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Introduction to Java
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Objectives
At the end of this session, you will be able to

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 Download and install Java

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 Understand the Java architecture

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 Compile and run Java applications
 Understand the language fundamentals

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 Use the control structures in programs
 Use arrays and strings
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 Write programs using command line arguments
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Agenda

 Introduction to Java

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 Java Architecture

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 Setting up the environment

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 Language Fundamentals
 Data types and operators

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 Control Structures
 Arrays and Strings
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 Command line arguments
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 Introduction to Java
 Java is :
• A Programming language
• A development environment

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• A deployment environment

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 Similar in syntax to C++; similar in semantics to Smalltalk

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 Operating system independent ch
 Runs on Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
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 A secure operating environment that runs as a layer on top of the OS

 A sandbox which protects the OS from malicious code

 Object Oriented Programming language

 In Java, everything is a class

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Features of Java
 Object oriented
 Simple


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Robust


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Architecture neutral

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 Portable


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Secure
 High performance ch
 Interpreted

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Support for Multi-threading

 Distributed

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Platform Independence
 A platform is the hardware & software environment in which a program runs

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 Once compiled, java code runs on any platform without recompiling or any

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kind of modification

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“Write Once Run Anywhere”

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 Java Virtual Machine (JVM) made this possible
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 Java 2 Platform

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 Assembly Language
LDA #47
STA $570
DEX

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JSR $817

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CPX #0
Translation

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BNE #14
program 00010100
(Assembler)

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Assembly language program 001100101
00001000
100100101
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010101010
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10010
Machine language program
(executable file)

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 C Language

#include <stdio.h>

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0001010000

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1100101000

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main() 0100010010
{ C Compiler 01010101010

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printf(“Hallo”); 1010010
}
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Machine language program

C Program (executable “.exe” file)

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Java Architecture
JVM

Class Loader

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Source File (HelloWorld.java)

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Byte Code Verifier

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JIT Code
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Compiler (javac) Interpreter
Generator
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Runtime

Byte code
(HelloWorld.class) Operating System

Hardware
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0
 Write Once Run Anywhere!
public class Hello{
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}

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}
Hello.java

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javac (java compiler)

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Interpreter Interpreter Interpreter Interpreter
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Bytecode (Class)

Hello.class

Write Once Run Anywhere ! Web Server

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Java Compiler
 Translates java code into platform independent byte codes

 The byte code will be in a file with extension .class

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 Byte code is in binary language to be interpreted by JVM

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 Also performs strong type checking, prevents access violations etc.
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Java Virtual Machine
 JVM makes Java platform independent

 Reads and executes compiled byte codes

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 Is implemented as software and is specific to each platform

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 The JVM interprets the .class file to the machine language of the underlying

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platform
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 The underlying platform then processes the commands given by the JVM
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 JVM provides definitions for the

• Instruction set (CPU)
• Class file format
• Stack
• Garbage-collection
• Memory management
Copyright © 2013 Tech Mahindra. All rights reserved. 13
 Development and Execution Infrastructure

File Name: 2. Compile It

“Foo.java”
1. Write a Program
Source files
Compiler

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(Java Language)
Class Foo{

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.

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.
…main(..){ Virtual 3. Execute It

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}
} Machine
Linux
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Intermediate
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Files(Intermediate Language) Virtual

Input Machine Output
Mac OS X
File Name
“Foo.class” Virtual
Machine
Windows
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Just-In-Time Compiler (JIT)
 Converts a part of the byte code to native code.

 Requires more memory because both byte code and the corresponding native

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code are in memory at the same time.

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Java SE Platform Versions
Version Name Code Name Release Date

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JDK 1.0 Oak January 1996

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JDK 1.1 (none) February 1997

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J2SE 1.2 Playground December 1998

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J2SE 1.3 Kestrel May 2000
J2SE 1.4 Merlin February 2002
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J2SE 5.0 Tiger September 2004
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Java SE 6 Mustang December 2006

Java SE 7 Dolphin July 2011
Java SE 8 (Not available) March 2014

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Java SE Development Kit (JDK)
 Allows programmers to create, compile, and execute Java programs on a
particular platform

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 Includes the command-line Java compiler (javac) and the Java Runtime

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Environment (JRE)

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 The JRE provides the runnable Java platform which supplies the java
command needed to execute Java applications
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 Download and install JDK 7 from
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http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html

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Environment Variables
 JAVA_HOME: Java Installation Directory

Windows set JAVA_HOME=C:\jdk1.7.0_51

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UNIX export JAVA_HOME=/var/usr/java

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 CLASSPATH: Used to locate class files

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set CLASSPATH=%CLASSPATH%;%JAVA_HOME%\lib\tools.jar
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Windows
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UNIX set CLASSPATH=$CLASSPATH:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar

 PATH: Used by OS to locate executable files

Windows set PATH=%PATH%;%JAVA_HOME%\bin

UNIX set PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin

Copyright © 2013 Tech Mahindra. All rights reserved. 18

Hello World Program
 Type the source code using any text editor
 Save this as Hello.java

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class Hello {

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public static void main(String[] args) {

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System.out.println(“Hello World”);
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}
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}
 Compilation:
C:\> javac Hello.java
 Running your first java program:
C:\> java Hello
Copyright © 2013 Tech Mahindra. All rights reserved. 19
Try it out
1. The Java compiler for Windows and Linux are same (True/False)

2. The JVM for Windows and Linux are same. (True/False)

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3. Java compiler translates .java source files into ___________?

