a “Thahr’s MBA Senn Senese HB (Corp eee) eee 1.1.4. Meaning and Definition of Computers ‘The word “eomputer” comes from the word “compute”, which means to eslelate ‘A computer may be defined as a devie, whi ‘sizes, depending upon the type of computer apy “The astvity of processing daa using a gomputee data procesing. Data processing consists of three sub Elements of Computer called a system because itis integrated process consisting of Hardware, Firmware, Sofware, Dts, People and Procedure. 1) Baardware: Phys hardware components include, input, output and memory devices et cabin of stare an hve. Congr chips ht have dt or poems acters and numbers that ean be processed by computer. Data consist of text, the computer ean manipulate and reall any amount apabliy. Every piece of information canbe retained as long when requited be told what to do and in what Computers are devoid of e ever, computers cannct rake actions given to them in the form of proera History of Computers ory of computers stars ith th serious note of wars and Teeeed inthe newer of sophisticated technologies. A bref ven about each generation. Generations re the tine pecod given fora consent development of some o he ther Kin of ehnology ‘The generation of computers divided into (figure 12). Generation Computers: Vacuum Tubes (1946-195 Thteprtor and Cal jgned syvania was the fist genera im weighted 30 tons, osepied 15,000 fet of floor spc, and contained 18000 ‘onsumed large amount of electricity (140 kw) of pote). ‘was decimal rather than Binary Machine. That i, numbers were represented in dec performed in the decimal system. Its memory contained 20 aocumulatos, ENIAC was 3 computer UNIVACI (Univeral Automatic Computer. fer machines canbe ported end exectted on new machine first electron compute. 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Servers in local area network, payroll processing and financial accounts, costing, reduction planning ete, Example: Digital Equipments PDP 11/45 and PCL's lopment of new, powerful and fasermieroproc power and cheap, Microcomputers are also knows a Petsoal Computer (PC). ‘They can be lsd into two broad groups: ') Desktop Computer: They re heavy and cent be o traveling They depend on ma motherboard, power supp ©) Palmtaps: The the range of personal computers. They can run only specially Networking: Provides sharing ofresoures ke deve fiom connect provides various save overheads like money and tne. This ranges of computers from few Hlometers tothe coverage of even entire World. Internetworking er advantages like that of commnicaton, banking and commerce vi the netvork ony 3) Security Uses canot see other 4) Durability of data: the files stored on backup dF ata cn storage ig use of passwords and othe security means. lone sytem ean be kext safely fox longer duration by keeping the server easily to backup ll th ds conto exerenes to set pace, and to elect ie level of challenge with which earns fel comfortable 1.1.7. Disadvantages of Computer The compateris dpesent on th er who gives the intros, anno wrk byl. Compute tannot correct the eros b User: The compu chine and cannot interact with the use, user has to power supply i major requitement for compute. en observed that compultets aye some times take much longer time in performing oanecting hardware compones 0 be described as logoreo oxo ym oye 2% 380 40 sAdA seoURA om omy. “suo! 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CL oss snawoas thE oe eis nen 7 ens Z| 2‘The advantage of trackballs over mice i that the aca s stationary so it doesnot require much space 1 se 4) Touch Sereen: Touch sereen is a type of splay sereen that has a touchsensitive transparent pail covering the sree. Optics! Mark Recognition (OMR): (OMR,) als called mark sesing which technology is where an OMR de beence ofa mar, such a a pen mark sr nsennglotigmunbers on te boom of the chen. Ase papore ‘machine known asa reader/sorter reads characters made of ink containing magnetized pails. Cp Care Racnaon (OCR: rea into a form reltively large objet. Ii imposible to po ‘ton, most ses Find touch-serens ting Tone Seren » ables to enter dawings and sketches into a computer. A digitizing enables to ta let and a cursor or pen (OCR systems include an images. ‘Aen which fooks tke simple tectonics that enable ito detect movement ofthe curser or pen and ther Dyes: Tae sre varios oer devi fat repopulate apt fom he above eegre to comput Sensor: these are extremely common technologies embedded in other technologies. They collect data fom te environment and input inthe compute. ‘amera: Images canbe input ‘moving the mouse With a joystick, the pointer continues moving in the hud two burton called triggers. Joysticks aroused mostly for computer games, but they iso used oocasionally for CADICAM systems and iatons input devies convert a person's speech into digital form, These software, form voice reogniton systems, These systems enable ‘An output device is any machine capable of representing information ffom a computer. Outpt devices ee ices put ry machine capable of representing information fr pute. Outpt dev isplay screens, loudspeakers, printers, plotiers, ec