criterion if the material yields at 100N/mm2.
Solution:
80
(I) Total strain energy per unit volume
/ unit voume
n
(II) Volumetric strain energy per unit volume
g.i
Volumetric strain energy per unit volume =
rin
ee
gin
(III) Shear strain energy per unit volume

En
Shear strain energy per unit volume is

arn
We known that, the relationship between rigidity modulus and young’s modulus will
be
Le
w.
Shear strain energy per unit voume

ww
Factor of safety
Strain energy per unit volume uniaxial loading
81
5. At a point, the major principal stress is 120N/mm2(tensile) and the minor principal stress is
compressive. If the yield stress of steel is 250N/mm2. Find the value of minor principal
stress at which yielding take place, according to each of the following theories of failure.
(i) Maximum shear stress theory and
(ii) Maximum principal stress theory.
Solution:
Major principal stress,
n
(i) Maximum shear stress theory
g.i
rin
ee
gin
Minor principal shear stress, (compressive)
(ii) Maximum principal stress theory

En
arn
Le
Squaring the terms on both sides,

w.
ww
(compressive)
82
(compressive) Ans.
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En
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83
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ee
gin
En
arn
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84
n
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ee
gin
En
arn
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85
n
g.i
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ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
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86
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
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87
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
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88
10
n
g.i
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ee
gin
En
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89
2
(93.6)
2
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g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
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w.
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90
(80)2
11
n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
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91
n
g.i
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ee
gin
En
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)+
92
n
(4.8324)3
g.i
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93
12. Define and explain the following theories of failure.
I. Maximum principal stress theory

II. Maximum principal strain theory
III. Maximum strain energy theory
IV. Energy distortion theory (AUC May/June2016)
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UNIT–5
ADVANCED TOPICS IN BENDING OF BEAMS
1. Define Unsymmetrical bending (AUC April /May 2015)(AUC May/June 2007)
The plane of loading (or) that of bending does not lie in (or) a plane that
contains the principle centroidal axis of the cross- section; the bending is called
Unsymmetrical bending.
2. State the two reasons for unsymmetrical bending. (AUC May/June 2012)
(AUC May/June 2014) (AUC April /May 2011) (AUC Nov/Dec 2014)
 The section is symmetrical (viz. Rectangular, circular, I section) but the load line is
n
inclined to both the principal axes.
g.i
 The section is unsymmetrical (viz. Angle section (or) channel section vertical web)
rin
and the load line is along any centroidal axes.
3. Define shear centre (or) Angle of twist. ee
(AUC May/June 2016)(AUC May/June 2007)
The shear centre (for any transverse section of the beam) is the point of
gin
intersection of the bending axis and the plane of the transverse section. Shear centre
is also known as“centre of twist”
En
4. State the assumptions made in Winkler’s Bach Theory. (AUC Nov / Dec 2012)
(AUC Nov/Dec 2013) (AUC May/June 2012)
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 Plane sections remain plane during bending.

 The material obeys Hook’s law.
 Radial strain is negligible.
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 The fibres are free to expand (or) contract without any constraining effect
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from the adjacent fibres.

5.State the parallel Axes and Principal Moment of inertia.
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If the two axes about which the product of inertia is found, are such , that
the product of inertia becomes zero, the two axes are then called the principle axes.
The moment of inertia about a principal axes is called the principal moment of inertia.
6. Define stress concentration. . (AUC Nov / Dec 2011) (AUC May/June 2016)
. (AUC Nov / Dec 2015)
The term stress gradient is used to indicate the rate of increase of stress as
a stress raiser is approached. These localized stresses are called stress concentration.
97
7. Explain the position of shear centre in various sections.

(i) In case of a beam having two axes of symmetry, the shear centre
coincides with the centroid.
(ii) In case of sections having one axis of symmetry, the shear centre
does not coincide with the centroid but lies on the axis of symmetry.
8.State the principles involved in locating the shear centre. (AUC Nov / Dec 2011)
The principle involved in locating the shear centre for a cross – section of
a beam is that the loads acting on the beam must lie in a plane which contains the
resultant shear force on each cross-section of the beam as computed from the shearing
n
stresses.
g.i
9. Define the term Fatigue. (AUC Nov/Dec 2015) (AUC Nov/Dec 2010)
rin
(AUC Nov / Dec 2015) (AUC April /May 2015)
Fatigue is defined as the failure of a material under varying loads, well
ee
below the ultimate static load, after a finite number of cycles of loading and unloading.
Types of fatigue stress.
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(i) Direct stress

(ii)Plane bending
En
(iii) Rotating bending

(iv) Torsion
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(v) Combined stresses

(a) Fluctuating or alternating stress
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(b) Reversed stress.

