TABLE OF CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION
a. Decision Support System ………………………………………………. 2
b. Executive Information System………………………………………..... 2
c. Expert System…………………………………………………………... 2

2. DISCUSSION ON THE OVERALL CONCEPT AND FEATURES OF

a. Decision Support System ……………………………………………… 3-5
b. Executive Information System……………………………………….... 5
c. Expert System………………………………………………………….. 6

3. DISCUSSION ON THE DIFFERENCES OF

a. Decision Support System ……………………………………………… 7

b. Executive Information System……………………………………….... 7
c. Expert System………………………………………………………….. 8

4. DISCUSSION ON THE FUTURE TRENDS, CHALLENGES OR ISSUES OF

a. Decision Support System ……………………………………………… 9-10
b. Expert System………………………………………………………….. 10

5. PROPOSE THE BEST TYPE OF DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

TO BE USED TO SUPPORT YOUR ORGANISATION BASED
ON THE BUSINESS RUNNING ……………………………………………… 11

6. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 12

7. REFERENCES.................................................................................................... 13

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 Introduction

According to [ CITATION Ken13 \l 17417 ] Decision Support System is a system that uses
analytics tools and quantitative models to adapt information to specific decisions, produce
reports and answer queries. In civilian-commercial environment, DSS is an integration of
data into meaningful and useful information are referred to in the aerospace-defence sector.
DSSs include knowledge-based systems. It’s well designed to be an enjoyable software-based
system that always help a decision maker to combine a useful information to find ad solve a
problem. For example, a combination individual knowledge, documents, or business model.

According to [ CITATION Ken13 \l 17417 ] Executive information system (EIS), is an

information system that provides corporate information, such as financial condition, market
share and organisational performance in graphic form, with drill-down capability for detail.
EIS may be construed as a means of tracking resources usage while DSS may be interpreted
as a means of requesting direction. It is also giving and easy access to all part of information
relevant to the company and organizational purpose.

According to [ CITATION Ken13 \l 17417 ] Expert system is a computer program developed to

simulate human decisions in a specific field or fields. A branch of artificial
intelligence. Expert systems are created to solve some difficult problems through a
knowledge, represented mainly as if–then rules rather than through conventional procedural
code. In 1970s, the first expert systems were created and then proliferated in the
1980s. Expert systems were the origin of interest in artificial intelligence (AI) software.
There are to two subsystems of Expert System which is the knowledge base and the inference
engine. Facts and rules represents by the knowledge base.

Basically, every types of successful organizations rather than large or small leverage have
provided technologies to manage business activities and assist in making decisions.
Otherwise, to collect data and process it according to the needs of the analyst, manager or
business owner, they have to use information systems. Indeed, by using a variety of
information system, businesses will operate more efficiently to interact with customers and
partners, curtail costs and generate revenues.

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 Overall Concepts and Features

The idea behind the Decision Support System (DSS) is to provide observer with the best
view of the situation, resources, actions and option available to company or organisation that
can be constructed. In this regard, DSSs are not substitute or alternative for network
management facilities, but rather they support the specific five functions defined by the OSI
model for the total network management problem. These functions are fault monitoring,
performance monitoring, configuration management, accounting management and security
management. DSS is not intended to be an entirely simulation-style tool, as will be seen at the
end of this chapter. Often, in the early stages of DSS development, the capability is
concerned with tying together remote locations via communications links. Additionally, the
objective is to provide users with the accesses to multiple databases. And lastly, the system is
completed by supplying report generators. The build-up of DSS systems in a decision-
oriented environment requires the use of modular concepts. The use of building blocks is
usually necessary due to the complexity of the processes involved and also to provide
incremental features for the user. Finally, it is critical that the DSS provide the right vehicle
for decisions. It is a given here that decisions support will not replace decision makers in
human form, but it can be a powerful assistant to the human decision maker.

Figure 1: A Simple View of DSS

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Figure 2: DSS decision - making process

The various types of DSS are described and delineated here. It was one of the first organized
decision structures to be develops in the early era of computerized data manipulation. There
are:

1. Common day-to-day

DSS operate at many levels, and there are many examples in common day-to-day use. for
example, GPS route planning determines the fastest and best route between two points by
analysing and comparing multiple possible options.

2. Historical data

Historical data analysis, used in every ways of business in a company. It's an important part
of DSS because it reports past performance and highlights areas that need attention, although
such information is not always directly actionable. Some examples include: descriptive
analytics: metrics such as sales results, inventory turnover and revenue growth.

3. Manual and hybrid decision support system examples

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Numerous manual techniques exist that support decision-making. These systems include
activities like swot analysis that are show a strength, weaknesses, threats and opportunities in
organization. Hybrid DSS solutions include the use of spreadsheet analyses that tap into the
capability of excel to compute, analyse and compare options. So, both of that also give a best
in business company.

