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ME8391 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS L T P C

3 2 0 4
OBJECTIVES:
● To familiarize the students to understand the fundamentals of thermodynamics and to perform
thermal analysis on their behavior and performance.
● (Use of Standard and approved Steam Table, Mollier Chart, Compressibility Chart and
Psychrometric Chart permitted)

UNIT I BASIC CONCEPTS AND FIRST LAW 9+6

Basic concepts - concept of continuum, comparison of microscopic and macroscopic approach.
Path and point functions. Intensive and extensive, total and specific quantities. System and their
types. Thermodynamic Equilibrium State, path and process. Quasi-static, reversible and
irreversible processes. Heat and work transfer, definition and comparison, sign convention.
Displacement work and other modes of work .P-V diagram. Zeroth law of thermodynamics –
concept of temperature and thermal equilibrium– relationship between temperature scales –new
temperature scales. First law of thermodynamics –application to closed and open systems –
steady and unsteady flow processes..

UNIT II SECOND LAW AND AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

JIT - JEPPIAAR
9+6
Heat Reservoir, source and sink. Heat Engine, Refrigerator, Heat pump. Statements of second
law and its corollaries. Carnot cycle Reversed Carnot cycle, Performance. Clausius inequality.
Concept of entropy, T-s diagram, Tds Equations, entropy change for - pure substance, ideal
gases - different processes, principle of increase in entropy. Applications of II Law. High and
low grade energy. Available and non-available energy of a source and finite body. Energy and
irreversibility. Expressions for the energy of a closed system and open systems. Energy balance
and entropy generation. Irreversibility. I and II law Efficiency.

UNIT III PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE AND STEAM POWER CYCLE 9+6
Formation of steam and its thermodynamic properties, p-v, p-T, T-v, T-s, h-s diagrams. p-v-
Tsurface. Use of Steam Table and Mollier Chart. Determination of dryness fraction. Application
of I and II law for pure substances. Ideal and actual Rankine cycles, Cycle Improvement
Methods - Reheat and Regenerative cycles, Economiser, preheater, Binary and Combined cycles.

UNIT IV IDEAL AND REAL GASES, THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS 9+6

Properties of Ideal gas- Ideal and real gas comparison- Equations of state for ideal and real
gases- Reduced properties. Compressibility factor-.Principle of Corresponding states. –
Generalised Compressibility Chart and its use-. Maxwell relations, Tds Equations, Difference
and ratio of heat capacities, Energy equation, Joule-Thomson Coefficient, Clausius Clapeyron
equation, Phase Change Processes. Simple Calculations.

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UNIT V GAS MIXTURES AND PSYCHROMETRY 9+6

Mole and Mass fraction, Dalton’s and Amagat’s Law. Properties of gas mixture – Molar mass,
gas constant, density, change in internal energy, enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs function.
Psychrometric properties, Psychrometric charts. Property calculations of air vapour mixtures by
using chart and expressions. Psychrometric process – adiabatic saturation, sensible heating and
cooling, humidification, dehumidification, evaporative cooling and adiabatic mixing. Simple
Applications.
TOTAL: 75 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:

Upon the completion of this course the students will be able to

CO1 Apply the first law of thermodynamics for simple open and closed Unit 1
systems under steady and unsteady conditions.
CO2 Apply second law of thermodynamics to open and closed systems and Unit 2
calculate entropy and availability.
CO3 Apply Rankine cycle to steam power plant and compare few cycle Unit 3
improvement methods
CO4 Derive simple thermodynamic relations of ideal and real gases
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Unit 4
CO5 Calculate the properties of gas mixtures and moist air and its use in Unit 5
psychometric processes

TEXT BOOK:
1. R.K.Rajput, “A Text Book Of Engineering Thermodynamics “,Fifth Edition,2017.
2. Yunus a. Cengel&michael a. Boles, “Thermodynamics”, 8th edition 2015.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Nag.P.K., “Engineering Thermodynamics”, 5thEdition, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2013.
2. Arora C.P, “Thermodynamics”, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2003.
3. Borgnakke&Sonnatag, “Fundamental of Thermodynamics”, 8th Edition , 2016.
4. Michael J. Moran, Howard N. Shapiro, “Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics”, 8th
Edition.
5. Chattopadhyay, P, "Engineering Thermodynamics", Oxford University Press, 2016.

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Subject Code: ME 8391 Year/ Semester: II / 03

Subject Name: Engineering Thermodynamics Subject Handler:S.Boopati/S.A.Anicia

UNIT I BASIC CONCEPTS AND FIRST LAW 9+6

Basic concepts - concept of continuum, comparison of microscopic and macroscopic approach. Path
and point functions. Intensive and extensive, total and specific quantities. System and their types.
Thermodynamic Equilibrium State, path and process. Quasi-static, reversible and irreversible
processes. Heat and work transfer, definition and comparison, sign convention. Displacement work and
other modes of work .P-V diagram. Zeroth law of thermodynamics – concept of temperature and
thermal equilibrium– relationship between temperature scales –new temperature scales. First law of
thermodynamics –application to closed and open systems – steady and unsteady flow processes.

Q.No. Part - A

Define thermodynamics system. How do you classify it? BTL1

A thermodynamic system is defined as a definite space or area on which the study of
1. energy transfer and energy conversions is made. It is classified into three types.
a) Open system
b) Closed system
c) Isolated system
Distinguish between Open and Closed systems. BTL1
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S.No. Closed System Open System

There is no mass transfer. Mass transfer will take place in

1. Only heat and work will addition to the heat and work
transfer. transfer.
2
System boundary is a fixed System boundary may or may
2.
one. not change.

Ex: Piston & cylinder Ex: Air compressor, boiler.

3. arrangement, thermal
power plant.

Define thermodynamic property. BTL2

3 Thermodynamic property is any characteristic of the substance which is used to identify
the state of the system and can be measured, when the system remains in an equilibrium state.

Define Intensive and Extensive properties. (Nov/Dec 16) BTL1

4 The properties which are “independent on the mass of the system” is called Intensive properties.
Eg: Pressure, Temperature, Specific Volume etc.
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The properties which are “dependent on the mass of the system” is called Extensive properties.
Eg: Total energy, Total volume, weight etc.

Differentiate Intensive and Extensive properties. BTL2

Sl.
Intensive Properties Extensive Properties
No.

5 Independent on the mass of the Dependent on the mass of

1.
system. system.

The considered part of these The considered part of the

properties remains same. e.g. system will have a lesser value
2.
Pressure, temperature, specific e.g. Total energy, Total Volume,
volume, etc. weight, etc.

When a system is said to be in “Thermodynamic Equilibrium”? (May/June 14) BTL4

When a system is in thermodynamic equilibrium, it should satisfy the following three
conditions
6
a. Mechanical Equilibrium : ‘Pressure’ remains constant
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b.Thermal Equilibrium : ‘Temperature’ remains constant

c. Chemical equilibrium : There is no chemical reaction

State Zeroth law and First law of thermodynamics.(Apr/May 15),(Nov/Dec 15). BTL1
Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that “When two systems are separately in thermal
equilibrium with a third system, then they themselves is in thermal equilibrium with each other”.

7 First Law of thermodynamics states that “When system undergoes a cyclic process net heat
transfer is equal to work transfer”.

Q = W

State First Law of thermodynamics and any two of its corollaries. BTL1
First Law of thermodynamics states that “When system undergoes a cyclic process net
8
heat transfer is equal to work transfer”.

Q = W

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Corollaries of first law of thermodynamics

Corollary I :
There exists a property of a closed system such that a change in its value is equal to the
difference between the heat supplied and the work done at any change of state.
Corollary II :
The Internal energy of a closed system remains unchanged if the system is isolated from its
surroundings.
Corollary III :
A Perpetual Motion Machine of first kind (PMM-1) is impossible.

Explain in short “Perpetual Motion Machine of First Kind”(PMM -I)? BTL1

9 PMM of first kind delivers work continuously without any input thus violatingthe first law of
thermodynamics. It is impossible to construct an engine working with this principle.

Prove that for an isolated system, there is no change in internal energy. BTL5
For any isolated system there is no heat, work and mass transfer.
Q = W =0
10
According to the first law of thermodynamics,
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Q=W+U
U=0

Determine the molecular volume of any perfect gas at 600 N/m2 and 30C. Universal gas
constant may be taken as 8314 J/kg mole – K. BTL5
Given data:
P = 600N/m2

T = 30C=30+273=303K

11 R=8314 J/kg mole – K

To find:
Molecular volume, V=?
Solution:
Ideal gas equation,
PV=mRT

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600  V = 1  8314 303

V=4198.57 m3/kg mole
Result: Molecular volume, V=4198.57 m3/kg mole

An insulated rigid vessel is divided into two parts by a membrane. One part of the vessel
contains air at 10 MPa and other part is fully evacuated. The membrane ruptures and the
air fills the entire vessel. Is there any heat and / or work transfer during this process?
Justify your answer. BTL5
For rigid vessel and unrestrained expansion
Change in volume dV = 0
12
Work transfer. W = pdV = 0
For insulated vessel, heat transfer, Q = 0
According to the first law of thermodynamics the sum of work transfer is equal to the sum of
heat transfer.

W=Q=0

Describe Reversible and Irreversible process? BTL2

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A process is said to be Reversible if it retraces the same path in the reverse direction when
13 the process is reversed and it is possible only when the system passes through a continuous series
of equilibrium state. If a system does not pass through continuous equilibrium state, then the
process is said to be Irreversible.

Define Point and Path function. (May/June 14) BTL2

The quantity which is ‘independent on the process or path’ followed by the system is known
14
as Path functions.
Example: Heat transfer, Work transfer

Explain Quasi- static Process. BTL2

15 The process is said to be Quasi –Static, if it proceeds infinitesimally slow and follows
continuous series of equilibrium states. Therefore the quasi-static process may be a reversible
process.

Define the term Enthalpy. BTL1

The combination of internal energy and flow energy is known as Enthalpy of the system.
16
Mathematically, Enthalpy (h) = U + pV kJ
Where U –Internal energy

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P – Pressure (N/m2 or kPa)

V – Volume (m3 )

In terms of Cp&T H = mCp (T2 – T1)kJ

Define the term Internal Energy. BTL1

17 Internal energy of a gas is the energy stored in a gas due to its molecular interactions.
It is also defined as the energy possessed by a gas at a given temperature.

Prove that the difference in specific heat capacities equal to Cp – Cv = R. BTL5

Consider a gas heated at constant pressure
So, heat supplied, Q = mCp (T2 – T1)
Work done, W = p(V2 – V1)= m R (T2 – T1)

Change in internal energy, U = mCv (T2 – T1)

18
According to the first law of thermodynamics,

Q = W + U
So, mCp (T2 – T1) = mR (T2 – T1)+mCv(T2 – T1)
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Cp = r + Cv
Cp – Cv = R

DefineThermodynamic work. (Nov/Dec 15) BTL2

19 It is the work done by the system when the energy transferred across the boundary of the
system. It is mainly due to intensive property difference between the system and surrounding.

Differentiate between Open and Closed cycle. BTL2

20 In a closed cycle, the same working substance will berecirculated again and again. In an
open cycle, the same working substance will be exhausted to the surrounding after expansion.

Part * B

A piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system which passes through a complete
cycle of four processes. During the cycle, the sum of all heat transfers is -170 kJ. The system
1
completes 100 cycles per minute. Complete the following table showing the method for each
item, and complete the net rate of work output in kW. (13 M)AU Nov’02. BTL3

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Process Q(kJ//min) W (kJ/min) ∆E(kJ/min)

a-b 0 2170 ----

b-c 21000 0 ----

c-d -2100 ---- -36600

d-a ---- ---- ----

Answer : Page 1.120 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli

Using the first law of thermodynamics, Q=W+∆E, (2M)

∑𝑄𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒= -170*100 = -17000kJ/min (1M)

∑𝑄𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = Qa-b + Qb-c + Qc-d + Qd-a (3M)

Qd-a = -35,900kJ/min

Cyclic process ∑𝑄 = ∑𝑊(2M)

∑𝑊 = Wa-b + Wb-c + Wc-d + Wd-a (1M)

Wd-a = -53670 kJ/min
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∆E= Q-W = 17770kJ/min; (2M)

∑𝑊 = -283.3 kW (2M)

Ans: Qd-a= -35900KJ/min; Wd-a=-53670KJ/min;∆E=17770kJ/min;

∑𝑊=-283.3kW

A mass of air is initially at 260ºC and 700 kPa and occupies 0.028m3. The air is expanded at
constant pressure to 0.084 m3. A polytropic process with n=1.5 is then carried out, followed
by a constant temperature process. All the processes are irreversible. (i) Sketch the cycle in
2 the P-V and T-s diagrams (ii) find the heat received and rejected in the cycle and (iii) Find
the efficiency of the cycle. (13 M) AU Apr’03,(R-13 May/June 2016) BTL5
Answer :Page 1.135 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
To draw P-V and T-s diagram (2M)