action. The ‘most commen types ofthese transaction devioes ae i)” ATME these are interactive HO devices that enable people to make bunk transaction from remote locetone,They utilize both touch screens and magnetic touch sereen technologies i Be le Terminale: theie are computerized cash ropstrs that also often incorporate touch ‘Common Optical Seanners i) Bar Code Reader: Bar-code readers are photoelectic scanners bra striped marks, printed on product containers. In market scenario the barcode system i use‘puoes sed sausnyo 21 puna poo 10 Ayoadeo sBesoys ayy ounp 01 psn fIuouN Sunysd soy soy yop 0} 20d wo ‘speoyojdnynu onegasme! is paddbo am ‘Oa 2 yout 2 sip 006 J0 ‘pede; ap ‘eviqedou) ay @rKqnin) ax ~ ove ssndco Sjoque parpurws ened “ 091 019 in pugos post unos spunos ‘pe punog(P ave Saotai ses sou y "Yoo ‘scam Banu Jo Aen 08 su “ML $2 pUnow 5} yun 20 [pur sjadod Aron ou a ‘oyu sod saed 9} 0 fei u sao ypu aded yp 0 paojsuen pened swan pasoda 9g) uo 1 vo panusd 39 0 sacesm pausop ayy mo sous weg se pylon A au [104 megabyte 1.23.2. Memory Hierarchy ‘The hierarchical arangement of storage in computer architectures to tke advantage of memory locality bandwidth, size and lateney se z Leal eS Parameters for Computer Memory ‘Any type of computer memory ofa computer system canbe ranked acsordng tothe following parameters; 1) Access Time: Ti toa program inscution, A memory unit wit fast acces time is beter. 2) ‘Storage Capacity: It is neces for modern appl unt of data that canbe stored inthe storage unit. A large capacity 3 parameter that determines the amount of avaiable memory in i the time required to locate and retrieve stored data from the storage unt in response 3 [_= Maiznenan [ape sage Compute Memery eee aa —— [mow] Peron} [Teron] 1.234. Primary Memory | Primary memary or ntral memory fs basic wall computers. Primary memory canbe vsulaed ast be fke 8 ‘compartment, Each ofthese compartments i called memery cell (simply ue adress, This adress does not change, Each eel can tore fixed number a particular primacy storage. The bls canbe ether an istution or ada iter the form of memory chips atschod on rectangular eieuit boards that provided on the motherboard (the main circuit board containing electronic the PC, primary memory su can te pled in specials component). 238. Types of Primary Memory RAM ‘Static RAM (SRAM) Dynamic RAM (DRAM) RAM are ost when power supply i removed. This property i efere domly select and vse any location of memory to directly store 3s primary and secondary. 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This cen be read on Digital Video Disk: DVD, also known as Digial Video Dise or Digit are video and data storage. D\ ing elmost seven times ss much data. iat the way data is stored on the discs: has data that can only be read and not writen; io video may be blocky, fuzzy, harsh, and drives may ot beable to read CDRs. vest ead DVD-RAM di small devie with a connector the of your computer. When tha srs deve ish wos he fon. port. A USB por is litle retangul ‘numberof write and ease cycles before ppt several hundred thousand cyl ion makes a device clude a writeprotet mechanism, 5B fash dive suitable for repairing virus contaminated host computers without risk easily misplaced or lost. This is a particular problem if the for this reason that pen drives are now coming attached to Key and lanyards, 7 dat is compte! by svete pysea pets. Inpoperty wired USB pons the circuitry of pen drives. 7 vi) Pen drives are costly 1.24. 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Software Suites and Integrated Software Packages Difference between System Software and Applicaton Sofware Software asues Opecating System ‘Meaning and Definition of Operating Sytem Goals of Operating System Functions of Operating Sytem Process Management Funtions Memory Managernent Functions ‘Thetime it takes to complete the execution phase (step 3 and 4 i(0 atom Fou Sop SHEAYOS pounbo st voy sae woud ‘249 vaseng ,2UmSIP TERS fain ave sosunyenoey> oxeayos “20p604L ww 24 Ap 18 Ss wma 9 oe a4tasyJog JO AEN ge 09 Ey a pu ord ae Sop yen OLE J aatanyyog Jo * -omuadsa B ‘satpou “yuads Buppe raid oases 21 fe aye 0 avers 12x99 WI papeoy aq wo 2 en open sand ean sien a8 amos Pa rea sqof jo sad waraytp usojid sande "Sap ype ot Aaue|do> ar Hog go a Jo yd w ave yoy‘ oxo aor sand sar eve De OL x wand9p 2 st pus uo opm spas sey pon ste persia en Pee oma Po -unyod tanto ss sxaducn aos 2 aye wan as “Sop wo aun ane Jo do a "oq a nf sso Ae "seA yo “Gist nnd apou09 0 0 erate autem jo rue isso O03 PAS Po EAE AHEMpAEAL BU DEMOS Jo UONEY “TTT sau op aonpoud pue vie nse ou) "wresBoud ozwajos 10 woud woyposoy 0 spovueyd oy 5 91 tS MTOM SuOUOS oP OF anUOD ag SHEN HEHE tHELBOAT FY ueyos. pqs ss2ocid pouyep 1PM © Seazmapuny jo sod aif "sAypencu vow ss soumbodur yonut onTayjaq pu SuMEDyy,ployed by th wee to pafom the se "ba gel purpose anton of protuton shel Sine thee gen demand fore gee spe of sofas. Spc pipe pecages hve as sno nrence ansaid 20 Software itary application software sddreses spo reed for 2 company. ‘This pe of software may be developed in-house by the information eystens personnel or it may be business bones? rsinal Application Software _ rams tht suppor gener yes of procsing athe Wan being inked toa jon vofware at helps to make computerized ledger. It ps pa i 4) Desktop Publishing combined with texts to produce camera ready images. 