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Lecture1 Vector Space and Subspace I-3

The document defines vector spaces and subspaces. (1) A vector space is a set V with two operations - vector addition and scalar multiplication - that satisfy certain properties like closure, existence of an identity element, and distribution. (2) A subspace W of a vector space V is a subset of V that is also a vector space with the same operations. (3) A subset W of V is a subspace if it contains the zero vector and is closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. The intersection of any subspaces is also a subspace.

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87 views6 pages

Lecture1 Vector Space and Subspace I-3

The document defines vector spaces and subspaces. (1) A vector space is a set V with two operations - vector addition and scalar multiplication - that satisfy certain properties like closure, existence of an identity element, and distribution. (2) A subspace W of a vector space V is a subset of V that is also a vector space with the same operations. (3) A subset W of V is a subspace if it contains the zero vector and is closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. The intersection of any subspaces is also a subspace.

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1

Lecture note1: Vector Spaces(VS, 向量空間), SubSpace (子空間)

目標：了解線性函數作用的向量集合應具備的特性。
𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑊

Definition 1.1 (Vector Space 向量空間)


A vector space (or linear space) V over a field F consists a set on which
two operations (called addition and scalar multiplication) are defined so
that for each pair of elements x, y in V there is unique x+y in V (加法封閉
性), and for each element a in F and each element x in V there is a unique
element ax in V (乘法封閉性), such that the following conditions hold.

Remark:
a. Field：滿足加減乘除封閉性的純量集合 (ex: C, R, Q are fields, N is
not a field)
b. VS 需要三個基本要件：a set (V) , a field (F), two operations (vector
addition (兩個向量相加), scalar multiplication (純量乘向量) )
c. The element of the field is called scalar (純量)
d. The element of V.S. is called vector (向量)
e. Vector space is regarded as a set over a given field.

V is a set and two operations are defined over a given field.


(1) x + y = y + x for any 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑉 (可加法交換)
(2) (x + y) + z = x + (y + z) for any 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝑉. (可加法結合)
(3) There exists zero element (or zero vector) denoted by 0 in V, such that
0 + x = x, for every x in V. (存在加法單位元素)
(∃ 0 ∈ 𝑉, 𝑠. 𝑡. 𝑥 + 0 = 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ∈ 𝑉)

(4) For each x in V, there exists a unique element y in V, such that x+y =0
(存在加法反元素)
(𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑉, ∃ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑉 𝑠. 𝑡. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0)

(5) For each 𝑥 in V, 1𝑥 = 𝑥, here 1 in F is the identity element for


multiplication. (存在乘法單位元素)
(∃ 1 ∈ 𝐹, 𝑠. 𝑡. 1𝑥 = 𝑥. 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ∈ 𝑉)
(6) (ab)x = a(bx), for all a,b in F and 𝑥 ∈ 𝑉. (結合律)
(7) a(x+y) = ax + ay for all a in F and 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑉. (分配律)
2
(8) (a+b)x = ax + bx for all a, b in F and 𝑥 ∈ 𝑉. (分配律)

ex1: 𝑉 = {(𝑎, 𝑏), 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅} and F=R


+: 𝑣E = (𝑥E , 𝑦E ), 𝑣F = (𝑥F , 𝑦F ) , 𝑣E + 𝑣F = (𝑥E + 𝑥F , 𝑦E + 𝑦F )
× : 𝑎 ∈ 𝐹, 𝑎𝑣 = (𝑎𝑥, 𝑎𝑦)
Then V is a v.s. over field F

ex2: 同上, 𝑖𝑓 𝐹 = 𝐶, then V is not a v.s.


ex3: 同上, 𝑖𝑓 𝐹 = 𝑄, V is a v.s. or not?
ex4: 同上：＋：𝑣1 + 𝑣2 = (𝑥E + 𝑦E , 𝑥F − 𝑦F ) (VS1 is rejected)

ex5: 𝑉 = 𝑃F (𝐹) ≡ {𝑎𝑋 F + 𝑏𝑋 + 𝑐, 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 ∈ 𝐹}


(所有二次多項式所形成的集合)

a. 函數集合：{ℱ: 𝑆 → 𝐹} 表示所有定義𝑆 到𝐹 的函數所形成的集合。
b. 𝑃F (𝑅)是指{ℱ: 𝑅 → 𝑅}中，所有係數是實數的二項式所形成的集合。所以
𝑃F (𝑅 )可以表示成 𝑃F (𝑅) ≡ {𝑓 (𝑥 ): 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 F + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 ∈ 𝑅}}