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Process 1-2 : (V1/V2) = (T1/T2 ) find T2=1599K (1M)

m= pV/RT =0.128kg (1M)
W1-2= p(V2 - V1) = 39.2kJ (1M)
Q1-2= mCp(T2-T1) = 137.13kJ = Q s (2M)
Process 2-3: T3/T2 =( P3/P2 )(n-1)/n
to find P3=25.93kPa (1M)
pV=mRT;V3=0.755 m3 (1M)
W2-3= (p2V 2 - p3V 3)/ (n-1) = 78.446kJ (1M)
Q2-3 = (γ- n/ γ -1)* W2-3 = -19.612kJ (1M)
Process 3-1 to find W3-1, = P3 V3ln(p1/p3)= -64.52kJ (1M)
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𝑄
Efficiency of the cycle, η=Work done/Heat supplied or 1-( 𝑄𝑅) (1M)
𝑆

Answer = 38.74%

A piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system which passes through a complete
cycle of four processes. During the cycle, the sum of all heat transfers is -340 kJ. The system
completes 200 cycles per minute. Complete the following table showing the method for each
item, and complete the net rate of work output in kW. (13 M)
BTL3
Process Q(kJ//min) W (kJ/min) ∆E(kJ/min)
a-b 0 4340 ----
3 b-c 42000 0 ----
c-d -4200 ---- -73200
d-a ---- ---- ----
Answer :Page 1.120 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli

Using the first law of thermodynamics, Q=W+ ∆E

Process b-c and c-d (3M)

∑𝑄𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = Qa-b + Qb-c + Qc-d + Qd-a (2M)

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∑𝑄 =Cyclic process ∑𝑄 = ∑𝑊=74550kJ/min (2M)

∑𝑊 = Wa-b + Wb-c + Wc-d + Wd-a (2M)

∆E= Q-W = 73440kJ/min (2M)

∑𝑊 = −1133.33𝑘𝑊 (2M)

Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor, entering at 7 m/s
velocity, 100 kPa pressure and 0.95 m3/kg volume and leaving at 5 m/s, 700 kPa and 0.19
m3/kg. The internal energy of the air leaving is 90 kJ/kg greater than that of air entering.
Cooling water in the compressor jackets absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 58 kW. (i)
Compute the rate of shaft work input to the air in kW and (ii) find the ratio of inlet pipe
diameter to outlet pipe diameter.(Nov/Dec 15) (13M) BTL3

4 Answer :Page 1.106 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli

Steady flow energy equation
𝐶 2 𝐶2 2
m(𝑢1 + 𝑝1 𝑣1 + 21 + 𝑍1 𝑔) + 𝑄 = 𝑚 (𝑢2 + 𝑝2 𝑣2 + + 𝑍2 𝑔) + 𝑤,
2
W=-121.994 kW (7M)
𝐴 𝐶 𝐴 𝐶 𝐷
Continuity equation 𝑉1 1 = 𝑉2 2, 𝐷1 = 1.89 (5M)
1 2 2
𝐷1
Ans: W=-121.994 kW;𝐷 = 1.89 (1M)
2
A piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system which passes through a complete
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cycle of four processes. During the cycle, the sum of all heat transfers is -255 kJ. The system
completes 150 cycles per minute. Complete the following table showing the method for each
item, and complete the net rate of work output in kW. (Nov/Dec 16), (13 M). BTL3

Process Q(kJ//min) W ∆E(kJ/min)

(kJ/min)
a-b 0 3255 ----
b-c 31500 0 ----
c-d -3150 ---- -54900
5 d-a ---- ---- ----
Answer:Page 1.120- Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
Use the first law of thermodynamics, Q=W+ ∆E (2M)

For processes b-c,c-d,d-a, find ∆E and W (2M)

∑𝑄𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = Qa-b + Qb-c + Qc-d + Qd-a (1M)

Cyclic process ∑𝑄 = ∑𝑊 =-66670kJ/min (4M)

∆E= Q –W = 17770kJ/min (3M)

∑𝑊 = −283.3𝑘𝑊 (1M)

6 A mass of air is initially at 270ºC and 750 kPa and occupies 0.029m3. The air is expanded at
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constant pressure to 0.086 m3. A polytropic process with n=1.55 is then carried out,
followed by a constant temperature process. All the processes are irreversible. (i) Sketch
the cycle in the P-V and T-s diagrams (ii) find the heat received and rejected in the cycle
and (iii) Find the efficiency of the cycle. (May/June 16)(13 M) BTL3

Answer :Page 1.135- Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli

To draw p –V for polytropic process

(2M)
Process 1-2 const pressure: V1/V2 = T1 / T2
to find T2=1610k , m= = pV/RT =0.139kg (2M)
W1-2= p(V2 - V1) = 42.75 kJ JIT - JEPPIAAR

Q1-2= mCp(T2-T1) =149.05 kJ =Qs (2M)

Process 2-3: polytropic process: T3 / T2 = (p3 /p2 )(n-1)/n (n=1.55)
to find p3= 34.80kPa, V3= mR T3 / P3 =0.622 m3 (2M)
W2-3= (p1V 1 - p2V 2)/ (n-1) = 77.917kJ(1M)
Q2-3=(γ- n/ γ -1)* W2-3 =-29.218kJ (2M)
Process 3-1 to find W3-1, = -P3 V3ln(p1/p3) = -55.7kJ (1M)
Qr=-29.218+55.8 = 85 kJ
𝑄
Efficiency of the cycle, η=Work done/Heat supplied or 1-( 𝑄𝑅) = (2M)
𝑆

Ans: η= 43.45%

A gas occupies 0.3 m3 at 2 bar. It executes a cycle consisting of processes: (i) 1-2 constant
pressure with work interaction of 15 kJ. (ii) 2-3 compression process which follows the law
pV=Constant, and U3=U2, (iii) 3-1 Constant volume process and change in internal energy
7
is 40 kJ. Neglect change in KE and PE. Draw p-V diagram for the process and determine
network transfer for the cycle. Also show that first law is obeyed by the cycle. ( April/ May
15) (13M) BTL5
Answer : Page 1.134 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli.

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Process 1-2:W =P (V -V )  V = 0.375 m3 (2M)

1-2 1 2 2

Process 2-3 :W = p V ln(V / V ) = , W= -13.388kJ (4M)

2-3 2 2 2 3

P2V2= P3V3; P3= 250kN/m2 (3M)

Process 3-1 V2=V3, W=0, Q=

∆U=40kJ (4M)

Ans: W= -13.388kJ ; Q = 40kJ

Determine the heat transfer and its direction for a system in which a perfect gas having
molecular weight of 17.76 is compressed from 101.3 kPa, 20ºC to a pressure of 600 kPa
following the law pV1.3=constant. Take specific heat at constant pressure of gas as 1.7
kJ/kgK.(Nov/Dec 17)(13 M) BTL5
Answer: Page 1.132 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
R
Gas Constant R= MU , = 0.468kJ/kgK (2M)

8 Find γ = Cp/Cv =1.38 (1M)

find T2 =T1(P2/P1)(n-1)/n =441.72k (2M)
mR(T1 −T2 )
Work transfer W= =-232 kJ/kg (4M)
n−1 JIT - JEPPIAAR

(γ−n)
Q= W=-48.842 kJ/kg (4M)
(γ−1)

Ans: Q = -48.842 kJ/Kg

A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasi-static expansion which follows a relationship p=

a+bV, where a and b are constants. The initial and final pressures are 1000 kPa and 200
kPa respectively and the corresponding volumes are 0.2 m3 and 1.2 m3. The specific
internal energy of the gases is given by the relation u=1.5pv-85 kJ/kg. Where p is in kPa
and V is in m3. Calculate the net heat transfer and the maximum internal energy of the gas
attained during expansion. (13M) BTL5
Answer : Page No 1.123 -Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
To find a=1160, b=-800 (2M)
9
2
W=∫1 𝑝𝑑𝑣 = 600 𝑘𝐽 (2M)

Change in internal energy ∆𝑈 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1, = 60kJ (3M)

first law of thermodynamics, Q=W+∆E=660 kJ (2M)

Find U, differentiate U w.r.t. V
du/dV=0 (2M)

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V=0.725 m3, Umax= 503.25 kJ (2M)

Ans: Q = 660 kJ ;Umax= 503.25 kJ

In a gas turbine installation, the gases enter the turbine at the rate of 5 kg/s with a velocity
of 50 m/s and enthalpy of 900 kJ/kg and leave the turbine with 150 m/s and enthalpy of 400
kJ/kg. The loss of heat from the gases to the surroundings is 25 kJ/kg. Assume R=0.285
kJ/kgK and inlet conditions to be at 100 kPa and 27ºC. Determine the work done and
diameter of the inlet pipe.. (13M).AU Apr’08 BTL5

Answer : Page 1.147-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli

10
Steady flow energy equation
𝐶 2 𝐶2 2
m(𝑢1 + 𝑝1 𝑣1 + 1 + 𝑍1 𝑔) + 𝑄 = 𝑚 (𝑢2 + 𝑝2 𝑣2 + + 𝑍2 𝑔) + 𝑤,
2 2
W=2425 kW, (6M)
Ideal gas eq p1v1=mRT1, v1= 4.275m3 /s (3M)
𝐴 𝐶
Continuity equation 𝑚 = 𝑉1 1, 𝑑1 = 1.89 (4M)
1
Ans: W=; 𝑑1 = 1.89
Part * C

Derive the equation for the work done, change in internal energy, and heat transferred for
the following process (i) Isothermal and Isentropic processes.(April/May 2018)(15M) BTL1
1
Answer : Page 1.59 & 1.61- Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
JIT - JEPPIAAR

To draw p-v and T-s diagram (4M)

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Relation between p,V,T: p1v1/T1 = p2v2/T2 (2M)

JIT - JEPPIAAR

Work done(W)= mRT ln(V2/V1) (3M)

Change in internal energy= 0 (2M)
Heat transferred(Q)= mRT ln(V2/V1) (2M)
Change in Enthalpy= 0 (2M)

Derive the general energy equation for a steady flow system and apply the equation to
nozzle and derive an equation for velocity at exit. (Nov/Dec 2013) (15M) BTL1
2
Answer : Page 1.91 & 1.94 -Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan &Dr.S.Sundaravalli
To draw Steady Flow system and Nozzle diagram (4M)

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Energy entering and leaving the system equations

𝐶 2 𝐶2 2
m(𝑢1 + 𝑝1 𝑣1 + 21 + 𝑍1 𝑔) + 𝑄 = 𝑚 (𝑢2 + 𝑝2 𝑣2 + + 𝑍2 𝑔) + 𝑤 (2M)
2
First law of TD equating both Q=W+∆E (3M)
Applying SFEE to nozzle (W=0,Q=0, z1=z2) (2M)
C2=√2(h1-h2 (2M)
Isentropicexpansion C2= √(2CpT1(1-(p2/p1)(√-1) / √ +C12 (2M)
JIT - JEPPIAAR

Derive the relationship between P,V and T for the following processes(i) Isobaric(ii)
Isochoric (iii) Isothermal (iv) Isentropic and (v) Polytropic.(Nov/Dec 14)(15M) BTL1
3
Answer :Page 1.56 to1.67 Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
For isochoric process p-v diagram (3M)

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P1/P2 =T1/T2
For isobaric process, p-v diagram: (3M)

JIT - JEPPIAAR

V1/V2 = T1 / T2
For isothermal process-v diagram: (3M)
P1/P2 = V2/V1

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For isentropic Process p-v diagram:

JIT - JEPPIAAR

P2/P1 =(T1/T2)√/√-1 (3M)

For polytropic Process p-v diagram: (3M)

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P1/P2 =(V2/V1)n

Derive the equation for the work done, change in internal energy, and heat transferred for
the following process (i) Isobaric, (ii) Isochoric, (iii) Isothermal (iv) Isentropic and (v)
Polytropic (Nov/dec15)(15M) BTL1
Answer:Page 1.56 to 1.67- Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
4
(i) For isochoric process p-v diagram, (3M)
W=0,∆U=mCv(T2-T1),Q=∆U, ∆H= mCv(T2-T1)
JIT - JEPPIAAR

(ii) For isobaric process,p-v diagram: (3M)

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W= mR(T2-T1), ∆U= mCv(T2-T1), Q = mCp(T2-T1), ∆H = mCp(T2-T1)

(iii) For isothermal process,p-v diagram: JIT - JEPPIAAR

W=mRTln(V2/V1); ∆U=0,Q= mRTln(V2/V1); ∆H=0 (3M)

(iv) For polytropic Process p-v diagram:
W= mR(T1-T2)/(n-1); ∆U=mCv(T2-T1),Q =W[(√-n)/(√-1)] (3M)
(v) For isentropic Process p-v diagram: (3M)
W = mR(T1-T2)/(√-1); ∆U = mCv(T2-T1),,Q=0,∆H = mCp(T2-T1)

The electric heating system used in many houses consists of a simple duct with resistance
wire. Air is heated as it flows over resistance wires. Consider a 15 kWelectric heating
system. Air enters the heating system at 100 kPa and 17ºC with a volume flow rate of 150
m3/min. If heat is lost from the air in the duct to the surroundings at a rate of 200 W,
determine the exit temperature of air. (15M) BTL5
5 Answer :Page 1.149- Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
To find specific volume of air at inlet by using ideal gas equation and mass of air,
v1= RT 1 /P 1 = 0.832m3/kg , m=3kg/s (5M)
Steady flow energy equation
𝐶1 2 𝐶2 2
m(𝑢1 + 𝑝1 𝑣1 + + 𝑍1 𝑔) + 𝑄 = 𝑚 (𝑢2 + 𝑝2 𝑣2 + + 𝑍2 𝑔) + 𝑤 (7M)
2 2

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Wm-Qout =m(h2-h1)  T2=21.9˚C (3M)

A gas occupies 0.3m3 at 2 bar. It executes a cycle consistingof processes

(i) 1-2 constant pressure with work interaction of 15kJ
(ii)2-3 compression process which follows the law pV=C andU3=U2 and
(iii) 3-1, constant Volume process and reduction in internal energy is 40 kJ.
Neglecting the changes in K.E and P.E .Draw p-V diagrams for the process and determine
the net work transfer for the cycle.Also show that first law is obeyed by the cycle.
(15M (Apr/May 2017) BTL5
Answer: Page 1.125 -Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan&Dr.S.Sundaravalli
Process 1-2 :Const pressure process
W =P(V -V ) => V
1-2 2 1 2= 0.375 m3 (3M)
6 Process 2-3 : Isothermal process
W 2-3 =P2 V2ln(V3/V2) = -16.736kJ (3M)
Process 3-1 : Constant volume process
W 3-1 =0;Q3-1 =U1 – U3 =-40 kJ (3M)
∑ cycle∆U =0; U2 – U1 =40 ; ∑ cycle W = -1.766kJ (3M)
Acc, to first law, ∑ cycle W = ∑ cycle∆U JIT - JEPPIAAR

(3M)
Hence verified.

