Laws of Indices Surds
a b a b
y y y
a b
y y y
a b
y 1 0
a a a √𝑎 × √𝑏 = √𝑎𝑏 √𝑎 × 𝑏 = 𝑏√𝑎
4 ×√ 2 4√2
ab 1 a Rationalise the denominator = = 2√2
(y ) y
a b
y n n y b b ya √2 ×√2 2
y
Converting recurring decimals to fractions -
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡 …
× 10, 100 𝑜𝑟 1000 (check how many digits recur)
Subtract by aligning the decimal points
Direct/Inverse Proportion
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2 ↔ y is (directly) proportional to 𝑥 2
𝑘
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ↔ y is inversely proportional to 𝑥 2
Don’t forget to re-write this after finding k
Upper Bounds & Lower Bounds
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑠 = ± ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜
UB LB
UB LB
Go across the table when dividing or subtracting.
Go down the table when adding/multiplying.
Histograms – the area of the bars represents the Pythagoras’ Theorem – for right-angled triangles
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞 Square, add and square-root for the longest side
frequency. Frequency Density is
𝐹𝐷 |𝐶𝑊
Square, subtract and square-root for a shorter side
Cumulative Frequency - plot the upper bound of the
class interval and the frequency.
Basic Trigonometry – for right-angled triangles only
Box Plots 𝑂𝑝𝑝
SOH *press shift to find angles*
sin 𝜃 | 𝐻𝑦𝑝
𝐴𝑑𝑗
CAH cos 𝜃 | 𝐻𝑦𝑝
Estimating Mean from a table 𝑂𝑝𝑝
TOA tan 𝜃 | 𝐴𝑑𝑗
Intervals Frequency Midpoint x F
Sum of this Sum of this
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 (𝑚𝑖𝑑×𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞) Advanced Trigonometry – for any triangle
Mean = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞 Sine Rule – for sides/angles
Frequency Polygons – plot the midpoint and the opposite each other.
frequency/ Cosine Rule
(i) two sides and angle between
Comparing datasets – comment on an average (median them is given.
or mean) and the spread (IQR or range). (ii) re-arrange to make cos the
subject to find an angle given three sides.
Angle Facts 𝐷
Speed is distance/time 𝑆| 𝑇
Sum of interior angles in polygon = (𝑛 − 2) × 180 𝑀
360 Density is mass/volume 𝐷| 𝑉
One exterior angle of a regular polygon =
𝑛
(Z-angles) Alternate angles are equal 𝜃
(F-angles) Corresponding angles are equal Area of a circle is 𝜋𝑟 2 *for sectors ×
360
(C-angles) Co-interior angles are supplementary 𝜃
Circumference is 𝜋𝑑 *for arcs × 360
Transformations of shapes f(x) Transformations of curves
Rotation about a point, 90° (anti)clockwise or 180°
Reflection through a line *look out for 𝑦 = 𝑥 or 𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑦=𝑓(𝑥+𝑎) Move left (minus 𝑎 from x-coordinate)
𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦=𝑓(𝑥)+𝑎 Move up (add 𝑎 to y-coordinate)
Translation through a vector ( )
𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦=𝑎𝑓(𝑥) Stretch s.f. 𝑎 (multiply 𝑎 by y-coordinate)
Enlargement from a point, by a scale factor 1
𝑦=𝑓(𝑎𝑥) Stretch s.f. 𝑎 (divide x-coordinate by 𝑎)
* if fraction: shape gets smaller
𝑦=−𝑓(𝑥) Multiply y-coordinate by -1 (reflection)
* if negative: shape inverted through the centre
𝑦=𝑓(−𝑥) Multiply x-coordinate by -1 (reflection)
Constructions Straight Line Geometry
Perpendicular Bisector Angle Bisector 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦
Gradient = 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Midpoint = add the x-coordinates and divide by 2
add the y-coordinates and divide by 2
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 (m is gradient, c is y-intercept)
Find c by substituting 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚
Stratified Sampling
* to construct from a point, start with compass on that
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝
point and mark onto the line first. Sample = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
× 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
Percentages The Nth Term
𝑑𝑛 + 𝑜 (coefficient of n is the common difference and
The multiplier always goes with the change add the zero’th term)
Increase = higher multiplier and vice versa
HCF and LCM
New price = original × multiplier HCF = common prime factors
To find an original price, divide by the multiplier LCM = HCF × leftovers
Compound interest Division and Multiplication
New amount = original × 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 0.8 × 0.12 = 0.096 (3 decimal places in total)
0.8 × 100 80 ÷ 4 10 1
= = =3
0.12 × 100 12 ÷ 4 3 3
Quadratic Equations Inequalities
To factorise, check the sum-product
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 sum = -5 and product = 6
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 2) 0≤𝑥<4
For quadratics with a co-efficient of 𝑥 2
3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 3 sum = 8 and product = -9 𝑥>2
3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 1𝑥 − 3 split the middle term
3𝑥(𝑥 + 3) − 1(𝑥 + 3) factorise the first 2 and last 2
(3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3) factorise again
𝑥≥2
The difference of two squares
𝑥 2 − 64 = (𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 − 8)
4𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 = (2𝑥 + 3𝑦)(2𝑥 − 3𝑦) To draw a region, use a table of values to draw the
straight lines.