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a) .exe file b) .bat file c) .doc file d) .class file

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4. _________ converts the bytecode to native code.
a) JRE b) JVM c) JIT d) JDK
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5. Which statement is used to compile a source code file HelloJava.java?.

a) C:\> java HelloJava.java b) C:\> javac HelloJava
c) C:\> javac HelloJava.java d) C:\> javac Hello.Java.java

Copyright © 2013 Tech Mahindra. All rights reserved. 20

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Java Language Fundamentals
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Comments
 A single line comment starts with //
// This is a single line comment in Java

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A multi line comment starts with /* and ends with */

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/* This is a

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Multi line
Comment in Java */
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 Keywords
abstract continue for new switch

assert default goto* package synchronized

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boolean do if private this

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break double implements protected throw

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byte else import public throws

case enum
ch instanceof return transient
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catch extends int short try

char final interface static void

class finally long strictfp volatile

const* float native super while

* Keywords not in use now

Copyright © 2013 Tech Mahindra. All rights reserved. 23
Identifiers & Literals
 An identifier (name) must begin with a letter, a dollar sign ($) or an underscore
character (_). Subsequent characters may be letters, $, _ or digits.

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 Classes, methods and variables cannot have Java Keywords as Identifiers

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(names).

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 true, false and null are literals (not keywords), but they can’t be used as
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identifiers as well.
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Copyright © 2013 Tech Mahindra. All rights reserved. 24

 Variables
 A named storage location in the computer’s memory that stores a value of a
particular type for use by program.

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 Example :

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int myAge=28, cellPhone;

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double salary;
char tempChar;

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 Variables can be declared anywhere in the program
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for (int count=0; count < max; count++) {
int z = count * 10;
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 If a local variable is used without initializing, the compiler will show an error.
The below is an error
int tempVal;
System.out.println(tempVal);

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Data Types
 The Data type can either be:

 Built-in primitive type

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 Holds value

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 Reference data type

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 Holds reference to objects

 Example
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int primitive = 5;
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String reference = “Hello” ;

 Memory Representation
primitive 5

reference Hello
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 Primitive Data Types
Data Size Type Signed Default Min Value Max Value
Type (bits) Value

boolean 1 N/A N/A false false True

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char 16 Single  ‘\u0000’ ‘\u0000’ (0) ‘\uFFFF’ (216 – 1)

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Unicode

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Character
byte 8 Integer  0 -128(-27) 127 (27 – 1)

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short 16 Integer  0 -215 215 – 1
 -231 231 – 1
int 32 Integer
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long 64 Integer  0L -263 263 – 1
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float 32 Floating  0.0F 1.4E-45 3.4028235E38

Point
Number
double 64 Floating  0.0 4.9E-324 1.7976931348623157
Point E308
Number

Append uppercase or lowercase "L" or "F" to the number to specify a long or a float number.
Copyright © 2013 Tech Mahindra. All rights reserved. 27
Unicode Character Set
 char data type in Java is 2 bytes because it uses UNICODE character set
to support internationalization

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 UNICODE character set supports all known scripts and languages in the

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world

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Copyright © 2013 Tech Mahindra. All rights reserved. 28

Operators
Type of Operators Operators Associativity
Postfix operators [] . (parameters) ++ -- Left to Right
Prefix Unary operators ++ -- + - ~ ! Right to Left

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Object creation and cast new (type) Right to Left

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Multiplication/Division/Modulus */% Left to Right

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Addition/Subtraction +- Left to Right
Shift >> >>> << Left to Right

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Relational < <= > >= instanceof Left to Right
Equality == != Left to Right
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Bit-wise/Boolean AND & Left to Right
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Bit-wise/Boolean XOR ^ Left to Right

Bit-wise/Boolean OR | Left to Right
Logical AND (Short-circuit or && Left to Right
Conditional)
Logical OR (Short-circuit or || Left to Right
Conditional)
Ternary ?: Right to Left
Assignment = += -= *= /= %= <<= >>= >>>= &= ^= |= Right to Left
Copyright © 2013 Tech Mahindra. All rights reserved. 29
Conversions and Casting
 Automatic type changing is known as Implicit Conversion

 A variable of smaller capacity can be assigned to another variable of

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bigger capacity. This is called widening
int i = 10;

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double d;

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d = i;

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 Legal conversions are
byte  short  int  long  float  double
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
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char

 Whenever a larger type is converted to a smaller type, we have to explicitly

specify the type cast operator as narrowing is not allowed

double d = 10
Type cast operator
int i;
i = (int) d;
Copyright © 2013 Tech Mahindra. All rights reserved. 30
Control Structures
 Work the same as in C / C++
if/else, for, while, do/while, switch

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Flow Control Statements
 Java supports continue & break keywords

 A break statement will cause the current iteration of the innermost loop to stop

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and the next line of code following the loop to be executed.

