Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

1) Which theory holds that the development of a model of the networks formed by interconnected 1)
neurons might help us understand how cognitive processes work?
A) Connectionism B) Information processing
C) Parallel processing D) None of the above

2) Which of the following techniques is the most invasive? 2)

A) MEG B) MRI C) PET D) Lesioning

3) Which discipline does cognitive neuroscience NOT normally draw ideas from? 3)
A) Philosophy B) Physics C) Biology D) Psychology

4) The notion that consciousness is an emergent property of the brain is consistent with which of the 4)
following statements?
A) Once consciousness emerges, it can have an influence on higher-level functions.
B) Consciousness is reducible to or predictable from other features of the brain.
C) Consciousness is not reducible to or predictable from other features of the brain.
D) None of the above

5) Which of the following is TRUE according to connectionism theory? 5)

A) A neural network learns by creating new connections between different brain areas.
B) Information can be broken down into elementary units (brain areas).
C) A neural network learns by modifying the strength of connections between different
neurons.
D) Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can be used to visualize the grey-matter tracts within the
brain.

6) Roger Sperry received the Nobel prize in 1981 for his research on what? 6)
A) Localization of function using ablation B) Interhemispheric transfer
C) The split brain technique D) Emergent causation

7) Which of the following is NOT true of the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 7)
technique?
A) Data can be acquired more rapidly with fMRI than PET.
B) fMRI provides an image of cortical activity.
C) fMRI depends on a radioactive signal.
D) fMRI involves tracking the flow of oxygenated blood.

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 8) Phrenology charts represent which of the following? 8)
A) The location of blood vessels in the brain
B) The location of neurons in the brain
C) The locations of the major anatomical structures in the brain
D) The locations in the brain of various psychological functions

9) What are the two basic connectionist ideas? 9)

A) Information can be broken down into elementary units, and there are connections between
these units.
B) Information can be broken down into elementary units, and these units have different
strengths.
C) Connections between neurons have different strengths, and the strength of the connection
determines the speed of processing.
D) There are connections between neurons, and many neural connections may be active at the
same time.

10) Connectionist models may also be described as what? 10)

A) Contrasting distributed processing models
B) Parallel distributed processing models
C) Serial distributed processing models
D) Similarly distributed processing models

11) What did Franz and Lashley's research involving ablation of regions of rat brains demonstrate? 11)
A) The location of lesions was relevant as long as enough tissue remained in the rat's brain.
B) The temporal lobes have no impact on a rat's ability to learn pathways in a maze.
C) The location of lesions was irrelevant as long as enough tissue remained in the rat's brain.
D) The frontal lobes have no impact on a rat's ability to learn pathways in a maze.

12) In Franz and Lashley's ablation experiments, when did the rats lose the ability to navigate a 12)
maze?
A) When the difficulty of the task was increased
B) When the size of the lesion was increased
C) Either
D) Neither

13) Which of the following is NOT a dynamic, rather than static, imaging technique? 13)
A) MEG B) fMRI C) MRI D) PET

14) What is the main difference between isomorphism and parallelism? 14)
A) Parallelism is more consistent with Gestalt psychology.
B) Parallelism requires more than a simple point-for-point correspondence between mental
events and brain events.
C) Isomorphism requires more than a simple point-for-point correspondence between mental
events and brain events.
D) None of the above

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15) What is one of the main differences between Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia? 15)
A) Wernicke's aphasia involves damage to the right hemisphere.
B) Broca's aphasia leads to the inability to speak.
C) Broca's aphasia involves damage to the right hemisphere.
D) Wernicke's aphasia leads to the inability to speak.

16) Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a brain imaging technique that attempts to combine what? 16)
A) The temporal resolution of ERP with the spatial resolution of fMRI
B) The spatial resolution of CT with the temporal resolution of ERP
C) The spatial resolution of ERP with the temporal resolution of fMRI
D) The temporal resolution of PET with the spatial resolution of fMRI

17) Meg is taking part in a research study. She is asked to complete a series of reasoning tasks while 17)
the flow of oxygenated blood to various parts of the brain is measured. Which of the following
machines is probably being used in this study?
A) fMRI B) DTI C) PET D) MEG

18) Why are computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) useful brain 18)
imaging techniques?
A) They provide information about brain activity.
B) They produce good images of brain structures.
C) They are relatively inexpensive imaging techniques.
D) Little training is required to conduct these techniques.