UNIT II SECOND LAW AND AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS

Heat Reservoir, source and sink. Heat Engine, Refrigerator, and Heat pump. Statements of second law
and its corollaries. Carnot cycle Reversed Carnot cycle, Performance. Clausius inequality. Concept of
entropy, T-s diagram, Tds Equations, entropy change for - pure substance, ideal gases - different
processes, principle of increase in entropy. Applications of II Law. High and low grade energy.
Available and non-available energy of a source and finite body. Energy and irreversibility. Expressions
for the energy of a closed system and open systems. Energy balance and entropy generation.
Irreversibility. I and II law Efficiency.

Q.No. Part *A
State the Kelvin – Planck statement of second law of thermodynamics. (May/June
2014)BTL1
1.
Kelvin – Planck states that it is impossible to construct a heat engine working on a cyclic process,
which converts the entire heat energy supplied to it into equivalent amount of useful work.
State Clausius statement of Second law of Thermodynamics.(April/May 2015) BTL1
2 It states that heat can flow from hot body to cold body without any external aid but heat cannot
flow from cold body to hot body without any external aid.

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State Carnot’s theorem.(May/June 2014) BTL1

3 No heat engine operating in a cyclic process between two – fixed temperatures can be more
efficient that a reversible engine operating between the same temperature limits.
Give the Corollaries of Carnot theorem. (May/June 2014) BTL2
All the reversible engines operating between the two given thermal reservoirs with fixed
4 temperature have the same efficiency.
The efficiency of any reversible heat engine operating between two reservoirs is independent of
the nature of the working fluid and depends only on the temperature of the reservoirs.
Define – PMM of second kind. (PMM-II). BTL1
5 Perpetual motion of second kind draws heat continuously from single reservoir and converts it
into equivalent amount of work. Thus it gives 100% efficiency.
Differentiate between a heat pump and refrigerator. BTL2
Heat pump is a device which is operated in a cyclic process, maintains the temperature of a hot
6 body at temperature higher that the temperature of surrounding.
A refrigerator is a device which operating in a cycle process maintains the temperature of a cold
body temperature lower than the temperature of the surrounding.
Define the term COP. BTL1
Coefficient of performance is defined as the ratio of heat extracted or rejected to work input.
7 Heat extracted rejected
COP 
Work input
Write the expression for COP of a Heat pump and a Refrigerator. BTL1
Coefficient of Performance - COP of heat pump:
Heat rejected T2
COMPHP  
T2  T1
JIT - JEPPIAAR

8 Work input
COP for refrigerator
Heat extracted T1
COPref  
Heat input T2  T1
Why Carnot cycle cannot be realized in practice? BTL4
i) In a Carnot cycle all the four processes are reversible but in actual practice there is no
process which is reversible.
ii) There are two processes to be carried out during compression and expansion. For
9
isothermal process the piston moves very slowly and for adiabatic process the piston
moves as fast as possible. This speed variation during the same stroke of the piston is
not possible.
iii) It is not possible to avoid friction between moving parts completely.
Name two alternative methods by which the efficiency of a Carnot cycle can be increased.
BTL6
10
Efficiency can be increased as the higher temperature T2 increases.
Efficiency can be increased as the lower temperature T1 decreases.
Why a Heat engine cannot have 100% efficiency? BTL4
11 For all the heat engines there will be a heat loss between system and surroundings.
Thereforethe entire heat input supplied to the engine cannot be converted into useful work.

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Write the processes involved in Carnot cycle. BTL2

Carnot cycle consist of
i) Reversible adiabatic compression.
12
ii) Reversible isothermal heat addition.
iii) Reversible adiabatic expansion.
iv) Reversible isothermal heat rejection.
Write the expression for efficiency of the Carnot cycle. BTL1
13 T2  T1
Carnot efficiency: ῃ Carnot =
T2
Is the second law independent of first law? Explain. BTL4
14 Yes. The second law speaks about the quality of energy and the first law is based on energy
interactions.
Define entropy.(Apr/May 18)BTL1
15 Entropy is an index of unavailability or degradation of energy.
ᵭS= ᵭQ/T (kJ/kgK)
Define the terms source, sink and heat reservoir.(April/May2015)BTL1
Source: The part where the heat to be rejected to absorbing or work developing device is called
Source.
Sink: The part which receives heat from work absorbing or working developing device is called
16
Sink.
Reservoir: The part which supplies or receives heat continuously without change in its
temperature is called as Reservoir. JIT - JEPPIAAR

Explain in short the principle of Increase of Entropy. (Nov/Dec17) BTL2

For any infinitesimal process undergone by a system, change in entropy, dS>dQ/T
For reversible dQ = 0, hence, dS=0
17
For irreversible dS>0
So the entropy of an isolated system would never decrease. It will always increase and
remains constant if the pressure is reversible is called as Principle of increase of Entropy.
State “Clausius Inequality”. BTL2
18 It is impossible for a self-acting machine working in a cyclic process unaided by any external
agency to convey heat from a body at a low temperature to a body at a higher temperature.
Explain briefly Clausius Inequality. BTL1
𝑑𝑄
∮ 𝑇 ≤ 0 is known as Inequality of Clausius.
𝑑𝑄
19 If 1. ∮ 𝑇 = 0 the cycle is reversible.
𝑑𝑄
2. ∮ 𝑇 < 0, the cycle is irreversible and possible .
𝑑𝑄
3. ∮ 𝑇 > 0, the cycle is impossible (Violation of second law).
A heat pump pumps 10MJ/KW-hr to the high temperature reservoir. Find its C.O.P ?
BTL5
20 Heat Supplied
C.O.P. =
Work input

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10  103
  2.78
3600
Find the entropy of universe when 1000 KJ of heat is transferred from 800K to 500K?BTL5
Q Q
Entropy of universe,  Suniv  
T1 T2
21
1000 1000
 
800 500
 0.75KJ / K
Part * B
A reversible heat engine operating between reservoirs at 900K and 300K drives a reversible
refrigerator operating between reservoirs at 300K and 250K. The heat engine receives
1800kJ heat from 900K reservoir. The net output from the combined engine refrigerator is
360kJ.Find the heat transferred to the refrigerator and the net heat rejected to the
reservoir at 300K.(13M)(Apr/May 2015) BTL3
Answer:Page: 2.20 -Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan&Dr.S.Sundaravalli
𝑇 −𝑇
𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐻𝑇 𝐿= 66.6% (3M)
𝐻
W1
ηmax = Q = 0.66 , W1 =𝑄𝑠1 * ηmax (3M)
1 S1
W1= 𝑄𝑆1 – 𝑄𝑅1 =>𝑄𝑅1 = 600kJ
W2 = 𝑄𝑆2 – 𝑄𝑅2 (3M)
𝑇𝐿 𝑄𝑅2
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑇 =𝑄 =5 (2M)
𝐻 −𝑇𝐿 𝑆2 −𝑄𝑅2
JIT - JEPPIAAR

𝑄𝑅2 / W2 = 5 ; W2 =840kJ =>𝑄𝑅2 = 4200kJ

W2 = 𝑄𝑆2 – 𝑄𝑅2 =>𝑄𝑆2 = 5040kJ
𝑄𝑅1 + 𝑄𝑆2 = 5640𝑘𝐽 (2M)
Ans:𝑄𝑆2 =5040kJ ,𝑄𝑅1 +𝑄𝑅2 =5640kJ
Two Carnot engines A and B are operated in series. The first one (A) receives heat at 870K
and rejects heat to a reservoir at temperature T. The second engine (B) receives the heat
rejected by the first engine and in turn rejects to a heat reservoir at 300K. Calculate the
intermediate temperatures T in ºC between two heat engines for the following
2 cases.(13M)(Nov/Dec 2013) BTL3
(i) The work output of the two engines are equal.
(ii) The efficiencies of the two engines are equal
Answer:Page: 2.25 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
Diagram (3M)

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Case(i) 𝑊𝐴 = 𝑊𝐵 , 𝑊𝐴 = Q𝑠b − 𝑄𝑟𝑏; 𝑊𝐵 = QSB – QRB

2QRA = 𝑄𝑠𝑎 +QRB= 870+300 =585K
𝑊𝐴 = 𝑊𝐵 , T=312ºC (5M)
JIT - JEPPIAAR

Case(ii)𝜂𝐴 = 𝜂𝐵 ,
𝜂𝐴 = 𝑊𝐴 /𝑄𝑠𝑎 = (870-T/870)
𝜂𝑏 = 𝑊𝑏 /𝑄𝑠𝑏 = (T-300/T)
T=237.88ºC (5M)
Ans: T=312˚C and T=237.88˚C

An inventor claims that his proposed engine has the following specification: Power
developed = 50 kW, fuel burnt = 3kg/hr, Calorific value of the fuel = 75000 kJ/kg,
Temperature limits =27ºC and 627ºC. Find out whether it is possible or
not.(13M)(Nov/Dec2016)BTL3
Answer:Page: 2.16 -Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
Heat supplied to the engine = Fuel burnt * CV
3 Qs = m * C.V = 62.5 kW (5M)
𝑇𝐻 −𝑇𝐿
𝜂𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = 𝑇 =66.6% (4M)
𝐻
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑊
𝜂𝐶𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 𝑄 = 80% (2M)
𝑆
Ans: Here the inventor’s claim engine has higher efficiency than maximum engine efficiency
which is impossible. (2M)
1.6 kg of air compressed according to the law pV1.3 = C from a pressure of 1.2 bar and
temperature of 20ºC to a pressure of 17.5 bar. Calculate (a) the final volume and
4
temperature (b) work done (c) heat transferred and (d) change in entropy. (13M)BTL5
Answer : Page: 2.51 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
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From general gas equation : p1V1=mRT1

V1= mRT1 /p1 =1.121 m3, (2M)
p1V11.3 = p2V2 1.3 =>V2=0.1427 m3 (2M)
From Polytropicrelation: T2 = T1 *(p2 /p1 )(n-1) / n
(a) V2= 0.1427m3;T2==543.82K, (2M)
𝑝 𝑣1 −𝑝2 𝑣2
(b)Work done𝑊 = 1 𝑛−1 = -384.02 kJ (2M)
(c) Heat transfer Q = W(√-n/√-1) (2M)
𝑉 𝑇
(d) Change in entropy ∆𝑠 = 𝑚𝑅𝑙𝑛 𝑉2 + 𝑚𝐶𝑣 𝑙𝑛 𝑇2 = 1.657 kJ/K (3M)
1 1
Ans: V2=0.1427 m3, T2=543.82 K , W=-384.02 kJ , Q = -96 kJ.
A single stage air turbine is to operate with air inlet pressure and temperature of 1 bar and
600K. During the expansion, the turbine losses are 20 kJ/kg to the surroundings which is at
1 bar and 300 K. For 1 kg of mass flow rate determine (i) decrease in availability (ii)
maximum work (iii) the irreversibility.(13M)BTL5
Answer: Page: 2.73 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan&Dr.S.Sundaravalli
𝑇 𝑃
5 Change in entropy ∆𝑠 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 𝑙𝑛 𝑇2 + 𝑅𝑙𝑛 𝑃2 =-0.697 kJ/K (4M)
1 1
(i)Decrease in availability, 𝜓1 − 𝜓2 = 𝑚[(ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) − 𝑇0 (𝑆1 − 𝑆2 )]
(ii)W max = 510.6KJ/kg (3M)
From SFEE, h1 + Q = h2 + W => W = 281.5 kJ/kg (3M)
(iii)Irreversibility I = 𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑊 = 229.1kJ/kg (3M)
Ans:∆𝑠 = -0.697 kJ/K, 𝜓1 − 𝜓2 =510.6KJ/kg, I= 229.1kJ/kg
In a Carnot cycle the maximum pressure and temperature are limited to 18 bar and 410ºC.
The volume ratio of isentropic compression is 6 and isothermal expansion is 1.5. Assume
JIT - JEPPIAAR

the volume of the air at the beginning of isothermal expansion as 0.18 m3. Show the cycle on
p-V and T-s diagrams and determine the pressure and temperature at main points and
Thermal efficiency of the cycle. (13M)BTL5
Answer : Page 2.77-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
Draw p-V and T-s diagram (2M)

