Muscle performance refers to the capacity of a

muscle to do work (force × distance). Power training (plyometric training or

stretch-shortening drills)
- can be enhanced by either increasing the
The key elements : work a muscle must perform during a
strength, power, and endurance. specified period of time or reducing the
amount of time required to produce a
given force.
Resistance exercise is any form of active exercise
in which dynamic or static muscle contraction is - the greater the intensity of the exercise
resisted by an outside force applied manually or and the shorter the time period taken to
mechanically. generate force, the greater is the muscle
power.
-also referred to as resistance training, is an
essential 3. Endurance is a broad term that refers to the
element of rehabilitation programs for persons ability to perform low-intensity, repetitive, or
with impaired function and an integral component sustained activities over a prolonged period of
time.
of conditioning programs for those who wish to
promote or maintain health and physical well- Cardiopulmonary endurance (total body
being, potentially enhance performance of motor endurance) is associated with repetitive,
skills, and reduce the risk of injury and disease. dynamic motor activities, such as walking,
cycling, swimming, or upper extremity
ergometry, which involve use of the large
Key Elements: muscles of the body

1. Muscle strength is a broad term Muscle endurance (local endurance) is the

that refers to the ability ofcontractile ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly against
a load (resistance), generate and sustain
tissue to produce tension and a tension, and resist fatigue over an extended
resultant force based on the demands period of time
placed on the muscle.
aerobic power term used interchangeably with
Functional strength relates to the muscle endurance.
ability of the Endurance training (endurance exercise) is
neuromuscular systemto produce, characterized by having a muscle contract and
reduce, or control forces, contemplated lift or lower a light load for many repetitions or
or imposed, during functional activities, sustain a muscle contraction for an extended
in a smooth, coordinated manner. period of time

Strength training (strengthening Overload Principle is a guiding

principle of exercise prescription that has been
exercise) is defined as a systematic one of the foundations on which the use of
procedure of a muscle or muscle group resistance exercise to improve muscle
lifting, lowering, or controlling heavy performance is based.
loads (resistance) for a relatively low - focuses on the progressive loading of
number of repetitions or over a short muscle by manipulating
a) strength training program, the
period of time. amount of resistance applied to
the muscle is incrementally and
2. Muscle power is related to the strength progressively increased.
and speed of movement b) endurance training, more
and is defined as the work (force × distance) emphasis is placed on increasing
produced by a muscle per unit the time a muscle contraction is
of time (force × distance/time) sustained or the number of
- is the rate of performing work. repetitions performed than on
- increasing resistance
SAID Principle (specific adaptation to Determinants morphological, biomechanical,
imposed demands) suggests that a framework of neurological,
specificity is a necessary foundation on which metabolic, and biochemical factors.
exercise programs should be
built. 1. Energy Stores and Blood Supply
2. Fatigue is a complex phenomenon that
affects muscle performance and must be
Muscle Fiber Types and Resistance to considered in a resistance exercise
Fatigue program.
a) Muscle (local) fatigue - the
Characteristics Type I Type IIA Type IIB diminished response of muscle to
Resistance to High High Low a repeated stimulus—is reflected
Fatigue in a progressive decrement in the
Capillary High Intermedi Low amplitude of motor unit potentials.
density ate This occurs during exercise when
Energy System Aerobi Aerobic Anaero a muscle repeatedly contracts
c bic statically or dynamically against
Diameter Small Intermedi Large an Neural Adaptationsimposed
ate load.
Twitch Rate Slow Fast Fast - This physiological response is
Slow Fast Fast normal and reversible.
- Muscle - temporary state of exhaustion
shorteni (failure), leading to a decrease in
ng muscle strength
- Velocity
Wolff’s law (body systems adapt over time to
the
stresses placed on them).
b) Cardiopulmonary (general)
fatigue is the diminished
response of an individual (the
entire body) as the result of
1. Specificity of Training also referred to prolonged physical activity, such
as specificity of exercise, is a widely as walking, jogging, cycling, or
accepted concept suggesting that the repetitive lifting or digging. It is
adaptive effects of training, such as related to the body’s ability to use
improvement of strength, power, and oxygen efficiently.
endurance, are highly specific to the c) Threshold for fatigue. is the
training method employed. level of exercise that cannot be
2. Transfer of Training carryover of sustained indefinitely
training effects from one variation of d) Factors that influence
exercise or task to another also has been fatigue.
reported.
3. Recovery from Exercise
Reversibility Principle Adaptive 4. Age
changes in the body’s systems, in response to a 5. Psychological and Cognitive Factors
resistance exercise program a) Attention
b) Motivation and Feedback
Detraining, reflected by a reduction in muscle
performance, Physiological Adaptations
begins within a week or two after the cessation
of resistance
to Resistance Exercise
exercises and continues until training effects are
lost. 1. Skeletal Muscle Structure
Factors that Influence Tension 2. Neural System
Generation in Normal Skeletal 3. Metabolic System and
Muscle Enzymatic Activity
 4. Body Composition exercise session has an impact on muscle
fatigue and adaptive training effects.
5. Connective Tissue 6. Frequency refers to the number of
exercise sessions per day or per week
Determinants of 7. Duration is the total number of
weeks or months during which a
Resistance resistance exercise program is carried
Exercise out.
8. Rest Interval (Recovery
Period) Purpose of rest
1. Alignment intervals. Rest is a critical element of a
- Alignment and muscle resistance training program and is
action. necessary to allow time for the body to
- Alignment and gravity. recuperate from the acute effects of
exercise associated with muscle fatigue
2. Stabilization or to offset adverse responses, such as
refers to holding down a body segment or exercise-induced, delayed-onset muscle
holding the body steady. soreness.
- External stabilization
- Internal stabilization Integration of rest into exercise.

