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Chapter 2
Climate and Disaster Risk Assessment

Disaster Risk Assessment

Summary of Areas Susceptible to Hazards

Out of the total 80 barangays in Cagayan de Oro, 54 barangays are

considered as flood-prone areas, and 25 barangays are susceptible to rain-
induced landslide. While the city did not experience any major storm surge
occurrences, 11 coastal barangays are still prone to storm surge should future
occurrences take place. Also, groundshaking will likely happen to seven
barangays, liquefaction will likely be experienced by 45 barangays, and
earthquake–induced landslide will also likely occur in 15 barangays.
Meanwhile, with the occurrence of TS Ondoy and Sendong in 2009 and 2011,
respectively, the City is no longer considered as typhoon-free area since all
the barangays will likely experience future similar heavy downpours.
Table 2.1
Summary of Areas Susceptible to Hazards
Cagayan de Oro City
Rain- Earthquake-
Storm Ground
Barangay Flood induced Liquefaction induced Typhoon
Surge Shaking
Landslide Landslide

Barangay 1   

Barangay 2   

Barangay 3   

Barangay 4   

Barangay 5   

Barangay 6   

Barangay 7   

Barangay 8   

Barangay 9   

Barangay 10   

Barangay 11   

Barangay 12   

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Rain- Earthquake-
Storm Ground
Barangay Flood induced Liquefaction induced Typhoon
Surge Shaking
Landslide Landslide

Barangay 13   

Barangay 14   

Barangay 15   

Barangay 16   

Barangay 17   

Barangay 18   

Barangay 19   

Barangay 20   

Barangay 21   

Barangay 22   

Barangay 23   

Barangay 24   

Barangay 25   

Barangay 26   

Barangay 27   

Barangay 28   

Barangay 29   

Barangay 30   

Barangay 31   

Barangay 32   

Barangay 33   

Barangay 34   

Barangay 35   

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Rain- Earthquake-
Storm Ground
Barangay Flood induced Liquefaction induced Typhoon
Surge Shaking
Landslide Landslide

Barangay 36   

Barangay 37   

Barangay 38   

Barangay 39   

Barangay 40   

Agusan     

Baikingon  

Balubal   

Balulang   

Bayabas    

Bayanga 

Besigan    

Bonbon   

Bugo   

Bulua   

Camaman-an  

Canitoan    

Carmen   

Consolacion   

Cugman   

Dansolihon  
  

FS Catanico   

Gusa   

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Rain- Earthquake-
Storm Ground
Barangay Flood induced Liquefaction induced Typhoon
Surge Shaking
Landslide Landslide

Indahag   

Iponan   

Kauswagan  

Lapasan   

Lumbia  

Macabalan    

Macasandig  

Mambuaya   

Nazareth   

Pagalungan   

Pagatpat 

Patag 

Pigsag-an    

Puerto    

Puntod    

San Simon    

Tablon    

Taglimao  

Tagpangi   

Tignapoloan   

Tuburan   

Tumpagon    

Source: MGB 10 Landslide Susceptibility Map

GIS-CPDO, Cagayan de Oro

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RISK EVALUATION

This section provides discussions on the evaluation from the city and
local risk assessment and should reveal implications of the losses that would
occur; e.g., how much a hazard may cost (in terms of financial and other
resources needed for relief and rescue, reconstruction and rehabilitation)
were it to occur; and how the lives and quality of life in the community or city
or the clusters might be affected in view of the estimated risk.

Considering that local governments have many priorities and limited

resources and cannot implement all risk reduction measures at once, risk
evaluation or prioritization must be undertaken to identify which identified
measures must be implemented immediately and those that may still be
delayed. Thus, it is important that multi-stakeholders, including communities
and local authorities can jointly agree on certain criteria to rank the risks.
These could be ranked as high, moderate or low priority. As a start, risks may
be ranked according to the following: a) their significance or the impact to
population and property; b) existence and feasibility of risk reduction
solutions; c) cost effectiveness of potential risk reduction solutions; and
d) availability of funds to implement such solutions.

The measures that may be undertaken by the city also depend on the
types of risks. The choice as to which final DRR measure or approach to
adopt will depend on the decision-making process of the city. Generally, the
city may adopt corresponding intervention approaches or options to address
the impact of the disaster risks, the measures of which are classified into four
major categories, as follows: (a) risk avoidance or elimination; (b) risk
reduction or mitigation; (c) risk sharing or transfer; and (d) risk acceptance or
retention. 1 Table 9 the strategies under these four major categories that the
city may adopt in responding to the varied disaster risks identified.