Process 1-2: Isentropic Compression

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T2/T1 = (V1/V2)γ -1 = 333.55 K (2M)

T 1 = T 4 ; p2 / p1 = (V1/V2)γ, p1= 1.46 bar (2M)
Process 2-3:Isothermal expansion process
p2V2= p3V3,p3=12 bar (2M)
Process 3-4:Isentropic Expansion
p3V3√= p4V4√,p4= 0.977 bar (2M)
Heat supplied Qs = p2V2 ln(V3/V2)= 131. 37 kJ (1M)
Heat RejectedQr = p4V4 ln(P1/ P4)= 63.341 kJ (1M)
𝑄 −𝑄
Thermal efficiency 𝜂 = 𝑆𝑄 𝑅 = 51.78 % (1M)
𝑆
Ans:Qs =131. 37 kJ, Qr =63.341 kJ, 𝜂 =51.78 %
A reversible engine operates between a source at 972ºC and two sinks, one at 127ºC and
another at 27ºC. The energy rejected is same at both the sinks. What is the ratio of heat
supplied to the heat rejected? Also calculate the efficiency.
(13 M)(May/June 2016)BTL5
Answer: Page :2.84- Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli.
Flow diagram (3M)

JIT - JEPPIAAR

Condition :Q2=Q3 ; Q1 = Q2 + Q3 = 2 Q2 =1.78 (4M)

𝑄 −(𝑄 +𝑄 )
𝜂 = 1 𝑄2 3 = 𝜂 =43.82 % (6M)
1
A Carnot heat engine takes heat from an infinite reservoir at 550ºC and rejects it to a sink
at 275ºC. Half of the work delivered by the engine is used to run generator and the other
half is used to run heat pump which takes heat at 275ºC and rejects it at 440ºC. Express the
8
heat rejected at 440ºC by the heat pump as % of heat supplied to the engine at 550ºC. If the
operation of the generator is 500 kW, find the heat rejected per hour by the heat pump at
440ºC.(13M)BTL5
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Answer : Page: 2.90 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli.

𝑄𝑆 𝑄𝑅
For Carnot Heat engine 𝑇 1 = 𝑇 1 = 1.502Qr1 (3M)
1 2
WHE= 𝑄𝑆1 − 𝑄𝑅1 , =0.502Qr1 (3M)
Generator input = W/2=Work input to the heat pump = 0.251 Qr1 (3M)
𝑄𝑅
Heat rejected by the heat pump, 𝑄 2 = 𝑄𝑆1 +0.251 Qr1 (3M)
𝑆1
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑄𝑆1 = 2992.03 𝑘𝑊, 𝑄𝑅2 = 7830.74 𝑀𝐽/ℎ𝑟 (1M)
A metal block with m=5kg,C=0.4 kJ/kgK at 40ºC is kept in a room at 20ºC.It is cooled
naturally. In each case, calculate the change in entropy of the block, of the air of the room
and of the universe. Assume that the metal block has constant specific heat. (13M)BTL5
Answer : Page: 2.114 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli.
Heat absorbed by air = Heat released by the metal block
δQ= m C(T1-T2) (3M)
293 𝑑𝑇
9 entropy change of the block=∫313 𝑚𝑐 𝑇 = -0.132kJ/K (3M)
𝛿𝑄 𝑘𝐽
Entropy change of atmosphere = 𝑇 = 0.1365 𝐾 (2M)
Entropy of the universe = 0.0045 kJ/K (3M)
𝑇 −𝑇
Cooling using Carnot engine: 𝜂𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = 𝐻𝑇 𝐿 = W/ δQ
𝐻
W = 2.556 kJ (2M)
Ans:∆S=-0.132kJ/K, ∆Q air= 0.1365 𝑘𝐽/𝐾, ∆Q univ= 0.0045 kJ/K
One kg of air is contained in a piston cylinder assembly at 10 bar pressure and 500 K
temperature. The piston moves outwards and the air expands to 2 bar pressure and 350K
JIT - JEPPIAAR

temperature. Determine the maximum work obtainable, Assume the environmental

conditions to be 1 bar and 290 K. Also make calculation for the availability in the initial
and final states. (13M)(Nov/Dec 2014)BTL5
10 Answer : Page: 2.117- Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
𝑇 𝑃
Availability in the initial state𝜓1 = 𝑚 {𝐶𝑝 𝑇1 − 𝑇0 [𝐶𝑝 𝑙𝑛 (𝑇1 ) − 𝑅𝑙𝑛 (𝑃1 )]} (5M)
0 0
𝑇2 𝑃2
Availability in the final state𝜓2 = 𝑚 {𝐶𝑝 𝑇2 − 𝑇0 [𝐶𝑝 𝑙𝑛 (𝑇 ) − 𝑅𝑙𝑛 (𝑃 )]} (5M)
0 0
Maximum work = 𝜓1 − 𝜓2 =180.75 (3M)
Ans:𝜓1 = 535.38𝑘𝐽 , 𝜓2 = 354.63 𝑘𝐽,Wmax = 180.75 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Part * C

An office room which was heated by electric resistance heater consumed 1200 kW-hr of
electrical energy in a winter month. Instead of this heater if the same office room is heated
by a heat pump which is having 20% of COP of the ideal Carnot pump. The room
temperature is 24ºC while surrounding is at 0ºC. If heat supplied from the surrounding by
the heat pump is 0.65 kJ, determine COP and money saved per month. Assume cost of
1 electricity is Rs. 1.75 kW/hr.(15M)BTL5
Answer : Page: 2.27 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan&Dr.S.Sundaravalli.
Electricity using electric heater = 1200 * 1.75 = Rs. 2100 / month (1M)
𝑇𝐻
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = 𝑇 −𝑇 = 12.375 (3M)
𝐻 𝐿
COP of heat pump = 20% of COP of Carnot Pump (3M)

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W=Qs/ COP= 0.26 kW (3M)

Power required by heat pump in kW-hr= work done* 3600= 945.45 (2M)
Electricity charge for running heat pump = P * 1.75 = Rs. 1654.50 (3M)
Ans:Money saved per month= Rs. 445.50
Two reversible heat engines A and B are arranged in series. A rejecting heat directly to B.
engine receives 200 kJ at a temperature of 421ºC from a hot source, while engine B is in
communication with a cold sink at a temperature of 4.4ºC, if the work output of A is twice
that of B, find (i) The intermediate temperature between A and B, (ii) The efficiency of
each engine, and (iii) The heat rejected to the cold sink. (15M)(Nov/Dec 2013) BTL5
Answer : Page: 2.80 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan&Dr.S.Sundaravalli.
Flow diagram (3M)

2
JIT - JEPPIAAR

Work output from engines , WA = Q s1 – QR1 ; WB = Q s2 – QR2 (2M)

For Reversible engine B, T/TL = Q s2 / QR2
(i) T=143.42C
𝑄𝑅1 = 119.93 𝑘𝐽, 𝑄𝑅2 = 79.89 𝑘𝐽 (4M)
(ii) 𝜂𝐴 = 1 - QR1 / Q s1 =40.04 % (4M)
𝜂𝐵 = 1 - Q s2 / QR2= 33.39 % (2M)
(iii) 𝑄𝑅1 = 119.93 𝑘𝐽, 𝑄𝑅2 = 79.89 𝑘𝐽

A house hold refrigerator is maintained at a temperature of 275K. Every time the door is
opened, warm material is placed inside, introducing an average of 420 kJ, but making only
small changes in the temperature of the refrigerator. The door is opened 20 times a day,
3
and the refrigerator operates at 15% of the ideal COP. The cost of work is 2.50 per kW/hr.
What is the bill for the month of April for this refrigerator? The atmosphere is at
303K.(15M)(Apr/May 2015) BTL5
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Answer :Page : 2.87 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli

Flow diagram (3M)

𝑇𝐿
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑇 = 9.82 (3M)
𝐻 −𝑇𝐿 JIT - JEPPIAAR

Actual COP of Ref. = 15% of COP of Carnot Ref. (3M)

𝑄𝑅
Work done = 1 = 0.066 kW= 237.6 kW-hr (3M)
𝑐𝑜𝑝
Electricity charge for running heat pump= 237.6*2.50= Rs. 594 (3M)
Ans: Electricity charge = Rs. 594
5 kg of air at 2 bar and 30ºC is compressed to 24 bar pressure according to the law pV 1.2 =
Constant. After compression of air is cooled at constant volume to 30ºC.
Determine(i)volume and temperature at the end of compression (ii) change of entropy
during compression (iii) Change in entropy during constant volume
cooling.TakeCp=1.005kJ/kgK, Cv=0.718kJ/kgK.(15M)(Nov/Dec 2014)BTL5
Answer: Page :2.103 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli

pV1.2 = C => p1v11.2 = p2 v2 1.2 (1M)

m= pv/Rt = 1.2 kg (2M)
4 Characteristic Gas equation :
pV = mRT =>V1= 2.17 m3, V2= (p1/p2)1.2-1/1.2*V1=0.274 m3 (3M)
T2=(p2/p1)0.2/1.2 = 185.47C (3M)
(i) V2= 0.274m3 ,T2 = 185.47ºC
(ii) Change in entropy during compression,
𝑉 𝑇
S2-S1=∆𝑠 = 𝑚𝑅𝑙𝑛 𝑉2 + 𝑚𝐶𝑣 𝑙𝑛 𝑇2 = -1.483kJ/K (3M)
1 1
𝑇
(iii) Change in entropy S3-S1= 𝑚𝐶𝑣 𝑙𝑛 𝑇3 = - 1.487 kJ/K (3M)
2
Ans: ∆𝑠 = -1.483 kJ/K, S3-S1 =- 1.487 kJ/K
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One kg of ice at -5ºC is exposed to the atmosphere which is at 20ºC.The ice melts and comes
into thermal equilibrium with the atmosphere (i) Determine the entropy increase of the
universe. (ii) What is the minimum amount of work necessary to convert the water back to
ice at -5ºC? Assume Cp for ice as 333.3 kJ/kg.(15M)(Apr/May2018) BTL5
Answer :Page: 2.111 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli.
Heat absorbed by air from atmosphere= Heat absorbed in solid phase + Latent heat + Heat
absorbed in liquid phase
5 δQ=mCpi (T 0 – Ti) +mL+ mCpw (T a - T 0 ) = 427.535 kJ (4M)
Entropy change of atm. = -1.46 kJ/K (3M)
Entropy change of system = ∆S ice + ∆S fusion + ∆S liquid =1.556 kJ/K (3M)
(i)Entropy of universe =∆S univ = 0.096 kJ/K (2M)
If water is to be converted back to ice using a reversible refrigerator, heat to be removed from
water. ∆SUniv= ∆Ssys +∆Sref + ∆Satm≥ 0
(ii)Q+W≥ 445.908 𝑘𝐽, Wmin = 28.373 KJ (3M)
Ans: ∆𝑠univ =0.096 kJ/K , Wmin = 28.373 KJ
UNIT III PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE AND STEAM POWER CYCLE

Formation of steam and its thermodynamic properties, p-v, p-T, T-v, T-s, h-s diagrams. p-v-Tsurface.
Use of Steam Table and Mollier Chart. Determination of dryness fraction. Application of I and II law
for pure substances. Ideal and actual Rankine cycles, Cycle Improvement Methods - Reheat and
Regenerative cycles, Economizer, preheater, Binary and Combined cycles.

Q.No. Part-A
JIT - JEPPIAAR

Define latent heat of ice. BTL1

1. It is defined as the total amount of heat added during conversion of ice of 00C into water
of 00C.

Write about pure substance.(Nov/Dec 2013) BTL2

Pure substance is a substance which has a fixed chemical composition throughout its
2 mass. Examples: Water, Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, and Helium. A pure substance does not have
to be of single chemical element or compound. A mixture of various chemical elements or
compounds is also called as a pure substance as long as the mixture is homogeneous.

