Scribd
Upload
912 views4 pages

Notes CH 8 Simple Machines - Key 2012 PDF

1) The document discusses simple machines and their uses to make work easier. It defines six simple machines: lever, pulley, inclined plane, wheel and axle, wedge, and screw. 2) Examples are provided for each simple machine and how they work. Compound machines are also introduced as combinations of two or more simple machines. 3) The concepts of mechanical advantage, actual mechanical advantage, ideal mechanical advantage, and efficiency are defined and calculations are shown for several examples.

Uploaded by

Swapnil Mhamane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
912 views4 pages

Notes CH 8 Simple Machines - Key 2012 PDF

1) The document discusses simple machines and their uses to make work easier. It defines six simple machines: lever, pulley, inclined plane, wheel and axle, wedge, and screw. 2) Examples are provided for each simple machine and how they work. Compound machines are also introduced as combinations of two or more simple machines. 3) The concepts of mechanical advantage, actual mechanical advantage, ideal mechanical advantage, and efficiency are defined and calculations are shown for several examples.

Uploaded by

Swapnil Mhamane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Notes for Chapter 8 Name _________________

Work, Power and Energy


Simple Machines
1) Machine – a device used to multiply forces or change direction of forces.
a. A machine is any device that makes work easier.
2) The concept that underlies every machine is the conservation of energy.
3) Simple Machine Explored:
a. Simple machines are "simple" because they have no or one moving part.
b. It's important to know that when you use a simple machine, you're actually doing
the same amount of work — it just seems easier. A simple machine reduces the
amount of effort needed to move something, but you wind up moving it a greater
distance to accomplish the same amount of work.
4) Six types of simple machines
a. Lever
b. Pulley
c. Incline Plane
d. Wheel & Axle
e. Wedge
f. Screw

5) Explanation of the six simple machines:


a. Lever: a rigid object that is used with an appropriate fulcrum or pivot point to
multiply the force that can be applied to another object.
i. There are three classes of levers (first, second, and third-class) which
represent variations in the location of the fulcrum, effort & load forces.

ii. A first-class lever is a lever in which the fulcrum is located in between the
input effort and the output load. (fulcrum in middle)
Ex: Crowbar, hammer, Seesaw, Shoehorn

AB Page 1 of 4
Notes for Chapter 8
Work, Power and Energy
iii. In a second class lever the input effort is located at one end of the bar and
the fulcrum is located at the other end of the bar, opposite to the input
effort, with the output load at a point between these two forces.
(Load in middle)
Ex: Door, wheelbarrow, wrench, diving board

iv. In a third-class levers the input effort is higher than the output load, which
is different from second-class levers and some first-class levers. However,
the distance moved by the load is greater than the distance moved by the
effort. (Effort in middle)
Ex: Arm, baseball bat, mousetrap, shovel, spoon

b. Pulley: It is made with a rope, belt or chain wrapped around a grooved wheel. A
pulley works two ways. It can change the direction of a force or it can change the
amount of force.

c. Incline plane – It is a flat surface whose endpoints are at different heights. By


moving an object up an inclined plane rather than directly from one height to
another, the amount of force required is reduced, at the expense of increasing
the distance the object must travel.

d. Wheel and Axle – It’s a lever that rotates in a circle around a center point or
fulcrum. The larger wheel (or outside) rotates around the smaller wheel (axle).

AB Page 2 of 4
Notes for Chapter 8
Work, Power and Energy
e. Wedge – Separates or push things apart.

f. Screw – It’s a cylinder with an inclined plane wrapped around it. It’s used to
fasten, push lift or cut.

6) Compound machines
a. Consist of two or more simple machines linked.
b. All mechanical machines are a combination of the six simple machines.

Mechanical Advantages and Efficiencies:

7) Mechanical Advantage: The benefit of using machines over muscles power.

8) Actual Mechanical advantages (AMA): The ratio of output force to input force for a
machine.

a. AMA = Force to move = Output Force


Your Force Input Force

9) Ideal mechanical advantage (IMA) is equal to the mechanical advantage when


friction is neglected.

a. IMA = Effort Distance = Distance that you have moved


Load Distance Distance object moves

10) Efficiency
a. If all the work that is put into an object results in output work, the efficiency
would be 100%.
b. This is impossible due to friction and other outside forces.
c. The efficiency of a machine is defined as the ratio of output work over input
work.

d. Efficiency = Useful work output = AMA


Total work input IMA

e. Example: 1 gallon of gasoline of PE, 30% used for engine output, rest lost to heat.

AB Page 3 of 4
Notes for Chapter 8
Work, Power and Energy
Next: Mechanical Advantage problems

Note: Effort arm: Distance between your hands and the fulcrum
Note: Load arm: Distance between what you are trying to move and the fulcrum
Note: Effort force: It’s your effort, how much work you do
Note: Load force: It’s the force that you are trying to move

11) Example 1
a. IMA = Effort Arm / Load Arm = 2.03 / .356 = 5.70

b. AMA = Load force / Effort force = 100 / 25 = 4

c. Efficiency = AMA / IMA = 4 / 5.70 = 70.2 %

d. Type of Lever = Second Class


e. Example = Door

12) Example 2
a. IMA = Effort Arm / Load Arm = 12.4/1.3 = 9.54

b. AMA = Load force / Effort force = 100 / 12 = 8.33

c. Efficiency = AMA / IMA = 8.33 / 9.54 =87.3%

d. Type of Lever = First Class


e. Example = Crowbar

13) Example 3
a. IMA = Effort Arm / Load Arm = 2.5 / 5 = 0.5

b. AMA = Load force / Effort force = 100 / 300 = 0.33

c. Efficiency = AMA / IMA = 0.33 / 0.5 = 66.7%

d. Type of Lever = Third Class


e. Example = Your Arm
HW 8-7

AB Page 4 of 4

You might also like