This DRA should guide the thrusts and direction of the Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management (DRRM) Plan of the city as mandated under the
Republic Act (RA) 10121, otherwise known as the Philippine DRRM Law of
2010.

Specifically, the various sectors identified initial risk evaluation based on

the risk estimation as follows:

 Formulate the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) plan

of the city to provide comprehensive direction for the disaster risk
reduction and climate change adaptation strategic options, thrusts and
priorities covering the four pillars of DRR/CCA namely; 1) prevention

1
Source: Guidelines on Mainstreaming DRR in Subnational Development Land Use Planning
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and mitigation, 2) preparedness, 3) response, and 4) recovery and

rehabilitation;

 Efforts to intensify community disaster awareness needs to be

strengthened to reduce the incidence of diseases, deaths and loss of
properties. These efforts will include the conduct of information
education campaign, drills on disaster preparedness, formulation,
implementation and monitoring of DRRM Plan, establishment of
warning system devices in every school/barangays, and establishment
of evacuation centers in every barangay with appropriate infrastructure
utilities;

 The passage of ordinance for no build zone areas will prohibit the
illegal construction of properties by the informal settlers. The provision
of decent, affordable housing on environmentally safe areas is a
strategy to relocate and resettle affected families (Map 15). The
national and local government needs to increase funds for the housing
program especially for the poor families;

 For housing, there is a need to ensure the security of tenure since

presently these families do not own nor rent the area they occupy so
there is always a threat for displacement; improvement of the living
condition of the occupants through provision of adequate facilities and
strengthen the housing structures in such a way that they can
withstand from bad weather conditions;

 The City Government should provide a good sports venue and

recreations facility with good ambiance for the wellbeing and interests
of the people. The construction of a Cagayan de Oro Sports Dome is
essential to promote/intensify the sports program in the city as well as,
upgrade the existing barangay sports facilities to create sports-friendly
environment that will inspire people to be “sports-minded” especially
the youth in the community;

 Repair and rehabilitation of damaged lifeline structures and

construction of flood mitigating facilities should be prioritized to protect
the low-lying and flood-prone areas of Cagayan de Oro City that are
densely populated;

 Complete drainage masterplans for all priority basins of Cagayan de

Oro City as basis to improve drainage system of the city;

 Implementation of all lifelines and major infrastructures

programs/projects should be supported with geo and
hydrometeorological hazard clearance from MGB and other mandated
government agencies. Consequently, disaster resilient infrastructures

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should be considered in the design of programs and projects to

mitigate the effects of disasters.

 To address/minimize destruction of the natural environment due to

landslides, the following measures are recommended:

1) Strict enforcement of existing environment laws and land use

policies’
2) Conduct a comprehensive landslide hazard assessment;
3) Adopt responsible mining and appropriate farming practices
4) Improve slope protection in high risk areas by introducing SALT
and other appropriate slope stabilization projects

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Table 2.2
Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies
Cagayan de Oro City
Risks/Strategies Avoid or Eliminate Share and Transfer Risk Retention
Reduce and Mitigate Risks
Risks Risks

Infrastructure Prohibit development in Strengthen structure’s ability to resist hazard Develop alternate Take no action
high risk areas locations for key functions
risks Change use or occupancy pattern of structure
Buyout and relocate Institute a geologic
structures in highly Enforce stricter zoning and building standards hazard abatement district Self-insure the stocks
prone areas for home owners to share
Develop response plans and improve hazards
warning in future repair costs
Treat physical
systems Real estate disclosures
Destroy and remove
losses as expenses
structures in hazard- Build redundant infrastructure systems
prone areas
Promote “Green” Building technology

Prioritize development of renewable energy

sources

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Risks/Strategies Risk Retention
Avoid or Eliminate Share and Transfer
Reduce and Mitigate Risks
Risks Risks

Social and Deny occupancy of Integrate sociocultural indicators into risk Promote incentives for Take no action
hazardous buildings assessment homeowners, renters and
cultural risks businesses to purchase Prepare shelter plans
insurance for displaced residents

Protect cultural assets Fund hospitals and social services mitigation Create mutual aid
through zoning agreements
standards Identify needs of various population groups
(e.g., elderly, handicapped,

women, children)

Economic risks Avoid or eliminate Provide incentives to mitigate or reduce risk Shared responsibilities Take no action
capital stock risks by between government and
mandating “smart” Diversify income sources private / business sector Special funds or lines of
growth or avoiding high credits for lost revenues
Attract wide range of business types
risk areas
Mitigate risks to key income generators (base
Develop business
industries, large employment sectors)
retention and job
placement programs Incentives for “smart” growth

