CHAPTER I

Background of the Study

Jackfruit is an exotic grown in tropical regions in the world and one of that tropical country is
Philippines. In the Philippines, jackfruit is called “Langka” in Filipino and “Nangka” in Cebuano.It has a
sweet smell especially when it is already ripe. However, when you are about to peel it off, it will secrete
a ‘white sap’. It is a sticky liquid and it is quite similar to ‘glue’ due to its capability to stick in a certain
surface.

The researcher would like to continue the study of “Feasibility of Artocarpus Heterophyllus as a main
component of homemade glue”. This study will only focus on the evaluation of student and teacher to
the study that we evaluate. Using the three components such as Adhesive, Drying Process, Odor that will
tell if the jackfruit sap really is really ok to use as the main component of the homemade glue.

Statement of the Problem

1. How do the teachers and student evaluate the glue out of jackfruit sap?

2. What is the evaluation of the respondents to the glue with regard to

a. Adhesive

b. Drying Process

c. Odor

3. Is there a significant different between the response of the teachers and students w/regards to the
above criteria.

Significance of the Study

Jackfruit could be one of the promising solutions for sustainability feeding the world.
Increasingly, it is used in other parts of the world particularly in United States, as a plant-based meat
alternative since the young and unripe fruit is a meat-like when cooked.

The researcher’s conducted this research in which the aim of the study is to engage and serve as
eye openers for the youth today through exploring other benefits of ‘jackfruit’ specifically when used as
a medium to produce ‘glue’. It also have the objective of educating people in various sectors of the
society.

This study shall benefit to the following:

Students – This study will be beneficial the students for being the top beneficiary of ‘glue’. It will engage
them to the emerging innovation of the world today. It can be an alternative medium for their research
outputs, home works and projects.

Teachers – This study will be beneficial the teachers as they also the one who benefit the glue. It should
serve as the eye opener for the youth to know the benefits a jackfruit could offer. It will be also give
them the idea of being resourceful.
Parents – This study will be encourage their children to use native materials and organic product to
make sure their health since the product isn’t harmful and does not contain toxic and synthetic
materials.

Entrepreneurs – This study shall open new doors for the SMEs or Small to Medium scale of
entrepreneurs. There is possibility of the product to be considered as an efficient and at the same time
effective way to promote the 3Rs of the environment. Reduce the wastes, reuse the product and
recycle the potential materials before we consider something as a waste to be disposed.

Future Researchers – The results of this research will serve as a baseline data for them to conduct the
same study, with different, to validate findings.

Scope and Delimitation

The main focus of this study is to evaluate an alternative glue for paper from a jackfruit sap.
They are aiming to make a strong glue that will need a good adhesion, drying process and odor. This
study also focused on testing the effectiveness of the alternative glue from jackfruit. This research
experiment cover only on the quality of the glue different from the other glue in the Philippines. It also
includes only those who will benefit this alternative glue such as student, teacher, entrepreneur and
future researchers.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is one of the most significant trees in home gardens and
perhaps the most widespread and useful tree in the genus Artocarpus It is a medium-sized amaranthine
tree mostly reaching 8-25 meters in height that is easily identified through its fruit, the largest among
cultivated plants. Its luscious, fragrant and delicious fruit is eaten or preserved in different ways (Elevitch
and manner, 2010)

In The Philippines, agricultural is one of the primary sources of income. Different kinds of crops,
fruit and vegetables are planted by farmers in rural areas to supply the food production in the urban
area and in exchange, they would get a profit in it. Jackfruit is one of the considered backyard crop by
the farmer to plant since it is harvested all year round with peak period during April or May (Espino,
n.d).in 2013, statistic reported that the production of jackfruit in the Philippines amounted to about
46,080 metric tons. From the year 2008, a minimal increase in the annual growth rate of 0.15% had
been observer. On the regional level, the main growing areas are western visayas (1, 813 ha),
Zamboanga peninsula (1, 557 ha). In the Davao region 903 has been recorded as of the year 2013. In lien
with these result, jackfruit production in the country has been constantly growing over the years.

Uses of Jackfruit (Artocarpus herophyllus)

 Jackfruit has many uses. It can also be utilized in different environmental services. It can also
utilized in different environmental services. It cannot be easily blown by the wind so it is mostly used in
making a fence or hurdle. In the meadow, its fallen fruit can be used as food for the animals. It can also
offer its shade to coffee, pepper, betel nut and cardamom plants. In the gardens, its thick branches
shouldering the dense canopy leaves can provide a visual screen. Gamboa (2013) aforementioned in a
descriptive study that the jackfruit (Artocarpus herophyllus) tree is easy to grow and is more adaptable
than some of the other common Artocarpus species. It is also not considered an intrusive species.