Define Saturation Temperature and Saturation Pressure. BTL2

3 At a given pressure, the temperature at which a liquid boils is called the Saturation
Temperature. At a given temperature, the pressure at which the liquid boils is called the
Saturation Pressure. It is also called as Vapour Pressure.
Define latent heat of vaporization.BTL1
4 The amount of heat added during heating of water from boiling point or dry saturated
stage is called as Latent Heat of Vaporization or Enthalpy of Vaporization or latent heat of
steam.
Find the Saturation temp and latent heat of vaporization of steam at MPa.BTL5
5 From steam table of 1 MPa or 10 bar
Saturation temperature, Tsat = 179.880C
Latent heat of vaporization, hfg = 2013.6 kJ/kg

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Define the terms ‘Boiling point’ and ‘Melting point’. BTL1

Boiling point:It is the temperature at which the liquid starts to change its state from liquid to
6 vapor.
Melting point:It is the temperature at which the solid starts to change its state from solid to
liquid.
Write a short note on Superheated steam and indicate its use. BTL2
Superheated Steam is the condition in which the dry steam is further heated, this process
is called Superheating and the steam obtained is known as Superheated steam.
7 Uses:
1. Superheated steam has more heat energy and more work can be obtained using it.
2. Thermal efficiency increases as the temperature of superheated steam is high.
3. Heat losses be to condensation of steam a cylinder wall is reduced.
Define Sensible heat of water. BTL1
8 The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of water from 0 0C to
the saturation temperature under a constant pressure. It is denoted by hf.
Define the term “Super heat enthalpy”. BTL1
9 The heat supplied to the dry steam at saturation temperature to convert it into superheated
steam at the temperature Tsup is called Superheat Heat of Enthalpy.
Define Wet and Dry steam. BTL2
The steam which partially evaporated and having water particles in suspension is called Wet
10 Steam.
The steam which is completely in evaporated state without any water particles is called Dry
steam.
State Phase rule of pure substances. (May/June 2016)BTL1
JIT - JEPPIAAR

The number of independent variables associated with a multi component, multiphase

system is given by the phase rule. It is also called as Gibbs phase rule. It is expressed by the
equation as
11 n=C-+2
Where,
n = the number of independent variable.
C = the number of components.
 = the number of phase present in equilibrium.
Define Dryness fraction of Steam and Quality of steam.BTL1
It is defined as the ratio of the mass of the total steam actually present to the mass of the
12 total mixture steam.
mass of dry stream
Dryness fraction =
mass of toal mixture
Define the terms Degree of super heat, Degree of sub-cooling. BTL1
Degree of Superheat:
It is the difference between superheated temperatures and saturated temperature at the same
13 pressure.
Degree of Sub-Cooling:
It is the amount of which the water is cooled beyond the saturated temperature at the same
pressure.
14 Define Triple point and Critical point for pure substance. (Nov/Dec 2013)BTL1

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Triple point:Triple point is the state at which all the three phases i.e.solid, liquid and vapour to
exist in equilibrium.
Critical point: It represents the highest pressure and temperature at which the liquid and vapour
phases coexist in equilibrium. At the critical point the liquid and vapour phases are
indistinguishable i.e. Liquid is directly converted into vapour.

Write the formula for calculating entropy change from saturated water to superheat steam
condition. BTL3
 Tsup 
Entropy of Superheated steam, Ssup  S g  C ps log c  
 Ts 
15
where
Sg – entropy of dry steam
Tsup-Super heated temperature
Ts-Saturated temperature
Cps-Specific heat of super heated steam
Determine the condition of steam of 2 bar whose entropy is 6.27 KJ/kg. BTL5
16 From steam Table at 2 bar sg=7.1268 kJ/Kg K
Since entropy of given steam of pressure 2 bar is less than entropy of dry steam at that pressure,
the steam is in wet condition.
Determine specific enthalpy and specific entropy of 1200 C saturated steam. BTL5
0
17 From steam table at 120 C JIT - JEPPIAAR

Specific enthalpy, hg=2706kJ/kg

Specific entropy, sg =7.1293 kJ/kgK
Find the mass of 0.1 m3 of wet steam at a temperature of 1600 and 0.94 dry. BTL5
From steam table at 1600C
Vg=0.30676 m3/kg
Specific volume of wet steam = x,vg=0.94x0.30676 m3/kg
18 =0.2884 m3/kg
Volume of given west steam 0.1
Mass of steam, m= 
Specific volume of wet steam 0.2884
M  0.35kg

One kg of steam at 10 bar has an enthalpy of 2500kJ/kg. Find its quality. BTL5
H=2500kJ/kg
H=hr+xhfg
19 At 10 bar from steam tables
Hf = 762.6kJ/kg;hfg=2013.6kJ/kg
2500=762.6+x+2013.6
2500  762.6
x  0.862
2013.6
20 Define the term Efficiency ratio. BTL1
The ratio of actual cycle efficiency to that of ideal cycle efficiency is termed efficiency ratio.

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Efficiency ratio = Actual cylcle efficiency

Ideal rankine efficiency
Define the term Isentropic efficiency. BTL2
For an expansion process
Actual work done
Isentropic efficiency =
21 Isentropic work done
For an compression process
Isentropic work done
Isentropic efficiency =
Actual work done
Give the effects of Condenser pressure on the Rankine Cycle. BTL2
22 By lowering the condenser pressure, we can increase the cycle efficiency. The main
disadvantages are lowering the backpressure is to increases the wetness of steam. Isentropic
compression of wet vapour is very difficult.
Mention the improvements made to increase the ideal efficiency of Rankine Cycle. BTL3
1. Lowering the Condenser pressure.
23 2. Superheated steam is supplied to the turbine.
3. Increasing the boiler pressure to certain limit.
4. Implementing reheat and regeneration in the cycle.
List the advantages of Reheat cycle. BTL2
1. Marginal increase in thermal efficiency.
24 2. Increase in work done per kg of steam which results in reduced size of boiler and
auxiliaries for the same output.
3. It prevents the turbine from erosion. JIT - JEPPIAAR

Give the function of feed water heaters in the Regenerative cycle with bleeding. BTL2
25 The main function of feed water heater is to increase the temperature of feed water to
the saturation temperature corresponding to the boiler pressure before it enters into the boiler.
Part * B

One kg of steam contains 1/3 liquid and 2/3 vapour by volume. The temperature of the
steam is 150ºC. Find the quality, specific enthalpy of mixture.(13M) BTL5
Answer: Page: 3.28 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
1 Dryness fraction of steam x= ms/(ms+mw) = 0.005529 (4M)
Wetness fraction of steam=1-x=0.99447 (3M)
Volume of mixture = v=xvg+ y vf=0.00325 m3/kg (3M)
Enthalpy of mixture h = xhfg+ y hf=640.289 kJ/kg (3M)

A closed vessel of 0.2 m3 contains steam at 1 MPa and temperature 250ºC. If the vessel is
cooled so that pressure falls to 350 kPa. Determine the final temperature, heat transfer,
and change of entropy during the process. (April/May 15),(N0v/Dec 15) (13M) BTL5
2
Answer :Page: 3.31 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli.

T1> 𝑇𝑠 – Super heated, Mass of steam m= 0.8591 kg (2M)

Dryness fraction of steam x= V1/ Vg2=0.444 (3M)

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T2=139.9ºC, h1= 2943 kJ/kg, h2=1537.7 kJ/kg (3M)

Q1= m(h1-h2)=1207.15 kJ (3M)
s2= sf2+ sfg2, Change in entropy = ∆s=m(s2- s1 )= -2.48 kJ/kgK (2M)
One kg of steam at a pressure of 700 kPa and 0.6 dry is heated at constant pressure until it
becomes dry saturated. Determine change in internal energy and work done.(Nov/Dec
13)(13M) BTL5
Answer:Page: 3.38 -Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli.
Properties of steam at 7 bar from steam tables
3 v2= 0.27288 m3/kg, V2= mvg1= 0.27288 m3 (3M)
h2=mhg1= 2762 kJ/kg (3M)
Change in internal energy =∆U=u2-u1= 749.66 kJ (4M)
Work done=p(V2- V1) =76.3 kJ (3M)
Ans: ∆U= 749.66 kJ,W= 76.3 KJ

A steam initially at a pressure of 15 bar and 0.95 dry expands isentropically to 7.5 bar and
is then throttled until it is dry. Determine per kg of steam: (i) Change in entropy (ii)
Change in enthalpy and (iii) Change in internal energy. (May/June 16)(Nov/Dec17)(13M)
BTL5
Answer:Page 3.51 -Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli.
JIT - JEPPIAAR

From Mollier chart h1=2680 kJ/kg, v1=0.1318 m3/kg, s1= 6.2 kJ/kgK,
4 h2=2560 kJ/kg, x2=0.9, h2=h3 (4M)
(i)Change in entropy=∆s=(s3- s1 )=2.13 kJ/kgK (3M)
(ii)Change in enthalpy= ∆h=( h1- h3 )=120 kJ/kg (3M)
(iii)Change in internal energy= u3- u1=-141.7 kJ/kg (3M)
Ans: ∆s=2.13 kJ/kgK, ∆h= 120 kJ/kg, ∆U= -141.7 kJ/kg

A nozzle is supplied with steam of 1 MPa at 200C with a velocity of 100 m/s. The expansion
takes place to a pressure of 300 kPa. Assuming isentropic efficiency of nozzle to be 90%,
find the final velocity.(13M) BTL5
Answer :Page: 3.55 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli.

5 From Steam table Ts = 179.9C, h1= 2826.8 kJ/kg (4M)

x2s=0.94, h2s= 2594.91 kJ/kg
From Isentropic efficiency h2=2625.79 kJ/kg, (5M)
From SFEE

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𝐶1 2 𝐶2 2
(𝑢1 + 𝑝1 𝑣1 + + 𝑍1 𝑔) + 𝑄 = (𝑢2 + 𝑝2 𝑣2 + + 𝑍2 𝑔) + 𝑤
2 2

C2= 641.89 m/s (4M)

Ans: C2= 641.89 m/s

Dry saturated steam is supplied to a steam turbine at 12 bar and after the expansion its
condenser pressure is 1 bar. Find the Rankine cycle efficiency, specific steam consumption.
Neglect feed pump work.(May/June14)(13M) BTL5
Answer:Page: 3.61- Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan&Dr.S.Sundaravalli.
Using steam tables at 12 bar
6
S1=S2, x2=0.86, h2= 2359.28 kJ/kg (5M)
Rankine cycle efficiency =(h1- h2)/(h1- h f2)=17.97% (5M)
Specific steam consumption= 3600/W=8.46 kg/kW-hr (3M)
Ans:ɳran= 17.97%,SSC=8.46 kg/kW-hr.

Determine the Rankine cycle efficiency working between 6 bar and 0.4 bar when supplied
with dry saturated steam. By what percentage is the efficiency increased by supplying
superheated steam of 3000C?(April/May15) (13M)BTL5
JIT - JEPPIAAR

Answer : Page: 3.68 -Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli.

(1) At 0.4 bar steam table values (2M)
7
(2) Rankineefficiencywithdrysaturatedsteam:S1=S2,x2=0.86 (3M)
(3) h2= h f2+ x2h fg2= 2312.212 kJ/kg (3M)
(4) Wp= v f2( p2 – p1 ) =0.575 kJ/kg (2M)
(5) Rankine efficiency=(h1- h2)/(h1- h f2)
ɳ ran =18.16% (3M)

Consider a steam power plant operating on an ideal reheat Rankine cycle. The steam
enters the H.P turbine at 30 bar and 350C. After expansion to 5 bar, the steam is reheated
to 350C and then expanded the L.P turbine to the condenser pressure of 0.075 bar.
Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle and the quality of the steam at the outlet of
the L.P turbine. (Apil/May 15)(May/June14) (13M) BTL3
Answer : Page: 3.75 -Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli.
8
Using steam tables At 30 bar and 3500C, find values
h1=3115.3 kJ/kgK, S1=S2, x2=0.98, h2=2706.56 kJ/kgK, h3=3167.7 kJ/kgK, s3=s4, x4=0.919,
h4=2380.89 kJ/kgK, h5=168.79 kJ/kgK, (6M)
Wp= vf4( p1– p4 ) =3.0164 kJ/kg, (3M)

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Efficiency=(h1-h2)/(h1-hf2) = 35% (4M)

Ans: x4 = 0.919, ɳ rh = 35%

Steam is supplied to a turbine at 4 MPa and 4500C and the condenser is 6 kPa. The
machine runs at 300 rpm and the power-developed 3 MW. The expansion is in two stages,
the steam being reheated to 4100C between H.P and L.P stages. If all the stages develop the
same power with a same isentropic efficiency, determine reheat pressure, thermal
efficiency of the cycle and steam flow rate.(Nov/Dec 15)(13M) BTL3
Answer : Page :3.82 Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli.
T1-T2= T3-T4, T2=76.18C, Tsat=76.180C
at 0.4 bar , h1=3330.15 kJ/kgK, S1=S2, x2=0.89 (2M)
9
h2= h2= h f2+ x2h fg2 = 2637.79 kJ/kgK
h2’=2776.26 kJ/kgK, h3=3300 kJ/kgK (4M)
s3=s4=8.9971 kJ/kgK, h4=2800 kJ/kgK, h5=155.5 kJ/kgK (3M)
Wp= vf4( p1– p4 ) = 4.018 kJ/kg (2M)
Efficiency=(h1-h2)/(h1-hf2)=25.68%,SSC=3600/W=3.79kg/kW-hr (2M)
Ans: ɳ = 25.68% JIT - JEPPIAAR

The net power output of the turbine in ideal reheat regenerative cycle is 100 MW. Steam
enters the H.P turbine at 90 bar and 5500C. After expansion to 7 bar some of the steam
goes to an open heater and balance is reheated to 4000C, after which it expands to 0.07 bar.
Calculate the steam flow rate in HP turbine and thermal efficiency of
cycle.(Nov/Dec16)(13M) BTL5
Answer :Page 3.104 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
Use superheated steam tables at 90 bar and 5500C
h1= 3508.95 kJ/kg, S1= 6.0885 kJ/kgK (1M)
10
At 7 bar and 4000C
h3 = 3269 kJ/kg, s3=7.636 kJ/kgK (1M)
At 7 bar
hf= 697.1 kJ/kg, hg = 2762 kJ/kg, sf = 1.992 kJ/kgK, sg =6.705 kJ/kgK,
Tsat = 438K (1M)
At 0.07 bar

