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High School Science Experiments With Plants

Updated November 22, 2019

By Amanda Wehner

High school science experiments can be designed to inform students about the different aspects of plant
life. Experiments that promote critical thinking and reflection allow students to develop theories about
different areas of biology and botany. Students can study the structural parts of the plant, functional
aspects and reproductive factors of plants.

How Does Temperature Affect the Xylem in Tomato Plants?

This experiment involves testing the size of the xylem in Roma tomato plants when exposed to different
temperatures. Students need six Roma tomato plants, six pots, planting soil, a small and large beaker,
blue dye, water, ice, heat lamp, microscope and thermometer. Add soil to the pots and put the plants
into the pots, burying the roots. Place the six pots in six different locations--under a heat lamp, in the
shade, in the sun, in the fridge, in the freezer and in ice. Give each plant 300 ml of water containing 25
ml of blue dye each day. Observe the plants over three weeks and record observations. After three
weeks, cut off a piece of each plant 2 inches from the root and examine the xylem under a microscope.
Students note the size of the xylem of the six plants and draw conclusions about temperature effects on
xylem.

Can a Plant Grow From the Top of a Carrot?

The carrot-top experiment involves students researching whether a plant can grow and get the nutrients
needed from a carrot top. Students need four carrots and a shallow container. First, cut off the top of
the carrot about a half-inch away from the leaves. Carefully cut the leaves off the top, keeping it close to
the base. Place the carrots in the container with the cut side facing downward and add water to cover
half the carrot top. Put the container into a well-lit windowsill and observe the carrot tops daily for any
changes. Use a ruler to measure the growth of leaves or roots out of the tops and record the data in a
table. Continue the experiment for a week and draw conclusions based on reasons for the growth of
leaves from the tops.
How Do Some Plants Grow by Themselves?

This experiment allows students to study asexual reproduction by vegetative propagation. Students
learn about the different asexual organs and their functions in specific plants. Students need two 1-liter
jars, scissors, distilled water and a geranium plant. First, fill the jars to three-quarters with distilled
water. Cut four healthy stems with leaves from the geranium plant. Place two stems with the cut ends
facing down into each jar. Put the jars into direct sunlight on a windowsill. Make observations about the
cut ends of the stems every day for two to three weeks. Students see roots growing from the ends of
the stem, which can later be planted and will grow into a new geranium plant. This experiment allows
students to investigate the concept of asexual reproduction, and they later can observe the new plant
become identical to the parent plant.

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How to Grow a Plant From a Bean as a Science Project

Updated November 22, 2019

By Dawn Marcotte

Growing a bean plant is a simple science experiment that can be accomplished with a very little
preparation. Additional variables can be used to expand the experiment. Determine how much sunlight
is optimal by placing plants in sun, partial sun and dark to grow and measure the growth needs. Test the
optimal amount of water needed or the best depth to plant at by changing these variables in the
experiment.

Fill the cup three-fourths full of potting soil. If the experiment is testing other variables such as sunlight,
water or temperature, fill enough cups for each variable. Create one cup for a control.

Press beans into soil approximately 1 inch apart to a depth of 2 inches for the control cup. Additional
cups can be planted according to the variables being tested.

Water thoroughly and place in a sunny spot. Monitor beans for growth.

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What Type of Bean Seeds to Use for a Science Experiment

Updated May 14, 2018

By Claire Gillespie

If you're interested in plants and biology, a few bean seeds can form the basis of lots of fun science
experiments. It's exciting to watch bean seeds sprout and turn into plants. If you don't have bean seeds
in your pantry, buy them from your local garden store or supermarket.

TL;DR (Too Long; Didn't Read)

Most types of dried bean seeds are suitable for science experiments such as growing beans in a bag,
testing germination rate and working out what factors affect bean seed growth. If you want quick
results, go for fast sprouters like lima beans, pinto beans and mung beans.

Growing Beans in a Bag

Growing beans in a bag is a great first lesson in plant biology. You can check the the progress of your
seeds every day and witness them transforming into plants with roots on a stem. You need a plastic zip-
top bag, a paper towel and a few bean seeds. For this experiment, any variety of dried bean from your
pantry will do, but lima beans, pinto beans, mung beans and lentil beans typically sprout the fastest.

