Daniels Running Formula - Notes1
Daniels Running Formula - Notes1
05 August 2019 16:53
1. Every runner has specific individual abilities.
2. A runner’s focus must stay positive. ‐ Do not dwell on the negative; try to find positives in
all training sessions. For example, if a runner says after a workout that her run didn’t feel
very good, it would not be very wise for a coach, teammate, or training partner to say, “You
sure looked bad running today.” A better approach is to find something good to refer to,
such as “Sorry you weren’t feeling great today, but your arm carriage looked like what
you’ve been working toward.”
3. Expect ups and downs; some days are better than others. ‐ Even world‐record holders and
Olympic champions have some off racing days now and then. Usually the longer the race
distance, the less desirable it is to run a race when not feeling well. For example, you will
need more time to recover from a marathon that you felt poor running than a 5K. I
certainly would recommend even dropping out of a race when not feeling well, as opposed
to struggling through a race knowing it will have to be some time before you are able to run
well again.
4. Be flexible in training to allow for the unexpected. ‐ Switch days to accommodate
weather, for example. If you have a workout scheduled for Monday, and Monday’s weather
is cold rain and high winds and Tuesday’s weather is predicted to be much nicer, put
Monday’s workout off until Tuesday.
5. Set intermediate goals. ‐ These goals pave the way to long‐term goals. Long‐term goals are
important to have but may take years to achieve, so it is crucial to have some smaller, more
readily achievable goals along the way.
6. Training should be rewarding. ‐ It’s not always fun, but it should always be rewarding.
Sometimes a particular workout may not feel so great, but if you understand the purpose
of each workout, it is more likely that you will understand that progress is being made—
and that is certainly rewarding.
7. Eat and sleep well. ‐ Rest and good nutrition are parts of training, not things that are done
outside of training.
8. Don’t train when sick or injured. ‐ Not following this law often leads to a more prolonged
setback than if you’d taken a few days to recover from an illness or injury.
9. Chronic health issues should be checked by a professional. ‐ Feeling below par now and
then is not a big deal, but feeling consistently out of sorts is usually related to something
that needs medical attention.
10. A good run or race is never a fluke. ‐ Sometimes a bad run is a fluke, but if you do run a
great race, it is because you are capable of doing it.
"Eat well, rest often and maintain a good state of hydration."
Principle 4: Training Response
Let’s say you are starting a training program. You are not in great shape but are capable of
running 30 minutes or so during any training session, and you can run some repeated 1‐
kilometer runs at 3:45 minutes each without undue stress.
Also, let’s say your current level of fitness is the one depicted in figure 2.1 as “base
fitness,” so you start doing the following program (which is more stressful than what you
have been doing): 3×1 kilometer at 3:40 each, with 3 minutes of rest between the 3:40
kilometers. Also, let’s say you do this training session on 3 days of each week. Since this
new training program is more demanding than what you have been doing, you rise to a
new level of fitness, shown as “new fitness level” in figure 2.1.
The benefit of this new training stress gets less as time goes by, however, and eventually, if
you just continue doing the same training week after week, your new fitness level will no
longer improve, as shown by the dashed line in figure 2.1. To gain further benefits, the
training stress needs to be increased again. There are times when some runners will want
to hit a steady state of fitness and not increase the stress until later in the year or when a
new competitive season is fast approaching, but when a new level of fitness is desired, the
training stress has to increase.
Stress Table
For each of the eight items, for each day, assign one of the following scores: 1 (outstanding), 2
(good), 3 (OK), 4 (not so good), 5 (terrible). Score 1 and 2 within 2 hours of waking; 3 to 6 by
early afternoon; 7 and 8 at the end of each day.
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
1. Last Night's Sleep
2. Pains and illness
3. Today's workout and recovery
"Running at a comfortable pace as part of your training program can reap benefits."
180 Steps per Minute
• Try to run with a stride rate around 180 steps per minute is to minimize the landing shock
associated with running. Keep in mind that the slower the leg turnover, the more time
you are spending in the air; the more time you spend in the air, the higher you are
elevating your body mass; and the higher you elevate body mass, the harder you hit the
ground on the next landing. Believe me, it is during the impact associated with hitting the
ground that many little injuries occur.
