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Surveying Field Notes

The document contains field surveyor's notes describing measurements taken. It stresses the importance of accurate and complete notes, as incorrect, incomplete, or illegible notes can render the entire survey useless. Even carefully taken measurements in the field are worthless unless recorded properly or interpretations of the recorded data could be misunderstood.

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185 views4 pages

Surveying Field Notes

The document contains field surveyor's notes describing measurements taken. It stresses the importance of accurate and complete notes, as incorrect, incomplete, or illegible notes can render the entire survey useless. Even carefully taken measurements in the field are worthless unless recorded properly or interpretations of the recorded data could be misunderstood.

Uploaded by

Psg Fun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Surveying field notes

Reliable and permanent record of actual work done in the field if the notes are incorrect or incompletely
done or are obliterated much or all of the time money and effort in the gathering of survey data are
wasted. Furthermore no matter how carefully the filed measurements are made the survey as a whole
may be useless if some of the measurements are not recorded or if the meaning of any recorded data is
misinterpreted
1. 1. ISOSTASY Presentation Engr. Faisal 13-CE-26 & Group
Definition of Isostasy • Huge plates of crustal and upper mantle material
(lithosphere) “float” on more dense, plastically flowing rocks of the
asthenosphere. The “depth” to which a plate, or block of crust, sinks is a
function of its weight and varies as the weight changes. This equilibrium,
or balance, between blocks of crust and the underlying mantle is called
isostasy.
3. Contd. • The taller a block of crust is (such as a mountainous region),
the deeper it penetrates into the mantle because of its greater mass and
weight. Isostasy occurs when each block settles into an equilibrium with
the underlying mantle. Blocks of crust that are separated by faults will
“settle” at different elevations according to their relative mass
2. 4. Isostatic models • Three principal models of isostasy are used: • The
Airy-Heiskanen Model - where different topographic heights are
accommodated by changes in crustal thickness, in which the crust has a
constant density • The Pratt-Hayford Model - where different topographic
heights are accommodated by lateral changes in rock density. • The
Vening Meinesz, or flexural isostasy model - where the lithosphere acts as
an elastic plate and its inherent rigidity distributes local topographic loads
over a broad region by bending. • Airy and Pratt isostasy are statements of
buoyancy, while flexural isostasy is a statement of buoyancy while
deflecting a sheet of finite elastic strength.
3. 5. Important to Note 1. ISOSTATIC EFFECTS OF DEPOSITION AND
EROSION 2. ISOSTATIC EFFECTS OF PLATE TECTONICS 3. ISOSTATIC
EFFECTS OF ICE SHEETS
4. 6. ISOSTATIC EFFECTS OF DEPOSITION AND EROSION • When large
amounts of sediment are deposited on a particular region, the immense
weight of the new sediment may cause the crust below to sink. Similarly,
when large amounts of material are eroded away from a region, the land
may rise to compensate. Therefore, as a mountain range is eroded down,
the (reduced) range rebounds upwards (to a certain extent) to be eroded
further. Some of the rock strata now visible at the ground surface may
have spent much of their history at great depths below the surface buried
under other strata, to be eventually exposed as those other strata are
eroded away and the lower layers rebound upwards again. • An analogy
may be made with an iceberg - it always floats with a certain proportion of
its mass below the surface of the water. If more ice is added to the top of
the iceberg, the iceberg will sink lower in the water. If a layer of ice is
somehow sliced off the top of the iceberg, the remaining iceberg will rise.
Similarly, the Earth's lithosphere "floats" in the asthenosphere.
5. 7. ISOSTATIC EFFECTS OF PLATE TECTONICS • When continents collide,
the continental crust may thicken at their edges in the collision. If this
happens, much of the thickened crust may move downwards rather than
up as with the iceberg analogy. The idea of continental collisions building
mountains "up" is therefore rather a simplification. Instead, the crust
thickens and the upper part of the thickened crust may become a
mountain range.[citation needed] • However, some continental collisions
are far more complex than this, and the region may not be in isostatic
equilibrium, so this subject has to be treated with caution.[citation
needed] • The formation of ice sheets can cause the Earth's surface to
sink. Conversely, isostatic post-glacial rebound is observed in areas once
covered by ice sheets that have now melted, such as around the Baltic
Sea and Hudson Bay. As the ice retreats, the load on the lithosphere and
asthenosphere is reduced and they rebound back towards their equilibrium
levels. In this way, it is possible to find former sea cliffs and associated
wave-cut platforms hundreds of metres above present-day sea level. The
rebound movements are so slow that the uplift caused by the ending of the
last glacial period is still continuing. • In addition to the vertical movement
of the land and sea, isostatic adjustment of the Earth also involves
horizontal movements. It can cause changes in the gravitational field and
rotation rate of the Earth, polar wander, and earthquakes.
6. 8. ISOSTATIC EFFECTS OF ICE SHEETS • The formation of ice sheets can
cause the Earth's surface to sink. Conversely, isostatic post-glacial
rebound is observed in areas once covered by ice sheets that have now
melted, such as around the Baltic Sea and Hudson Bay. As the ice
retreats, the load on the lithosphere and asthenosphere is reduced and
they rebound back towards their equilibrium levels. In this way, it is
possible to find former sea cliffs and associated wave-cut platforms
hundreds of metres above present-day sea level. The rebound movements
are so slow that the uplift caused by the ending of the last glacial period is
still continuing. • In addition to the vertical movement of the land and sea,
isostatic adjustment of the Earth also involves horizontal movements. It
can cause changes in the gravitational field and rotation rate of the Earth,
polar wander, and earthquakes.
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