Testing Germination Rate

With a variation on the basic zip-top bag experiment, you can test the germination rate of 10 bean
seeds. Use a black permanent marker to draw a frame with 10 sections on the bag. Place a moistened
paper towel inside the bag, and then place one bean seed in each section of the frame. Make sure you
place the bag on a flat surface (in a sunny area) to keep the seeds in place in the frame. Predict how
many of the bean seeds will germinate, and then check your prediction after the seeds have germinated.
Multiply the number of germinated seeds by 10 to work out the germination rate as a percentage. For
example, if six seeds germinated, that's 60 percent of the 10 seeds in the bag.

It doesn't really matter what type of bean seed you use for this experiment, but larger seeds like lima
beans are better for younger children's smaller fingers to grasp hold of.

Factors Affecting Bean Seed Growth

A more advanced experiment than growing beans in a bag looks at how different factors affect how a
seed sprouts and grows roots. To find out whether seeds grow quicker in soil, put three to four dried
bean seeds inside a zip-top bag with a paper towel. Plant another three to four dried bean seeds in a
plastic cup filled three-quarters full with potting soil. Place the bag and the cup where they will receive
sunlight during the day and monitor their progress. Mung beans are a good choice for this experiment
because they are small seeds and can grow in compact places. For variations of the soil experiment, use
different amounts of water, sunlight and fertilizer to observe how these factors affect plant growth.

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Science Projects for Cut Flowers

Updated November 22, 2019

By Elizabeth Burns

Science projects involving cut flowers help children to learn about and appreciate the natural world.
Flowers are ideal for children’s science projects because they are inexpensive, and children enjoy
working with them because of their beautiful colors and varieties. Have students write down what they
think is going to happen before each project, observe the flowers each day and make detailed notes.

Water Temperature

This science project is suitable for children in third grade and is relatively simple. It aims to establish
whether cut flowers survive longer in cold or warm water. You need several white carnations or roses,
food coloring, and two vases (juice jugs or pop bottles will do). Fill one jug with cold water and the other
with warm (but not boiling) water. Add some food coloring, as this makes it easier to see how quickly
the flowers are taking in the water. The food additives also make the flowers change color.

Sweet or Salty Flowers

Young scientists can carry out this experiment to determine whether salt or sugar helps cut flowers to
stay alive longer. Carnations are ideal for this experiment because they are inexpensive and stay fresh
longer. You need 18 flowers and nine containers. Label three containers with "salt," three with "sugar
"and three with "none." Put about 3 cups of water into each vase and add 1 tbsp. of salt to the salt
containers and 1 tbsp. of sugar to the three sugar vases. The three remaining vases should only contain
tap water. Cut the flower stems with scissors, then place two flowers in each of the nine vases. Chart the
progress of the flowers each day to determine which solution helps flowers to stay alive longer.

Medicinal Methods

Boost flower power with a medicinal pick-me-up. Adding two aspirin tablets to a vase of cut flowers
raises the acidity of the water and helps flowers to live longer. Test this for yourself by dividing a bunch
of flowers equally and placing half the flowers in a vase containing just water and the other half in a vase
with two aspirin tablets added to the water. Make your project more sophisticated by experimenting
with different brands of aspirin to establish which are most agreeable to the flowers. Place the two
vases in a cool place with plenty of natural light, thus ensuring that the flowers are exposed to the same
levels of light and heat.

Stem Experiment

This project demonstrates how stems are necessary for a flower’s survival. Use scissors to cut the stem
off of one fresh-cut flower, and leave another flower intact. Put the flowers in a safe place, but do not
place them in water. Observe the flowers over three days. Does the flower with its stem intact survive
longer without water? It should, because the stem still contains water to feed the flower.

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Photosynthesis Activities for Middle School

Photosynthesis Lab Experiments

Updated November 22, 2019

By Antonia Lawrence

The science of photosynthesis can be difficult for students, especially younger students, to understand
without hands-on activities allowing them to see what they are being taught. Lab experiments that
teach the fundamentals of photosynthesis can be conducted with children as young as elementary
school. These experiments are designed to supplement the more theoretical elements of photosynthesis
since they illustrate the effects of sunlight deprivation on plants, rather than explicitly showing how
plants convert sunlight into food.