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) has also served different functions for humans. Its seeds has
been reported to contain high levels of protein, starch, calcium, and thiamine (Burkill, 2014). Humans
have relished its seeds by cooking it boiled, roasted or preserved in a syrup like chestnuts. Its fruits are
most likely eaten fresh or is processed into numerous delicacies including jam, jelly, chutney. The tree
has also been considered to acquire medicinal properties. In 2012, Morton reported that the Chinese
considered the fruit’s pulp and seeds as a stimulant. She also stated that they also found the fruit to be
useful in overcoming the influence of alcohol in the system. Jack leaf’s poultices can be applied hot on
bruises, blows, or wounds to reduce inflammation and help healing (Jackfruit properties, n.d.). The ash
of jackfruit leaves, burned with corn and coconut shells, is used alone or mixed with coconut oil to heal
ulcers. The dried latex yield artostenone, corvertible to artosterone a compound with marked
androgenic action (having male hormone activity). Mixed with vinegar, the latex promotes healing of
abscesses, snakebite and glandular swellings (swami et.al.., 2012).

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) has also been utilize for industrial purposes. Its branches and
trunk are burned for fuel wood. In the province of Cebu, Philippines, the wood is highly prized for
making guitars, ukuleles, and other musical instruments (Everything Cebu, 2010). The heated latex can
be used as glue for mending chinaware and pottery and as caulking for boats and buckets. The latex
contains resins that may have use in varnishes. The latex also has bacteriolytic value comparable to that
of papaya latex (Gamboa, 2013). Additionally, the sticky latex is used for trapping birds

(birdlime) and for insect traps.

Glue

Glue is a common adhesive used in school, houses office and even in construction. Cambridge dictionary
defines glue as a “sticky substance that is used for joining things together permanently, produced from
animal bones and skins or by a chemical process”.

Glue came into being when ancient tribes discovered that the bones, hides, skin, sinew and other
connective tissues from animal could be processed to remove collagen, the protein in these tissues
(Mazur, 2013). The collagen was sticky and was useful for holding things together. Milk solids, known as
casein, and blood albumin that coagulates (clumps together) when it is heated and becomes insoluble in
water.

Also, in a study conducted by Forrest Wickman (2012), he found out that horses are very efficient in
making glue. This is due to the abundant collagen found in their bones. Collagen is one of the key
ingredient in most animal glues, as it can be made in two a gelatin that’s sticky when wet but hardens
when it dries. The word collagen actually derives from the Greek kolla, meaning glue, and the suffix gen,
meaning producer. As large, muscled animals, horses contain lots of this glue producer. But most of the
glue companies uses pigs and cattle as the main component of their product.

Due to the high price of commercial glue in market and also to conserve the lives of the animals that
were slaughtered to make glue, many researcher sought for alternative materials to produce glue.

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDY

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) as alternative glue

In the university of Sto. Tomas in 2013, a study was made about having okra (Abelmoschus
esculentus) as alternative glue. The study made use of okra pods because it contain mucilage which
gives it slimy characteristic and is a good potential as an alternative glue. The researcher conducted its
experimentation by extracting the mucilage of the okra. After extracting, the researcher mixed its
mucilage with water and flour. After the experiment, the product came out as effective though it did not
actually out do the commercial glue.

Milk as an alternative glue.

Tecson (2014) conducted an experimental study on the feasibility of milk as an alternative glue. She
put the skimmed milk, vinegar and water in a heated pan and let it boil .As a result, the glue made out of
milk was deemed effective.

Star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito) sap as an alternative glue

In 2016 (N.A) a study about star apple sap as an alternative glue was conducted. The researcher
extracted the sap from the fruit and put it in a closed container. After a day, the researcher tested the
product in different kinds of paper and it was proven that the star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito) sap is a
feasible alternative component for glue.

The feasibility of banana (Musa acuminate) and (artocarpus heterophyllus) as alternative glue

Fulgencio et.Al. (2014) tested the feasibility of banana (Musa acuminate) and blended together the
minced banana and jackfruit. To test its efficacy, they bonded different kinds of paper. The result had
omitted a positive result.