Build economic alliances and partnerships

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Risks/Strategies Risk Retention
Avoid or Eliminate Share and Transfer
Reduce and Mitigate Risks
Risks Risks

Natural Eliminate sources of Eliminate point sources of pollution Develop transfer of Take no action
resource/environmental pollution development rights
risks Launch clean-up efforts programs, or Brownfield clean-up and
Mandate use of environmental land swaps reuse costs
Technologies (e.g.,
emissions free Greater shared
Regulate use and storage of potential
vehicles) responsibilities of
pollutants
Indigenous Peoples in the
Enforce strictly zoning management and
Reduce densities in sensitive areas
ordinances protection of forests
Habitat conservation plans

Incentives for use of specific technologies

Incentives for good development decisions

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Vulnerability and Risk Assessment

Assessment Framework and Methodology

The Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment used by

Cagayan de Oro City focused on defining the city’s vulnerability through
analysis of its adaptive capacities, sensitivity, and exposure to climate change
and its impacts. The recommendations and assessment frameworks
presented in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports
and the UN-Habitat’s “Planning for Climate Change” tool together with other
local assessment techniques were considered in the methodology.

The vulnerability framework is a simplified illustration of how vulnerability is a

function of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Written as a basic
formula, Vulnerability = (Exposure + Sensitivity) – Adaptive Capacity.

Cross-Sectoral Analysis

A. Threat Level

Per cross-sectoral analysis, Flooding and Typhoon scored the highest threat
levels to the City. This rating is determined not only from the level or scope of
exposure to the climate change driver or hazard but the degree to which it can
adversely impact the communities. Hence, the more dense settlements with
higher risks of being flooded and affected by typhoons, as aggravated by
negative and unsustainable practices of the people, are considered the
hotspot areas.

Table 2.3
Average Threat Level Scores Across all Five Development Sectors
Average
CC Land
Social Economic Environment Infrastructure THREAT
Hazard Use
LEVEL*
Flooding 5 5 5 4 5 4.8
Drought 3 3 2 3 1 2.4
RIL 2 2 3 1 3 2.2
Typhoon 5 5 5 2 4.25
* High – 5; Low - 1

The GIS experts of the City TWG have prepared risk maps to provide a visual
presentation of the location of at risk elements for each sector (social,

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economic, environmental, infrastructure, and land use), as shown in the
Figures below. Taking off from this information, an overlay analysis of the
cross-sectoral risks for each identified climate change hazard was also
prepared.

Figure 2.6 shows the location of elements at risk for all the five sectors in
three identified climate change hazards, namely: Flooding, landslide, and
drought. Figure 2.7 is an overlay of the drought map (across all five sectors-
social, economic, environment, infrastructure, and land use) to the population
density map of CDO. This map depicts that the entire city is vulnerable to
drought but the ones that were highly impacted are the following barangays:
Bayabas, Bulua, Iponan, Patag, Carmen, Consolacion, Kauswagan, Bonbon,
Macabalan, Puntod, Lapasan, Nazareth, Agusan, Bugo, and Barangays 13,
15, 22, 24, 29, 31. Meanwhile, Figure 2.8 shows the location of cross-sectoral
(high to medium) risks to flooding overlaid with the population density map.
This map shows the high level threat of flooding in the coastal and river-side
barangays where most residential areas are situated. High risk barangays in
the coast (Macajalar Bay) include: Bayabas, Bulua, Bonbon, Macabalan,
Puntod, Lapasan, and the settlements in the coast line of Bugo. Moreover,
Barangays along Cagayan River (Kauswagan, Consolacion, portions of
Carmen, Nazareth, Macasandig, and Balulang, Barangays
1,13,15,22,24,28,31,35,36, settlements along the riverbanks of Lumbia,
Bayanga, and Mambuaya) and Barangays along Iponan River (Iponan,
portions of Bulua, Canitoan, Pagatpat, Baikingon, Taglimao) are also being
threatened by flooding.

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B. Adaptive Capacity Status

The city’s inherent ability to adapt to CC and its impact has also been
recognized, and became the basis for adaptive capacity assessment. The
adaptive capacity of Cagayan de Oro City was assessed by listing down the
adaptive capacity evidences for each development sector and categorized in
six dimensions, namely: Wealth, Technology, Institutions, Information,
Infrastructure, and Social Capital. It is perceived that the Adaptive Capacity
of Cagayan de Oro City will offset the Threat (Exposure and Sensitivity).