19) According to Marco Iacoboni, if your amygdala is active while you view a picture of Mitt 19)
Romney, then this proves that Mitt Romney makes you anxious. Why is this statement
unjustified?
A) The amygdala is related to many emotions besides anxiety.
B) The amygdala is not related to anxiety.
C) The amygdala is active every time you view a picture.
D) None of the above

20) Which approach views the mind and brain as two aspects of the same reality? 20)
A) Epiphenomenalism B) Parallelism
C) Interactionism D) Isomorphism

21) According to recent neuroimaging studies, when is Broca's area activated? 21)
A) When recalling previously studied items
B) During artificial language learning
C) When processing musical syntax
D) When viewing consonant strings

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22) Which of the following is consistent with the localization of function position? 22)
A) The part of the brain that controls a specific cognitive function is not always the same.
B) There is a strict one-to-one correspondence between specific cognitive functions and
specific parts of the brain.
C) There is no correspondence between specific cognitive functions and specific parts of the
brain.
D) There is a many-to-one correspondence between specific cognitive functions and specific
parts of the brain.

23) Which of the following is most consistent with the law of equipotentiality? 23)
A) Different parts of the cortex cannot do the job of any other part of that area.
B) Different parts of the nervous system cannot do the jobs of the other parts of the nervous
system.
C) Within limits, any part of the cortex can do the job of any other part of that area.
D) Within limits, any part of the nervous system can do the job of any other part of the
nervous system.

24) Which of the following is most consistent with the law of mass action? 24)
A) Learning and attention depend on the total mass of brain tissue present before brain
damage occurs.
B) Learning and attention are dependent upon the properties of individual cells.
C) Learning and memory depend on the total mass of brain tissue remaining after brain
damage occurs.
D) Learning and memory are dependent upon the properties of individual cells.

25) The fact that there are limits to the amount of radiation to which a participant may be exposed, 25)
and therefore limits to the amount of information that can be obtained from the participant is a
problem with which imaging technique?
A) Magnetoencephalography B) Electrical Tomography
C) Positron emission tomography D) Magnetic resonance imaging

26) The notion that the mind is simply a by-product of brain processes and has no causal role in 26)
determining behaviour is consistent with which of the following approaches to the relationship
between mind and brain?
A) Interactionism B) Isomorphism
C) Epiphenomenalism D) Parallelism

27) According to Marshall and Fink functional localization is not a fixed property of brain regions. 27)
On what basis do they make this claim?
A) A particular brain region can be involved in many functions.
B) A particular function can involve many brain regions.
C) Brain regions cannot be reliably identified.
D) A and B

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28) The assumption that when a specific psychological function is engaged, then only those parts of 28)
the brain responsible for that function are also engaged is fundamental to which imaging
technique?
A) Computed tomography B) Event-related potentials
C) Positron emission tomography D) Magnetic resonance imaging

29) According to a study by Richeson et al. (2003), people produced the greatest brain activity during 29)
a cognitive control task when they ________.
A) interacted with a black researcher instead of a white researcher
B) demonstrated a high amount of racial bias on the Implicit Association Test
C) Both A and B
D) Neither A nor B

30) Sperry (1987) believed that once the mind emerges from the brain, it has the power to influence 30)
lower-level processes. What did Sperry call this notion?
A) Supervenience B) Interhemispheric transfer
C) Connectionism D) Emergent causation

31) Which of the following is NOT a fundamental weakness of investigating the brains of species 31)
other than humans in order to gain insight into the human brain?
A) The human brain is largely inaccessible to the invasive approaches allowed by animal
models.
B) Homologous brain structures across species can be difficult to identify.
C) Understanding another organism's brain cannot lead to a complete understanding of
human brains.
D) Specializations of different species lead to large differences in neuroanatomy and
neurophysiology.