Sunlight Deprivation

After explaining the basics of photosynthesis, how plants make sugar out of sunlight, you can illustrate
the effects of sunlight deprivation on plants. Using bean sprouts or another type of inexpensive and fast-
growing plant, give each child two plants potted in small paper cups. Each child places one plant on a
sunny windowsill and the other in a closet with no windows. Each plant is given equal soil and watered
over the course of a week. At the end of the week, have the children compare the plants. The droopy
sun-deprived plant demonstrates how the inability to photosynthesize harms plants.

Experiments with Chlorophyll

Fundamental to a lesson about photosynthesis is an explanation of chlorophyll and the vital role it plans
in helping plants harness the power of the sun. A simple lab experiment uses simple materials: scissors,
glass jars, coffee filters, and acetone. Students cut up two or three large leaves (which need not be
green). Mix the leaf pieces in acetone and let sit for a day. Cut the coffee filters into strips and dip one
end into the acetone. As the plant chemicals released by the acetone move up the filter paper, a strip of
green becomes visible, this is the chlorophyll.

The Chemical Reactions of Photosynthesis

Once students understand the fundamentals of photosynthesis, educators can lead them through a
simple experiment where they can witness first-hand the one of the chemical reactions of
photosynthesis. Using small plants purchased at an aquarium store, student place samples of the plant
in water-filled test tubes which they cork. Over the course of half an hour tiny air bubbles will develop
on the walls of the test tube. These bubbles are evidence of the chemical reaction whereby plants
covert carbon dioxide and water (hydrogen) into carbohydrates (food).
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Fruit Themed Science Activities

Updated November 22, 2019

By Tamara Christine Van Hooser

The bright colors and sweet tastes of fruit appeal to young children but fruit themed science activities
give them a reason to play with their food that even mom will approve of. Children can explore fruit
seeds, the properties and function of the skin, conduct a taste test or experiment with how to keep fruit
fresh. The payoff for fruit science activities is that once the experiment is over, the children can have a
yummy and nutritious snack.

Plant Seeds

Cut open watermelon or apple seeds to explore seed parts. Give each child a seed to plant in a small
container. Keep a few extra on the side for demonstration purposes in examining root growth. Once the
seed sprouts, keep a picture journal of its daily growth until you are ready to send the plants home to be
transplanted.
Floating Fruit

Do Science suggests trying to float lemons or oranges in a container of water to test buoyancy. Try it
unpeeled and peeled. Then try to float a piece of the skin to discover that the lightness of the air-filled
peel is what makes the difference between floating and sinking fruit.

Fresh vs. Dried Fruit

Peel and remove seeds from apricots, apples, pears, peaches, apricots, grapes, plums or berries. Let the
children help prepare the fruit for drying under adult supervision. They can use dinner knives or plastic
ware to cut the fruit into small bite-size pieces. Soak the fruit in lemon juice for a few minutes. Spread a
single layer of fruit on a cookie sheet and place it in an oven or dehydrator at 125 to 150 degrees for
eight to 24 hours depending on fruit type. Preschool Rock suggests holding a taste test the next day with
samples of the dried fruit and the corresponding fresh fruit. Ask the children to identify the difference
between dried and fresh fruit. Discuss which fruits they like best and whether they prefer the dried or
fresh version.

Fruit Oxidation

Leave some banana, apple, strawberry and kiwi slices out for 30 to 60 minutes and have the children
observe the brownish color that develops. Explain that the chemicals in the fruit react with the air
causing oxidation which turns the fruit brown. To slow this process and preserve the fruit, experiment
with different preservatives. Prepare three plates using a variety of fruits in each sample. Sprinkle one
with sugar; soak another in lemon juice and the last one in water. Predict what will happen to each fruit
sample and observe the results after 30 to 60 minutes. Discuss which preservative produced the best
results.

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How to Make an Ecosystem for Kids With Pop Bottles

Updated November 22, 2019

By Jessica Reed

Children can build their very own mini-ecosystem in a 2 liter pop bottle to learn how plants grow. These
systems do not require any care after they are assembled, and children can watch the roots of the
various plants growing into the soil. They'll be able to chart the daily growth and progress of the plants,
and by the end will have a clearer understanding of how this part of nature works.

Cut the top off an empty 2 liter pop bottle. Make the cut horizontal and cut where the bottle first starts
to curve inward to form the neck.

Place 3 inches of good potting soil inside the bottle. Relia.net recommends growing bean and grass seed
in your bottle.