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hf4=163.64kJ/kgK,hfg4=2409.2kJ/kg,
sf4= 0.559 kJ/kgK, sfg4 =7.718 kJ/kgK (1M)
At 7 bar 193.6 0C ,h2 = 2827.76 kJ/kg
From process 3-4: s3=s4=7.636 kJ/kgK, x4 = 0.917, h4 = 2372.64 kJ/kg,
h6=697.1 kJ/kg,
h6= m1 h2 +(1- m1 )h5 (2M)
m1=0.2003 kJ/kg of steam (2M)
Mass flow rate in HP turbine
P= mst[(h1– h2) + (1- m1) (h3 – h4)]
mst=105.654kg/s,Wnet=[(h1–h2)+(1-m1)(h3–h4)]=946.46kJ/kg (2M)
Net heat supplyQnet=[(h1–h6)+(1-m1)(h3–h4)]=2713.96kJ/kg (2M)
Efficiency= W/Q = 34.874 %. (1M)

Draw the T-S diagrams and theoretical lay out for Rankine cycle and hence deduce the
expression for its efficiency. (13 M) BTL2
JIT - JEPPIAAR

11

(4M)

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𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊𝑇 −𝑊𝑝

ɳ= = (2M)
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑄𝑆

𝑊𝑇 = ℎ1 − ℎ2 kJ, 𝑊𝑝 = ℎ4 − ℎ3 kJ, (2M)

𝑄𝑠 = ℎ1 − ℎ4 kJ, (2M)
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊𝑇 −𝑊𝑝 (ℎ1 −ℎ2 )−(ℎ4 −ℎ3 )
ɳ= = = (ℎ1 −ℎ2 )
(3M)
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑄𝑆

Part * C

2.5 kg of steam is heated at constant pressure of 250 kPa and 100ºC until temperature is
250ºC. Find the amount of heat added and change in entropy.(15M) BTL5
Answer :Page: 3.37 -Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
From Mollier chart
At p = 250kPa= 2.5 bar and 100ºC
1
h1=2700 kJ/kg, S1=S2=7.04 kJ/kgK (3M)
h2=2950 kJ/kg (3M)
S2=7.65 kJ/kgK (3M)
JIT - JEPPIAAR

Heat added, Q=m(h2-h1)= 625 kJ (3M)

Change in entropy=∆s = m(s2-s1)=1.525 kJ/K (3M)

A mass of 0.9 kg of steam initially at a pressure of 1.5 MPa and temperature of 250ºC
expands to 150 kPa. Assume the process as isentropic. Find the condition of steam and
work transfer.BTL3
Answer:Page: 3.40 -Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli.
At p1= 1.5 MPa and T1 = 250ºC
v1=0.152 m3/kg, h1=2923.5 kJ/kg (2M)
2 s1=6.71 kJ/kgK, s1= s2=6.71 kJ/kgK (1M)
From Steam Tables at 150kPa
hf2 = 467.1 kJ/kg; hfg2 = 2226.2 kJ/kg, sf2 = 1.434 kJ/kgK
sfg2 = 5.79 kJ/kgK, sg2 = 7.223 kJ/kgK ,Vg2 = 0.159 m3/kg (2M)
s2 = sf2 + x2 sfg2 ,h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2
x2=0.912, h2= 2497.39 kJ/kg (3M)

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v2=x2 * Vg2 = 1.057 m3/kg (2M)

Q= ∆u +W , Q = 0 ; W = - ∆u = u2 – u1

Work Transfer= W = u1 - u2 = (h1– h2) (p1v1 – p2 v2) = 356.66 kJ/kg (3M)

W Total = mW = 321 kJ (2M)

Steam at 1 MPa and 0.9 dry is throttled to a pressure of 200 kPa. Using Steam Table, find
the quality of steam and change in entropy. Check your answer using Mollier chart. State
whether this process is reversible or irreversible. BTL5
Answer:Page: 3.48 -Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli.
At 1Mpa or 10 bar take the values of hf1, hfg1, sf1, sfg1
h1= hf1 + x1 hfg1= 2574.84 kJ/kg, s1 = sf1 + x1 sfg1
h1=h2, x2= 0.94 (3M)
s1 = 6.13 kJ/kgK (2M)
3
At 200kPa or 2 bar hf2 = 504.7 kJ/kg; hfg2 = 2201.6 kJ/kg, sf2 = 1.534 kJ/kgK
sfg2 = 5.59 kJ/kgK (3M)
h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2 , x2 = 0.94 JIT - JEPPIAAR

(2M)
Steam is wet so s2 = 6.76 kJ/kgK
Change in entropy = ∆s = s2 - s1= 0.652 kJ/kgK (3M)
s1= 6.1 kJ/kgK, s2 = 6.76 Change in entropy = 0.66 kJ/kgK
Since ds is +ve, the process is irreversible. (2M)

Find the efficiency of the prime mover operating on the Rankine cycle between 7 bar and 1
bar for the following initial conditions. (i) The steam has a dryness fraction of 0.8, (ii) The
steam is dry and saturated and (iii) The steam is superheated to 350ºC. Draw the T-s
diagram for each case. Neglect the pump work. BTL5
Answer :Page : 3.63Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli.
4
Using Steam tables at 7 bar Ts1 = 164.9ºC and
take all values of hf1, hfg1, sf1, sfg1,sg1 (3M)
At 1 bar Ts2 = 99.63 ºC and hf2, hfg2, sf2, sfg2,sg2 (3M)
(i) if x = 0.8 x2= 0.736, h2=2079.85 kJ/kg,
Rankineefficiency=(h1–h2)/(h1–hf2)=13.93% (3M)

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(ii) When steam is dry x2=0.89, h2= 2427 kJ/kg,

Rankine efficiency = 14.28 % (3M)
(iii) x2>1 superheated steam, h2=2272.246 kJ/kg
Rankine efficiency= 16.075 % (3M)

A regenerative cycle utilizes steam as the working fluid. Steam is supplied to the turbine at
40 bar and 450ºC and the condenser pressure is 0.03 bar. After expansion in the turbine to
3 bar, some of the steam is extracted from the turbine for heating the feed water from the
condenser in an open heater. The pressure in the boiler is 40 bar and the state of the fluid
leaving the heater is saturated liquid water at 3 bar. Assuming isentropic heat drop in the
turbine and pumps, compute the efficiency of the cycle.BTL5
Answer:Page: 3.89 -Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
Use superheated steam tables at 40 bar and 450ºC
h1= 3330.3 kJ/kg, S1= 6.9363 kJ/kgK (1M)
At p 2 = 3 bar taking all the values x2=0.9895, h2 = 2702.65 kJ/kg
5 x3=0.8, h3 = 2057.63 kJ/kg (2M)
h4= hf3 = 101.05 kJ/kg (2M)
pump Work : (1-m) (h5– h4) = (1-m)*vf3 (p 2 - p 3 )
JIT - JEPPIAAR

h5= 101.35 kJ/kg (2M)

Amount of steam bleed m=(hf2– h5)/ (h2– h5) = 0.117 kg (3M)
Wp 6-7 = (h7– h6) = vf2 (p 1 - p 2) = 565.44 kJ/kg (2M)
Regenerative Rankine efficiency= [(h1– h7)-(1-m) (h3– hf3)] /(h1– h7)
= 41.75% (3M)

Steam enters the turbine at 3 MPa and 400ºC and is condensed at 10 kPa. Some quantity of
steam leaves the turbine at 0.6 MPa and enters open feed water heater. Compute the
fraction of the steam extracted per kg of steam and cycle thermal
efficiency.(Nov/Dec15)BTL5
Answer: Page: 3.163 -Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli.
6 At 3 MPa and 400ºC
h1= 3232.5kJ/kg,S1= 6.925kJ/kgK (1M)
s1 = s2 = 6.9256.925kJ/kgK
At p2 = 6 bar sg = 6.758kJ/kgK (1M)

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From Mollier chart h2= 2630 kJ/kg , s1 = s3 (1M)

p3 = 0.1 bar take values of hf3, hfg3, sf3, sfg3,sg3
x3=0.837, h3= hf3 + x3 hfg3 =2194.66 kJ/kg (2M)
h4= hf3 = 191.8 kJ/kg, (1M)
(h5– h4) = vf3 (p 2 - p 3 ) =h5= 192.4 kJ/kg (2M)
m= (h6– h5)/ (h2– h5) = 0.196 kg/kg of steam (2M)
At 6 bar Wp 6-7 = (h7– h6) = vf2 (p 1 - p 2)
=> h7= 672.824 kJ/kg (2M)
Regenerative Rankine efficiency= [(h1– h7)-(1-m) (h3– hf3)] /(h1– h7)
= 37.09%. (3M)

Explain steam formation with relevant sketch and label all salient points and explain every
point in detail.BTL2

7
JIT - JEPPIAAR

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JIT - JEPPIAAR
(10 M)
1-2 Solid 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇 kJ
2-3 Melting Latent heat of ice=333.3 kJ/kg
3-4 Enthalpy of liquid hf
4-5 Vaporization hg=2257 kJ/kg
5-6 Superheating (5 M)
UNIT IV IDEAL AND REAL GASES, THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONS
Properties of Ideal gas- Ideal and real gas comparison- Equations of state for ideal and real gases-
Reduced properties. Compressibility factor-.Principle of Corresponding states. –Generalised
Compressibility Chart and its use-. Maxwell relations, Tds Equations, Difference and ratio of heat
capacities, Energy equation, Joule-Thomson Coefficient, Clausius Clapeyron equation, Phase Change
Processes. Simple Calculations.
Q.No. Part-A

Questions
State Avogadro’s law. BTL1
1. Avogadro’s law states that “Equal volumes of different perfect gases at the same
temperature and pressure, contain equal number of molecules”.

State Dalton’s law of partial pressure. BTL1

2 Dalton’s law of partial pressure states that “The total pressure of a mixture of gases is
equal to the sum of the partial pressures exerted by individual gases if each one of them occupied
separately in the total volume of the mixture at mixture temperature”.
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P = P1 + P2 + P3 + …… Pk
Distinguish between ideal and real gas. BTL2
An ideal gas is one which strictly follows the gas laws under all conditions of
3 temperature and pressure.
In actual practice, there is no real gas which strictly follows the gas laws over the entire
range of temperature and pressure. However hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and air behave as an
ideal gas under certain temperature and pressure limits.
Write the Maxwell relations. BTL1
 T   P 
 v    S 
 s  v
 T   v 
 P    S 
 s  p
4
 P   S 
 T    v 
 v  T
These are known as Maxwell relations
 v   S 
 T    
 p  P T

Define Joule – Thomson Co – efficient. BTL1

The Joule – Thomson co – efficient is defined as the change in temperature with change
5 in pressure keeping the enthalpy remains constant. It is denoted by the
 T 
 
 P h JIT - JEPPIAAR

Define co-efficient of volume expansion and isothermal compressibility. BTL1

Co-efficient of Volume expansion: The co – efficient of volume expansions is defined as the
change in volume with change in temperature per unit volume keeping the pressure constant. It
is denoted by 
6 1  v 

v  T p
Isothermal compressibility: It is defined as the change in volume with change in pressure per
unit volume keeping the temperature constant. It is denoted by K
1  v 
K 
v  P T
Write a short note on compressibility factor. BTL2
We know that, the perfect gas equation is pv = RT. But for real gas, a correction factor
7 has to be introduced in the perfect gas equation to take into account the deviation of real gas
from the perfect gas equation. The factor is known as compressibility factor (z) and is defined by
Pv
Z
RT
Give the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. BTL2
8 Clapeyron equation which involves relationship between the saturation pressure,
saturation temperature, the enthalpy of evaporation and the specific volume of the two phases
involved.

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dP hfg

dT Tv fg
State Tds equations. BTL1
Tds Equation are
 v 
9 Tds  CP dT  T   dp
 T p
 P 
Tds  Cv dT  T   dv
 T T
State Helmholtz function. BTL1
10 Helmholtz function is property of a system and given by subtracting the product of
absolute temperature (T) and entropy (S) from the internal energy U.
State Gibbs function. BTL1
11 Gibbs function is property of a system and is given by
G = U – TS + pv = H – TS [h = u + pv]
Where H – Enthalpy, T – Temperature, S – Entropy
State third law of Thermodynamics. BTL1
12 It is states that the entropy of any pure substance in thermodynamics equilibrium
approaches zero as the absolute temperature approaches zero.
State the assumptions made in kinetic theory gases. BTL1
13 1. There is no intermolecular force between particles.
2. The volume of the molecules is negligible comparison with the gas
14 State Regnault’s law. BTL1
Regnault’s law states that CP and Cv of a gas always remains constant.
JIT - JEPPIAAR

State Joule’s Law. BTL1

15 Joule’s law states, “The internal energy a given quantity of gas depends only on the
temperature”.
State Charle’s law. BTL1
16 Charle’s law states, “The volume of a given mass of a gas varies directly as its absolute
temperature, when the pressure remains constant.
State Boyle’s law. BTL1
Boyle’s law states. “The volume of a given mass of gas varies inversely as its absolute
17 pressure, when the temperature remains constant.
1
v
p
Part * B

A vessel of volume 0.3 m3 contains 15 kg of air at 303K. Determine the pressure exerted by
the air using (i) Perfect gas equation (ii) Vanderwalls equation and (iii) Generalized
compressibility chart. Take critical temperature of air is 132.8 K and critical pressure of
1 air is 37.7 bar. BTL5
Answer: Page: 4.23-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
(i) Perfect gas equationpv = mRT => P= 4348.05 kPa (3M)

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(ii) Vanderwaal’s equation (p+ a/v2)(v-b) => P = 4235.4 kPa (3M)

Reduced temperature Tr = T/Tc =2.28 (1M)
Vr= v/vc=1.98 m3/kg (1M)
Z=0.99(2M)
(iii) Generalized compressibility chart P=4304.6 kPa (3M)

A perfect gas of 0.5 kg has a pressure of 300 kPa, a temperature of 100ºC, and a volume of
0.06 m3. The gas undergoes an irreversible adiabatic process to a final pressure of 400 kPa
and final volume of 0.15 m3, work done on the gas is 50 kJ. Find Cp, Cv BTL5
Answer:Page: 4.28-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan&Dr.S.Sundaravalli
pv = mRT =>R=pv/RT = 0.288 kJ/kgK (4M)
2 T2=pv/mR = 1041.67 K (3M)
Q=ΔU+W; Q=W+mCv (T2 -T1 ); Q = 0
Cv=0.343 kJ/kgK, (3M)
R = Cp – Cv
Cp=0.631 kJ/kgK. JIT - JEPPIAAR
(3M)

Derive the Maxwell relations . BTL1

Answer:Page 4.32-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan &Dr.S.Sundaravalli
du = Tds-pdv (4M)
3
dh = Tds+vdp (3M)
da = -pdv-SdT (3M)
dg=vdp-SdT. (3M)

𝝏𝒗 𝟐 𝝏𝒑 𝟐
From the basic principles, prove the following Cp-Cv = -T(𝝏𝑻) (𝝏𝒗) BTL3
𝒑 𝑻

4 Answer:Page 4.40 Q8-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli

Derive the above relation using first and second Tds equations with the help of Maxwell
relations.