32) Janet is unable to produce coherent speech. For example, she recently stated to her nurse: 32)
"broccoli hat in suitcase kind" while pointing to her unbuttoned sweater. She is also unable to
comprehend what others say to her. Janet would likely be diagnosed with which of the
following?
A) Broca's aphasia B) An occipital lobe tumour
C) Wernicke's aphasia D) A parietal lobe tumour

33) Which of the following statements is most consistent with the notion that the mind consists of 33)
modules?
A) The mind can be considered one big module.
B) The mind consists of specific parts.
C) Different parts of the body control different parts of the mind.
D) Different parts of the mind operate in the same way.

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34) In what order do brain regions process language comprehension and production, according to 34)
the traditional model?
A) Wernicke's Area --> Broca's Area --> Motor Cortex
B) Broca's Area --> Wernicke's Area --> Motor Cortex
C) Broca's Area --> Motor Cortex --> Wernicke's Area
D) Wernicke's Area --> Motor Cortex --> Broca's Area

35) What structure did Descartes believe facilitated the interaction between brain and mind? 35)
A) Corpus Callosum B) Pineal Gland
C) Motor Cortex D) Amygdala

36) Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic principles that underlie Gall and 36)
Spurzheim's phrenology charts?
A) The brain is the sole organ of the mind.
B) The brain is composed of at least ten different distinct brain areas.
C) Differences in the intellectual functioning of individuals suggest individual differences in
the development of brain areas.
D) Basic character and intellectual traits are innately determined.

37) The phrase "neurons that fire together, wire together" exemplifies which of the following? 37)
A) Connectionism B) The Hebb rule
C) Parallel processing D) Serial processing

38) What does diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) image? 38)

A) Grey matter B) Blood vessels C) Bone D) White matter

39) Blindsight is the ability to ________. 39)

A) make accurate visual judgments about objects with your eyes closed
B) visually perceive objects despite a damaged visual cortex
C) visually perceive objects without using the visual cortex
D) make accurate visual judgments about objects despite a damaged visual cortex

40) What does Descartes' interactionist approach to the relationship between mind and brain state? 40)
A) The mind and brain are separate substances that interact with and influence each other.
B) The mind and brain are separate substances that do not interact with or influence each
other.
C) The mind and brain are not separate substances as they do not interact with or influence
each other.
D) The mind and brain are not separate substances as they interact with and influence each
other.

41) Which imaging technique measures the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the 41)
brain, thereby providing a direct measurement of neural activity?
A) fMRI B) MEG C) DTI D) PET

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42) Which of the following is TRUE of connectionist networks? 42)
A) Knowledge is embodied in the connections that make up the network.
B) Connectionist networks provide a model of the way that neurons form networks in the
brain.
C) Connectionist networks involve parallel distributed processing.
D) All of the above

43) According to Köhler, the perceptual change experienced when viewing a Necker Cube must be 43)
accompanied by a corresponding change in brain activity. What position does this belief
exemplify?
A) Interactionism B) Parallelism
C) Connectionism D) None of the above

44) Gabrielle Giffords suffered language difficulties as a result of a gunshot wound. What part of her 44)
brain did the bullet damage?
A) Her pineal gland B) Her right hemisphere
C) Her left hemisphere D) Her corpus callosum

45) What is aphasia? 45)

A) A movement impairment B) A language impairment
C) A vision impairment D) A memory impairment

46) What was the earliest available imaging technique? 46)

A) MRI B) EEG C) CT D) PET

47) "Just as you would not discover much about the locomotive by studying the steam from the 47)
whistle, so would you not discover much about the brain by discovering what goes on in the
mind." What position is this statement consistent with?
A) Connectionism B) Epiphenomenalism
C) Behaviourism D) Parallelism

48) What are the electrical signals that occur after a person is presented with a word or an item that 48)
make up a pattern of electrical activity called?
A) EEG B) Functional image
C) Emergent property D) Event-related potential

49) If your doctor suspects that you have a brain tumor, she is unlikely to ask you to undergo an 49)
EEG. Why not?
A) EEG requires averaging many measurements in order to produce accurate results.
B) EEG is a discredited technique.
C) EEG does not provide images of brain tissue.
D) EEG is very expensive.

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 50) What does Sperry mean when he describes the mind as "supervenient"? 50)
A) The mind is capable of influencing the brain.
B) The brain is capable of influencing the mind.
C) The mind does not exist.
D) Both A and B

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the
question.