Typhoon (1.8) scored the highest AC status (1 being the highest) while the
adaptive capacity to drought has been identified as the lowest. This low score
can be attributed to the lack of available scientific information that can be
used to prepare and enhance resiliency to drought and the insufficient
historical data about the hazard which primarily impacts the agriculture and
water sector.

The guidance of national agencies on the occurrence of tropical cyclones and

the massive information dissemination campaign has primarily contributed to
the high score of Typhoon while the low knowledge and technology on
drought is crucial as shown in its low Adaptive Capacity rating. Furthermore,
the city’s average adaptive capacity status of 2.24 is considered as medium-
high.

The inherent ability of these sectors and systems to adjust or adapt to climate
change is a vital factor in these assessment. The adaptive capacity
assessment as summarized below helped determine the level or status of AC
that needs to be improved in order to build more resilient communities and
sectors. All ratings were identified through a large multi-level stakeholder
group consultation workshop.

Table 2.4
Perceived Adaptive Capacity
Sector Flooding Drought RIL Typhoon Ave. AC
Social 2.5 3.5 2.8 2.0 2.7
Economic 1.8 2.0 1.7 1.3 1.7
Environment 1.5 2.3 1.8 1.7 1.8
Infrastructure 3.0 2.6 2.5 - 2.7
Land Use 2.33 2.33 2.17 2.33 2.3
City Wide AC 2.23 2.55 2.2 1.8 2.24
* High – 1; Low - 5

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Meanwhile, the average AC scores for each of the six Adaptive Capacity
dimensions (as shown in the table below) reveal that in the context of CCA
and DRRM, “Social Capital” has the highest overall rating (1.76). This is an
evidence of the large and diverse network of support and assistance that the
City is getting to increase their resilience to climate change. However, the
assessment showed the need to improve on the infrastructure (construction
/rehabilitation of protective infrastructure and promotion of sustainable and
climate-resilient structural designs), which has scored the lowest (2.65).

For flooding, technology and social capital (1.6) are the highest adaptive
capacity status for flooding, while wealth and infrastructure needs to be given
more attention. Drought has a high AC status on institution and social capital
(2) while information has the lowest rating. It is noted that very few records
and studies are available for drought in the City. In RIL (1.8) and Typhoon
(1.2), the technology dimension has been scored the highest due to the
introduction and promotion of slope management and stabilization
technologies in the upland ecosystem of Cagayan de Oro and upgraded
technology that is being used in the country to determine and project the
occurrence and pathways of tropical cyclones. In both CC hazards,
infrastructure scored the lowest as reflected by the need to enhance resilience
of this dimension in all sectors.

Table 2.5
Average Rating per Adaptive Capacity Dimension
Social
CC Hazard Wealth Technology Information Institution Infrastructure
Capital
Flooding 2.6 1.6 2.1 2.1 2.4 1.6
Drought 2.2 3 2.8 2 2.6 2
RIL 2 1.8 2.2 2.2 2.6 2
Typhoon 2 1.2 1.5 1.25 3 1.5
Ave. AC
score per 2.2 1.9 2.15 1.89 2.65 1.76
dimension

C. Relative Vulnerability

The relative vulnerability of Cagayan de Oro City was determined by

analyzing the threat level and status of adaptive capacity. The Vulnerability
and Adaptation Assessment or VAA Summary includes brief details on the
threat level (exposure and sensitivity) and assessment of adaptive capacity
for each of the five development sectors – Social, Economic,
Environment, Infrastructure, and Land Use – as identified by the expanded
technical working group of Cagayan de Oro City. Below is the score guide

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used for the assessment.

Based from the results of the assessment, Cagayan de Oro City is most
vulnerable to flooding. Flooding and Typhoon marked the highest threat levels
among the four identified climate change hazards. The rating was based on
the level of threat (exposure and sensitivity) that the hazard brings and the
level of the city-wide adaptive capacity (capacity of the system to cope and
adjust to the changing climatic conditions) to the particular climate change
impacts. Although not very low on AC rating, the level of adaptive capacity of
the City as a response to these hazards can still be improved.

Table 2.6
Relative Vulnerability by Hazard
Threat Level Adaptive Relative Vulnerability
Climate
(5-highest) Capacity Rating
Change Hazard
(1-highest) (10-most vulnerable)
Flooding 4.8 2.23 7.03
Typhoon 4.25 1.8 6.05
Drought 2.4 2.55 4.95
Rain Induced 2.2 2.2
4.4
Landslide

Moreover, there is recognition on the existing initiatives and ongoing

programs of the City government in partnership with other concerned
organizations and agencies to continue building on the City’s capacity towards
climate change adaptation and mitigation. However, as discussed in this
assessment, there are other crucial aspects that need to be improved and

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prioritized in order to reduce the threat level and increase resiliency of
identified highly vulnerable areas (highly dense coastal
communities, poor families in barangays alongside Cagayan and Iponan River
and informal settlements in its riverbanks, CBD being a floodplain, deforested
and rain-dependent farming communities in the upland).