Theoretical Framework of the Study

Figure 1: Flowchart showing the potential of the jackfruit sap as an alternative glue for paper

Figure 1 describe the

Conceptual Framework of the Study

INPUT THROUGHPUT OUTPUT

Figure 2: Conceptual framework for the preparation of jackfruits sap as an alternative glue for paper
 Figure 2 show the conceptual framework for the preparation of jackfruits sap as an alternative
glue for paper. The input is the raw materials that will be used in making glue. It is consists of
………………………………………………..

INPUT THROUGHPUT OUTPUT

Figure 3:

Definition of Terms

CHAPTER III

RESEARCG DESIGN

This chapter consists of the method of research used, the source of data, data gathering
instrument, data gathering procedure and the statistical treatment of data.

Method of Research Used

According to Bhat 2019, a study must be describe the characteristics of the population or
phenomenon to form a descriptive design. The study also should be focused on the nature of the
demographic segment. The study must be focused on the “What” of the research subject rather than
the “Why” of research subject.

According to Mc Combes 2019, A study must aims to accurately and systematically describe a
population or phenomenon to be a descriptive research design. Descriptive research design can answer
what, when, where and how questions but not why questions It does not control or manipulate any of
the variables, but only observes and measure them.

This study is considered as a descriptive research design since the researchers only want to
determine the Evaluation of Jackfruit Sap as an Alternative Glue for Paper. This study also wants to
identify possible alternative glue and effective that can be used in recycling waste problem in our
country.

Source of Data

The source of data in this research were from the teachers and students. The researchers
conducted this study in different level of the teachers and students. Fifteen (15) teachers from
elementary, junior high and thirty-five (35) students from different section of grade 11 and 12 were
selected as a respondent for the source of data in determining the adhesion, drying process and the
odor of the prepared glue in evaluating of the prepared glue, the researchers gathered data from fifteen
(15) teachers and thirty-five (35) students to answer the survey questionnaire.

Data Gathering Instrument

 The instrument that has been used is survey questionnaire. The instrument used in this study of
evaluating the jackfruit sap as an alternative glue for paper. To valid and reliable experiment of different
test such as adhesive of glue from sap, drying process and the odor of the jackfruit sap as an alternative
glue that have forty-five (45) respondent in evaluating the jackfruit sap as an alternative glue for paper.

Data Gathering Procedure

The first step before going to the testing proper is to make a request letter to the administered.
Upon approval, the researchers _________ the request letter and the following are tested on the
laboratory.

Adhesive

To determining the adhesive of the prepared glue,……………

Drying Process

To test its drying process, the researcher…………………….

C. Odor

To measure the odor of the prepared glue, ……….

Statistical Treatment of Data

The statistical tools used to treat the data are the following:

Weighted Mean. This is used to determine the evaluation of the teachers and students on the
alternative glue in terms of drying process, adhesive and odor.

T-Test. This was used to determine if there is a significant different between the best formula of jackfruit
glue, jackfruit sap as an alternative glue for paper compare to original glue in terms of adhesive, drying
process and odor.

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents, analyzes and interprets the pertinent data gathered in the study.

Preparation and production of Evaluation of Jackfruit Sap as an Alternative Glue for Paper

A. Materials used in preparing alternative glue for paper

Table 1 presents the materials/equipment used in preparing the glue.

Table 1

Materials/equipment, amount measure, quantity and cost for the preparation of the paste.

Materials/Equipment

Amount Measure

Quantity
Jackfruit Sap

tablespoon

Flour

cup

Water

cup

1½

Sugar

cup

1/3

Vinegar

tablespoon

B. Procedures

1. Boiled the 1cup of water

2. In a saucepan mix 1 cup of flour with 1/3 cup of suger.

3. Add the half of the water required and mix into a thick paste without clumps.

4. Pour in the rest of the water and combine till the paste is smooth.

5. Add 1 tablespoon of jackfruit sap into the mixture.

6. Pour 1 tablespoon of vinegar and put on medium heat until the mixture stars to thicken.
7. Cool and transfer to jar or an airtight plastic container.

Table

Comments of the students and teachers on the odor of the glue

TEACHERS

STUDENTS

“Hindi naman pure suka ang amoy”

“ Amoy suka”

“Maasim kunti”

“Ang asim”

“Pareho lang sa normal na glue”

“Amoy nilagang saging”

Table shows the comments of the selected teachers and students on prepared glue. According
to the respondents overall evaluation glue has…….

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summarey

This research aim to evaluate the produce glue out of the jackfruit sap (Artocarpus heterophyllus).
There were three research question in this study;

Conclusion

Having the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. There is a significant different between the

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