51) 2________ models are a way to understand the brain that focuses on the 51)
physiological/neuronal level rather than a more symbolic information-processing level.

52) According to Gall and Spurzheim, the more highly developed a function in the brain is, 52)
the ________ it will be.

53) According to Descartes, while the mind and brain interact and influence each other, they 53)
are separate substances. This theory is an example of ________.

54) ________ is a neuroimaging technique that allows researchers to visualize the 54)
white-matter tracts within the brain.

55) fMRI experiments have revealed that Broca's area and Wernicke's area are more activated 55)
during the viewing of ________ than during the viewing of ________; unfortunately, so
are many other brain areas.

56) Both fMRI and PET measure changes in ________ in the brain, which is not a direct 56)
measure of neural activity.

57) Why would a cognitive neuroscientist try to combine different imaging methods, for 57)
example EEG and fMRI, when investigating a particular psychological function?

58) The ability of some people with brain damage to make accurate visual judgments despite 58)
claiming to not be able to see is known as ________.

59) Using the surgical technique of ablation, Karl Lashley found little evidence in the brain 59)
for specialized connections developed as result of learning. His finding can be
summarized using two theories: ________ and ________.

60) Experiments show that people are faster to move their eyes from Point A to Point B when 60)
the item fixated at Point A disappears from view. This response is supported by a
midbrain structure called the ________.

61) Since the 1990s, cognitive neuroscience has largely replaced PET imaging with ________. 61)

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62) The ________ Test measures a person's degree of racial bias by pairing emotional words 62)
with names typically associated with white or black people, and asking them to respond
as quickly as they can.

63) Roger Sperry won a Nobel Prize in 1981 for his research on ________. 63)

64) What is a sensory system, and what is it composed of? 64)

65) Neurons that are functionally related or connected are considered to be a part of the same 65)
________.

66) Describe the experimental setup used to measure the split-brain condition. How do these 66)
patients perform? Why does this performance happen?

67) An emergent property is a property of a system that only exists when the whole system 67)
exists, and cannot be reduced to the individual components of that system. According to
Roger Sperry, ________ may be an emergent property of ________.

68) Structures in the brain that are preserved across species are called ________ structures. 68)

69) One problem with using ________ imaging is that it mixes a radioactive substance with 69)
blood to detect blood flow, and there are limits to the amount of radiation to which a
participant may be exposed.

70) The area of the brain that is responsible for processing the meaning of words is called 70)
________, and the area of the brain that is responsible for producing speech is called
________.

71) Difference between parallelism and isomorphism is that ________ envisions a simple 71)
point-for-point correspondence between mental events and brain events.

72) A great challenge facing cognitive neuroscience in the future is the possibility that brain 72)
activity generated in ________ settings may not be equivalent to brain activity generated
in ________ settings.

73) According to the textbook, "Gestalt switches" occur when one's internal experience 73)
________ despite the external stimulus ________.

74) The brain produces electrical activity which can be detected using ________; activity 74)
elicited by a stimulus is called a(n) ________.

75) PET relies on an assumption in order to reach conclusions about brain activity. What is 75)
this assumption?

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 76) Epiphenomenalism can be summarized via the following analogy, first used by T.H. 76)
Huxley: "The ________ is to the ________ as the steam is to a locomotive."

77) Skinner (1989) proposed that consciousness was irrelevant to an understanding of a 77)
behaviour. This belief about the relationship between the brain and the mind is
representative of ________.

78) According to Franz Joseph Gall, and his student J.G. Spurzheim, an underlying premise 78)
of ________ is that individual differences in basic character and intellectual traits are
innately determined by differentially developed areas of the brain.

79) The Hebb Rule states that connections are strengthened between two neurons only if 79)
those neurons fire ________.

80) Connectionist models of the brain depict the brain as engaging in ________ processing, 80)
not ________ processing.

81) ________ is a dynamic brain imaging technique that attempts to combine the temporal 81)
resolution of ________ with the spatial resolution of ________.

82) ________ and ________ are both static brain imaging techniques. 82)

83) The strength of a magnetic field decays rapidly as a function of ________; this means that 83)
MEG can only reliably detect activity at the ________ of the brain

84) Animals and people who have had their corpus callosum severed through surgery 84)
display the ________ condition.