Meanwhile, the table below reveals that the social sector (6.45) is relatively
the most vulnerable sector. This may be attributed to the higher risks on
settlements and social services especially in the densely populated hotspot
areas.

Table 2.7
Relative Vulnerability per Sector
Threat Adaptive Relative Vulnerability
Development
Level Capacity Rating
Sector
(5-highest) (1-highest) (10-most vulnerable)
Social 3.75 2.70 6.45
Environment 3.75 1.83 5.58
Economic 3.75 1.70 5.45
Infrastructure 2.67 2.70 5.37
Land Use 2.75 2.29 5.04

Developmental and proactive initiatives can boost the capacity of these

sectors combined with better infrastructure support and economic
development policies. Nonetheless, the overall relative vulnerability of the city
is between the ratings of 4 - 7, which means that the city has medium to high
risks in terms of vulnerability to climate change and its impacts.

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IDENTIFYING KEY ADAPTATION OPTIONS

Social Sector

OBJECTIVE: CC ADAPTATION OPTION(S) OTHER

Social Sector OPTIONS (CC,
DRR)
Objective: “To  Construction of an Evacuation  Identification
implement informal Center of evacuation
settler-related laws  Improve livelihood of the sites in
and relocation to a households and their basic strategic
safer and decent needs in the relocation sites places
location and resettlement areas  Land Banking
 Mobilization of additional  Resettlement
Recommendation: To volunteers/ manpower for project
implement housing rescue operations  Relocation of
and urban the families
development related residing within
laws the danger
zone
*Informal sectors are
most vulnerable to
many calamities and
hazards
Objective: “To promote  Regular health care and  Health
peaceful, healthy and supplemental feeding for emergency
highly educated malnourished children and medical
community”  Rescue and emergency drill services
in communities schools,  Conduct of
Recommendation: To offices at risk to increase research and
promote peaceful, awareness rescue
healthy, and resilient  Additional trained manpower training
community on psychosocial support  Training in the
services management
*Healthy and highly  Purchase of additional rescue of the dead
educated people have equipment and missing
higher adaptive
capacities.

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Economic Sector

OBJECTIVE: CC ADAPTATION OPTION(S) OTHER

OPTIONS
Economic Sector (CC, DRR)

1. Objective: “To  Adjust planting (harvesting)

implement Sloping calendar to ensure
Agricultural Land agricultural productivity
Technology (SALT) /  Planting of early maturing
contour farming varieties (5 brgys. Around
Iponan River)
Recommendation: To  Provide sustainable
promote and implement alternative livelihood
Sloping Agricultural Land opportunities
Technology (SALT)/  Prohibit firewood gathering
Contour Farming and mining activities in the
upland
*Agricultural areas of CDO  Plant shrub-type crops,
are mostly located in bamboos and trees to serve
sloping areas and as wind breaks
therefore susceptible to  Impose compulsory practice
erosion and landslides of SALT
during rains and may  Planting of permanent crops
result to siltation and root crops in sloping
areas to increase vegetative
cover
 Planting of drought-resistant
crops and varieties
2. Objective: “To  Implementation of Rainforest
implement Tourism development in 5 brgys.
Development Programs” (3,000has.)
 Develop high quality infra
Recommendation: To facility for tourism on proper
Implement Eco-friendly and safe location
Tourism Programs and  Create other tourism
Projects attractions and adventure
 Provide sustainable
*The core of tourism in alternative livelihood
Cagayan de Oro lies in opportunities
White Water Rafting which  Prohibit firewood gathering
is vulnerable to climate and mining activities in the
change impacts. upland

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3. Objective: “To promote  Construct/install river Market

favorable entrepreneurial protection wall in urban Study
investment opportunities” barangays running along the Pre-FS
riversides Packaging
Recommendation: To for PPP
promote eco-friendly
investment opportunities to
generate employment

*Previously, industries and

investments usually don’t
consider the environment
when planning.