• So, how do you minimize landing shock when running? A simple way of explaining it is to
pretend you are rolling over the ground rather than bounding from foot to foot. Try to
avoid placing each foot out in front of yourself, which often acts as a braking action,
increasing the impact force as you go from one foot to the other. Try to have your feet
land closer back, toward your center of gravity, so your body is floating (or rolling) over
your feet.
Foot Strike
• A big advantage of a mid‐ or rear‐foot landing is that it reduces the stress placed on the
calf muscles and shifts the landing stress more to the larger thigh muscles. It is not
uncommon for beginner runners to develop calf pain, and forefoot landings add to that
possibility.
• In particular, if you are experiencing calf or shin discomfort, try to concentrate on a mid‐
or rear‐foot landing technique for a few weeks and see if that solves your problem.
• Try to avoid turning your toes outward as you land. Have someone watch you from the
front as you run toward them, checking to see if your feet are striking the ground with
the toes pointing straight forward rather than to the side. A turned‐out foot on landing
often leads to shin pain along the inside of the lower leg.
Go for 180 steps a minute and learn to roll over the ground with as little effort as possible,
and running should be much more enjoyable and leave you more injury free. I sometimes tell
runners they should imagine they are running over a field of raw eggs and their goal is to not
break any of them; be light on your feet and comfortable in your landing. And one final note—
don't count each foot when counting stride rate; just count the right (or left) foot and look for
90 (assuming, of course, that you take as many steps with the left as you do with your right).
In normal atmospheric conditions, the breathing discomfort that is sometimes associated
with exercising (specifically, running) hard is not due to a lack of oxygen (O2) in your lungs.
The feeling of wanting to breathe harder is caused by an increase in the amount of carbon
dioxide (CO2) in your lungs. In normal air (i.e., in a building or outside in open air), there is
very little CO2. In fact only about .04 percent of normal air is CO2.
Impact of CO2
• At any given time, even during rest, the air in your lungs is about 4.0 percent or even
5.0 percent CO2. You feel quite comfortable when your lungs contain this much CO2,
but when you start exercising, the muscles you use while running produce much more
CO2 than when at rest, so the fraction of this waste product of exercise is increased.
• When your body senses an increase above the normal 4 or 5 percent, you breathe
harder to get rid of the excess CO2. So it is the increase in this gas, not a drop in the
amount of O2, that stimulates you to breathe harder. In fact, you always have plenty
of O2 as long as you are breathing normal air.
Breathing Rhythms
• For runners this is usually by taking two steps while breathing in and two steps while
breathing out (referred to as a 2‐2 breathing rhythm).
• Most accomplished runners breathe with a 2‐2 rhythm, especially when running fairly
hard, because it is comfortable and allows a sizable amount of air to be breathed in
and out of the lungs.
• 2‐2 breathing rhythm, which will give you 45 breaths per minute and about 3 liters per
breath. In this case you move 135 liters of air per minute (3×45 = 135), which is doing
a better job of ventilating the lungs, reducing CO2 buildup, and increasing the O2
content of the air in your lungs.
"Don't compare yourself to other runners;
Focus on your own fitness and performance."
Figure 3.3 shows the changes in aerobic, heart rate, and blood lactate profiles of an elite
runner I was able to test in the early part of his track season and later in the season when he
was in better shape. As shown in figure 3.3, this runner’s maximum heart rate (HR) was the
same (196) during both test sessions, but his VO2max had increased from about 73 to nearly
78, which is just about a 7 percent increase in a matter of a few months. With the increase he
experienced in running economy, his vVO2max rose from 358 to 387 meters per minute, which
is an 8 percent increase.
Keep in mind that heart rate is pretty closely associated with how much work you are doing, as
well as what your aerobic involvement is at any particular running speed. As you improve your
running economy, VO2max or vVO2max will be associated with a faster speed of running, and
the same fraction of that improved vVO2max will be associated with the same heart rate that
was earlier representative of a slower speed of running.
Monitoring heart rate can be a good thing for runners as long as they understand how heart
rates can vary based on conditions.
Maximum Heart Rate
• A few methods are used to estimate maximum heart rate, primarily based on age, but
these formulas can be inaccurate. An example is an often‐used formula that involves
subtracting your age from 220; so if you are 50 years old, a calculated maximum heart
Daniels Running Formula Page 6
rate would be 170 (220 – 50).