85) fMRI is often depicted in the popular press as a form of "mind reading." Explain why this 85)
depiction is false. What is fMRI research really used for?

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

86) The notion that the mind and brain are separate substances that interact with and influence each 86)
other is consistent with interactionist approaches to the relationship between mind and brain.

87) According to parallelists, there are corresponding events in the brain for all events in the mind. 87)

88) Given a specific cognitive task, only those parts of the brain responsible for this specific 88)
psychological function will be activated, is a critical assumption underlying positron emission
tomography (PET).

89) The law of mass action holds that learning and memory depend on the total mass of brain tissue 89)
remaining after brain damage occurs.

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 90) PET imaging detects blood flow to particular areas of the brain, making it possible to construct 90)
images showing which parts of the brain are active in relation to activity.

91) The main disadvantage of using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is that it has very 91)
poor spatial resolution of the brain.

92) Studies involving brain injury provide definitive evidence for the localization of specific functions 92)
within the brain.

93) Interactionism is widely supported by contemporary cognitive neuroscientists 93)

94) Connectionist networks attempt to provide a model of the way that neurons form networks on 94)
the brain.

95) fMRI measures the magnetic activity produced by the brain. 95)

96) The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique is one of the best neuroimaging techniques 96)
available for investigating brain activity.

97) According to connectionist theory, knowledge of how cognitive processes work requires 97)
knowledge of how neurons form interactive networks with each other.

98) The notion that consciousness is an emergent property of the brain suggests that consciousness is 98)
not reducible to or predictable from other features of the brain.

99) Karl Lashley's seminal research involving rats with cortex lesions demonstrated that these rats 99)
had difficulty learning their way through simple mazes.

100) The corpus callosum plays a crucial role in transmission of information between the right and left 100)
cerebral hemispheres.

101) The notion that the mind consists of modules entails that different parts of the mind operate in 101)
the same way.

102) The subjective experience of the different perspectives of Necker cubes is consistent with the 102)
parallelism approach to mind and brain.

103) An epiphenomenalist approach to the relationship between mind and brain holds that the mind 103)
has a causal role in determining behaviour.

104) In cognitive neuroscience, "consciousness" and "mind" are interchangeable terms. 104)

105) According to the textbook, your brain accounts for 5 per cent of your body weight and claims 15 105)
per cent of all the blood supply in your body.

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106) If parallelism is true, then scientists can study the mind indirectly by studying the brain instead. 106)

107) According to Lashley, individual brain cells have special properties that determine their function. 107)

108) The use of animal models in cognitive neuroscience is advantageous because homologous brain 108)
structures across species can be difficult to identify.

109) According to phrenologists such as Gall and Spurzheim, basic character and intellectual traits are 109)
innately determined.

110) In 1848, Phineas Gage suffered an injury in which an explosion drove a railroad spike through his 110)
brain. His cognitive abilities were largely unaffected by this injury.

111) Phrenologists thought that the size of a given brain region was reflected in the shape of the skull 111)
above it.

112) The view that there is a many-to-one correspondence between specific cognitive functions and 112)
specific parts of the brain is consistent with a strong localization of function position.

113) The size of an ERP after an item is presented is predictive of whether or not somebody will later 113)
recall seeing that item.

114) A study by Libet (1983) suggests that a person's actions can precede their conscious awareness of 114)
deciding to act. This demonstrates that epiphenomenalism is false.

115) Behavioural studies combines precise stimulus presentation and response recording with our 115)
knowledge of normal sensory systems.

116) One of the limitations of using positron emission tomography (PET) to investigate brain activity 116)
is that there are limitations on the amount of radiation to which a participant may be exposed.

117) The Hebb rule is a learning algorithm that adjusts the strengths between connections in 117)
connectionist models.

118) Wernicke's area is easily identifiable on an MRI or CT scan. 118)

119) Event-related potentials (ERPs) are only visible after EEG data from many trials is averaged 119)
together.

120) The law of equipotentiality holds that within limits, any part of the nervous system can do the job 120)
of any other part of the nervous system.

121) One major benefit of fMRI over ERP is it's superior spatial resolution. 121)

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 122) A homologous brain structure is a structure that performs the same function in humans as well as 122)
other animals.