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Environment Sector

OBJECTIVE: CC ADAPTATION OPTION(S) OTHER

Environment OPTIONS
Management (CC,
Sector DRR)
To protect  Establish Ecological Baseline Data and
maintain and conduct river assessment particularly on
enhance inland Water quality, volume of river discharges,
and coastal tidal variation data, extent of water
waters pollution after flooding, actual tenure over
river easement
 Geological Assessment/Study of the River
System
 Riverbank stabilization
 Shoreline Tracing / Coastal trending
 Formulation of Cagayan de Oro and
Iponan river rehabilitation plan
 Restore water quality based on its most
beneficial use / designated classification
 Adoption of River Basin / Watershed
approach in planning
 Implementation of Water Quality
Management Area (WQMA)
To ensure  Creation of Solid Waste Management
effective solid Board
and liquid waste  Establishment of a Sanitary Landfill
disposal  Enforce the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act (R.A. 9003)
 Enact Septage Management Ordinance
 Establish sewerage system
 Establishment of MRF for every barangay
or cluster of barangays
 Conduct IEC on Solid Waste
Management (SWM)

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To arrest  Strict enforcement of sanctions on illegal

degradation and cutting of trees
rehabilitate  Establish buffer zones from settlements
denuded forest within the watershed areas
areas  Review of existing policies/guidelines on
issuance of tenurial instruments to
timberland areas to harmonize the
implementation of the IPRA law
 Reforestation of degraded forest areas
 Adoption of NIPAS law in critical
watershed areas
 Creation of Bantay Kalikasan Taskforce
at barangay level
 Implementation of National Greening
Program in upstream Barangays
To promote  Strict implementation of mining laws
sustainable use  Deputization of Barangay Officials to
of mineral enforce mining laws
resources  Identification and Assessment of mining
areas
 Creation of the City mining regulatory
board
 Regular monitoring, control and
surveillance (MCS)
To protect  Rehabilitation of mangrove areas
wildlife and particularly in coastal barangays
vegetation and  Conduct massive assessment and
preserve inventory of abandoned fishpond and
biodiversity enact ordinance on conversion of the
same to mangrove areas
 Formulation of City Integrated Coastal
management Plan
 Establishment of protected areas

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To minimize  Mainstreaming of DRRM plan and CCA

occurrence of into city government’s programs and
flooding in the policies
low lying areas  Establish Protected and Conservation
and along the Areas
riverbanks and  Preparation and adoption of Watershed
its adjoining Management Plan with other localities
areas  Preparation of comprehensive drainage
masterplan and implementation of
drainage systems for all priority areas
 Establishment of New Waterways in built-
up area
 Dredging of waterways and Declogging
of Drainage Canals
 Construction/Rehabilitation of Flood
Control Dikes and Slope Protection along
Cagayan and Iponan River
 Adoption of climate resilient and green
building technology in urban area
 Adoption of Watershed Approach -
establishment of Retention Ponds,
Reforestation and Rehabilitation of
Forests
 Establish buffer zones in danger areas
 Enact city ordinance to implement 20-
meter legal easement on riverbanks
To minimize air  Establish greenbelt in urban communities
pollution in the  Conduct carbon reduction initiative
Urban areas  Operationalize Multi sectoral CDeO
Airshed Management (RA 8749 - Clean
Air Act)
 Intensify anti smoke belching drive
 Strengthen motor vehicle inspection
system (MVIS)
 Intensify conduct of IEC on effects of
open burning
To protect and  Creation of City Water Resources Board
conserve ground  Regulate extraction of ground water
and surface  Utilization of Existing springs for potable
water water supply
 Harmonization of policies between
LWUA, NWRB and Local water providers

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Infrastructure Sector

OBJECTIVE: CC ADAPTATION OTHER OPTIONS

Infrastructure Sector OPTION(S) (CC, DRR)
To improve existing  Construction Regulate
road network and /Rehabilitation of Ugiaban importation of
linkages to other areas; Bridge and Cabula Bridge surplus vehicles.
into climate resilient
To develop new road  Adoption of low carbon Strict enforcement
networks to hasten emission utility vehicles of traffic
development in growth  Fast tract the ordinance.
areas and in the implementation of the
hinterland barangays. Mindanao Railway System Adoption of
 Promote carpooling building back
To decongest the system better policy in
Central Business  Adoption of (BRT) bus rehabilitation
District rapid transit system projects.
 Construction/rehabilitation
To develop a highly of climate resilient roads
elevated monorail and bridges.
system and other new  Formulation of a mass
modes of mass transport plan
transportation.
 Introduction of River Taxi
as mode of public
transportation
 Provisions of pedestrian
walkway, bicycle and
motorcycle lane on major
road network