3 toda ion grapits such as PowerPoint by Microsoft, consist ofa sris of printed as a handout, or (more commonly) isin featiros allow developing is Graphics: It provides the ability to convert prviously analyzed data ino formas of chart, raps et. 7s compureiaed designing fr vai ike manufcsring. images, raphis, back in ease of output 9) Workgroup Application Softwar whether people ate in the same I iged to support teamork, an be accomplished effectively, Microsoft fice, Corel’s WordPerfect Offie, Lots SmartSuite, and Sun Microsystems StarOffice are popular general-purpose software suites for personal computer uses tions. 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Tre processor when proces elingishes processor or eminated or exceeds allowed ‘me of use. Scheduler: Process scheduler decides, chooses from al the jobs submitted to sytem and decides ‘Memory Management Functions ofthe modem computer system. Main-memory isto hundreds of millions Each word or byte as fe data shared by CPU and input output devices the instruction fetch eye. The input ou memory. For example for the CPU to proves data fom disk, those data must first be CU genet input cut als, Equivalely,istrctons must bein memory for CPU to exeste them. response to its users, several programs ment schemes, Selection of a memory ‘lly on the hardware design of vith memory management: notin use (free)? programming, decide which process jm memary wie process no longer 2232.1. Virtual Memory ‘The'memory management schemes executed bythe proceso Fequirement wast place the instructions being ‘Virtual memory is technigue which gives an application program the iaapression that it has contig etl memory whe Infact it may be physically fragmented and may even overflow on fo disk to Systems that use que make programming of large applications easier and us real ph Ce RAM) more efficiently than those without virtual memory. Viual memory difers rs resources to be virtualized as memory for ler pools for many different syst memory {ystem, a8 opposed ta & large poo! of memory being virtualized «8 (Gigure 2.8). le ms 1D A program is no longer constrained ia sae bythe amount of physical memory. Programmers could ite programs fora very Tage virtual address space. 2 The degee of mutigrogemming can be increases since cach user program could tke Tess physical memory, viel Disk stage hardware devies from the iden from the bulk of the operating system islf by the input ling buffering, caching and spooling, Information Management Function se components of op media. 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You can change indows also provides eatery. Audble prompts during sup nelods Judes programs and acessories, such as WordPad, Paint and se sgl nea nd me, Ue or drawings by using Paint. Windows Explorer enables user fo iw the cone 0 dick and perform filecelated activites, such as copying and deleting flies and folders. the documents to My Brieease. 13) Fault Tolerance and Recoverability: Fault Tolerance is the abi ning even ire ofa hardware component. The Wi features that support ful toler of a computer aye teat mer number of Jocal languages. Us support date, time and ‘A Windows compute an citer be part of workgroup or domain. ANDHRA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS | Ms Office: Applications of MS Word in Business Correspondence: Letters, Tables, Mil Merge, Labels. [ esos: esa Quai HAND Book Conrents Window Components ‘Additonal “Components of Windows | Document Window Types of Charts Pie Chart Line Chart fon of Financial Functions in MS Access Introduction to MS Access 3262. 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Rr example, you could we the “Normal ‘document, Tere ar alo tree preset styles play tome text larger or sal the cursor and choosing a font size from the drop down menu cha 12) Namberi 15) Bullets: Crates an unordered, bordering options, 17) Highlight: Highlight he current selection; def 18) Font Color: Change the font colo, the dfaul/autor colar is black s of MS Word in Business Correspondence Lay-out refers to the postion ofthe pars ofthe Iter on a sheet of pape, ‘word format mesns the parts ofa document andthe way they are arranged onthe pag. 3) Appearance: Quality of the paper use 10 write letter or meme, eter head typing, et, con appearance Lay-Out or Format of Letters pats of eters ona shet of paper, ween the paragraphs. Here ‘more than ove pege long, try to avoid dividing a paragraph atthe end of a page. Ifyou must, leave al botion ofthe first page. Use the widow and orphan control ature of your word processor program to prevent orphan lines from appearing. es and graphs should not be broken. They should appear on one page only. Wie adresses and e-mail adresses should fit on one lite and never be continued to another page. leer is more than one page long, page numbers shouldbe used. ¥) Uses bullted format to highlight key points forthe reader. requsted that the given information be dispersed,cof cells that can be filled with text and graphic. 