Industrial Instrumentation Assesment 1 Copy 1

Master of Engineering
(Industrial Automation)
ME504: Industrial Instrumentation
Assessment 1, Paper A
Name
Professor
Date
Solutions
Question 1
Part a
We are given
T=30°C,
T∞=120°C, Time constant, τ=10s
We are required to calculate time, t for 90% rise
0.1=e^ (-t/τ)
Take log of both sides
Ln (0.1) = (-t/τ) but τ=10
Therefore, 2.3025=-t/10
This takes us to conclude t= (2.3025*10) =23.025
Next we need to find 90% rise time as well as expected time to achieve 99 steady temperature.
We are going to use the formula
T= T∞-(T∞-T0)e(-t/τ)
Whereby T∞ = sorrounding temperature, T0 = Initial condition temperature, τ= time constant
Thus, T= 120- [120-30]e(-t/τ) but we have found out that t= 23.025, and τ is given as 10s
Hence T= 120-90e(-23.025/10)
This gives us T= 110.99°C
Part b
w= 0.01Hz equivalent to about 0.0628rads^(-1)
Next we multiply (Time constant *ω) =10*0.062
φω=-tan^-1 (ωτ)=-32.123° .
Next, we need to convert degrees to radians =0.5606 rad
∆t=[-0.5606/0.0628]=-8.926
To calculate the amplitude we apply the formula=√(1/(1+wr)^2)
=√[1/(0.628)^2]
= 0.8468M
Question 2
The pressure Transducer acts or takes the form of a 2nd order system with a natural frequency
given to us as 10000Hz
a) Damping ratio c/cc with damping factor 0.3
We need to find resonance frequency
Wr= Wn√[1-2£)^2] where we have £=0.3
Thus Wr= Wn√[1-2(0.3)^2] = 0.9 Wn
Next we need to substitute the Wn = 10000Hz
Hence the resonance frequency Wr=9000 Hz
b) Resonance frequency at damping factor 0.4
Wr= Wn√[1-2£)^2] where we have £=0.4
Thus Wr= Wn√[1-2(0.4)^2] = 0.8246 Wn
Next we need to substitute the Wn = 8246Hz
Question 3
T∞=100°C
T0=15°
τ= 0.15
t= Unknown
Solution
The body's balance of energy is represented in the equation
Qin =Qout+Qg( generation)=Qst
Assuming there is no heat loss in the entire process
Qout=Qg (both sides equal to 0)=0
Since Qin is equal to Qst then we have
hAs{T∞-T(t))= PVC(dT/dt)
Note that. (PVC/hAs)=Time constant=τ
Can we let Tither, θ=T∞-T(t)
Next we differentiate w.r.t t
(dθ/dt)=-dT/dt then integrate θ=-τdθ/dt
(dθ/θ)=-(dt/τ)
Lnθ(t)-lnθ=[lnθ(t)/θ]
T(t)=T∞+(T∞-T0)e-t/τ. Hence,
[ 17-15]/[100-15]=e-t/τ
Therefore
t=-[0.1ln(2/85)]/(ln e)
t= 6.052089167s
Question 4
We are given
Signal to noise ratio=35dB
Signal to Noise Ratio, S/N=(Signal power/ Noise power)
Detector Area= 5mm^2
Detector bandwidth frequency =1Hz
And we know
Detectivity =k( Inverse of Noise Equivalent Power)
=k( NEP)^(-1)
Since this is a normalized indicator
DAd1/2= Constant for a flat detector surface and power is directly proportional to detector area
Detectivity, D^* = 1/√(area)=1/√5 since 1mm^2= 10^(-6) M^2
=1/√0.000005
But D^*=(√A)/NEP
NEP=[(√A)/D^*]=√0.000005*√0.000005=0.000005
=5*10^(-6) W
But signal power= 35*0.000005= 0.000175 W
Question 5
Since the air temperature follows the first order system, the equation
[τ(dy)/dt)]=-y + ku
Y(to)=Y(0)
Y(t)=Y(0)+(1-e^(-t/τ)
But our ∆Y(t)=Y(t)-Y(0)= 0
where ∆y(∞)=y(∞)-y(0)
Upon substitution we finally get the formula
(dy)/dt=[y(∞)-y(0)]/τ
Time constant, τ = ?
24= (2-0)/τ
τ=(2/24)= 1/12= 0.0833333
Question 6
Y=aX^b
Take log of both sides
Log y =Log a + b log x...................................i
Then take n as a number of data variable
Σ Y=A.n+ bΣ X..........................ii
Σ XY=AX+BΣ X^2......................iii
Therefore upon substituting
3x.y-2xΣ x
B=[n.Σ x.y. -Σx .Σ y]/[n.Σx^2-(Σ x)^2 ]
A=[Σy-b Σ x]/n
Next we fix figures plugged from the Excel sheet calculations
A=-2.797007638,
B=0.1111623401
Refer to equation (i) above
Log a=A and log b=B
Thus, 10^A= a
a=0.00159585108
And 10^B= b.
b=1.291702024
Hence: y= ^b.
y=0.00159585108X^(1.291702024)
Question 7
Readings, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
n
Viscosity 0.040 0.041 0.041 0.042 0.039 0.040 0.043 0.041 0.039
Tests
a) To calculate the average