數學中，兩個函數的關係都是透過定義域來定義。

If 𝑔, 𝑓 ∈ {ℱ: 𝑆 → 𝐹},
c. 兩個函數相同的定義： 𝑔 = 𝑓 iff 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠 ∈ 𝑆, 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝑓(𝑠)
d. 兩個函數相加的定義: (𝑔 + 𝑓)(𝑠) = 𝑔(𝑠) + 𝑓 (𝑠), 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠 ∈ 𝑆
e. 純量乘函數的定義：(𝑐𝑓 )(𝑠) = 𝑐U𝑓(𝑠 )V, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠 ∈ 𝑆

f. 如何定義函數相乘？(以後會討論)

ex6: 𝑉 = 𝑀X×X (𝐹) ≡ YU𝑎Z[ VX×X , 𝑎Z[ ∈ 𝐹, 1 ≤ 𝑖, 𝑗 ≤ 𝑛^


(所有 n by n 矩陣所形成的集合)

ex7: 𝑉 = {(𝑎E , 𝑎F ), 𝑎E , 𝑎F ∈ 𝑅} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹 = 𝑅 (𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑉 ≡ 𝑅F )


+: (𝑎E , 𝑎F ) + (𝑏E , 𝑏F ) = (𝑎E + 𝑏E , 0)
×: 𝛼(𝑎E , 𝑎F ) = (𝛼𝑎E , 0)
(VS3 is rejected)

Thm 1.1 (Cancellation Law for Vector Addition 消去法原則)


If x, y, z are vectors in a vector space V, such that x+z = y+z, then x=y
pf:
3
x = x+0 (VS3 存在加法單位元素)
= x+ z+v (VS4 存在加法反元素：𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧 ∈ 𝑉 ∃ 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉, 𝑠. 𝑡. 𝑧 + 𝑣 = 0)
= (x+z) + v (VS2 可加法結合)
= (y+z)+v (known)
= y +(z+v) (VS2 可加法結合)
= y+0
= y (VS3 存在加法單位元素)

Col. The vector in (VS3) is unique. (存在唯一加法單位元素)


pf: 𝑙𝑒𝑡 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0∗ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 zero elements in V. then 𝑥 + 0 = 𝑥 + 0∗ = 𝑥
By thm1.1, we have 0 = 0∗ . So, zero element (vector) in V is unique.

Col. The vector in (VS4) is unique. (denoted −𝑣)


(存在唯一加法反元素)
Pf: let x and y are in V and 𝑥 + 𝑣 = 0 and 𝑦 + 𝑣 = 0.
By Thm1.1, we have 𝑥 = 𝑦.

Thm 1.2
In any vector space V, the following statements are true.
(a) 0𝑥 = 0 for 𝑥 ∈ 𝑉. (0 乘任何向量皆等於零向量)
(b) (−𝑎)𝑥 = −(𝑎𝑥) = 𝑎(−𝑥) for 𝑎 ∈ 𝐹 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝑉.
Q: 這三個向量在意義上有什麼差異？
(c) 𝑎0= 0 for 𝑎 ∈ 𝐹. (任何純量乘零向量皆等於零向量)

pf of (a): (利用 Thm1.1 消去法)


0x = (0+0)x = 0x+0x (分配律)
by (VS3:存在加法單位元素) 0x+ 0 = 0x
by thm1.1: 0x+ 0 = 0x+0x imply 0 = 0x

pf of (b):
(1)因為−(𝑎𝑥 ) 是 𝑎𝑥 的唯一加法反元素 (i.e. 𝑎𝑥 + U−(𝑎𝑥 )V = 0)
( wanted 𝑎𝑥 + (−𝑎)𝑥 = 0 ), by 分配律,
we have 𝑎𝑥 + (−𝑎)𝑥 = (𝑎 − 𝑎)𝑥 = 0𝑥 = 0 (Thm 1.2 (a))
therefore, (−𝑎)𝑥 = −𝑎𝑥 (since, SV4 存在唯一反元素)
So, we have (−1)𝑥 = −1𝑥

(2) 𝑎(−𝑥 ) = 𝑎 (−1𝑥 ) U𝑏𝑦 𝑆𝑉5 存在乘法單位元素 1𝑥 = 𝑥V = (𝑎 ∗ (−1))𝑥 (by


VS6)
4
pf of (c) (利用消去法)
𝑎 0 + 𝑎 0 = 𝑎 ( 0 + 0) (𝑏𝑦 𝑉𝑆8) = 𝑎 0 (by VS3) = 𝑎 0 + 0 (𝑏𝑦 𝑉𝑆3)
imply 𝑎 0 = 0.

Q1: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑉, 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐹, 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏𝑥, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒?


Q2: 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑉, 𝑎 ∈ 𝐹, 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒?

Definition: (Subspace 子空間)


A subset W of a vector space V over a field F is called a subspace of V if
W is a vector space over F with the operations of addition and scalar
multiplication defined on V.
(𝑉 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑣. 𝑠. 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝐹. Then 𝑊 ⊂ 𝑉 is called a subspace of V if W
is a v.s. over the filed F.)