9. Mode of Exercise refers to the

form of exercise, the type of muscle
contraction that occurs, and the manner
in which the exercise is carried out.
a) Type of Muscle Contraction
- Isometric (static) or dynamic
muscle contractions
- Dynamic resistance
exercises(Concentric and
Eccentric)
3. Intensity (exercise load or training - Isokinetic contraction
load)
refers to the amount of resistance b) Position for Exercise:
(weight) imposed on the contracting  Weight-Bearing
muscle during each repetition of an  Nonweight-Bearin
exercise.
- Submaximal Versus Maximal c) Forms of Resistance Exercise
Exercise Loads  Manual resistance and mechanical
-Repetition Maximum resistance
-Alternative Methods of  constant or variable
Determining -Baseline
 Accommodating resistance
Strength or an Initial Exercise
Load  Body weight or partial body
-Training Zone weight is also a source of
resistance if the exercise occurs in
- Initial Exercise Load (Amount
an antigravity position
of Resistance) and
Documentation of Training
d) Energy Systems
Effects
e) Range of Movement: Short-Arc
4. Volume is the summation of the total or Full-Arc
number of repetitions and sets of a Exercise
particular exercise during a single f) Mode of Exercise and Application
exercise session times the intensity of to Function
the exercise.
5. Exercise Order sequence in 10. Velocity of Exercise
which exercises are performed during an
 Force-Velocity Relationship level of cocontraction to improve postural
 Concentric Muscle Contraction stability or dynamic stability of a joint by
means of midrange isometric
 Eccentric Muscle Contraction
contractions against resistance in
antigravity positions and in weight-
Application to Resistance Training bearing postures if weight bearing is
Velocity-specific training is fundamental permissible.
to a successful rehabilitation program  Multiple-angle isometrics. refers to a
system of isometric exercise in which
11. Periodization and resistance is applied, manually or
mechanically, at multiple joint positions
Variation of Training within the available ROM
Periodization,(periodized training) is
an approach to resistance training that
Characteristics and Effects of Isometric
breaks up a training program into periods
Training
and builds systematic variation in
exercise intensity and repetitions, sets, or
frequency at regular intervals over a  Intensity of muscle contraction.
specified period of time.  Repetitive contractions.
 Joint angle and mode specificity.
12. Integration of  Sources of resistance.

Function Dynamic Exercise: Concentric

 Balance of Stability and
Active Mobility and Eccentric
 Balance of Strength, Power,
and Endurance Dynamic Exercise: Constant
 Task-Specific Movement and Variable Resistance
Patterns with Resistance
Exercise Isokinetic Exercise is a form of
dynamic exercise in which the velocity of muscle
Types of Resistance shortening or lengthening and the angular limb
velocity is predetermined and held constant by a
Exercise rate-limiting device known as an isokinetic
dynamometer

Manual and Mechanical Open-Chain and Closed-Chain

Resistance Exercise Exercise
Manual Resistance Exercise Open-Chain Exercises involve motions in which
the distal
Mechanical Resistance Exercise segment (hand or foot) is free to move in space,
without
Isometric Exercise (Static necessarily causing simultaneous motions at
adjacent
Exercise) is a static form of exercise in joints.
which a muscle contracts and produces force Closed-Chain Exercises Closed-chain exercises
without an appreciable change in the length of involve motions in which the body moves on a
the muscle and without visible joint motion. distal segment that is fixed or stabilized on a
support surface.
Types of Isometric Exercise
 Muscle-setting exercises. Setting General Principles
exercises involve lowintensityisometric
contractions performed against little to of Resistance Training
no resistance.
 Stabilization exercises. is used to
develop a submaximal but sustained
Examination and Evaluation ischemia and a buildup of metabolic waste
products during
Preparation for Resistance exercise led to muscle spasm
Exercises
Prevention and treatment of DOMS.
Implementation of Resistance
Exercises Pathological Fracture
 Warm-Up


Placement of Resistance
Direction of Resistance
Contraindications to
 Stabilization Resistance Exercise
 Intensity of Exercise/Amount of Pain
Resistance
 Number of Repetitions, Sets, and Inflammation
Rest Intervals Severe Cardiopulmonary
 Verbal or Written Instructions Disease
 Monitoring the Patient
 Cool-Down
Manual Resistance
Precautions for Exercise is a form of active resistive
Resistance exercisein which the resistance force is applied
by the therapist to either a dynamic or a static
Exercise muscular contraction.

Valsalva Maneuver (phenomenon),

which is defined as an expiratory effort against a
closed glottis, must be avoided during resistance
exercise.
Prevention During Resistance Exercise
 Caution the patient about breath-holding.
 Ask the patient to breathe rhythmically,
count, or talk during exercise.
 Have the patient exhale when lifting and
inhale when lowering an exercise load. 8
 Be certain that high-risk patients avoid
high-intensity resistance exercises.

Substitute Motions
Overtraining and Overwork
Overtraining
Overwork also called overwork weakness
Exercise-Induced Muscle
Soreness
Acute Muscle Soreness
Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness
Etiology of DOMS:
- metabolic waste accumulation theory both
acute and delayed-onset muscle soreness was
caused by a buildup of lactic acid in muscle after
exercise
- muscle spasm theory feedback cycle of pain
caused by