Mean viscosity, abbreviated, Vm
=(1/n)Σ Vi. From i= 1,2...9. Where n=9
=[(1/9)(0.040+0.041+...+0.039)]
=0.040667 (ft^2)/s
b Next we calculate the standard deviation
Standard deviation=√[(1/n)Σ {Vi-Vm}^2]
=√[{1/9}Σ (Vi-0.04066)^2]
Viscosity Tests, [Vi- viscosity [Vi.viscosity

Vi mean, Vm] mean, vm]^2
0.040 -0.00067 0.00436
0.041 0.00034 0.00116
0.041 0.00034 0.00116
0.042 0.0034 0.0180
0.039 -0.0017 0.0276
0.040 -0.0007 0.0044
0.043 0.0023 0.05476
0.041 0.0003 0.0012

0.039 -0.0017 0.02276
Total 0.140004
Standard deviation=√[0.140004/n] where n=9

=0.001247
C) Calculate the variance
We know
Variance= [standard deviation]^2
=0.001247*0.001247
=0.00156
Question 8
We are going to apply the 2nd polynomial fit because we have two sets of data x and y
Its equation is y= ax^2+bΣ x+c......................i
Conduct summation of both sides
Σ y=aΣ x^2+bΣ x+C.n.......................ii
Multiply by x both sides
Σ x.y=aΣx^3 +bΣ x^2+c.Σ x.............................iii
Multiply by x
Σ x^2.y=aΣx^4 +bΣ x^3+c.Σ x^2....................iv
From the excel sheet, substitute the values in equation ii-iv
51.38=366875a + 975b +13c................................v
17609.58 =99421875a +366875b+975c.........vii
5122073 =366875a + 99421875b+366875c......viii
By solving the equations for a,b and c we get
a= 0.000035428438
b=0.03815678
c= 0.090718
The2nd order polynomial equation
y= ax^2+bΣ x+c. =0.000035428438(X^2) +0.03815678X +0.090718
Question 9
Description ISA tag Name
Current Switch ISH

High
Temperature T R C
Recording
Controller
Level Gauge L G
Vibration VRT
Recording
Transformer
Power Indicator JI
Differential PDRT
Pressure
Recorder
Transmitter
Voltage Indicator E I C
Controller
Speed Switch SSL

Low
Question 10
a).
Device Error Reading Relative Error
Lead Transmitter ±2% Full reading 60% 0.0333

Input
AI card Input ±0.05% Full reading 50% 0.0010
AO card output ±0.05% Full reading 75% 0.0007
Valve positioner ±3% Reading 10% 0.3000

(output)
Valve ±2% Full deflection 65% 0.0308

Actuator(output)
b). Error input

Error= L-R
=2-0.05
= ±1.95%
c). Error output
Error= (L--R)/C
= (2--0.05)/3
=±0.65%
d). Loop Erro, Eloop=[(Etransmitter)^2+(ECard input)^2+(Ecard onput]^2)+(positioner)^2+
(Eactuator)^2]^(1/2)
=±[(2^2)+(0.05^2)+(0.05^2)+(3^2)+(2)^2]^(1/2)
=±√(4+0.25+0.25+9+4)
=±√[17.5]
=±4.1833001327%

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Master of Engineering

ME504: Industrial Instrumentation

Next we fix figures plugged from the Excel sheet calculations

a) To calculate the average

Viscosity Tests, [Vi- viscosity [Vi.viscosity

0.040 -0.00067 0.00436

0.041 0.00034 0.00116

0.041 0.00034 0.00116

0.042 0.0034 0.0180

0.039 -0.0017 0.0276

0.040 -0.0007 0.0044

0.043 0.0023 0.05476

0.041 0.0003 0.0012

Standard deviation=√[0.140004/n] where n=9

Description ISA tag Name

Current Switch ISH

Speed Switch SSL

Lead Transmitter ±2% Full reading 60% 0.0333

AI card Input ±0.05% Full reading 50% 0.0010

AO card output ±0.05% Full reading 75% 0.0007

Valve positioner ±3% Reading 10% 0.3000

Valve ±2% Full deflection 65% 0.0308

b). Error input

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