4. DSS software that helps predict future trends

DSS software can help what and why will happened within the past. This data is of limited
use when trying to predict the longer term, except possibly in very stable and predictable
environments. Unfortunately, techniques exist that make it possible to predict, with a degree
of certainty, future trends and changes which is able to impact a corporation or business. As
example, these tools can predict, supported past performance, external data and market
feedback, figures for future product demand, product obsolescence and returns.

5. DSS modelling to support data-driven decision-making

The most effective decision support system examples are those who determine the most
effective decision, supported certain criteria. Additionally, they’re able to evaluate numerous
alternative scenarios and identify the most effective.

Executive information system (EIS) is a type of Decision Support System, or DSS, but is
unique in a number of ways. First, there are a few of numbers of different DSSs in others
organisation to help specific decisions by individual units. On the other hand, the
combination of critical information from all areas within the organization that can be a senior
management gets a clear overview.

Second, EIS help to supports decisions that are more strategic in short and long-term. These
differences influence what information is being employed and the way it’s presented.

Consider the example of maintaining an airplane. There are a lot of critical parts to an
airplane that must be carefully inspected after a specific number of flight hours. A DSS might
be accustomed assist safety inspectors in ensuring no critical parts get missed which any
issues that come up are addressed appropriately.[ CITATION Wil94 \l 17417 ]

Furthermore, EIS also showed a few of features such as drill down capabilities, designed with
management critical succeed factor in mind, personalized analysis, navigation of information,
graphical nad textual information and status access, trend analysis, exception reporting.

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Expert systems (ES) are computer programs for solving difficult, hard problems where
human expertise is normally associated with a great deal of training and experience.
Application areas thus far include such areas as fault diagnosis, tax planning, credit
evaluation, geological prospecting, qualitative analysis and diagnosing. [ CITATION kup87 \l
17417 ]. Expert systems are typically characterized by The utilization of large amounts of
domain specific knowledge. The ability to use incomplete or uncertain information.
Performance levels at, or exceeding, those of experts within the problem domain. Briefly, the
task of the knowledge engineer is Managing expert systems by using an appropriate software
and hardware, a framework and case study 3 showing to elicit the specialist in their
knowledge, map the knowledge into an appropriate structure and truly code the knowledge.
Stresses is the importance of early development of working prototypes for ES. The
prototype’s capabilities increasing by repeated trials with the domain expert and actual use in
an exceedingly test environment and also it is incrementally improved. Building and
implementing an oversized expert system is both time consuming and resource intensive.
According to an example from MYCIN, expert system can identify various bacteria that can
cause severe infections and can also recommend drugs based on the person’s weight.

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 The Differences between DSS, EIS and ES

Decision support system (DSS) is an information system that’s totally automated and helps
a company or an organization in various deciding activities. It’s work the least bit three levels
of coming up with operations and management and assists in deciding process that’s difficult
in these times of rapidly evolving circumstances. From a deluge of information, DSS sieves
information to return up with a knowledge based system to not just identify and inform about
a problem but also tools to solve such problems by taking prompt decisions. Later, executive
system progressed together with group decision support systems and organizational decision
support systems to turn out to be one user DSS.

According to taxonomy, there are active, passive, cooperative DSS. Its model can help in
decision making process but does not come up with solutions or suggestions. On the other
hand, an active DSS will show a solution from which is a manager can choose the best
according to circumstances. Otherwise, to feed chosen alternatives for a further analysis and
validations, a cooperative DSS can be used. Another way of classifying DSS is on the basis
of processes involved and thus we get data driven, communication driven, document driven,
knowledge driven and finally a model driven DSS.

There are times when there’s an excessive amount of knowledge and executive finds himself
overwhelmed with a deluge of knowledge. In the other hand, to be ready to sieve relevant and
important information from that which is waste and irrelevant, they need a tool. Rather than
making educated guesses, executives make use of Executive Support Systems (ESS) that is
summarized information. However, there is provision to get to induce as and when necessary.

Executives in today’s world come up the ranks and are more vulnerable to make use of
technology to assist them in concluding their jobs more efficiently. True, ESS doesn’t
provide executives with readymade answers or solutions on line with circumstances; they
supply enough ammo to managers to come back with better decisions. This happen if
managers make use of this information and use their own education and knowledge together
with the condition of the organization and therefore the present circumstances.

While DSS is decision support system that are designed to assist company or organisation
come up with solutions to problems on the premise of a knowledge base or mental object,
ESS is executive support system that presents summarized information that’s utilize by

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executives to return up with very best solution to problems. This they are doing with the
assistance of their education, experience and business environment that they face.

An expert system (also called a knowledge-based system) effectively captures and uses the
knowledge an individual’s expert or experts for a selected problem experienced in a company
or organization. Notice that unlike DSS, which leave the last word judgment the choice
maker, an expert system selects the most effective solution to a controversy or a particular
class of problems.

The basic components of an expert system are the cognitive content, an inference engine
connecting the user with the system by processing queries via languages like structured
command language (SQL) and therefore the programme.