• As a runner, probably the easiest way to determine your maximum heart rate is to run
several hard 2‐minute uphill runs. Get a heart‐rate reading at the top of the first hill run,
and if your heart rate is higher the second time up, go for a third time and see if that is
associated with an even higher heart rate. If it is not higher, you can be pretty sure that
reading is maximum. If the third run is higher than the second, then try a fourth, or as
many as needed before you do not see an increase in heart rate compared with the
previous run. If no hill is available, you could just do a few 800‐meter runs at a solid
pace and do the same comparisons between repeated efforts.
Resting Heart Rate
• Another way that monitoring heart rates can be useful includes noting resting heart rate
upon waking in the morning.
• Your waking heart rate can show how your fitness is progressing; with time, resting heart
rate will typically get slower as a result of your heart getting stronger and capable of
pumping more blood with each beat (increased stroke volume).
• As your heart muscle gets stronger, it doesn’t have to beat as often to deliver the same
amount of blood to various parts of your body because each beat is delivering more.
Waking heart rate can also indicate a state of overtraining, and if your morning heart rate
is considerably higher than what you normally measure, you might need a rest or to get a
health check‐up.
"Focus on the Task at hand."
E, M, T, I, and R refer to intensities of training and stand for the types of training (shown in
figure 4.1) that make up most training programs. E stands for Easy running, M for Marathon‐
pace running, T for Threshold running, I for Interval training, and R for Repetition training.
Easy Running
E stands for easy and is typically an intensity about 59 to 74 percent of VO2max or about 65 to
78 percent of maximum heart rate. What is the purpose of easy running? There are several
benefits, and the first is that you build up a certain degree of resistance to injury by taking it
easy in many of your runs. E running is especially good for building a base when just starting
out in a running program or when returning to running after a break of some weeks or
months. Think of E runs offering some of the same benefits that taking it easy in any sport
offers—performing the specific activity of interest with limited stress on the body or mind.
Long Runs and increasing mileage
• Relative to long (L) runs, which are typically at E pace, limit any single L run to 30
percent of weekly mileage for runners who are totalling fewer than 40 miles (64 km) per
week.
• Try to stay with the same weekly mileage for 4 weeks before making an increase, which
also means your L run will stay similar for several weeks at a time. Also, feel free to
reduce the duration of an L run if some weeks you are not feeling as good as in others, if
conditions make the same L run much more stressful, or if you need to back off a little
for a coming race.
Threshold Running
• The intensity of T (threshold) runs should be comfortably hard, which means you are
definitely working relatively hard, but the pace is manageable for a fairly long time
(certainly 20 or 30 minutes in practice). Peaked and rested, you can race at T pace for
about 60 minutes, which means elite runners run right at T pace for 20K or even for a
half marathon.
• Threshold pace would physiologically be at about 86 to 88 percent of VO2max (88 to 90
percent of maximum heart rate) for well‐trained athletes and still above 80 percent
values for lesser‐trained runners.
"Set realistic goals for every race you run and you will almost always
achieve them."
The term VDOT was originally used as a short form for the VO2max value, to which it is related.
When a person refers to VO2 (whether in reference to a submaximal or maximal value of
oxygen being consumed), it is correctly pronounced “V dot O2” because there is a dot over the
V indicating that the volume, which the V represents, is a 1‐minute volume.
Training intensities based on my VDOT
"Smile some during every run you go"
Break a season into four phases
• Phase I is B/FIP, which stands for base training with foundation and injury‐prevention
emphases.
• Phase II has an IQ emphasis, which stands for initial quality training phase.
• Phase III is for TQ (transition quality) training, and this is generally the most demanding of
the four phases.
• Phase IV is designed to provide the runner with peak performances and is identified as FQ
(final quality).
Phase I training
• If there are more than 3 weeks available for phase I, start adding some light strides (10‐
to 15‐second light, quick runs, with full recoveries) to daily E runs, along with some
supplemental training, such as light resistance training and dynamic flexibility work, after
some of these runs. Also do one weekly easy L run that is 25 to 30 percent of each week’s
total mileage.
Phase II training
• After phase I is completed, include R training in phase II. Try to add just one new stress to
a new phase of training, and going from E running to R workouts is adding only a speed
stress, with little being asked of the aerobic or lactate‐clearance systems.