Derive Vander Waals equation in terms of reduced parameters. BTL2

5 Answer :Page 4.17-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
(p+ a/v2)(v-b)=RT

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Derive Clausius –Clapeyron equation. What assumptions are made in this equation? BTL1
Answer :Page 4.72 Q19-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan&Dr.S.Sundaravalli
Clausius Clapeyron equation involves the relationship between the saturation pressure, saturation
6 temperature, the enthalpy of evaporation and the specific volume of two phases involved. This
equation provides a basis for calculation of properties in a two phase diagram. It gives the slope
of a curve separating the two phases in p-T diagram. (10M)
dp/dT = (sg– sf ) / (vg – vf ) (3M )

Derive Tds equation when (i) T and V independent (ii) T and P independent (iii) p and v
independent.BTL1
Answer :Page No. 4.38 Q26-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
7
(iii)Tds = CvdT +T((∂p/∂T)vdv (5M)
(iv) Tds = CpdT –T((∂v/∂T)pdp (4M)
(v) Tds = CpdT + CvdT (4M)

(i) Derive any two Maxwell’s relation (ii) Draw a neat schematic of a compressibility chart
and indicate its salient features. Page No. Q-24-25 Q14 (b) (i) &(ii) BTL 1
Answer:Page 4.32, 4.22-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan &Dr.S.Sundaravalli
8 The generalized compressibility chart is plotted with compressibility factor (Z) versus reduced
pressure for various values of reduced temperatures.
(∂T/∂v)s=-(∂p/∂s)v (7M)
JIT - JEPPIAAR

(∂T/∂p)s=-(∂s/∂v)v (6 M)
The gas neon has a molecular weight of 20.183 and its critical temperature, pressure and
volume are 46K, 2.5 MPa and 0.05 m3/kg mol. Reading from a compressibility chart for a
reduced pressure if 2 and a reduced temperature of 1.2, the compressibility factor Z is 0.75.
What are the corresponding specific volume, pressure, temperature and reduced volume?
BTL5
Answer :Page 4.26-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
9 Pressure p= p r *p c = 5MPa, (4M)
T/T c = 1.2 => T = 55.2K
Pv=ZRT
From Ideal gas equation v=3.213x10-3 m3/kg (4M)
Volume ratio vr= v/v c = 0.219 (5M)

Compute the specific volume of steam at 0.9 bar and 550 K using Vander Walls equation.
10 Take critical temperature of steam is 647.3 and critical pressure is 220.9 bar. BTL 5
Answer:Page 4.27-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli

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𝑎
Vanderwaal’s equation (𝑃 + 𝑣2 ) (𝑣 − 𝑏) = 𝑅𝑇 (4M)

a=1.7, b=1.69x10-3, (4M)

By trial and error method, specific volume v=0.25 m3/kg. (5M)

Part * C

Obtain the expression for ds in terms of dT and dp. BTL3

Answer: Page: 4.52 -Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
s= f(T,P)
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑣
1 𝑑𝑠 = ( ) 𝑑𝑇 − ( ) 𝑑𝑝 (5M)
𝜕𝑇 𝑝 𝜕𝑇

𝑑𝑇 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑣
𝑑𝑠 = 𝐶𝑝 − (𝜕𝑇) 𝑑𝑝 But 𝛽 = 𝑣 (𝜕𝑇) (5M)
𝑇 𝑝 𝑝

𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑠 = 𝐶𝑝 − 𝛽𝑣𝑑𝑝 (5M)
𝑇

Prove that the difference in specific heat capacities equal to Cp-Cv=R and
𝑻𝑽
Cp-Cv = 𝜷𝟐 BTL1
𝒌𝑻 JIT - JEPPIAAR

Answer: Page 4.43- Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli

2 𝜕𝑃 𝑣
𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣 = 𝑇 [(𝜕𝑇 ) − (𝜕𝑇) ] (5M)
𝑣 𝑝

𝜕𝑃 𝛽 𝜕𝑣
(𝜕𝑇 ) = 𝐾 , (𝜕𝑇) = 𝛽𝑣 (5M)
𝑣 𝑝

𝑇𝑉
𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣 = 𝛽2 (5M)
𝑘𝑇

One kg of ideal gas is heated from 50ºC to 150ºC. If R=280 J/kgK and γ=1.32 for the gas,
determine: (i) Cp and Cv(ii) Change in internal energ (iii) Change in enthalpy (iv) Change
in flow energy BTL5
Answer: Page 4.59 -Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan & Dr.S.Sundaravalli
3 R=𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣 = 280, 𝛾 = 1.32

𝑘𝐽 𝐽
𝐶𝑣 = 0.875 , 𝐶𝑝 = 1.155 ,
𝑘𝑔𝐾 𝑘𝑔𝐾

∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝐶𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = 87.5 𝑘𝐽, (5M)

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∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = 115 𝑘𝐽, (5M)

𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = ∆𝐻 − ∆𝑈 = 27.5 𝑘𝐽 (5M)

𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒉
Derive expressions (𝝏𝒑) and (𝝏𝒗) in terms of p, v and T only.BTL1
𝑻 𝑻

Answer:Page 4.58-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan&Dr.S.Sundaravalli
𝜕𝑝
𝑑𝑢 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑇 (𝜕𝑇) 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑝𝑑𝑣 (5M)
𝑣
4
𝜕𝑢
Differentiating each term in this equation with respect to p at T=constant yields(𝜕𝑝) =
𝑇
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑇 (𝜕𝑇) (𝜕𝑝) − 𝑝 (𝜕𝑝) , Using the properties p,T,v the cyclic, relation can be expressed as
𝑣 𝑇 𝑇

𝜕ℎ 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑇
(𝜕𝑣 ) = 𝑣 (𝜕𝑣 ) + 𝑇 (𝜕𝑝) 𝑣 (10M)
𝑇 𝑇

Unit 5 GAS MIXTURES AND PSYCHROMETRY

Mole and Mass fraction, Dalton’s and Amagat’s Law. Properties of gas mixture – Molar mass,
gas constant, density, change in internal energy, enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs function.
Psychrometric properties, Psychrometric charts. Property calculations of air vapour mixtures by
using chart and expressions. Psychrometric process – adiabatic saturation, sensible heating and
JIT - JEPPIAAR

cooling, humidification, dehumidification, evaporative cooling and adiabatic mixing. Simple

Applications

Q.No. Part-A

Define Psychrometry.BTL1
1. The science which deals with the study of behaviour of moist air (mixture of dry
air and water vapour) is known as Psychrometry.
Define dry bulb temperature (DBT). BTL1
2 The temperature which is measured by an ordinary thermometer is known as dry
bulb temperature. It is generally denoted by td.
Define wet bulb temperature.BTL1
3 It is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer when its bulb is covered
with wet cloth and is exposed to a current rapidly moving air. It is denoted by tw.
Define Dew point temperature.BTL1
4 The temperature at which the water vapour present in air begins to condense
when the air is cooled is known as dew point temperature. It is denoted by t dp .
Define specific humidity. BTL1
It is defined as the mass of water vapour present in one kg of dry air. Specific
5 humidity (W) or Humidity ratio (or) Moisture content
Mass of water vapour

Mass of dry air
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Write in short aboutSaturation ratio. BTL1

It is defined as the ratio of specific humidity of the moist air to the specific
6 humidity of saturation air at the same temperature.
Degree saturation (or) Percentage humidity (or) Saturation ratio
Specific humidity of moist air

Specific humidity of saturated air
Define Relative humidity.BTL1
It is defined as the ratio between mass of water vapour in a given volume and
7 saturated mass of water in same volume and temperature.
Relative humidity ()
Mass of water vapour in a given volume

Saturated mass of water vapour in sazme volume and temperature
State Dalton’s law of Partial pressure.BTL1
The total pressure exerted by air and water vapour mixture is equal to the
barometric pressure.
8
i.e. pb = pa + pv
Where, pb = Barometric pressure
pa = Partial pressure of dry air, pv = Partial pressure of water vapour

9 What is meant by Humidification? BTL2

The addition of water vapour to the air is known as humidification.
Define Sensible heat factor. BTL1
The ratio of sensible heat to the total heat is known as sensible heat ratio (or) Sensible
JIT - JEPPIAAR

10 heat factor.
Sensible heat
Sensible heat factor =
Total heat
Define the following: a) Approach b) Range. BTL1
11 Approach: The difference in temperature of cooled-water temperature and the wet bulb
temperature of the entering the air is known as the approach.
Range: The range is the temperature difference between the inlet and exit states of water.
Part * B

Find the increase in entropy when 5 kg of oxygen at 60ºC are mixed with 7.5 kg of
nitrogen at the same temperature. The initial pressure of each constituent is 103 kPa
and is the same as that of mixture.(13M)BTL5
Answer: Page: 5.20-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan and Dr. K Sundaravalli
1 Mass fraction of O2= 0.368 (2M)
Mass fraction of N2= 0.632 (2M)

Entropy increase ∆𝑆𝑚 = ∆𝑆𝑂2 + ∆𝑆𝑁2 (2M)

∆𝑆𝑚 =1.3+1.022= 2.322 kJ/K (7M)

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A closed rigid cylinder is divided by a diaphragm into two equal compartments,

each of volume 0.1 m3. Each compartment contains air at a temperature of 20ºC.
The pressure in one compartment is 2.5 MPa and in the other compartment is 1
MPa. The diaphragm is ruptured so that the air in both the compartments mixes to
bring the pressure to a uniform value throughout the cylinder which is insulated.
Find the net change of entropy for the mixing process.(13M) BTL5
Answer:Page :5.24 -Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan and Dr. K Sundaravalli

A B
𝑃𝐴 𝑣𝐴
2 Mass of air in A, 𝑚𝐴 = = 2.973 𝑘𝑔 (2M)
𝑅𝑇

𝑃𝐵 𝑣𝐵
𝑚𝐵 = = 1.189 𝑘𝑔 (2M)
𝑅𝑇

𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 = 4.162 𝑘𝑔 (2M)
𝑉𝑚 = 𝑉𝐴 + 𝑉𝐵 = 0.2 𝑚3 (2M)
𝑚𝑚 𝑅𝑇
From equation of state, 𝑃𝑚 = =1.75 MPa (2M)
𝑉𝑚

𝑘𝐽
Net change in entropy, ∆𝑆𝑚 = ∆𝑆𝐴 + ∆𝑆𝐵 = 0.2016 (3M)
𝐾

A mixture of perfect gases at 23ºC contains 60% N2, 15% O2 and 25% Ch4 by
JIT - JEPPIAAR

volume. If the partial of CH4 is 60 kPa, determine (i) the partial pressure of N2 and
O2 (ii) mass proportion of mixture (iii) gas constant for the mixture and (iv) volume
per mole of mixture. (13M) BTL5
Answer:Page:5.28-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan and Dr. K Sundaravalli

O2 CH4 N2
15% 25% 60%

3 Volume Fraction of O2 ,𝑦𝑂2 = Vo2 /V = 0.15 (2M)

Partial pressure of O2=𝑌𝑂2 ∗ 𝑃 =36 kPa (2M)

Partial pressure of N2=𝑌𝑁2 ∗ 𝑃 =144 kPa (2M)

Molecular weight of Mixture M = 𝑌𝑂2 ∗ 𝑀𝑂2 + 𝑦CH4 + 𝑌𝑁2 ∗ 𝑀 N2

= 2506kg/kgmole (2M)

Mass Fraction of O2, x𝑂2= yo2 * Mo2 / M = 18.75% (1M)

Mass Fraction of CH4 = 15.63% (1M)

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Mass Fraction of N2 = 65.63% (1M)

Gas Constant R = 8.314/25.6 = 0.325kJ/kgK (1M)
𝑅𝑇
Volume ,𝑉 = = 0.0103 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 (1M)
𝑃