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 The Future Trends, Challenges and Issues of DSS and ES

Decisions Support however targets the three main issues within the realm of network
management, these being planning, performance and maintenance. Fault and operational data
analysis feed the fault evaluation module. This information is used to update the system
configuration module. The system configuration status and the operational data analysis
modules feed performance evaluation that in turn provides input to the control
implementation module that provides instructions to the system for reconfiguration.

The challenge for DSSs is not that they must keep pace with the increasing influx of data, but
rather that they must do a better job making sense of the data that is collected. The typical
DSS will have a series of attributes associates with it, some of which are:

1- Timeliness
a. Timeliness, as an attribute, means that the incoming data must bear some
resemblance to other incoming data sets in order for proper evaluations to be
made.
2- Filtering
a. Filtering is the ability of the DSS to make selective judgements about
information, and/or minor decisions, the object being to separate information
from what is crucial to the decision process.
3- User aids
a. User aids are the tools by which the user can distil and clarify information into
something meaningful and therefore, something of importance to the mission
of the DSS. User aids give the system a certain utility so that the intended user
can exercise the system effectively. These aids include the presentation
4- Interfaces to other systems
a. Interfaces to other systems are the connectivity issues, both physical and
functional, that allow data and decision to be conveyed to their systems and
make reception of data possible inti the system. The ability of the system to
interface to other systems also gives it basic make-up.
5- Intelligence

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 a. Intelligence is the internal composition of the DSS that allows it to exercise
some degree of problem solving and range of action. Intelligence is usually
equated to such features as artificial intelligence machine vision and robotics.

Expert system (ES) is an opportunity to use in the near future as an advanced programming
technique. The near future is show as below:

1- Expert Consulting System

a. Such systems are oriented toward solving problems and many times can be an
adjunct to an existing on-line expert maintenance system.
2- Robotics
a. Robotics is an exploding technology in the product and service delivery arena
and will impact telecommunications to a great extent in the next a few years.
3- Real-World EMS issues
a. The application of expert systems capabilities to maintenance carries some
real world issues that must be addressed. Expert systems technology begins
and ends with thorough understanding and application of the techniques
involved with the technical elements. There are two ways of viewing AI which
is solving technology problem and solving human performance problem.

Furthermore, some issues and challenge may be occurring such as The most common used
for troubleshooting is that of the self-contained computer program which us the system
operating itself. Due to the issue that the program is inflexible, difficult to modify and lacks
modularity. Another issues concerns that of the diagnostic engine. The rules used by this
engine are necessity only as good as the expert and the person who translates such knowledge
into a machine-readable form. Additionally, these rule sets may have gap, dead ends,
conflicting element. Future diagnostic reasoning engines will be designed so as to overcome
these inherent problems.

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The Best Type Of Decision Support System To Be Used To Support Your Organisation
Based On The Business Running

Nowadays, DSSs have provided new methods by various techniques originating from
database, like cognitive psychology, and artificial neural networks are implemented within
the kind of computer programs for complex higher cognitive process. In here, the best type of
decision support system to be accustomed support your organisation based on the business
running is a Historical data analysis. This is because the combination past data and
information can also can make a company smooth running. Some examples include:

1- Descriptive analytics: like sales results, inventory turnover and revenue growth.
2- Diagnostic analytics: that find a bit hard to reveal results and explains reasons for past
performance as measured by descriptive analytics.
3- Business intelligence (BI): Although largely based on historical data, BI solutions
allow users to develop and run queries that are used to guide and support decision-
making.
4- ERP dashboards: User-configurable dashboards that allow managers to monitor a
variety of performance indicators.

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 Conclusion

Decision making can be effect from demands accurate, timely and relevant information. MIS
provides accurate and timely information necessary to facilitate the decision-making process
and enable the organizations planning, control, and operational functions to be dispensed
effectively. In this, we can have showed that many decision maker use MIS tools to make
smoothly a business operation. This is because MIS have a good concept, clear decision
choices guarantees viable decisions in our businesses. From the above discussion we are able
to say that call web specialise in higher cognitive process whereas management data system
(MIS) specialise in information. In Management data system it works on online mode but in
decision web it works on real time mode. The management web supports medium level of
information but in decision web it supports huge volume of information. The management
web uses low supports of graphics but in decision web it uses large support of graphics. The
management data system focuses only on fully structured task or routine for decision but
decision web focuses on structure still as semi-structured data. Beside from the above
differences both MIS and DSS are core of a data system satisfying the necessity of various
levels of management to give a effectively business process in a company or organization.

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 References

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Year 3 Students of Faculty of Management Sciences.
Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt

Kenny_Bridgeson.(2013).Illustrated Dictionary od Information System Management.

New Delhi: Lotus Pred Publishers & Distributors.

Kumar, P. K. (2006). Information Systems Decision-Making,

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Kupfer (1987). Descriptions of Expert Systems Operating in Business Environments

popular-press

Kneale (1986). Descriptions of Expert Systems Operating in Business Environments

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New Jersey, Pearson Publishing.

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