• It is important to not use the previous season’s best race times for identifying proper R
training paces; use a current race time or best estimate of what you think you could
currently race for 1 mile. A weekly L run should be continued throughout phase II, and
plan on two R sessions each week, with two E days of running between the R sessions.
Phase III training
• The third phase (primarily I) adds an aerobic stress but not any faster running speeds,
which would be an additional new stress for the body to deal with. Phase III training will
vary a fair bit based on the events being trained for. The shorter‐distance specialists may
get in just one good I session each week and also continue with an R session, with the
idea that speed needs to be better maintained throughout. For longer‐distance runners, it
is often better to get in two I sessions each week, but keep in mind that if a 3,000‐meter
or longer race will be run in any of the phase III weeks, that counts as a tough aerobic
workout, and just one I‐training session is adequate for that week. Also include an easy L
run each week during phase III.
Phase IV training
• I then typically move to some T running in phase IV. This is still quality training but not as
stressful as the previous I sessions were, and the runner will be feeling better for the
important races that are typical during phase IV.
• During phase IV, training will vary a fair amount based on the most important events
being prepared for. Longer‐distance specialists usually do best by concentrating on T
workouts and discontinuing I sessions (unless a race is the type that stresses the aerobic
system to its maximum). With an L run and a race each week, one T session per week is
Sample season plan
The following is a sample season plan for a runner training for fall cross country.
• Phase I : Sunday = L run; all other days of the week are E runs (+ strides on 3 days)
• Phase II: Sunday = L run; Q1 = session of R 200s; Q2 = combination of R 200s and R 400s;
Q3 = session of R 400s; all other days are E run days
• Phase III: Sunday = L run; Q1 = I session of repeated 1,000‐meter runs; Q2 = steady 20‐
minute run at T pace + 4 × R 200s; Q3 = race or session of I 1,200s
• Phase IV: Sunday = L run; Q1 = T plus some R 200s; Q2 = T; Q3 = race or combination of T,
I, and R; if a race that week is important, then Q2 = the race and there is no Q3
Running is something you can enjoy for your entire life.
White Starting plan
Table 7.2 provides a detailed structure of the red training plan. E represents easy running, and L
represents a long run that is easy and steady. Strides (ST) are light, quick 20‐second runs (not
sprints) with 60 seconds of rest between each. Intervals (I) are hard runs that you could race at
for 10 to 15 minutes. T represents threshold pace, which is comfortably hard, and jogs (jg)
should be run at an easy pace. 1K means 1 kilometer.
Run with your head for the first two‐thirds of every race and with your
heart for the last third.
In this chapter on marathon training, six different approaches provided for the event, and within each
of these approaches, few variations relative to the amount of weekly mileage (or time spent running)
that any person might be able to, or have the time to, handle. These approaches, with their prominent
features and tips for choosing the program best for you, are shown in table 14.1.
Remember, each of us may react a little differently to the same training program, and there probably
is not a single training program that is best for everyone. Always eat well, stay hydrated, get adequate
rest, and believe that the training you are doing is not only helping you run better but also improving
your health. Just running for the fun of it can make the day enjoyable.
There are probably more people who fit into the novice category than any other. This group consist of
two basic types of people—true beginners, who have never had any running training, and those who
have done a fair amount of running training in the past, but it was years ago and they want to get
back into it again carefully. I like to call this second group “Re‐runs.”
It is most important that Re‐runs don’t try to duplicate what they used to be able to do, at least until
they have built up a reasonable base from which to work. Injuries tend to plague Re‐runs more than
they bother new beginners, because the true beginners don’t know what is possible, and every bit of
improvement is better than they ever imagined.
Table 14.2 shows an 18‐week plan for novice runners. Weeks 18 through 10 are designed for training
3, 4, or 5 days each week (4 or 5 is preferable). If training 3 days a week, do sessions A, C, and E, with
During week 10, try to complete a steady 10K run. If you run the 10K as a race, make sure to take it
very easy. Coming into the final 9 weeks, try to bump up or keep training for 5 days a week. There
should be two Q sessions for the first 4 weeks of this last period. Fit these Q sessions in on days with
nice weather and when you have a lot of time. Separate the two Q days by at least 2 E days. The other
5 days of each week should be E days, including potential rest days or E running for at least 30
minutes.