The moist air is at 45ºC dry bulb temperature and 30ºC wet bulb temperature.
Calculate (i) Vapour pressure (ii) Dew Point temperature (iii) Specific Humidity (iv)
Relative humidity (v) Degree of saturation (vi) Vapour density (vii) Enthalpy of
mixture (13M)BTL5
Answer: Page: 5.46 - Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan and Dr. K Sundaravalli
(𝑃𝑏 −𝑃𝑠𝑤 )(𝑡𝑑 −𝑡𝑤 )
Vapour pressure =𝑃𝑣 = 𝑃𝑠𝑤 − = 0.03277 bar (2M)
1527.4−1.3𝑡𝑤

Dew Point temperature - from steam table ,𝑡𝑑𝑝 = 25.26º𝐶 (1M)

𝑃𝑣 𝑘𝑔
4 Specific Humidity, 𝜔 = 0.622 𝑃 = 0.02107 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 (2M)
𝑏 −𝑃𝑣

𝑃
Relative humidity, 𝛷 = 𝑃𝑣 = 34.2 % (2M)
𝑣

𝑃 𝑃 −𝑃
Degree of saturation, 𝜇 = 𝑃𝑣 (𝑃 𝑏−𝑃𝑠 ) = 0.3197 (2M)
𝑠 𝑏 𝑣

Vapour density , from steam table, 𝜌𝑣 = JIT - JEPPIAAR

𝑘𝑔
0.06546 𝑚3 , ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 34.2% = 0.0224 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 (2M)
𝑘𝐽
Enthalpy of mixtureℎ = 𝐶𝑃 𝑡𝑑 + 𝜔ℎ𝑔 = 99.65 (2M)
𝑘𝑔

An air conditioning system is designed under the following condition

Outdoor condition – 32ºC DBT and 75% RH
Required indoor condition -22ºC DBT and 70% RH
Amount of free air circulated – 200 m3/min
Coil dew point temperature – 14ºC
The required condition is achieved by first cooling and dehumidifying and then by
heating. Calculate the following
(i) Capacity of cooling coil in tone (ii) Capacity of heating coil in kW and
5 (j) (iii) Capacity of water vapour removed in kg/s. (13M)BTL3

Answer:Page : 5.98-Dr.G.KVijayaraghavan and Dr. K Sundaravalli,

From Psychrometric chart,
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
ℎ1 = 82 𝑘𝑔 , ℎ2 = 53 𝑘𝑔 , ℎ3 = 48 𝑘𝑔 , ℎ4 = 41 𝑘𝑔, (4M)

Cooling coil capacity =𝑚𝑎 (ℎ1 − ℎ3 ) = 36.72 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒 (3M)

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Heating coil capacity =𝑚𝑎 (ℎ2 − ℎ3 ) = 18.9 𝑘𝑊 (3M)

𝑘𝑔
Mass of water vapour removed 𝑚𝑎 (𝜔2 − 𝜔3 ) = 0.03213 (3M)
𝑠

A mixture of 2kg oxygen and 2 kg Argon is an insulated piston cylinder

arrangement at 100 kPa, 300 K. The piston now compresses the mixture to half its
initial volume. Molecular weight of oxygen is 32 and for argon is 40. Ratio of
specific heats for oxygen is 1.39 and for argon in 1.667. (13M)BTL5
Answer: Page: 5.110-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan and Dr. K Sundaravalli
X o2 = 0.56, p o2 = 556 kPa (2M)
X Ar= 0.44, pAr = 44.4 kPa (2M)
V o2= 2.804m3 , V Ar = 2.81m3 (2M)
6
Volume of mixture before compression = V1 = V o2+ VAr = 5.614 m3 (1M)
Volume after compression = V2 = V1/2 = 2.807 m3 (1M)
𝑉 𝛾
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 (𝑉1 ) = 285.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (1M)
2

𝛾−1
𝑃1 𝛾
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 (𝑃 ) = 2040.19 𝐾 (2M)
2 JIT - JEPPIAAR

𝑃1 𝑉1 −𝑃2 𝑃𝑉2
Piston Work, W= = −1000.23 𝑘𝐽 (The negative sign indicates the work input
𝑛−1
to the piston) (2M)

An insulated rigid tank is divided into two compartments by a partition. One

compartment contains 7 kg of oxygen gas at 40ºC and 100 kPa, and the other
compartment contains 4 kg of nitrogen gas at 20ºC and 150 kPa. Now the partitionis
removed, and the two gases are allowed to mix. Determine (i) The mixture
temperature and (ii) The mixture pressure after equilibrium has been established.
(AU Nov’10, Nov’12) (13M)BTL5
Answer: Page: 5.112-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan and Dr. K Sundaravalli
7
The mixture temperature
𝑚𝑂2 𝐶𝑣𝑂 𝑇 𝑚𝑁2 𝐶𝑣𝑁 𝑇
2 𝑂2 − 2 𝑁2
𝑇𝑚 = =32.16 ºC (5M)
𝑚𝑂2 𝐶𝑣𝑂 𝑚𝑁2 𝐶𝑣𝑁
2 2

The mixture pressure after equilibrium,

𝑁𝑚 𝑅𝑢 𝑇𝑚
𝑃𝑚 = = 114.5 𝑘𝑃𝑎 (8M)
𝑣𝑚

8 Air at 20ºC, 40% RH is mixed adiabatically with air at 40ºC, 40% RH in the ratio of
1 kg of the former with 2 kg of the later (on dry basis). Find the final condition of
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air. (13M)BTL5
Answer: Page : 5.130-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan and Dr. K Sundaravalli

𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = 𝑚3 (2M)

𝑚1 𝜔1 + 𝑚2 𝜔2 = 𝑚3 𝜔3 (2M)

𝑚1 ℎ1 + 𝑚2 ℎ2 = 𝑚3 ℎ3 (2M)
𝑘𝑔
𝜔3 = 0.0144 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 (4M)

𝑘𝐽
ℎ3 = 71.67 𝑘𝑔 (3M)

30 m3/min of moist air at 15ºC DBT and 13ºC WBT are mixed with 12 m3/min of
moist air at 25ºC DBT and 18ºC WBT. Determine DBT and WBT of the mixture
assuming the barometric pressure is one atmosphere.(13M)BTL5
Answer: Page :5.136 - Dr.G.KVijayaraghavan and Dr. K Sundaravalli
Using Psychometric Chart
𝑘𝑔
𝜔1 = 0.0076 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 (2M)
9 𝑘𝑔
𝜔2 = 0.0014 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 JIT - JEPPIAAR
(2M)
𝑚3
From Psychrometric chart 𝑣𝑆1 = 0.835 𝑘𝑔 (2M)
𝑚3
𝑣2 = 0.845 𝑘𝑔 (2M)
𝑘𝑔
𝜔3 = 0.00943 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 (2M)
Dry bulb temperature = 24.02ºC
Wet bulb temperature=18.2ºC (3M)

It is required to design an air-conditioning system for an industrial process for the

following hot and summer conditions.
Outdoor condition – 32ºC DBT and 65% RH

Required indoor condition -25ºC DBT and 60% RH

10 Amount of free air circulated – 250 m3/min

Coil dew point temperature – 13ºC
The required condition is achieved by first cooling and dehumidifying and then by
heating. Calculate the following (solve this problem with the use of Psychrometric
chart)
(i) the capacity of cooling coil (ii) Capacity of heating coil in kW and surface
temperature of the heating coil if the by-pass factor is 0.3 and (iii) mass of water
vapour removed per hour.(13M)BTL5
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Answer: Page: 5.142 -Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan and Dr. K Sundaravalli

Cooling coil capacity= 41 tonne (3M)
Heating coil capacity = 39.36 kW (3M)
Mass of water vapour removed=0.03241 kg/s (3M)
(𝑇 −𝑇 )
Bypass factor of heating coil = (𝑇𝑑3 −𝑇𝑑2 ) = 0.3, 𝑇𝑑3 =35ºC (4M)
𝑑3 𝑑1

Part * C

Methane at 1 bar and 25ºC enters an insulated mixing chamber at a rate of 2.5 kg/s.
It is mixed with air at 1 bar in an air/methane mass ratio of 18. The flow is steady
and kinetic energy changes are negligible. The ambient pressure and temperature
are 1 bar and 25ºC, determine (i) temeperature of the mixture leaving the chamber
and (ii) irreversibility of the mixing per kilogram of methane. Take Cv and Cp of
methane as 1.7354 kJ/kgK and 2.2537 kJ/kgK respectively. (15M)BTL5
Answer : Page: 5.10-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan and Dr. K Sundaravalli
Temperature of the mixture
1 𝑚𝑐ℎ4 𝐶𝑣,𝑐ℎ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝐶𝑣,𝑎𝑇
4 𝑐ℎ4 + 𝑎
𝑇𝑚 = = 408.2 K (6M)
𝑚𝑐ℎ4 𝐶𝑣,𝑐ℎ + 𝑚𝑎𝐶𝑣,𝑎
4 JIT - JEPPIAAR

𝑘𝐽
∆𝑆𝑐ℎ4 = 1.773 𝐾 (3M)
𝑘𝐽
∆𝑆𝑎 = −1.61 𝐾 (3M)

Irreversibility

= ∆𝑆𝑚 = ∆𝑆𝑐ℎ4 + ∆𝑆𝑎 =0.163 kJ/K (3M)

A mixture of gases contains 50% N2, 40% O2 and 10% CO2 by mass. 2 kg of the
mixture is compressed from 200 kPa and 293 K to 400
kPapolytropicallywhichfollows the pV1.2 =C. Determine the workdone, heat
transferred and change in entropy. Take (Cp)N2=1.04 kJ/kgK, (Cp)O2=0.918 kJ/kgK.
(15M)BTL5
2
Answer: Page :5.25- Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan and Dr. K Sundaravalli
𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑃𝑚 = ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝐶𝑃𝑖 = 0.972 𝑘𝑔𝐾, (4M)

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
R=∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑅𝑖 = 0.2713 𝑘𝑔𝐾,𝐶𝑃𝑚 = 0.7 𝑘𝑔𝐾, (4M)

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𝑛−1
𝑃2 𝑛
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 ( ) = 336.57 𝐾 (2M)
𝑃1

𝑃1 𝑉1 −𝑃2 𝑃𝑉2
Work done = W= = −94.56 𝑘𝐽 (5M)
𝑛−1

A sling Psychrometer reads 40ºC DBT and 30ºC WBT. Calculate specific humidity,
relative humidity, dew point temperature, enthalpy, and specific volume of air
mixture. Assume atmospheric air pressure as 1.01325 bar. (15M) BTL5
Answer: Page:5.48- Dr.G.KVijayaraghavan and Dr. K Sundaravalli
𝑃𝑣 𝑘𝑔
(i) Specific Humidity, 𝜔 = 0.622 𝑃 = 0.0228 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 (2M)
𝑏 −𝑃𝑣

3 (ii) Dew point temperature= 27ºC (2M)

𝑃
(iii) Relative humidity, 𝛷 = 𝑃𝑣 = 48.7 % (2M)
𝑣
𝑚3
(iv) Specific volume of air = 0.919 0.919 𝑘𝑔 (2M)
𝑘𝑔
(v) density 𝜌𝑎 = 0.05116 𝑚3 (2M)
𝑘𝑔
(vi) 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 0.025 𝑚3 (2M)
𝑘𝐽
(vii) Enthalpy of mixtureℎ = 𝐶𝑃 𝑡𝑑 + 𝜔ℎ𝑔 = 99.65 𝑘𝑔 (3M)

Atmospheric air at 760 mm of Hg has 45ºC dry bulb temperature and 30ºC wet
bulb temperature using psychrometric chart, calculate the following (i) Relative
JIT - JEPPIAAR

humidity (ii) Humidity ratio (iii) Dew point temperature (iv) Enthalpy and (v)
Specific volume of air.(15M)BTL5
Answer: Page :5.62 -Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan and Dr. K Sundaravalli

5 From Psychrometric chart

(i) Relative humidity = 34% (2M)
(ii) Humidity ratio =0.021 kg/kg of dry (3M)
(i) Dew point temperature = 27ºC (3M)
(ii) Enthalpy and =100 kJ/kg (3M)
(iii) Specific volume of air=0.935 m3/kg (4M)

A room 7m X 4m X4m is occupied by an air water vapour mixture at 38ºC. The

atmospheric pressure is 1 bar and the relative humidity is 70%. Determine
humidity ratio, dew point temperature mass of dry air and mass of water vapour. If
the mixture is 10ºC. Find the amount of water vapour condensed. AU Nov/Dec
6 ’06(15M)BTL3
Answer: Page: 5.119-Dr.G.K.Vijayaraghavan and Dr. K Sundaravalli
𝑃
Relative humidity, 𝛷 = 𝑃𝑣 = 0.7 2 (2M)
𝑣

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𝑃𝑣 𝑘𝑔
(i) Specific humidity 𝜔 = 0.622 𝑃 = 0.0305 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 (2M)
𝑏 −𝑃𝑣
(ii) Dew point temperature = 36.5ºC (2M)
(iii) Mass of dry air = Total volume / actual volume = 20.48 kg (3M)
(iv) Mass of water vapour = 𝑚𝑣 = 0.6246 𝑘𝑔 (3M)
(v) Amount of water vapour condensed
𝑃𝑣
= 0.622 = 7.726 𝑥 10−3 (3M)
𝑃𝑏 − 𝑃𝑣

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