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 A continue statement will cause the current iteration of the innermost loop to

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stop, and the condition of that loop to be checked, and if the condition is met,
perform the loop again. ch
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Arrays
 An ordered collection of homogeneous data elements
 Size to be specified at compile time and is static – cannot be modified
 Arrays in Java are objects and can be of primitive data type or reference type

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 The length property on arrays tells the size of the array

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An array holding 5 int elements
22 33 66 100 72
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An array holding 4 Car objects

Reference to Car Object

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Arrays
 Arrays should be
Declared
int[] a; String b[]; Object []c;

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Allocated (constructed)

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a = new int[10];
b = new String[arraysize]

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Initialized
for (int i = 0; i < a.length; a[i++] = 0)
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 An array can also be initialized while it is declared as follows:

int [] x = {1, 2, 3, 4};

char [] c = {‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’};

 Unlike C, Java checks the boundary of an array while accessing an element in it

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Multidimensional Arrays
 A Multi-dimensional array is an array of arrays

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 To declare a multidimensional array, specify each additional index using

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another set of square brackets

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int [][] x;

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//x is a reference to an array of int arrays
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x = new int[3][4];
//Create 3 new int arrays, each having 4 elements
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//x[0] refers to the first int array, x[1] to the second and so on
//x[0][0] is the first element of the first array
//x.length will be 3
//x[0].length, x[1].length and x[2].length will be 4

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Strings
 An object of the String class represents a fixed length, immutable sequence of
unicode characters

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 All String operations (concat, trim, replace, substring etc) construct and return

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new strings.

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 String objects are immutable. If modified, Java creates a new object having

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the modified character sequence
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String myName = “Elliot Koffman”;
myName = “Koffman, Elliot”;
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Copyright © 2013 Tech Mahindra. All rights reserved. 36

Strings
public class StringDemo {

public static void main(String args[]){

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char letter = 'a';

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String string1 = "Hello"; // String literals are stored as String objects

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String string2 = "World";
String string3 = "";
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String dontDoThis = new String ("Bad Practice"); // Use is discouraged
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string3 = string1 + string2; // + is to concatenate strings

System.out.println("Output: " + string3 + " " + letter);

}
}

Copyright © 2013 Tech Mahindra. All rights reserved. 37

String Operations
public class StringOperations {
public static void main(String arg[]){
String string2 = "World";

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String string3 = "";

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string3 = "Hello".concat(string2);
System.out.println("string3: " + string3);

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// Get length
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System.out.println("Length: " + string1.length());
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// Get SubString
System.out.println("Sub: " + string3.substring(0, 5));

// Uppercase
System.out.println("Upper: " + string3.toUpperCase());
}
}
Copyright © 2013 Tech Mahindra. All rights reserved. 38
Arrays and for-each loop
public class ArrayOperations {
public static void main(String args[]){

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String[] names = new String[3];

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names[0] = "Blue Shirt";
names[1] = "Red Shirt";

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names[2] = "Black Shirt";
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int[] numbers = {100, 200, 300};
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for (String name:names){

System.out.println("Name: " + name);
}

for (int number:numbers){

System.out.println("Number: " + number);
}
}
}
Copyright © 2013 Tech Mahindra. All rights reserved. 39
Command Line Arguments
 Information that follows program’s name on the command line when it is
executed

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 This data is passed to the application in the form of String arguments

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class Echo {
public static void main (String args[]) {

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for (int i = 0; i < args.length; i++)
System.out.println(args[i]);
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}
}
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C:\> java Echo Drink Hot Java

Drink
Hot
Java

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Try it out
1. Which of the following conversions are legal?
a) byte to int b) int to char c) float to double d) double to int

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2. Array index starts at ___. Index is of ____ data type.

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a) 1,int b) null, char c) 0,int

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3. Java supports pointer arithmetic. (True/False)

4. Which of the below is a legal identifier?

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a) _a b) –a c) 7g d) my Name
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5. Will the below code compile?

int[5] scores;

6. Local variables get default values if not initialized. (True/False)

Copyright © 2013 Tech Mahindra. All rights reserved. 41

Summary

 In this session, we have covered:

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 Java2 platform and its components

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 Java language fundamentals
 Identifiers & Literals

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 Primitive Data Types & their Conversion
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 Operators & basic flow controls in java
 Arrays & Strings
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 Command line arguments

Copyright © 2013 Tech Mahindra. All rights reserved. 42

 Thank you

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Visit us at www.techmahindra.com

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Disclaimer
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