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UOKa PINOM PUPA 2 Twodysosseuppe pe SOWN8U 94931 0 pUON SHED pInoM LIP opoD YF UE AAD ‘ARS “SSNPPY ueNysu AOU SoueU pay sRoU pu xe Hon rt 9 “sues oy) SURE: wWaUUMOOP WEW ayy UF UOREUAOGUY 28Hq eM “eBsOW! oy Hop suopsnasut oy uimu0 YoIY SAWN. Py, sod xr (eu am io EW, 248 J0 sUaWodo9 we uo soumoop ous» Bus See inno] 4p 5 SENIOR tin sayy ey, Bato Sse sopizoud ps0 SIN "w9}goAd BN jo ou¥o aye OL a 4 Bi 09 SO u38 ‘jdoed jo dnos# 01 3} 1 pues nok uy EN 8TE ws oO VON SAL « er ony BoM SHist under Select Recipient the choose Browse to locate ing the Browse option please disregard the t¥o ‘Once the letterdocument Teter by Each ofthese options contains a speifcdislogue box to help make the right selection for the ype of leter/documen being created. Choose NEXT fo previous to select reipien’. > Name Budge: 2x4 (sheet) = Avery 5395, > Address Iabel: 3x10 (0/shet) = Avery S140, (Open Word toa blank pageMOHD LET dng you Pep om Fup Aq popnyauy 9 0 sora 2}95 wes nak ¥oq opep uaysey BAOyY NeW ap (Lt dng 5980300 Yo pase no zaqun ays ood (oy aw UR J) og BoP eNgEL 199 ado yoo pu ay 1g 24 0 8184 09 Bopp eaumog ee APG m8 ~b.@e1 23105 ~ Pep pone | See] oem ogg yed pur nuow ayge unop-doup 24ky wauneep 298 ‘snows > suatdnas Dans aN & aye dois. “svondo qe G “a2 jagg| @ asoo1p 0 svondo f9qar PID "WaoKe| SWLOP SOUENS wawnoop Sunen WOH) WS spoke uown>ep aBueID «si9qo| Buyou sok di 95 04: Sayous dosh 0 ae) S80-9P8 Ad sae ows | 0 Bu no a8 wowioop 7 add 80M: ‘3dlq auounoep 192195,“ras MBA Secon emer (Camper Appzaton Is Manageme Ata Unive the same line but you en lick between each field and adda space line foreach fet [eeeee) Cie) cr ‘Step 30) The column headings oe press Eater to start a

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“< ‘Step 31) To center the information on each label, make sure thatthe Formatting tol bar Step 32) Drag thou ‘Step 33) Highlight each ofthe ist label and nd cheek that al the labels are filled out withthe header names MS Word, xe Step 35) At the bottom, click Next: Step 36) For Step 5, check formation from your Excel document appears fo labels, you might want borders around each label to ypeCntAt (Frigg A- ve x }ole— a rop down the Borders group by ‘andthe pick the Ait Box All Borders grid shown inthe igure below. 40) or step 6, click Next: Complete Forge wher oly the ‘Step 43) Save it with a differ Step 44) Oy¢can pri Step 45} Ofcourse, ame than the document you have been working on document butt must be paired withthe coresponding Excel datafile ‘can print on plain paper and make the labels elsewhere 7 data, and developing profes the most popular software for mathemati i columas. Sta” bation, clic on MicrosoR Excel 5 Pp me ieee iB moon. oe ing"poysyog pages ose e195 eH, eBay oa mguemny ——egjeen amen 04 mote oy Sqgpus rey Ajaeinos po ‘seg ope a uz ou fo pu a 8p yeworoy 30 Aeguan uss ap yBnana fu aip3Y "eoysyuoM a pur VORA yo ae 2 wos uomues ews se eo%g, jp syn uankoe fowa a, pron a gn mdr sop On op avoang [vax jo syusuodiso Sapp 9 2 oy eg wimmseg ‘+ i > o“ak MBA Ses Seer HB (Cor In Excel the work is done in an electronic sheet called worksheet. A combination of afew sheets is ‘workbook that ne sore in file. A workbook can be assigned fora company and store differ sheets in a workbook. The number of Standard Format: Another important feature ofthe spreadsheet software ‘an be ured to which data canbe downloaded form other computers and dta sources. into the sp +anaking, problem-solving and presentation purpose. decreased accord q> Ua PUP SIRAFSO (sic anny) tn ssoooy sy ul atasaud SH UoRO AFAINY QU HG apg YIN ep Boon fq ‘ave Bupnoyog sget 21019 of posn rey 2g oun sew gan uy opera 39 ue age V 2h 0} sosssippe auois of no sojqeu0 vasi9s 70 SMopuIA om st suopsedo ye n[e pue awn "3p se yons Sosa a ye oun cody se0009 3 o00'¥9 30 sn x9 payed 6 se}oeyp Jo soquina une a4y, "HEP DUNNE HOS oF ‘loons 8 py st 0 yava PuD ppt Se uO 13191 24. 49 wuojon yowg “jge 24 uy pats ave ep snows a SaseqeeD Uy fosn ofGo RHO 2196 a safG0 Snouws Buy aaCreate Table by Entering approach of eresting table is using datasheet which is shoe Tables option under Objects, and then cl ‘Step2) Double-click Datasheet View. A blank d Field, and soon he Database window toobar. Alsplayed, The default column names re ‘Step 3) Recame each column you willis then dou ck the column name, type a name forthe col snd then press ENTER. sn ih of who wat ise A Form is used o enter and eit data in a table in a convenient way. The controls ona form are displayed when teerng or editing a table wsing te form, and they are eso printed when the form sprinted, rare two ways fo erate a form: With a wizard, )) On Design view. 7 1g Forms using Wizard The wizard asks deta ions about the rcond sources, fields, layout, and format wer want. I creates &soya wy dug susngBoeng is 8s (cdg “yO eH wou pue “prey Kian ¥OH9 x09 Top Aland man -nqoo opus oq uo oy Ue UR TAO pen yd soo oop SRE (dg paz Su sob 38 t ‘ue Boones su, saan