Create a hole 1 inch deep in the dirt using the eraser end of a pencil. Place a bean seed inside. Create
enough holes for each bean seed. Place the seeds in the bottom of the holes and cover them with dirt.
Sprinkle the grass seed over the top of the dirt. Relia.net recommends using a fork to lightly mix up the
top layer of dirt so it covers the grass seeds but doesn't bury them too deep.

Lightly sprinkle water over the soil until it is damp and moist. Make sure all the soil is wet but not
completely soaked. Add water every few minutes until you can see the water has soaked through to the
bottom but the soil is still dry enough to stick together.

Place the top of the bottle that you cut off upside down into the rest of the bottle. Tape the edges to
hold it in place. Place the bottle in a sunny area and observe it daily. You do not need to do anything else
to the bottle. Plants will begin to grow over time.

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Science Experiments With Plants for Kids

Updated November 22, 2019

By Chelsea Oliver

The natural world, such as the function of plants and the way they grow, is a source of wonder for many
children and will be something they continue to study throughout their education. Have kids conduct
plant-based science experiments during a classroom unit on nature or as a follow-up to a visit to a local
park or garden.

Colorful Flowers

In this simple science project for young children, fill a cup with water and add several drops of food
coloring, such as red or blue. Cut the end off of a white carnation and place the flower in the cup of
colored water. Have the kids watch as the flower absorbs the colored water and slowly changes color.
Explain to them not only do flowers absorb water from the air, they also "drink" water through their
stems.

Plant Growth

Older children will enjoy conducting a more complicated experiment on plant growth. Have the children
plant seeds in the center of two different pots filled with potting soil. One pot should be watered and set
in a sunny area, while the other should not be watered and placed in a dark area, such as a cupboard.
The children can then check on the plants daily and examine which pot thrives. The watered pot placed
in the sunny, warm area is much more likely to grow.

Bean Experiment

Begin this experiment by soaking three beans in two inches of water overnight. The next day, remove
the beans from the water and fill three test tubes halfway with potting soil. Insert the beans in the test
tubes and fill the remaining space in each with more potting soil. Place the test tubes in a warm, sunny
area and water them daily. The children will be able to watch the entire growth process of the beans
through the test tubes. For a more complicated experiment, place each test tube in varying light and
temperature conditions.

Water Loss

This simple experiment, which can be done indoors or outdoors, allows children to observe how plants
lose water through their leaves. Place a clear plastic bag over a branch of a bush or section of leaves of a
potted plant. Secure the open end of the bag with thick tape or string, sealing the section of the plant
inside. Leave the experiment for 24 hours, and when you return, the kids will find that water from the
plant has been drawn out and gathered in the plastic bag.
References

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Experiment Ideas Using the Scientific Method

Updated September 21, 2018

By Bert Markgraf

The scientific method is a process that investigates a problem. It is made up of four components:
hypothesis, experiment, observation and conclusion. The hypothesis is the explanation of the problem
and is a proposal to be tested; the experiment is the procedure used to test the hypothesis; the
observation is the data gathered during the experiment; and the conclusion is whether the hypothesis is
valid based on what was observed. These scientific method steps represent a powerful tool to
determine whether an assumption is correct or not. The following scientific method experiment ideas
demonstrate how the scientific method can be used.

Oil Spill Effects on Aquatic Plants

A possible hypothesis regarding the problems with oil spills is, "Oil has a negative effect on aquatic
plants." To test the hypothesis using scientific method steps, aquatic plants have to be exposed to oil
and the results observed. Fill two test tubes and two beakers with water. Place two hydrilla plants into
the two beakers, one in each. Then invert the test tubes, covering the ends with your thumb so they
don't spill, and place one into each beaker, removing your thumb as the mouth of the test tube meets
the surface of the water. Insert the tops of the plants into the test tubes, without letting the water out,
and lean the tubes against the edges of the beakers. Place the beakers side by side on a window sill.

Pour an ounce of motor oil into one of the beakers and note the effect on the appearance of the plants
and on the amount of oxygen that collects in the test tubes. Based on these observations, conclude that
the oil has a negative effect on the plants or not. Try the same experiment with different amounts of oil
to find out how much oil is needed to have an effect on the plants.

Plant Growth and Fertilizers

A hypothesis investigating farming practices could be, "Fertilizers make plants grow more quickly." To
test this hypothesis plant two mung beans in two pots and place side by side on a window sill. Add
fertilizer to one pot and then equally water the two pots on a regular basis.