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To establish an efficient  Shifting to less power

and sustainable power consuming technology
system (for power (conversion of sodium
security and low carbon lights to LED )
emission)  Acquire additional stand-
by power generators to
ensure uninterrupted
supply during power
failures;
 Development of redundant
Power generation System
(solar power, etc.)
 Adoption of green building
technology
 Encourage energy
conservation practices
 Adoption of Disaster
resilient distribution
system
To provide a safe,  Promote water
efficient and sustainable conservation practices
water supply system.  Adoption of Rainwater
Harvesting facility
 Develop springs and other
water bodies as sources of
potable water.
 Adopt climate resilient
water distribution system
 Increase water production
capacity
 Proportionately with the
increase of the population
and future demands

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To expand capacities of  Rehabilitation of existing Relocation of

rivers, creeks and drainage and canals informal settlers
waterways  Construction/Rehabilitation from canals and
To provide an efficient of Flood Control Dikes and creeks
drainage and sewerage Slope Protection system
system. along Cagayan and
Iponan Rivers.
 Establishment of New
Waterways in built-up
areas
 Proper Dredging of Major
Rivers
 Construction of Adequate
Drainage System
(identified in Bulua,
Kauswagan)/ Upgrade
size of drainage culverts
 Provision of retention and
detention ponds in large
scale land developments
to delay surface water run-
off to existing waterways
and canals.

 Establish disaster-resilient
telecommunication
facilities
To provide an efficient  Promotion of wireless
and reliable system technology
telecommunication  Encourage other
facilities and services communication companies
to the entire city. to operate in the city.
 Provisions of right of way
for utilities in the urban
design
 Expansion of
telecommunication
services to the hinterland
barangays.

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Land Use Sector

OBJECTIVE: CC ADAPTATION OTHER

Land Use Sector OPTION(S) OPTIONS (CC,
DRR)
1. Objective: “Implement Re-Activate Local Housing
informal settler-related Board
laws and relocation to a Propose Creation of City
safer and decent location” Housing/Shelter
- Informal settlers are Department/Office
located in high-risk Strict enforcement of river
areas like rivers, easements
creeks, etc. This CDRRMC approval as
objective will requirement in the Issuance
address the impact of Locational Clearance/
of hazards such as Building Permit
typhoons and Prohibit settlements within
landslides. the legal easement along
- If we can relocate riverbanks by strict
settlers in high risk implementation of existing
areas, there will be laws
fewer casualties.

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2. Objective: “A safe, Activate and enhance

peaceful and orderly capacities of BDRRMC
community” (identified in Balulang)
- Improvement: To Implementation of Early
develop a well Warning System at the brgy
planned community level particularly in high risk
- A “well-planned areas (identified in
community” Balulang)
indicates that all Info-Board not only for
factors affecting the “Smart” Subscribers
community will be Implementation of all
considered during lifelines and major
flooding as well as infrastructures
in other hazards. programs/projects should
- The objective also be supported with geo and
places emphasis on hydrometeorological hazard
safety which is of clearance from MGB and
prime importance. other mandated government
agencies
Mainstreaming of DRRM
plan and CCA into city
government’s programs and
policies
Strict enforcement of RA
9003 (Ecological Solid
waste Management) up to
Barangay Level (identified
in Kauswagan)
3. Objective: “Establish Strict enforcement of river Maintain/Sustain
buffer zones from easements Protected and
settlements in watershed Prohibit settlements within Conservation
areas” the legal easement along areas
- Improvement: To riverbanks by strict
establish buffer implementation of existing
zones from laws
settlements in river Preparation and adoption of
systems areas Watershed Management
It may be best to primarily Plan with other localities
look at river systems Watershed Approach –
instead of watershed areas Retention Ponds,
which are bigger in Reforestation and
coverage Rehabilitation of Forest
Establish Protected and
Conservation Areas