oy.H9 0p roromguiaenees [Bl Gen, ‘to ug ano a9 0 um no wep ai Sepnjou YN Boos odes xpO JO 9;qe a4 Jo SUI IA > (FUaIS “aos vs0q_ Yat "0g oyeip uO man ow u (¢ dong 2% cm vO 007, HW esrgnIET LF pata nog a uso U0) 24 ‘MOqA uiisoq Buysq sutuog Busye24) oy maya wis] se SND puw UD) 3 5 Son a ot Uo poy a say para Ben saseg Bayes 5 Bayaoyos 244A US a 00H ‘wosy2i4 paouenpy ap moys puP o2ySNEp 10 "ueda uu} 9 UBdD ‘sods pue Su} 9 sp Jo.samos ay so pas nq oxy Cou sassn ees wasup w ep sadfeue puw Buoys ‘ote ox pasar sy spond Supe) “gE 9) OH BED EOS VEN ELL, «fast ing Reports using Wizard crete differnt pes of reports quickly by using wizards. Use the Label Wizard to ng Report Wizard to create a standard report. The wizard asks you app eas 3.49... Creating Reports ‘repo is an efetve way to pst the dat port my be aj, user can or comes fom an undying a easy to use feport wizard as wizard ion and creates aeport based on answers ions today to day like, Some day-to-day examples ofthe importance in sient appli nptted by telephone department, ing the printer attached to computer. ‘the inform 1) Using De 2) Using Wieard. Creating Reports using Design tthe way you want itn Design view‘nut yoy 24 Uo wow yuog zaMeg yosOsaxy 29020] pu NUD a UO WOH suMETOAT Or HOS + dong RE EEL Sop 30205 Hw BOE dos un, Bu ven paniennscan sorpduay uly] Bap su 4 pou yaop dom sey apy ap 338 Kou suapms uoneasad ogianog a ‘Kou suds wo smajoog uryewsog pu papues 3 3 oo) i UO oo] 04 J2K0g supa myo aionog uatoo 40} uomaurey #0190 Kon espaou serena (S zomg suoouuoo 242 nox day sid Koy WHA Tama syaaossoy A SINTINOD MOP GNVH oon Suypouney yao ey ay ps SI O15 HT ave ogLONO SN J 001 US “pray yusjuce omy ~ STOREIURSSI ~ SRI pu oMod Mw SuBIneN — spuew9s puw soo Pu se ‘segj001 ~ vononpest STGVTIRS AUSHARIND VORRNY | ; ‘yous oy jou way vopenasae o 92 Aue Baas us 01 99 ‘vonsutun ‘panos “panos “sy pea Dy 0 psn 5 yy ursdoud soda wop meant‘Thakur’ MBA Secon Samet (Compe een is shown in figure 4.1. 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The colored frame disappears from Slide 3 a presentation is started by selecting a i contains simple pres for a wide variety of topics 14.6.1. Creating a Presentation using Blank Presentat sh you can create anew presentation without using. le menu, click New, end then click onthe General tab in the New Presentation dialog. lick onthe Blank Presentation ico, ply the New Slide dialog. Choose an Auto-Layout of your presentation ‘Step 5: Add the content we want, and then repeat steps 4 and $ foreach new slide, stow: Pot Creating a Presentation using AutoC ard option button an 2: lk onthe Neat hut dl wind om hich yu canst rteriatn peta tour SC yeah pone Se me ao he St box, eter the name of your presentation and information about presenter or leave it xt bution to display the final ren. 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To do so, you ean use any of| Ne 1g 270W button ia the boone corer ofthe side, “To back up to the previous slide, use any ofthese methods: 1) ress any ofthese keys ~ P, Backspace eft arrow, up aro, or Page up 2) Click the lepoining arrow button on the bostonlet comer ofthe slide 3) Rightolick and then choose previous 41.102. Jumping to Specific Stes fe, One of the-ssiest ways isto select the slide by ts tle. To the shortcut mens. To jump back tothe frst slide in tho presentation, hold down both the lf- and right-mouse buttons fortwo seconds (orp | and pres Et). ave to bo presen ion acs ing thes 1) Tohide a slid, switch to Slide Sorter view, 2) Seles the slide tobe hidden, and 3) Click the Hide Stide icon 1 Power Mouse (Ui) ft i (ee ue F ae «een stacey © typ coh Sa srety ‘Coup cher enh “Thewser When user us slide is hidden 4.1104, Adding Navigation By ‘Step 1: Crete your slides inthe “That ells he 0 Powerlinken pny cy nb woneyuaHo uaIEd Jooyselg sAeq Auuns 12490105 sso00xd ay ead :p dng opis om 03 poyyau so.0u ays 0 90 ‘ip Uo s9U] S104 22010 ed sod sopps 201 wud 01 280049 nos, 1 sopys Jo aquunu 24, "pls Yor Jo Ak yo sou aye Sdoyod pue wojsnuatend oxy opus yor ‘sj0u a0 aud nok uty Honea UM NOG sopys0us pue jd 9 wow uno sou as, 2d SION 2 rad an0X uSis9p noc so ydusexo 40g rs saynduca 6 uy Noys 24 oh oUisap Oe snopuryl pur sede Wo Sa}ON BUEN “TTT lsanf Manageme Ada Unveil 145 Power Poios (Unit 4) ‘To inert New Text Box insert mens> Text box i. 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Any input loupa 2 network to transmit oF receive data is a terminal, This includes, microcomputers telephones, fax machines, ec, transmission and reception between terminals and processors, perform a variety of contol ‘Communication Processors: These are devices, which support data transmission and reception between and computers, These deviees suchas modems, ers, coneontatos ion processors include the fllowing: sae ‘modems, mestage switchers, multiplexers, concentrators and controllers, an Font-end processors _ mon type of communications processors. They convert the “ solthers, multiple and nd Frontend anal a oo end of communist inal, be tansited rsmied data back ito digal form a fm is a combined abbr iments, For example, a mainframe computer may 3's network, asisted by minicomputers ct end user microcomputer workstations. megan, and cers hat receives dat messages fom teminals, he CPU I dvs he messages coming ‘Telecommunieation Sofware: Telecemmuniction software consists of prom computer systems, eonmnicalon contol conputrs and end ser comput ielesommaniation aces of the computer sytem end manages the functions of eto. ‘This sofware i vinual component of al telecommunication networks. Communications contro software includes programs stored in the host computer a Lang oe trio ies ost Compute (PU) is function allows comp ‘and programs, Some eror checking and correction of dat send and receive commands, ismissions may also be providedquo Buyge9 ax. 