123) A person with Broca's aphasia will be able to speak clearly, although the content of the speech 123)
will not make sense.

124) According to Gestalt psychologists, consciousness does not consist of just one event after another 124)
but tends to be organized into a coherent whole.

125) The subjective experience of a stimulus cannot change unless the stimulus itself changes. 125)

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

126) What are the main properties and assumptions of connectionist models?

127) How has event-related potential methodology been used to investigate the neurocognitive basis for
remembering and forgetting information?

128) What is the relationship between consciousness and brain processes in terms of "emergent property" and
"emergent causation"?

129) Which neuro-imaging technique makes allows the visualization of white-matter tracts within the brain?

130) What are the three basic principles of phrenology?

131) How does functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) track brain activity?

132) Why should we be cautious when interpreting results derived from using the implicit association test (IAT) to
measure racism?

133) Describe the positron emission tomography (PET) technique. What are the disadvantages of this
methodology?

134) Discuss Roger Sperry's seminal research on interhemispheric transfer.

135) Describe the event-related potential (ERP) technique. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this
methodology?

136) What are the main advantages and disadvantages of using animal models to provide insight into the human
brain?

137) What are main similarities and differences between computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)?

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138) If you are a cognitive neuroscientist and you were interested in when syntax and semantics are processed in
the brain during reading, which imaging technique(s) would you use? Explain your answer.

139) What are the main differences between the law of mass action and the law of equipotentiality?

140) Describe the epiphenomenalist approach to the relationship between mind and brain.

141) What does Raichle (2003) mean when he says that modern brain-imaging techniques are "no more than a
modern and extraordinarily expensive version of 19th century phrenology"?

142) What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of using behavioural studies to gain insight into the
structure and function of the human brain?

143) What is the Hebb rule?

144) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using magnetoencephalography (MEG) versus other brain
imaging techniques?

145) What are the language deficits associated with Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia?

146) What is an example of a "Gestalt switch"?

147) What are the similarities and differences between the isomorphist and parallelist approaches to the
relationship between mind and brain?

148) Describe the interactionist approach to the relationship between mind and brain.

149) How did Franz and Lashley's research challenge the strong location of function position?

14
Answer Key
Testname: CH-2

1) A
2) D
3) B
4) C
5) C
6) B
7) C
8) D
9) A
10) B
11) C
12) C
13) C
14) C
15) B
16) A
17) A
18) B
19) A
20) B
21) C
22) B
23) C
24) C
25) C
26) C
27) D
28) C
29) C
30) D
31) A
32) C
33) B
34) A
35) B
36) B
37) B
38) D
39) D
40) A
41) B
42) D

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Answer Key
Testname: CH-2

43) D
44) C
45) B
46) C
47) B
48) D
49) C
50) D
51) Connectionist
52) larger
53) interactionism
54) Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
55) sentences; consonant strings
56) blood flow
57) Different methods have different temporal and spatial resolutions, meaning that if you want to know both when and
where a function occurs, no one method will be adequate.
58) blindsight
59) the law of mass action; the law of equipotentiality
60) superior colliculus
61) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
62) Implicit Association
63) interhemispheric transfer
64) A sensory system is a biological system that links the physical and perceptual worlds. Sensory systems are composed
of sensory receptors, distinct regions of the brain dedicated to processing information received by those receptors,
and of neural connections linking the two together.
65) neural network
66) Split-brain patients are sat in front of a table containing various objects, such as a key and a chain. A screen blocks
these objects from view. The screen is split in two, and a word is displayed on each side of the screen, for example
"key" on the left side and "chain" on the right side. When the words are displayed, patients can respond by either
saying the word that they see, or by reaching for the appropriate object. Patients will respond to this task by saying
the word "chain" and by reaching for the key with their left hand. This happens because the structure of the visual
system is such that information in the right visual field is sent to the left hemisphere, where language functions are
located, while information from the left visual field is sent to the right hemisphere, which has no language abilities
but is capable of controlling the left arm. Since the two hemispheres of the brain are incapable of communicating,
neither knows that the other has seen a different word, and thus both respond as if their word was the only word
shown.
67) consciousness; the brain
68) homologous
69) positron emission tomography (PET)
70) Wernicke's area; Broca's area
71) parallelism
72) laboratory; real-world
73) varies; staying the same
74) electroencephalography (EEG); event-related potential (ERP)