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Table 2.8
Long List of Adaptation Options obtained from City-Wide Consultation Workshop
Hazard Social Economic Environment Infrastructure Land Use
Flooding  Construction of an  Implementation of Proposed Rainforest  Establish Ecological Baseline  Construction/Rehabilitation of Flood Control Dikes  Re-Activate Local Housing Board
Evacuation Center and Development in 5 Brgys. (3,000has.) Data and conduct river and Slope Protection along Cagayan and Iponan  Propose Creation of City
equipment (identified in  Develop High Quality Infra facility on assessment particularly on River Housing/Shelter Department/Office
Brgy. Dansolihon and tourism on proper and safe location Water quality, volume of river  Establishment of New Waterways in built-up area  CDRRMC approval as requirement in
Mambuaya)  Adjust planting (harvesting) calendar to discharges, tidal variation data,  Acquisition of Heavy Equipment for Desiltation of the Issuance of Locational Clearance/
 Additional skilled ensure agricultural productivity extent of water pollution after Rivers and Declogging of Drainage Canals Building Permit
manpower for rescue  Planting of early maturing varieties (5 flooding, actual tenure over (identified in Carmen)  Strict enforcement of NIPAS
operations barangays around Iponan River) river easement  Dredging of Major Rivers  Activate and enhance capacities of
 Purchase of additional  Create other tourism attractions and  Geological Assessment/ Study  Adoption of climate resilient and green building BDRRMC (identified in Balulang)
rescue equipment adventure like Rock Wall Climbing etc. of the River System technology  Implementation of Early Warning
 Additional trained  Provide sustainable alternative  Riverbank stabilization  Retrofitting of all bridges System at the brgy level particularly in
manpower on livelihood opportunities  Communal Gardening  Construction /Rehabilitation of Ugyaban Bridge high risk areas (identified in Balulang)
psychosocial support  Prohibit firewood gathering and small (identified in Balulang) and Cabula Bridge  Info-Board not only for “Smart”
services scale mining particularly in upland  Strict enforcement of sanctions  Enforcement thru local ordinances of Flood- Subscribers
 Regular health care and barangays (identified also in Brgy. on Illegal Cutting of trees resistant housing structures (identified in  Preparation and adoption of
supplemental feeding for Mambuaya) (identified in Balulang, Balulang) Watershed Management Plan with
malnourished children  Dispersal of seedling varieties (fruit Carmen)  Construction of Rainwater Harvesting Technology other localities
(identified in Brgy. FS trees, vegetables, etc.) and organic  Rehabilitation of mangrove (identified in Balulang, Kauswagan)  Watershed Approach – Retention
Catanico) fertilizer areas particularly in coastal  Flood Control Dikes from Bulao to highway Ponds, Reforestation and
 Empower households in  Replant more trees, esp. fruit trees barangays (identified in Balulang, Carmen) Rehabilitation of Forest
relocation sites and (identified in Brgy. Mambuaya)  Establish a sanitary landfill in a  Construction of Adequate Drainage System  Establish Protected and Conservation
resettlement areas proper location (identified in Bulua, Kauswagan)/ Upgrade size of Areas
(improve livelihood  Increase awareness thru local drainage culverts  Strict enforcement of river easements
systems and basic TV stations on CC and tips on  Complete drainage masterplan for all priority  Strict enforcement of RA 9003
services) (identified in reducing pollution (identified in basins of CDO as basis to improve drainage (Ecological Solid waste Management)
Kauswagan) Carmen) system up to Barangay Level (identified in
 Flood rescue and  Brgy. FS Catanico: Vehicles  Establish concrete farm-to-market roads for easy Kauswagan)
emergency drill in for garbage collection accessibility  Implementation of all lifelines and
communities (identified in  Brgy. Mambuaya: Provide  Brgy. Mambuaya: Construct flood control dikes major infrastructures
Balulang, Kauswagan, more supply of potable water and culvert to river from Zone 2 programs/projects should be
Carmen), schools, offices for the growing population. supported with geo and
at risk to increase hydrometeorological hazard
awareness clearance from MGB and other
 Relocation of informal mandated government agencies
settlers along Cagayan  Strict enforcement on subdivision
de Oro River and the regulations (increase in open spaces)
river side of Brgy. FS  Prohibit settlements w/in legal
Catanico easement along riverbanks by strict
 Brgy Mambuaya: Fully implementation of existing laws
organize BDRRMC

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Typhoon  Plant Shrub-type crops, bamboos and • Shoreline Tracing/Coastal
trees to serve as wind breaks Trending
Rain-Induced  Impose compulsory practice of SALT  Actual Survey of Farm Lots  Slope Protection thru construction of ripraps,
Landslide (Practice of multi-storey cropping)  Sustainable farming practices gabion and revetment wall on upland areas and
 Planting of permanent crops and root to reduce soil erosion and river riverbanks (identified in Carmen)
crops in sloping areas to increase siltation
vegetative cover
Drought  Planting of drought-resistant crops and  Inventory of Deep wells  Establishment of Renewable Power Supply
varieties (legumes and root crops  Water Quality Monitoring of System (solar power)
 Rehabilitation/Repair of Irrigation Deep wells (Potability Test)  Shifting to less power consuming technology.
System in Mambuaya  Assessment of Water Aquifer (Conversion of streetlights to led lights. etc.)
 Promote community-based water conservation
practices

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