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Fiber Optic Cables. below: expensive and most wiely wed medium (igure $4) The wires ‘wire uted for the ove data ‘ofthe pair would occur on BO degrees out of phase (180 degrees ~ cancels o nulls itself out at ace Toe ae ewe MaDoccoe Figuees¢ Physioal Characteristics of Twisted Pur Cable copper wires arranged in a regular spiral pattern. ded together Into 8 cable by wrapping them in a tough prot ina cable oes susceptible to less intfrnce caused by nearby eqipmen ly to cause interference themselves. supe ene” shld tied purr cn cay Jala a faster sed De dara of shel itep we i hat ph pwr isha tis physi ager and me exes hn ‘twisted pair wire, and | sae titemtocaumentip eemating Hock 7 rete det pp (ete pee) onesies augt Fm ore computer oar (Mo lif talking to more then 1 computer by going through a switch or hub 2) Conta abe consists of two conductors. The inner conductor is held inside an insulator other conductor woven around it providing a shield, An insulating protective coating called a jacket covers the outer conductor. “The outer shi protests the inne conductor om outside eet signals. The distance between the outer 14) and inner conductor pls the type of material used for insulting the inner conductor Pigs 56: Coal Cates coeper Netw jvantages of Coaxial Cables ‘Broadband System-Cous has «su for much ees throvghut se channels, which allows scent fequency ange 10 supperL Greater Channel Capacity opends on tere you are in the WC ‘liz wie, aesording to the National ei provision highsp shared by everyone eater bandwidth systemide and it ) Greater Bandw eater bandwidth per also offers greater bandwit appors a mixed range of services. Vole, dt ‘enhanced capacity in) Lower Error Rates: Bec hae in e Faraday shield, noise iim iy beter performance tan twisted par, The erate whieh 1 reduces noise and cos Disadvantages of Conxial Cables i} Problems with the Deployment Arc tusceptble to congestion, noise, and sc iiretional Upgrade Required! sve history of eable TV, the cable systems Were ‘esigned for brosdastng, nt forint seunications, Before they caa offer to the sobsriber seen of wormy services tose neworks have tobe upraed 1 breton sens and the end equipment requies added tecture: The bus topology in which ooax is deployed is ‘The retum path has some noise problems, cate of era cont moss in the lea environment are high ing strikes, People 1) Suteepite to Damage from Lighting Strikes: Cons may e damages ring is conducted by ot of ining strikes must be wary because if hat in las fibers that can cary information at re pectam and beyond. The typi! optical ber consis of a Yey nan, be Pet he Core ia conceirc layer of las called the cladding. tical Tv meters). 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Bridggs are more expensive repeaters, ) performs both the funetions ofa bridge (data link layer) anda router (network layen i single devie. A bridge connects LANs that use the same protocol and ordinarily offers only one path to an interconnected LAN. A router connects one network 10 any numberof others ata units and understands how to route spec lypes of packets, route are late broadcasts and muliass from other networks is defeated because the bridge part ofthe brouter passes ATA. Advantages of Brouters Route routable protocols idgenon-outable protocols, of a router to isolate broadcasts and multicast from router passes ther on - ‘Gateways can be ihe! 3 hardware and sftvare. They may be implemented ond specially esined cieut card or by using spevained software in standard BC. An Internet service provide (ISP), high coneets user in & home a gateway. 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That ton from prying eves. Someone can, i he/she so wishes, sith on your PC and go through files that you would not want to show anyone. Drawbacks fo a LAN 1) "Reliability: With & single LAN, a service interruption, even of short duration, could result in a major jsrption foruses 2) Capacity: A single LAN could be saturated asthe numberof devices attached to the network grows over 5.182. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is, A MAN ie relatively ne Features of MAN “Tete are thee imperiant features, which discriminate MAN from LAN or WAN: jon, ‘The MAN, high-speed network t allow sharing of ri so frequently used f provide a shared connection to cther net ‘Advantages of MAN 1) Accommodses large number of cients. 