When people decide to take up running, the first thing they usually consider is how much time
they can commit to running, both in terms of time per day and days per week or per month.
Certainly it is important to schedule time for running, but often little or no time is set aside for
other activities that may also lead to better running. These non‐running activities include such
things as stretching, resistance training, massage, ice baths, and yoga. Unfortunately, some of
these things take time and some even cost money, but if you do have the time and finances,
they may be beneficial.
One type of supplemental training that has been shown to result in better running performance
is resistance training, and I encourage all runners to include some resistance training in their
weekly program.
If you have access to a gym with weight machines, a few exercises that can help your running
include hamstring curls, knee extensions, hip abduction and adduction exercises, and
abdominal and back exercises. If you have the time and inclination, some arm exercises often
make you feel better in general, although they are usually of no real benefit in terms of helping
you run. If you decide to do resistance training with free weights, concentrate first on proper
technique, and add resistance gradually over time.
Possibly the greatest benefit of leg strengthening is to build a resistance to common running
injuries. In other words, resistance training may not improve your running as much as it builds
resistance to injury, which allows you to run more or faster without getting hurt. Then the
harder running training makes you a better runner.
Hill running, both uphill and downhill, can also be useful in building strength and running
economy. A warning about downhill running is appropriate at this point because running on too
steep of a downhill course or on hard road surfaces can increase your chance of hurting some
areas in your hips, knees, and feet. The key to downhill running is to use a gradual hill, one of
only 2 or 3 percent of slop.
• When running downhill, it is important to avoid over‐striding; instead, concentrate on a
light, fast leg turnover. Make downhill running feel as if you are “rolling” down the hill
rather than bounding down, and it may help to land rear‐footed, rather than up on the
balls of your feet.
• On the other hand, uphill running can be on just about any steepness of slope because you
are not really pounding into the ground as hard as on a flat surface, so you get the benefit
of strengthening the pushing‐off muscles and the hip flexors, while reducing the landing
shock associated with flat or downhill running. If you do uphill running on a hill outside,
take it very easy running back down to the bottom. This brings up a great advantage of
doing uphill runs on a treadmill; you can run up for any period of time, and when you need
a break, you just hop off the treadmill and don’t have to run down to start the next uphill
run.
Just as you need to carefully increase the amount and speed of your running workouts, so do
you need to carefully increase the stress of any supplemental training you include in your
overall program.
Push Ups:
Side Leg Lifts:
At station 2, do 10 side leg lifts with each leg. Lie on one side with legs straight. Support the
body with one arm bent at the elbow with weight resting on the forearm. Raise the top leg so
that the foot is above shoulder height. Return to the starting position.
High Knees:
For station 3, do 30 high knee lifts with each leg while running in place. Start in a standing
position and quickly bring one knee up. Alternate right and left knees to maintain a continuous
motion.
Crunches:
For station 4 do half of your 1‐minute maximum of crunches. Lie on the back with knees bent
and feet on the floor. Place hands behind the head (without holding the head), behind the ears,
or across the chest. Steadily raise the head and shoulders off of the floor to an upright position
and return to the starting position.
Recovery Run and Stretching
Station 5 is a one‐minute run or a 400 m run. At station 6 do 2 minutes of stretching of any kind.
Squat Thrusts (Burpees):
At station 7, do 10 squat thrusts (burpees). Start from a standing position and drop into a squat
with both hands touching the ground outside the feet. Jump the legs back so that the body is in
a push up position, and then jump back into the squatting position. Jump back to a standing
position to complete one repetition.
Leg Lifts:
For station 8, complete 10 leg lifts with each leg, first resting on forearms and facing upward
with the hips off the ground. Bend one leg for balance and lift the other leg to at least the height
of the bent leg. Then, turn over and rest on the forearms while facing downward. Keeping one
leg straight, raise the other leg up off of the ground as far as is comfortable. Complete 10 leg
lifts with each leg.
Arm and Leg Flapping:
At station 9, lie on the stomach with arms over the head and legs straight out. Alternately flap
the arms and legs up and down until both arms and legs have been raised and lowered 20
times.
Recovery Run:
For station 10, run for 2 minutes or for 800 m.