After the beans form leaves and start growing, measure and record the height of each plant daily for at
least a week. Based on whether the fertilized plant is bigger than the non-fertilized plant, conclude that
fertilizers make plants grow more quickly or not. Repeat the experiment with different amounts of
fertilizer to find out whether too little or too much fertilizer has an effect.

Water Displacement and Flotation

A hypothesis looking at why some objects float and others don't could be, "Whether objects of the same
weight float depends on their volume." To test the hypothesis cut five equal squares of aluminum foil
about five by five inches each. These squares weigh the same. Roll each square into a ball, the smallest
as tight as you can and the largest quite loose with the others in between. The tight ball has the lowest
volume while the loose ball has the largest.

Place each ball in a container of water and record whether it floats. Based on your results, conclude
whether the volume affects flotation. Collect other objects that weight the same but have different
volumes and observe which ones float if your original experiment is inconclusive.

The Effect on Taste of Sugar Substitutes

A hypothesis on the effectiveness of sugar substitutes could be, "Sugar substitutes taste as good sugar."
To see if the hypothesis is true, prepare a batch of lemonade and place sugar in one sample while
sweetening the other with a sugar substitute. Get at least ten people to try both and record which they
say tastes better.

Based on whether your taste testers say the lemonade with a sugar substitute tastes as good or better
than the sugared drink, the hypothesis is true or false. Try the taste test with other foods such as
cookies, cakes or ice cream to get a more complete picture. The test results will show whether a sugar
substitute is as good as sugar in all cases, in none of the cases or sometimes.

Conclusion: The Scientific Method for Kids

These simple scientific method experiments show how the scientific method is designed to validate any
ideas that relate to processes that can be tested. Scientists try to develop a hypothesis to explain
something and then test it using the scientific method. All of science is based on hypotheses that have
been tested and found to be correct while other views have proved to be wrong the same way.

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Photosynthesis Activities for Middle School

Updated April 24, 2017

By Mateo Zeske

Photosynthesis can be a complicated concept to understand at any grade level. But with engaging and
thought-provoking activities, children can develop a hands-on appreciation for this important principle.

Project One

Students can go on a field trip outside to collect colorful leaves to identify and preserve by placing the
leaves between wax paper and ironing them. Have the children study light's affect on the color by
systematically covering the leaves with foil once in its original shade and then each time the light alters
the color. The end result will be a nifty multi-colored leaf illustrating the principle. On the opposite end,
demonstrate what happens to a plant without sunlight by picking up a houseplant and in fragment using
some foil cut in shapes to cover the plant throughout the season. Make sure the plant is getting plenty
of sunlight. Have them keep a journal of the weather, and after a few days remove the foil to contrast
the covered area to the rest of the flourishing plant.

Project Two

Demonstrate the phenomena of cellular respiration as it relates to photosynthesis by doing a project

with dry yeast, a soda bottle, a balloon, sugar, warm water and masking tape. Place a spoonful of yeast
and two spoons of sugar in the soda bottle, and fill it with three-fourths cup of warm water, then quickly
place the balloon over the bottle opening and seal the bottle with masking tape. Shake the bottle, and
measure the diameter of the balloon every two minutes. Shake again and repeat the process as students
record their observations in as much detail as possible to discover the relationship between the
increments of time and the balloon's size. Explain how the gas that filled the balloon illustrated cellular
respiration.

Project Three

A science project more directly related involves three test tubes with caps, a beaker, Bromothymol Blue
solution, a straw, a light source, foil and the Elodea plant. Pour approximately 75 ml of the Blue solution
in the beaker, and observe the color of the contents. Use the straw to illustrate carbon dioxide by
blowing into it until the solution is yellow. Pour it evenly into the three tubes. Place a 6 cm piece of
Elodea in one tube and close it, then put two plant pieces the same length covered with foil in the
second (thus keeping light out of the liquid.) Be sure the plant is completely covered in the solution. Cap
the third test tube and put them all in a beaker of water, then place the beaker around 250 cm from a
lamp, and leave it all there overnight. Then remove the plant and put the tubes in front of a white wall,
having the students recording the resulting tube colors. Ask questions about the color changes and what
it means. Older students can discuss independent and dependent variables involved. Discuss why the
plant produced bubbles when near the light, and hopefully everyone will have a new understanding of
why plants emit oxygen during photosynthesis.

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