2), Moderate erortats Disadvantages of MAN Advantages of WAN, without bound Difference between LAN, MAN and WAN eae aed 5.1.6. Network Topologies logy ean be defined as map ofa network. Phy ‘Topo iopology describes where the cable are run and wher= the ud gateways ae ly configured in bus, rng, st, oF Bet fom one user onthe network to a8 Topology ‘Bus topology isa type of physical network,oodoy se sors tts “fio yu on eA papanuos oq feu spou Au esnea0q ‘0.52401 SopoU MU Busppe 9 aseasoU 0U op S2pou On} UsDADeg SAFOP ‘poagpeun s yuongau am Jo wood Brau oi oo je sapou w fupssuo soy paaobes af sou | fuo2sne50q 80> oun ey sey Ad "pou yoo ajo sysop ase 90 sop yep auou sy yong ons ox 44 aoa) apou xed evo Sos Sey 28 FH OPO. 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The most widely referenced are, Network teste is the les. ‘The most common model contains seven layers with Independent functions and protools the tsk is broken into various aubtass: And jon architecture Instead of using entire cach subiask operates separately by different layers of the com ‘System Intersomecting) standard ere said to be open to one another at sfined funtion, The architecture defines the fonctions of layer in an open system, in OSI standard relationship between them. Es system by using protocols def {eference model defined by the ISO (lterational Organization for Standardization) rnmuneatons info seven connected layers, Such ayers are known as 8 pot faye buds onthe funetions ofthe layers below. Open Systems Inierconnect ‘Boermines the way in which messages should be transmit between any to points In. 081 model yo end points in a aetwork ae divide nto ayers. The dat flow through each aye tone end tapers en a ie other end, when the message ives, dats low up trough the layers i the receiving endpoint and ultinately tothe end user or program. ‘The OSI reference mode! is shown in figure 821. open systems des acess to the lower OS! fun his Iyer concerns sell i cludes data conversions and code traslation (or example, ASCIL the representation of the dats to the end user oF EBCDIC), layer provides the mechanism for oraniaing and sroctring interaction bxtween fy ple protocols at dittereat | compar Netwo 14) Tennsport Layer: ‘rangpaent and layers handle the 5) Network Layer: a comes networks 6) Data Link Layo factions and protceols to transfer data bet rd to detect errors that may network eesources ‘ecu the physi 1) Physleal Layer mechanical, elect or example, a person s Bglsh two devices thet ter uss they agree on is ayer is tween oper ‘This’ layer ication architecture is common set of rules ics on which all connected nodes in 2 communicate with each oer. 5.1.8, Network Protocols ‘Data Communication Protocols: A protocol se data comm peaking in French cannot communicate layer is responsible for “Te lower the agent for retworke, The tional control provides pa agree on 8 fel to each other need not ness fet of data communications protocols of data 2) Semantics (How seat, For © 1.00, t means send protocols before they can ther person who understands only ‘with each sire 2: Component of Dat Communion (When i should be Comat receiver about the dats transis 100 bytes an This refers to a0 on rates and duration. 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About 6 PC workstains, many a Ofie Prodts headquarter an comeced in loal area network oa IBM Orders ae received by ph ‘AS/400 midange comput personne! at network comput sell he rer. The company preset has aC worsiaion inventory manager and other executives. They use simple ‘uid reports concerning sales orders, customers, ardroles are getting eect 1) What are F-enabled services? ses SBS's slow growth advanced SBS wl expand its prot offing other ‘and video transmiss became SBS's ‘SBS is simply doing wit other them Its going alr the MTS and WATS long-distance telephone services, Afr Case 3: Entrepreneurial ‘Aimost any IBM employee can forms of communication. Since they azo have satellite channels finding castomers for these channels, Telephone services are $525 milion, The three BS owners (TBM, Aetna supply another 40 percent. Primary competition when they entered voice communi specislized communications common cari wy ream do not meet customers regularly. IBM also assigns maages thus removed from the m si fon sto process customer complaints wih senor managers of eusomes ises for one IBM product outan the et heck an bales o prevent ecuresces IBM pies Fan T. Cay ould also impede new systems development by preventing the kind of emoved the constrains. aed thatthe co soon re king that leads to new ventures. H Case 4: Shortages and the Airlines beuary 1979 (during a general ful shortage, several il companies asked the few York to.cut buck tei fuel consumption by a8 mich problems and rising prices, caused a number of ine their ight planning models planning models utilized by he arlins at that tine optimized the cost of fuel and determined where it. They analyzed the fel required fora particular fight considering weather and passenger loed. They lowed ext fuel up to the pint wien it became too expensive to cary it. What most models did nt deel