16
Answer Key
Testname: CH-2

75) The assumption is that when a psychological function is engaged, only those areas of the brain responsible for that
function will be active.
76) mind; brain
77) epiphenomenalism
78) phrenology
79) simultaneously
80) parallel; serial
81) Magnetoencephalography (MEG); event-related potentials (ERPs); functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
82) Computed tomography (CT); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
83) distance; surface
84) split-brain
85) "Mind reading" implies that fMRI is used to determine what people are thinking based on the parts of the brain that
are active, when the goal of fMRI research is the opposite: to determine which parts of the brain are active when they
think specific things. Researchers try to control what people are thinking by giving them a specific task to perform
during the scan, but they can never know for certain what people are really thinking.
86) TRUE
87) TRUE
88) TRUE
89) TRUE
90) TRUE
91) FALSE
92) FALSE
93) FALSE
94) TRUE
95) FALSE
96) FALSE
97) TRUE
98) TRUE
99) FALSE
100) TRUE
101) FALSE
102) FALSE
103) FALSE
104) FALSE
105) FALSE
106) TRUE
107) FALSE
108) FALSE
109) TRUE
110) TRUE
111) TRUE
112) FALSE
113) TRUE

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Testname: CH-2

114) FALSE
115) TRUE
116) TRUE
117) TRUE
118) FALSE
119) TRUE
120) FALSE
121) TRUE
122) TRUE
123) FALSE
124) TRUE
125) FALSE
126) Two basic connectionist ideas are that information can be broken down into elementary units (neurons) and there are
connections between these units. These connections can have different strengths, and a neural network learns by
modifying the strength of connections between elements so that the proper output occurs in response to a particular
input. These connections are formed and strengthened by the Hebb rule: neurons that fire together, wire together.
Another assumption is that many connections can be active at the same time, otherwise known as parallel
processing.
127) Participants were presented with a series of words and the ERP associated with each was recorded. The participants
were then asked to recall the items. Those items that were recalled had different initial ERP wave forms than those
items that were not recalled. Based on these data, it looks like ERP can predict subsequent recall of items.
128) In Sperry's sense, a property that "emerges" as a result of brain processes, but is not itself a component of the brain. In
the case of the mind, this means that consciousness is neither reducible to, nor a property of, a particular brain
structure or region. Emergent causation is brought about by an emergent property. Once the "mind" emerges from
the brain, it has the power to influence lower-level processes.
129) Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).
130) 1) The brain is the sole organ of the mind.
2) Basic character and intellectual traits are innately determined.
3) There are individual differences in various character and intellectual traits; there must exist differentially
developed areas of the brain that are responsible for these differences.
131) FMRI is a non-radioactive, magnetic procedure for detecting the flow of oxygenated blood to various parts of the
brain while the subject completes some sort of task, and is correlating the location of brain activity with the cognitive
behaviour. One advantage of fMRI is that data can be acquired more rapidly using this technique than when using
PET.
132) The IAT measures relative difference, so the same pattern of effects would be observed in a situation where people
have positive attitudes towards blacks, and even more positive attitudes towards whites, as when people have
negative attitudes towards blacks, and positive attitudes towards whites. Secondly, most people (black and white)
show an IAT effect; this suggests that the test might actually be measuring familiarity with stereotypes rather than
the individual's implicit attitudes.
133) An assumption underlying PET is that when a specific psychological function is engaged, then only those parts of the
brain responsible for that function will also be engaged. Participants are injected with a radioactive substance that
mingles with the blood and circulates to the brain. A scanner is then used to detect the flow of blood to particular
areas on the brain. This procedure allows for the detection of blood flow to particular areas of the brain and makes it
possible to construct images showing which parts of the brain are particularly active in relation to the performance of
different tasks. One problem with PET methodology is that there are limits to the amount of radiation to which a
participant may be exposed and therefore limits to the amount of information that can be obtained from each
participant.
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Answer Key
Testname: CH-2