Remark: V is a v.s.
1. V and {0} are subspaces.
2. W is a subspace of V: a subset of V and also vector space

Thm1.3 (用來驗證向量空間的子集合是否為 subsapce？)


Let V be a vector space and W a subset of V. Then W is a subspace of V if
and only if the following three conditions hold for the operations defined
in V.
(a) 0 is in W (VS3) (0 is also in V)
(b) x+y is in W whenever x and y are in W. (加法封閉性)
(c) cx is in W whenever c in F and x in W. (乘法封閉性)

Note:其實判斷是否為止空間，需要驗證的性質是：
加法封閉性，乘法封閉性，存在加法單位元素，存在反元素

pf (→) (only need to prove (a))


5
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 𝑊 ∃0u 𝑠. 𝑡. 𝑥
+ 0u = 𝑥. Since 𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 ∃0 𝑠. 𝑡. 𝑥 + 0 = 𝑥
u
by 消去法, 0 = 0

pf (←) (需證明存在反元素: for 𝑥 ∈ 𝑊, ∃𝑦 𝑠. 𝑡. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0)


for 𝑥 ∈ 𝑊 ⊂ 𝑉 ⇒ ∃ − 𝑥 ∈ 𝑉 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑥 + (−𝑥) = 0
since – 𝑥 = (−1)𝑥 ∈ 𝑊 (𝑏𝑦 (𝑐)). Done!

Thm1.4
Any intersection of subspace of a vector space V is a subspace of V.
𝑊{ : 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉 , 𝛼 ∈ Λ
then ⋂{∈• 𝑊{ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉
⋃{∈• 𝑊{ 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉
驗證是否滿足：存在加法單位元素，加法封閉性，乘法封閉性。
See by yourself.

ex1
W2
W1

1. 𝑊E ∩ 𝑊F = {(0,0)} is a subspace? (Yes!)


2. 𝑊E ∪ 𝑊F is a subspace? (No!)

ex2:
𝑉 = 𝑀X×X (𝐹 ) = {U𝑎Z[ VX×X , 𝑎Z[ ∈ 𝐹}
𝑊 = {U𝑎Z[ VX×X , 𝑎ZZ = 0, 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛} 𝑊 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉?
𝑊 = {U𝑎Z[ VX×X , 𝑎Z[ = 0, 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗} 𝑊 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉?
𝑊 = {U𝑎Z[ VX×X , 𝑎Z[ ≥ 0, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖, 𝑗} 𝑊 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉?
ex3:
𝑉 = 𝑅F
𝑊 = {(𝑥, 𝑚𝑥 ), 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑} 𝑊 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉?
𝑊 = {(𝑥, 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏), 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑏 ≠ 0, 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑} 𝑊 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉?

Remark:
1. 子空間是一直線，則必是通過原點的直線
2. 子空間是一平面，則必是通過原點的平面
6
Remark:
1. 子空間的交集還是子空間
2. 子空間的聯集未必是子空間

Define 𝑊E + 𝑊F ≡ {𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑊E 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ∈ 𝑊F }

3. 𝑊E + 𝑊F ≡ 𝑅 F is a subspace
4. 𝑊E + 𝑊F is the smallest subspace containing 𝑊E ∪ 𝑊F
(𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑖𝑓 𝑊 ⊃ 𝑊E ∪ 𝑊F 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑉, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑊 ⊃ 𝑊E + 𝑊F )
Pf: (1) show that 𝑊E + 𝑊F is a subspace of V.
(2) Let 𝐿 is a sunspace and 𝐿 ⊃ 𝑊E ∪ 𝑊F .
For any 𝑣 ∈ 𝑊E and 𝑢 ∈ 𝑊F , then 𝑥 + 𝑦 ∈ 𝑊E + 𝑊F
Since 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑊E ∪ 𝑊F ⊂ 𝐿 imply that 𝑥 + 𝑦 ∈ 𝐿.
So, 𝑊E + 𝑊F ⊂ 𝐿. Done!
5. 𝑊E ∪ 𝑊F is a subspace of V iff 𝑊E ⊂ 𝑊F 𝑜𝑟 𝑊F ⊂ 𝑊E

Remark:
雖然 𝑊E ∪ 𝑊F 不是一個子空間，但我們可以找到包含𝑊E ∪ 𝑊F 的最小子空間

Definition: direct sum


𝑉 is a v.s., and 𝑊E 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊F 𝑎𝑟𝑒 the subspaces of 𝑉, 𝑖𝑓 𝑊E + 𝑊F = 𝑉
and 𝑊E ∩ 𝑊F = {0}. Then, we say that 𝑉 is the direct sum of
𝑊E and 𝑊F , denoted as 𝑉 = 𝑊E ⨁𝑊F .

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