with ines Kept cancellations in this period to a rinimum by using a fuel ith foe scarcity. It mapped outa complex system which balanced the to achieve the lowest overall purchase price. ret erenage ofeach of me spent 4) Are these models adequate odes wits cutbacks in fel ednsumption? Why or why not? Case §; Herd Master Management System farmers sa Thr 330 cows, woth 600, weeny as veins ‘The Hord Master Management System cost $70,000 but wold soon pay for iselfin saving expensive fed by the grin fe othe cows. Each cow had a plastic responder hung ar the-ponunoosp sequin ns pu enue ou papa us} fseusoxddy sop ape a gpa po Scat posse eo onpe wu eT = Spool puay ool Sorat dn a8 Spo 9 Sy pln fyounoy oeys asain va: pey 80], sy “wey stows TwaUZW sauoig quounsedag spor so ey Japun 40 uayo MoH jpouapeaN 29 cb paEU aande p a9 30 sioypo BurBeuew exp “coprsprek osseous opseas pus oaeyas ep AY Js 30 Syato9 2 Bupeny9 NogE cB NOK FINO MOH. 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(I suoqsong 284 ‘ses 0 ‘woated €9| padeex® couse 309 wonanposd ay ‘samoy! “Zy ages ‘UL (etep Jo Fmsnfpe 30 shop oo ye soubor swore 215 5220 a Jo Bo. 9 “91 [ata aqas sowo}so yna.a ‘young oof cana Suu pu “Kaquesat yo pede Ap uo suey e008 39 Uf on evo 2 An souooyy e2u9.9g uensayD owe. (20 Kp 2ed spunod gp ‘apenop sed oi J 00g 6 ABoouyay oF Uy, $30.0 oy pe 00 ov Aayen pao te 0989 Ut 30 ‘ned wouduDS onc amas spas pm gel mel on wo abn 7 pn dg ess a 9 uw ‘ a Sr ap (stony one anna) aH ns pms VEINS EL omsate vans cuesutatst6 “6 were projected to thi sping. The effect of “The welecommunications parculacly impressive, replete with screens, monitors, and switches. Each pioce of i noted on « panel dzetly above it. There art in computer hardware, would be professional with fifteen ye bevy of tte vendors who compuer output 2544 ‘This then forms ase Questiong ‘What went Wong with Lot's well-conceived plan? wi Was: ‘What challenges face the new IS diecto? What should be hie sategy? ne Would eae at co deck pb Ae ey po an you se eer opparaniis ris ope of poe ‘Compare this dock and truck model na there ee vrblerand mor asumplon? 4) Wiy an these pes eprosies nore prevae! in buns? ka the Monte Carlo method Case 10: Networking the Customers to ill up the truck. Because clients pay more to their needs. b ing technologies to improve service. Cust ‘moving, customers can use the Web s MIT and had worked in their alae eae ABP customers want to ensure that their ovm customers receive shipments on ‘ofeach shipment so there are no surprises Lott was very successful at DEC, never needing never needing home office uppot, as he expertise. He hed a reputation of relly knowing his product and wha made it ik peripheral aray whose age averaged eight ya ‘obvious to the y sels npn neuen on Wat ag wea tenn a le pe rv, led fr repent tbeno dou wear sy pue App stusunean poysias 101} OUM StodeD yt wots chain uo rd ‘suondns ay quotep fay asap RENE SPW SEE & Buyopota yo ind Sun set © susie pu selene? watag pr) sso poo asayn ate Mo 9 00 udeuny ak) oma i 98 Aid OH UO 9 fea! een pony Anjan ease pa 2) 30 ss8uI09 amp mpm Ln| wo 1 sodas ayom pu 2xQueeas oWo pow MoIA sossouieng sq ‘poe ssoursng ip somy Sc ae ‘ppt “wagon s,.0p2u49s yoHNE OL 22490 fru ai 293 po0gJpraMIES =I N30 "weiss ou sy Wisp 0} sn yas 9 er soneuoypeu wy 9401 porn ay 3 | suo yo uo 8 Uy s2000 8 podojanap pa pou “ans pau Appuonow ur a1 yay osn30q sds JtR0 of em 3608 3g sopcumyasy w1 poppaqui aBoran sexe om sy ps. aid y (2 - 5381 UH SopoUTISLY 9 YoY wo ERP OW a8 RY, #0} sioworsnossowo}sn9 9909 Wo} 5800 08 Jay say 2 NG SHO} Ao YOU soy BuyoN HONU 56 BwOSTo Banos yup ‘em sored aww Jom gay s00p yeonsou jo a6 yy : a “PEMA J AE S20 HOM JO 246 pH {sy SNVAN) SHloayou jo sd ‘odour (eydsoy quid suis feoipau jo sade ue younvan Jo 109 24) soproad ose wpe a4 “uoue2y Jo Be 9p ‘5s Jo aso ey apnoutsopatyan 01 Ju 20 az es04 sodas au) 34 1 UPS SHEN “ao awn 0g ue sao sus 2 Sopa a bo 51 Aoemaoe suo sled uo—so}qe0 Jipo Sous ees "xo “or Jo yoda ei euluD o} sapamary oon uxo sume SEd 109 Aryans Boum oy sows gy suswsroxdu ng “jusunaing ‘seep Poplons c6@“Syoeue Ray papone gg9y uF sos UND nf 29) 4 suow suonduosod Sup Jodo aay sapauayan (08 S800 puv 429 & sno sey SeEsIp atid 30} jopou ¥ A ‘who 0 ep By AL uit on we sy oa rsa 40 wpe St Ber 30 condo ip ney fo Jean See 0OT-05 29 WH 24) ee aed al SE [a 2p aside suoneno pou oc pe Sasso ojo unseen m "SIMA URN WotGon om aos und supaice of teehnology-consltng firm rad spent five months ev up anda team of as many as 30 people from Schneier, ions, eventually zeroing in on f records from 2 company’ information arrays it calls eubee—wh ve months afer they chose the software, it was up and runing—thanks in part ready devoted two yéers and 60 people toa com example, had worked t0 smooth ou the te terabytes. helped Schneider grab a total of $2.5, was Schneider National having with their business sofware salve such prob 2) What ore the benefits National? How did business intelligence imitations of business intelligence software as demonstrated by Schneider \worwcognos.com, What the business value of business intelligence is as rated in this ase? by Cognos and thee RE