10. Define principal moment of inertia. (AUC Nov/Dec 2013)
w.
The perpendicular axis about which the product of inertia is zero are called “principal
axes” and the moments of inertia with respect to these axes are called as principal
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moments of inertia.
The maximum moment of inertia is known as Major Principal moment of inertia and
the minimum moment of inertia is known as Minor principal moment of inertia.
11. Define Endurance ratio. (AUC April/May 2010)
The ratio of the endurance limit for completely reversed flexural stress to the tensile
strength.
98
12. Write the winkler-Bach formula for a curved beam. (AUC April/May 2010) (AUC
May/June 2014) (AUC Nov/Dec 2014)
where,
= Bending stress
R = Radius of curvature
A = Area of cross-section
M = Bending moment
n
h = Constant for cross-section/link radius
g.i
12. Distinguish between symmetrical and unsymmetrical sections beams.
(AUC Nov/Dec 2010)
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If the section is symmetrical, the principal axes are long the axes of symmetry. If the
section is unsymmetrical, the plane of loading does not lie in a plane that contains the
ee
principal centroidal axis of cross-section.
gin
14. What are the causes of fatigue in beams? (AUC Nov/Dec 2010)
Structural members like aircrafts, ships and machine parts are subjected to
fluctuating loads which cause variation of stress in the member. Even if the fluctuation
En
stresses are smaller than the ultimate tensile strength of the material under static load, failure
may occur if the load is repeated a sufficient number of times.
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15. What is fatigue strength? (AUC April/May 2010)

The maximum stress in a material can endure for a given number of stress cycles
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without breaking. Also known as endurance strength

16. What are the causes for unsymmetrical bending of beams? (AUC Nov/Dec 2015)
w.
 The section is symmetrical but the load line is inclined to both the principal axes.

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The section itself is unsymmetrical and the load line is along any centroidal axis.
17. Distinguish between curved beam and a straight beam. (AUC May/June
2015)
 Curved Beams: It carries bending moment, shear force and torsional moment.
 straight beam: It carries bending moment and shear force.
99
18. Write down the general expression for stresses in curved beams. (AUC May/June
2015)
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100
PART B
1. A beam of rectangular section, 80 mm wide and 120 mm deep is subjected to a

bending moment 20kN-m. The trace of the plane of loading is inclined at 45 to the YY
axis of the section. Locate the neutral axis of the section and calculate the bending
moment stress induced at each corner of the beam .
Solution:
n
Bending moment M
g.i
Moment of inertia I
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Neutral axis: ee
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Using the relation,

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Maximum stress in the beam = 104MN/m2

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Radius of curvature R:
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101
2. A curved beam of rectangular cross-section is subjected to pure bending with a

moment of 400 kN-m. The beam has width of 20mm; depth of 40mm and is curved in
plane parallel to the depth. The mean radius of curvature is 50mm. Determine the
position of neutral axis and the ratio of maximum to the minimum stress.
Solution:
Width,
Depth,
Bending moment M
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Radius of curvature R
g.i
Area of section A
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ee
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(i) Position of neutral axis

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w.
(ii) Bending Stress
At the inside face

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Bending stress at outside face:
102
(comp)
3. A 80mm x 80mm angle as shown in fig, having IXX=IYY=87.36x10-3 m4. It is used as a

freely supported beam with one leg vertical. On the application of the bending moment in
the vertical plane YY, the mid-section of the beam deflects in the direction AA’ at 30 to
the vertical.
(i) Calculate the second moment of area of the section about its principal axis.
(ii) What is the bending stress at the corner B if the bending moment is 1.5kN-m?
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Solution:
En
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Bending moment, M = 1.5kN-m
(i) Second moment of area about the principal axes IUU,IYY:

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We know that,
w.
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103
3
Substituting equation (3) in equation(1)
(ii) Bending stress at B:
Co-ordiantes of B, (U,V):
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g.i
U
Now bending stress at B,

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ee
gin
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4. A ring as shown in fig., is carrying a load of 30kN. Calculate the stresses at 1 and 2.
arn
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w.
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Solution:
Area of cross-section
Bending moment, M
104
Here d=12cm, R=7.5+6=13.5cm
Direct stress,
(comp)
n
Bending stress at point 1 due to M.
g.i
rin
ee
(tensile)
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Bending stress at point 2 due to M,

En
arn
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(comp)
Here,
w.
(tensile)
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(comp)
105
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106
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107
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108
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109
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110
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111
8. A steel ring has a rectangular cross section,75mm in the radial direction and 45mm
perpendicular to the radial direction. If the mean radius of the ring is 150mm and
maximum tensile stress is limited to 180MN/m2,Calculate the tensile load the ring carry.
(AUC May/June 2016)
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112
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9. A beam of T section flange 100mmx20mm,web 150mmx10mm is 2.5m long and is
simply supported at the ends. It carries a load of 3.2kN inclined at 20 o to the vertical
and passing through the centroid of the section. If E=2x105N/mm2.
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(i) Maximum Tensile and compressive stress
(ii) Locate the position of neutral axis. (AUC May/June 2016)
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1.
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CE8402 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS II

UNIT I ENERGY PRINCIPLES

(2016-2017 EVEN Semester)

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

SI.No Name of the faculty Designation Affiliating

2. Ms. J.S. Hema Lakshmi Assistant Professor EC

CEC DLI CLI

SCAD Group of Institutions

2 1 strain energy due to shear 1 2 T1,R1

strain energy due to flexure & related

strain energy due to torsion & related

Castiglione’s theorems & related

Maxwell‟s reciprocal theorems and

Principle of virtual work, slope and

Concept of propped cantilever and fixed

Problems related to analysis of

15 2 Tutorial Class 1 24 T1,R1

Euler’s theory of long columns and its

Euler’s theory of long columns and

17 3 related problems 2 29 T1,R1

Rankin-Gordon formula for

Eccentrically loaded short columns-

20 3 Thick cylinders , 2 34 T1,R1

Determination of principal stresses

23 4 Volumetric strain and problems 2 39 T1,R1

24 4 Theories of failure (relations) 1 40 T1,R1

Unsymmetrical Bending of beams

Calculation of bending stress and

Calculation of bending stress and

31 5 location of neutral axis for T section 1 51 T1,R1

Calculation of bending stress and

32 5 location of neutral axis for L section 1 52 T1,R1

33 5 Shear Centre 2 53 T1,R1

Curved beams – Winkler Bach formula.

Find the position of neutral axis and

Extra problems related to Winkler

1. Define strain energy. (AUC Nov/Dec 2013)(AUC May/June2011)

3. Define Modulus of Resilience. ee (AUC Nov/Dec 2012)(AUC May/June2012)

4. Define Castigliano’s first theorem. ( A U C N o v/ D e c 20 12) ( A U C M a y/ Ju n e 20 12)

Where, U = Total Strain Energy , 𝑃𝑖 = 𝑀𝑓 = Loads

9. Differentiate determinate and inderterminate structure. (AUC May/June 2007)

1. Equilibrium conditions are sufficient Equilibrium conditions alone not

to analyse the structure. sufficient to analyse the structure.

sectional area. cross-sectional area.

Principle of virtual force enables us to determine real displacement.

(b) due to torsion for hollow shaft

Bending moment at this section,

= 0.04466 m = 44.66 mm Ans.

Taking moments about a and equating clockwise moments to anticlockwise moments.

RB X 3 = 200 X 1.5 + (10 X 1.5 X

Consider a section X-X between A and D at a distance x from A.

Consider another section XX between D and E at a distance x from A.

Consider another section XX between E and B at a distance x from A.

Member (P) or (P’) or (P’’) or l mm

BC -18.75 -0.833 -0.625 5000

AC 18.75 -0.833 0.625 5000

Let PBC be compressive.

Let P’AC be compressive and P’AB be tensile.

Let P’’AC and P’’AB be tensile members.