134) Sperry demonstrated that when the corpus callosum is severed, information transfer between the hemispheres is
disrupted. Under these conditions, each hemisphere appears to behave separately. Additionally, he demonstrated
that the two hemispheres have unique capabilities, and he argued that the two hemispheres work together to
produce a unified state of consciousness.
135) Used to measure the time course of the flow of sensory information and response-related processes, the electrical
signals emitted by the brain can be recorded using electrodes placed on the scalp. The electrical signals that occur
after the onset of a stimulus make up a pattern of electrical activity called an event-related potential (ERP). These
signals are averaged over many trials, and the resulting aggregated signals are analyzed. ERP is great for temporal
resolution, but not great at spatial resolution and the irregularities of the skull sometimes interfere with the electrical
fields used.
136) Advantages: The human brain is largely inaccessible to the invasive approaches (such as experimental brain
lesioning and the measurement of cell activity in specific areas) allowed by animal models, therefore animal models
make it possible to specify the relationship between cognition and different brain regions.
Disadvantages: A full understanding of brain operations in another organism will not lead us to a complete
understanding of human brain operations, because differences across species create limitations in our ability to
generalize from animal models to humans.
137) Computed Tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) both provide high-quality "snapshots" of
human brain structures which allow for the localization of brain lesions, tumours, and developmental abnormalities.
MRI has greater spatial resolution (crisper images) than CT. Neither provide images of brain activity.
138) Event-related potential (ERP) is a neuroimaging technique that measures the time course of the flow of sensory
information and response-related processes. It has outstanding temporal resolution compared to most other
techniques.
139) According to the law of mass action, learning and memory depend on the total mass of brain tissue remaining,
whereas the law of equipotentiality suggests that even though some areas of the cortex may become specialized for
certain tasks, any part of an area can (within limits) do the job of any other part of that area.
140) The mind is simply a by-product of brain processes and has no causal role in determining behaviour.
141) Many brain-imaging studies attempt to reveal precise cortical locations for specific psychological functions;
however, there is growing evidence that the interaction of different areas of the brain determines their function on a
particular occasion. Functional localization is not such a fixed property as lesion studies and early neuroimaging
work might have suggested.
142) Behavioural studies combine our knowledge of normal sensory systems with precise stimulus presentation and
response recording. While these types of studies can tell us a lot about the structure and function of the human brain,
alone they cannot be used to draw specific links between behaviour and underlying brain mechanisms.
143) The Hebb rule states that when an axon for cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistently
takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells such that A's
efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased. Colloquially, cells that fire together, wire together.
144) Advantages: MEG is a noninvasive brain imaging technique that attempts to combine the spatial resolution of fMRI
with the temporal resolution of the ERPs. While the spatial resolution of MEG is not quite as good as fMRI, its
temporal resolution is significantly faster. Unlike fMRI or PET, MEG provides a direct measurement of neural
activity rather than an indirect measurement. Additionally, unlike with ERP, irregularities in the skull do not pose as
much of a problem with MEG.
Disadvantages: The magnetic fields used in MEG decay as a function of distance, therefore MEG is only really good
for detecting activity near the cortical surface of the brain. Also, unlike fMRI, MEG devices are not widely available;
therefore, MEG is not very cost effective.
145) Broca's aphasia refers to a deficit in the ability to produce speech as a result of damage to Broca's area. Wernicke's
aphasia refers to a deficit in the ability to comprehend speech or produce coherent speech as a result of damage to
Wernicke's area.

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Answer Key
Testname: CH-2

146) Gestalt switches occur when the external stimulus is constant but the internal subjective experience varies. For
example, think of a Necker cube; it could either be seen as a cube that is projecting down and to the left, or up and to
the right. The information in the image isn't changing; just your subjective interpretation and organization of the
information is changing.
147) In parallelism, mind and body are two aspects of the same reality and every event in the mind is accompanied by a
corresponding event in the brain. In isomorphism, mental events and neural events share the same structure. The
difference between parallelism and isomorphism is that isomorphism envisions more than a simple point-for-point
correspondence between mental events and brain events.
148) The mind and brain are separate substances that interact with and influence each other.
149) Franz and Lashley studied the effects of ablation of the frontal lobes in rats. They made small holes in the animal's
skull and observed the effects of the lesions on the retention of a simple learned maze habit. Their results persuaded
them that as long as sufficient tissue remained after the operation, the location of that tissue was irrelevant.

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